The real wealth of the state
lies in the highest degree
independence from other states
to your needs and
in the greatest excess for export.
Forbonnet
Foreign economic activity (FEA) - the system of state regulatory bodies for foreign economic activity - customs and tariff regulation - duty - protectionism - customs tariff - most favored nation regime - tariff incentives - non-tariff restrictions (foreign trade quotas, licensing, technical procedures) - excise - direct and indirect subsidies exporters - lending, insurance and guaranteeing exports - Federal Program for the Comprehensive Development of Exports
The liberalization of foreign economic activity (FEA) in Russia has created conditions for the entry into foreign markets of a large number of economic entities engaged in various foreign economic operations. FEA is implemented in such basic forms as: foreign trade, industrial cooperation, scientific and technical cooperation, joint entrepreneurship in the country and abroad, attraction of foreign labor and capital, participation in the work of international organizations and associations.
The intensity of foreign economic activity, its structure, geographical orientation in to a large extent depend on the methods of state regulation, including the national legal regimes in this area. The goals of state regulation of foreign economic activity in Russia are to protect its economic sovereignty, ensure economic security, stimulating the development of the national economy and providing conditions for the effective integration of the country into the world economy.
In a market economy, the nature of the state's influence on foreign economic activity is changing - there is a transition from direct management of it through centralized, strict planning and directive instructions from above to methods of indicative (optional for performers) state regulation, using predominantly indirect levers of influence and establishing "rules of the game" for foreign trade participants.
In Russia, a system of state regulation of foreign economic activity has developed, covering all hierarchical levels of government - federal, regional, local. On the federal level the supreme body regulating foreign economic activity is the Federal Assembly (the Federation Council and the State Duma), which has the right to adopt, amend, repeal laws governing foreign trade, joint ventures and other forms of foreign economic cooperation. Energetic and rapid impact on the regulation of various forms of foreign economic activity is promoted by decrees of the President of Russia.
The Ministry of Economic Development and Trade (Ministry of Economics and Trade), the State Customs Committee (SCC), the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and other executive authorities take part in the regulation of Russian foreign economic activity. Thus, the Ministry of Economic Trade is entrusted with the following functions: developing a strategy for foreign economic policy and ensuring its implementation by all subjects of foreign economic activity on the basis of coordinating their actions in accordance with Russia's international treaties; development of a single currency, credit, pricing policy; monitoring compliance by all participants in foreign economic activity with laws and conditions of international treaties; cooperation with various international and intergovernmental commissions on the development and regulation of foreign economic activity; preparation and conclusion of foreign trade contracts and agreements with different countries; coordination and approval of foreign economic activity with the Ministry of Economy, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Central Bank, the Ministry of Finance, etc.; implementation of non-tariff regulation of foreign economic activity.
State bodies carry out operational regulation FEA. For example, the Government of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Economic Trade, the State Customs Committee may suspend the operations of foreign economic activity participants in the event of the supply of low-quality products and goods; failure to fulfill mandatory export deliveries while simultaneously exporting similar goods in other forms; exports at unreasonably low prices or imports at inflated prices; reporting false information in advertising, customs, financial and registration documentation. Suspension of foreign economic operations is applied both to domestic subjects of foreign economic activity, and to foreign ones that have committed violations of the law.
An important role in the regulation of foreign economic activity belongs to the Central Bank of Russia, which concludes interbank agreements, represents the interests of the country in relations with the central banks of other states, international banks and other financial and credit institutions. The Central Bank conducts all types of foreign exchange transactions, develops conditions and rules for the circulation of foreign currency and securities in the country, regulates the ruble exchange rate against the currencies of other countries, publishes regulations, issues licenses to banks to carry out foreign exchange transactions.
AT sectoral breakdown state regulation of foreign economic activity is carried out by the relevant federal ministries, which determine the economic interests of the state in a particular area, deal with the development of the world market by Russian companies, as well as issues of intergovernmental cooperation. Special subdivisions within the ministries are focused on attracting investments to Russia and “supporting” investment projects.
Under the conditions of economic reform, the center of gravity of foreign trade regulation is shifted to regional level. Within the powers determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and other legislative acts (for example, the Federal Law "On State Regulation of Foreign Trade Activities" dated October 13, 1995), each of the branches of regional government (legislative, executive, judicial) exercises control and management of the activities of participants in foreign economic connections in the region. The administration of the region and its structural subdivisions created for this purpose are of the greatest importance in the operational management of foreign economic activity at the regional level. The department (or department) of foreign economic relations under the administration of the region is designed to promote the integration of the production, financial, intellectual potentials of the territory, as well as the resources and capabilities of enterprises in the field of international cooperation, to ensure the protection of interests and the effectiveness of foreign investment in the region.
The whole variety of means of state regulation of foreign economic activity can be grouped into three main blocks (or directions). The first of these are general measures aimed at strengthening the national economy and its position in the world economy, ultimately leading to an increase in the competitiveness of the country's industry and its products. The regulation of foreign economic activity is the regulation of the entire national economy, its market conditions and qualitative and structural development. These are antimonopoly policy measures, suppression of unfair competition, development and implementation of state economic programs, stimulation of scientific and technological development, creation of the necessary regulatory framework and institutional structure. Measures of this kind create a general economic basis for foreign economic activity.
The second block is special tools and mechanisms that stimulate or restrain the relevant types of foreign economic activity. Let us consider in more detail the mechanism of foreign trade regulation, which includes several main elements: customs and tariff regulation, non-tariff regulation (quotas and licensing), currency convertibility mechanism and exchange rate policy.
Customs-tariff regulation (the establishment of export and import duties) is the main instrument of foreign trade policy, designed to protect individual industries from foreign competition and neutralize the advantages of foreign firms.
The main instrument of customs and tariff regulation are customs duties. The fee is compulsory contribution collected by the customs authorities when importing / exporting goods. Development of an effective structure customs duties is a rather difficult task, since it involves the achievement of several conflicting goals. Potential conflict arises from the need to open the domestic economy to foreign competition and at the same time ensure the protection of "sensitive" sectors of the national economy (protectionism - the protection of domestic producers - is traditionally main function duties). In this case, it may be necessary to implement the fiscal function if there is a large budget deficit.
Depending on the direction of movement of goods, the duty may be import (import), export (export) and transit, which is charged for the movement of goods through the customs territory. Developed countries mainly use import duties. Export duties are currently found in the practice of some developing countries and are seen as a temporary measure to prevent domestic shortages and depletion of resources, as well as replenish the treasury. In Russia, export duties are a temporary measure and are levied on the export of some of the leading Russian export goods (such as oil, ores of a number of metals, carbohydrates, wheat, fish, cellulose, fertilizers, etc.).
A customs tariff is a set of customs duty rates applied to goods transported across a customs border. To ensure that differences in national regulatory systems do not impede international trade, the countries of the world are gradually unifying their systems on common principles. For this purpose, the Customs Cooperation Council (World Customs Organization) was created, of which Russia has been a member since 1992. Goods in the customs tariff of the Russian Federation are classified in accordance with the Commodity Nomenclature for Foreign Trade, developed on the basis of the so-called Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HS), recommended by the International Chamber of Commerce for use in world trade, and the Combined Tariff and Statistical Nomenclature of the European Community (CN EC) .
Depending on the method of calculating the rates of duties, allocate ad valorem duties charged as a percentage of the customs value of goods; specific, accrued in the established monetary amount for a physical unit of taxable goods (for 1 kg, for 1 liter or 1 item); and combined combining both named types of customs taxation.
The rates of import duties are determined by the Government of the Russian Federation within the limits established by the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Customs Tariff" (dated May 21, 1993). There are several different tariffs for the same product: high, medium and low duty rates. The marginal rates of customs duties (50% of the base rate) apply to goods originating from countries in trade and political relations with which Russia uses (on the terms of reciprocity) the most favored nation (most favored nation) regime established by the legislative bodies. Under this regime, economic entities of the agreed countries enjoy customs, tax and other privileges in the partner's country. For goods from countries with which trade and political relations do not provide for the most favored nation treatment, as well as for goods whose country of origin is not established, the rates of import customs duties are doubled.
To stimulate the development of foreign trade with individual countries, various tariff benefits are applied to them, the so-called tariff preferences (return of previously paid duties, exemption from their payment, rate reduction, etc.). For example, benefits are established for goods originating from developing countries that use the Russian Federation's system of preferences, which is reviewed at least once every five years by the Government of the Russian Federation. In order to exercise the right to receive tariff privileges, it is necessary to submit to the customs authorities a special document - a certificate of origin of goods, confirming that this product is completely produced in the corresponding country or has undergone significant processing at its enterprises.
Duty-free import is also possible. Thus, the vehicles that carry out international humanitarian transportation and the property necessary for their operation are exempted from the duty; goods imported or exported from the customs territory of the Russian Federation for official use by foreigners; currency of the Russian Federation, foreign currency, securities in accordance with the laws of Russia; goods transported across the customs border of the Russian Federation by individuals and not intended for production or commercial activities etc. The export of goods for state needs(including supplies of oil, gas condensate and products of their processing, carried out by enterprises, the controlling stake of which is owned by the state).
In some cases, so-called special duties designed to protect domestic goods from competition with cheap imported goods. For example, anti-dumping duty applies in the case of the import of foreign goods into Russia at prices lower than their value in the country of export. Countervailing duties are introduced in the case of the import of goods in the production of which subsidies were directly or indirectly used.
In addition to customs duties, there are more than 50 ways of non-tariff restriction of foreign trade in the world. Non-tariff barriers include various taxes and fees; regulation of foreign trade by its quantitative limitation (quotas) or complete prohibition; licensing; sanitary requirements; national standards in terms of safety, compliance with environmental standards, special requirements regarding the quality, technical and consumer properties of imported goods; administrative and bureaucratic delays, etc. One such measure is the establishment of excise taxes.
Excise - a type of indirect taxes included in the tariff or price of goods mainly for mass consumption and paid by the buyer. The amounts of excises are paid to the budget by those in the territory Russian Federation organizations, including enterprises with foreign investments and branches of enterprises that sell excisable goods produced by them. There are three types of excise duty rates for goods: 1) uniform - for goods whose varieties within the group differ little in quality and prices (salt, matches, sugar); 2) differentiated - for goods classified according to quality characteristics: color, strength, etc. (wine, fabrics, etc.); 3) medium - for homogeneous goods, varieties of which have different level prices (tobacco products). According to the method of collection, excises are divided into individual, established for certain types of goods and services and levied at fixed rates per unit of measurement of goods (services), and universal, levied on gross turnover. When goods subject to excise taxation are imported into the territory of Russia, the procedure for their collection is established by the Federal Law "On excises" as amended by the Federal Law of March 7, 1996, and other acts of customs legislation.
Foreign trade quoting - this is a quantitative or cost restriction on exports / imports, introduced for a certain period of time for individual goods and services, countries and groups of countries. Quotas make it possible to deal with the balance of payments deficit more effectively than tariff protectionism. Unlike the customs tariff, the use of a quota makes it possible to clearly limit the volume of imports/exports. An increase in, for example, import duties may increase the total amount of payments and hardly affect the volume of imports, while the introduction of an import quota guarantees its reduction.
On the other hand, an import quota can only be useful if there is competition for domestic market quota product. Otherwise, an enterprise that has monopolized the domestic market will maintain high prices and artificially create a shortage of this product. This is one of the reasons why import quotas are practically not applied in Russia.
Export quotas are used when the prices of a commodity in the domestic market are lower than in the world market. With unlimited exports, there may be a shortage of this product in the domestic market. In Russia, export quotas are conditioned by the country's international obligations. World trade in certain types of goods (for example, textiles) is regulated by special international agreements. These agreements provide for the restriction of the export of certain goods by exporting countries, which allows you to keep the relevant industry in the importing countries. In order to fulfill Russia's international obligations, export quotas for silicon carbide, ammonium nitrate, threads and yarn, fabrics, clothing, blankets, blankets, kitchen and bed linen, other finished textile products, and unprocessed aluminum are being implemented.
Foreign trade operations with certain types of goods (for example, the export of quota-bound goods, dual-use civilian and military goods, nuclear materials, precious metals and stones, narcotic and psychotropic drugs, poisons) are carried out on the basis of licensing - a written permit for the export (import) of the specified goods within the prescribed period. Since trading operations with these goods affect not only economic, but also other national interests (such as security, protection environment, preservation of cultural heritage, etc.), then the trade transaction needs the approval of the relevant government authorities. The license is issued for a certain period of time and is issued only for one type of goods.
Non-tariff restrictions on imports include technical procedures. They are installed in legislative order government organizations and represent a set of measures to verify the compliance of imported products with the requirements of international and national standards (for sanitary, radiation and other indicators), industry standards and technical regulations. Such procedures can seriously complicate the sale of a number of goods.
A barrier to the import of goods can be various mandatory requirements for marking and labeling of goods. AT recent times one of the new requirements for imported goods is the possibility of easier disposal of the latter, in particular, through recycling. In this regard, a special “eco-label” has arisen and is gaining distribution on the packaging of “environmentally friendly” goods in the form of certain symbols (“green dolphin”, “blue angel”, “ White Swan”, etc.), which also plays the role of advertising.
The convertibility of the national currency and the exchange rate policy are important components of the regulation of foreign trade. Thus, a significant depreciation of the exchange rate stimulates the expansion of the export sector, restricts imports and may avoid difficulties with the balance of payments.
The third block is direct assistance to manufacturing companies in their implementation of foreign economic activity. For example, support for export industries was an integral part of the general economic strategy of states that achieved social and economic success in the second half of the 20th century. By actively stimulating exports, the state solves several problems. First, export promotion helps to expand demand for domestically produced products. Second, exports provide foreign exchange to import needed goods, new technologies, and information that are not produced in the country. Thirdly, an increase in foreign exchange earnings ensures the repayment of the national debt and the stabilization of the national currency.
Measures taken by government agencies to stimulate exports and its national producers are of the most diverse nature. Let's consider some of them.
Direct export subsidies are the simplest and traditionally used way financial incentives external supplies by national producers and increase the price competitiveness of their goods. It is carried out in the form of additional payments to firms and companies of subsidies from the budget to eliminate the difference between the cost of production and export prices for profit. Now it is used mainly in the export of agricultural products. At the same time, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) calls on participating countries to limit export subsidies so as not to cause destabilization international trade, the adoption of countermeasures by other countries. The agreement allows the importing country to impose a countervailing duty on the import of goods, the export of which is subsidized, if its economy suffers from this.
In addition to direct subsidies from the budget, indirect incentives for exports are used. Indirect subsidizing of exporters is carried out through a network of commercial banks, to which the state issues special subsidies to reduce credit rates for exporters. Indirect subsidies are considered to be tax incentives for exporters, exempting them from duties on the import of raw materials and materials (or refunding duties already paid to them), and reducing tariffs. state companies(transport, energy and others), as well as the transfer of government, including military, orders to exporters at stable and, as a rule, high prices. Often tax incentives are granted to intermediary organizations.
Another type of support for exporters is also very effective - their direct lending. Lending to exporters can be internal and external. Domestic lending through National Bank providing medium-term (up to five years) and long-term (up to 20-30 years) loans for the development of export production in national and hard currency. The loan is provided on favorable terms at stable rates.
External lending is aimed at providing loans to importers in the form of financial and commodity loans. The state subsidizes both corporate and bank loans from the budget, which are targeted and should be used by foreign recipients only for the purchase of goods from a company that supplies export products.
traditional remedy state support export - insurance and guarantee of export credits to protect exporters from various types of risks. Export insurance has two directions: internal and external. Domestic insurance is carried out by the state at the expense of budgetary funds with large investments in export production in order to reduce losses from production risks. By implementing external insurance, the state, at the expense of the budget, assumes part of the political and commercial risks of export. Political risks include wars, government coups, sudden changes in the political situation, strikes. All these factors make it difficult or even disrupt the execution of contracts. Commercial risks include currency fluctuations, bankruptcies, changes in the customs and tax systems.
Export operations are insured by state organizations or firms and corporations receiving subsidies from the budget. Insurance state organizations, as a rule, provide 80-90% of the transaction amount at rates much lower than private insurance companies. For example, in the USA they make up 1-2% of the contract amount, in Japan - 0.3%.
In order to expand the foreign trade potential and increase exports, the Government of the Russian Federation was recommended to develop a Federal Program for the Comprehensive Development of Exports. How priority it highlights the expansion of production and export of finished industrial goods that are potentially competitive in the world market (heavy engineering, chemistry, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, etc.) The program should include measures to develop the institutional, financial and information infrastructure of exports. A set of measures is envisaged to stimulate the export of finished products, technologies and know-how, for example, the return to domestic producers of the paid value added tax after the goods cross the border, as well as a 50% reduction in the tax on profits received from the sale of export products. The question is being raised about concessional lending to export sectors, primarily engineering exports, and about providing commercial banks involved in export financing with centralized foreign exchange loans. Of the funds allocated for state support for exports, it is planned to direct one quarter to direct subsidies and three quarters to insurance, state guarantees for the return of export credits.
One of the indispensable conditions for the competitiveness of manufacturers of industrial products is their awareness of the market, the capabilities and behavior of competitors, innovations and many other characteristics that allow them to have a complete picture of the external environment, its development trends at the moment and in the future. Only under this condition can a manufacturing company be guaranteed against unpleasant surprises and consciously form and implement its scientific, technical, production, sales policy skillfully stand up to their competitors.
Simultaneously with the use of administrative and economic methods state regulation of foreign economic activity is carried out organizational, statistical, research and information work. State bodies (as well as semi-state organizations) provide exporters with significant information and advisory services. State bodies collect statistical materials, analyze the state and assess the prospects for foreign economic activity, and publish reference books. With the help of embassies, trade missions and representative offices, public services receive commercial information find foreign contractors.
State institutions also actively promote national goods to foreign markets through exhibitions, international symposiums, conferences and through other forms of familiarization of representatives of the business community. different countries with domestic achievements in the economy, science, technology, as well as through the creation of trade, trade and information centers abroad. Foreign trips of businessmen are regularly organized under the patronage of state institutions. For example, the US Department of Commerce, having about 150 offices in more than 70 countries - the main trading partners of the United States - regularly organizes trips abroad for trade delegations and shows catalogs of American firms.
developed abroad and morale system exporters. It includes the organization of national competitions with the awarding of winners with medals, prizes, diplomas, etc. The possession of such awards increases the prestige of the company, strengthens it business reputation, serves additional means increase the competitiveness of its products. Thus, the state in a market economy has a wide range of means of influencing foreign economic activity.
test questions
1. What is the structure of state regulation of foreign economic activity and what is the mechanism of foreign trade regulation?
2. What issues of state regulation of foreign economic activity are under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation, in the sphere of joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation? What are the powers of the subjects of the Russian Federation in the field of foreign economic activity?
3. What methods are used in state regulation of foreign economic activity?
4. What is the peculiarity of quantitative methods of restricting foreign trade?
5. What indirect measures are used to stimulate foreign economic activity?
Regulations
the federal law"On State Regulation of Foreign Trade Activities" dated October 13, 1995 - Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. 1995. No. 42. Art. 3923.
Law of the Russian Federation "On excises" as amended. Federal Law “On Amendments to the Law of the Russian Federation “On Excises”” dated March 7, 1996 - SZ RF. 1996. No. 11. Art. 1016.
Law of the Russian Federation "On the Customs Tariff" of May 21, 1993 - Gazette of the Congress of People's Deputies and the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR. 1993. No. 23. Art. 821; SZ RF. 1995. No. 32. Art. 3204; No. 48. Art. 4567.
Literature
Foreign economic activity of the enterprise: the basics: Textbook for universities / Ed. L.E. Strovsky. - M., 1996.
Foreign Trade Policy Reform / Albegova I.M., Emtsov R.G., Kholopov A.V. State economic policy / Ed. prof. A.V. Sidorovich. - M., 1998.
Economy external relations Russia / Ed. A.S. Bulatov. - M., 1995.
State regulation of foreign economic activity (FEA) is a system of purposeful actions of the state that ensure the effective use of the foreign economic factor for the national economy for the socio-economic development of the country, its entry into world economy into the system of the international division of labor.
State regulation of foreign economic activity in practice is carried out by using various forms, methods and mechanisms to ensure the development of foreign economic doctrine and policy, their transformation into a strategy and tactics of actions of the state and other economic agents to achieve scientifically based goals and objectives at the appropriate stages of the socio-economic development of the country .
From the point of view of the regulatory functions performed, the state impact on foreign economic activity includes:
- analysis and forecast of trends and features of the development of the world economy, the conjuncture of world markets for goods, services, labor, capital, financial and settlement operations and an assessment of the position of the national economy in the world economic system in the base and forecast periods; allocation of foreign economic activity as an object of management; development of the doctrine and strategy of foreign economic activity;
- legal support in the field of foreign economic activity (laws of the Russian Federation, decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation defining the subjects of international economic relations and subjects of foreign economic activity, including acts of regulation of the procedure for holding competitions and auctions for the sale of export and import quotas when the Government of the Russian Federation introduces quantitative restrictions, licensing export and import of goods (works, services) to the Russian Federation, interstate, intergovernmental agreements, obligations, etc.);
- administration - creation and termination of activities of subjects of foreign economic activity and international economic relations, including representation and participation in international economic organizations;
- informing subjects of foreign economic activity about the external economic situation, predicted trends in its change;
- regulation of activities of subjects of foreign economic activity based on the development of business plans for the development of various organizational forms and mechanisms;
- control over the current activities of subjects of international economic relations and subjects of foreign economic activity in order to prevent violations of existing legislation. State regulation in practice is carried out with
system government measures legislative, executive and supervisory nature, carried out by authorized state institutions, public organizations and business entities in order to integrate the national economy into the world economic system and make the most of the advantages of the international division of labor, interstate specialization and production cooperation to achieve stable indicators of the country's socio-economic development and raising the standard of living.
Foreign economic activity as an object of management - a branch of the national economy that ensures the development of foreign economic policy in the field of international economic relations based on the development of foreign economic doctrine, strategy, tactics, forms, methods and mechanisms for its implementation, aimed at stabilizing and accelerating the socio-economic development of the national economic system, strengthening it position in the global economy.
The system of international economic relations, carried out through foreign economic activity, is implemented in practice in various directions. In their composition, it is advisable to highlight the following:
- international trade in goods and services;
- international movement (export) of capital;
- foreign (foreign) investments;
- international migration of labor and specialists;
- international corporations and FIGs;
- international loans;
- international currency and financial and credit markets. International trade (MT) is the process of buying and selling between buyers, sellers and intermediaries in different countries. MT includes exports and imports of goods, the ratio between which is called the trade balance.
The need to form and develop a system of relations for the international exchange of goods and services is due to many reasons. One of the most important of them is that practically no country has the amount and range of resources necessary to fully meet the entire system of needs. Every country, even the richest in terms of modern concepts, has a limited amount of capital that allows it to produce various goods included in the GDP. If a country has the best conditions for the production of certain goods and the lowest costs, this will enable that country, by increasing the production of the said good and selling it to other countries, to buy goods which cannot be produced domestically or whose production is too costly. Therefore, always the reasons for the existence of foreign trade relations, and hence the modern world market, remain the international division of labor and the mutual benefit of exchange.
In order for a country to be able to trade on the world market, it needs to have export resources, i.e. stocks of competitive goods and services that are in demand on the world market, foreign exchange or other means of payment for imports, as well as a developed foreign trade infrastructure: vehicles, warehouses, communications and other components necessary to ensure the process of trade. Settlements for foreign trade operations are made by banking organizations, and the country's insurance business provides transportation insurance and cargo safety. Of course, if necessary, you can use the services of the infrastructure of other countries, but, as a rule, this is very expensive services, and each country involved in the world market seeks to create its own infrastructure.
Two counter flows of goods and services form the exports and imports of each country. Export - is the sale and export of goods abroad, import- purchase and import of goods from abroad. The difference between export and import valuations forms the trade balance, and the sum of these valuations is foreign trade turnover.
In the world market, as in any other, demand and supply are formed, the desire for market equilibrium is maintained.
At present, international exchange is increasingly shifting from forms of relations materialized in goods to non-materialized ones, i.e. to increase the scale of the exchange of scientific and technological achievements, production and management experience, and other types of services. UNCTAD estimates that services currently account for 46% of global GNP. In this regard, it is no coincidence that in the United States, R&D accounts for approximately 20% of all investments, up to 40% of the products of the entire manufacturing industry are produced in a complex of knowledge-intensive industries. Japan ranks second in the world in terms of R&D spending after the United States.
The deepening of the international division of labor occurs on the basis of intense competition, in which one of the most important arguments is the comparison of scientific potentials and technological capabilities of economically interconnected countries.
Foreign economic relations have an increasing impact on the state of the national economy. Thus, the need to fulfill export contracts causes an increase in production volumes, and, consequently, incomes (in the form of wages) working at enterprises engaged in the implementation of export orders. The same enterprises will receive additional profit from the increase in the scale of production of export products. In this case, the state gets the opportunity to replenish the budget through tax revenues. Employees of enterprises fulfilling an export order can use part of their income to purchase consumer goods own (domestic) production or imported from abroad.
Similar to the investment multiplier, the action of the export multiplier (M e) is caused by internal processes in the sphere of consumption, its results can be determined through the marginal propensity to consume (M p) or the marginal propensity to save (M c), the calculation can be performed using the following formula:
One of the trends in the development of the world economy in recent years is the rise in the cost of new developments, technologies for the production of new goods and services. To neutralize or mitigate this trend, it is necessary to increase production volumes and intensify the struggle for market penetration.
According to Western economists, at present the general level of development of science and technology corresponds to a situation in which a new development, new technology, the new kind products or services could be sold and paid off if the volume of demand for them was estimated on a scale of at least 300 million people.
By the middle of the 21st century, according to some estimates, even China, with a population of 1.2 billion people, will not have enough domestic market to ensure such a level of development that meets the world competitiveness requirements.
International capital movement (MDK)- is the placement and operation of capital abroad, primarily for the purpose of self-growth on the basis of obtaining additional income. MDT can be carried out in various forms - private, public, mixed, monetary and commodity, short-term and long-term. At present, the capacity of the international capital market is estimated at about $1 trillion.
International labor migration is a process of moving labor resources from one country to another in order to find employment on more favorable terms than in the country of origin.
In addition to economic motives, the process of international migration is also determined by political, ethnic, cultural, family and other considerations.
International migration takes place mainly in two forms - emigration and immigration(exit and entry).
Monetary units of various countries, each of which has its own national connotation, mediate the process of international movement of goods, services, capital and labor, and thus form the world monetary system.
National currency system - this is a form of organization of monetary relations, which covers not only the internal monetary circulation, but also the sphere of international settlements of the country. With the development of international economic relations on the basis of national monetary systems, a world monetary system arises.
Foreign trade turnover determines revenues from duties that replenish the state budget. These are also jobs for those employed in export production and trade, income taxes replenishing the state budget. The volumes of exports and imports largely determine the efficiency of the economy of any country, its stability, economic and political influence in the world. This manifests itself in different ways in different countries. There are export-oriented countries that are especially interested in the influx of hard currency, such as China, Japan, Russia. There are import-dependent states that have a trade deficit. Many countries in Latin America are among them. Economically developed countries usually have an approximately equal balance with some preponderance in one direction or another.
There are also many differences in the qualitative structure of exports and imports. Thus, China has a significant share of consumer goods in its exports. Germany actively and on a large scale supplies the means of production - machine tools and units. The United States of America supplies, first of all, advanced and highly effective technologies and know-how. Developing countries export mainly raw materials. Conventionally, the commodity flow can be divided into main categories: raw materials; components; technology; licenses; equipment; finished products. However, it should be noted that excessive enthusiasm for the volume of foreign trade turnover without sufficient attention to the qualitative component of export-import threatens to turn the economy into an irrational one. economic system. Russia has found itself in just such a situation in the last decade. Although Russian exports are relatively large in terms of volume, they are predominantly raw materials, poorly diversified and, as a result, highly dependent on world conditions. Imports have been mainly consumer for a long time. Such a disproportion hinders the development of the domestic economy, especially industry. This situation can be changed by improving the structure of exports and imports at the expense of manufactured goods.
At present, it is expedient to focus on imports of advanced technologies and modern highly efficient equipment, which should stimulate production at domestic enterprises and ensure the production of competitive products. Undoubtedly, first of all, it is necessary to establish import-substituting production. To this end, a more effective monetary policy should be implemented, and the optimal parity of the exchange rate should be determined. This problem is very multifaceted. A low foreign exchange rate, which serves as a benchmark for internal and external financial and credit settlements, in this case the US dollar, stimulates importers, a high one stimulates exporters. In the current conditions in Russia, it is better to have a slightly "devalued" ruble, in which case imports may be at the limit of profitability.
The exchange rate is also the cost of labor. It is well known that when the growth of the exchange rate outstrips the ruble wage, there is a relative reduction in the cost of a unit of labor. Foreign exchange investments are becoming more profitable. In the current conditions, economic transformations in Russia are focused on maintaining the free market exchange rate of the US dollar, based on the market balance of supply and demand. The main distorting factor here is the demand from banking structures, for which the US dollar is not only a means of payment. It is used for the exchange game, the preservation and export of capital, the accumulation of savings. The active intervention of the Central Bank in these processes is quite acceptable here.
There is another aspect of the exchange rate problem. Foreign trade is an element of integration into the world economy, the world division of labor. Often, the devaluation of the currency in one country immediately gives rise to problems in another, related to its export or import. European and world practice show that as soon as a country's currency devalues, that country's exports become more competitive.
A somewhat undervalued exchange rate of the national currency, for example, against the US dollar, has, in addition to pluses, and minuses, mainly social plan(increase in prices, decrease in wages, decrease in consumption), which need to be somehow mutually balanced.
Traditionally, the most developed form of international economic relations is foreign trade. For any country in the world, foreign trade, as a rule, has always played and will continue to play an important and often decisive role in the development of the national economy and the growth of the living standards of the population. No country has yet managed to create a healthy economy by isolating itself from the world economic system.
The solution of external problems is always inextricably linked with the organization of the internal economic life: without a normal internal market, it is impossible to become a full-fledged participant in the world continental or regional markets, just as, for example, the external convertibility of the national currency is unattainable without its internal convertibility. The importance of this industry in the economic complex of the state is evidenced by the fact that at present foreign trade provides more than a third of the GDP of most European countries.
International trade is a form of communication between producers of different countries, arising on the basis of the international division of labor, and expresses their mutual economic dependence. This form of trade, whose volumes are characterized by the values of all intercountry commodity flows, is developing at a higher rate than the production of GDP. According to available data, for every 10% increase in world production, there is a 16% increase in world trade.
Economic growth is accompanied by fundamental changes in technology, the supply of factors of production, and the structure of demand. The connection between economic growth and foreign trade through consumption is carried out according to the effects and Engel's law, which states that with an increase in income, the share of expenditures on food decreases, which, other things being equal, entails a decrease in the relative prices of these goods in international trade.
Another assumption about the impact of demand on foreign trade is represented by Lindert's dominant demand hypothesis, according to which, as per capita income rises, changes in the structure of demand induce a country to expand the production of some luxury goods. This leads to such a reduction in the cost of their production that the country gains a comparative advantage and these luxury goods become a new object of export. As a result, such countries export goods with a high proportion of their own consumption.
An increase in the supply of factors of production can affect foreign trade through several channels. If all factors grow at the same rate, or if the growing factor is equally intensively used in all industries (i.e., there is a balanced expansion production possibilities), then such a situation will lead to an increase in the volume of foreign trade, leaving relative prices and the share of exports in production unchanged. If the growth of the factor leads to an expansion of exports, the growth of trade will outpace the growth of production, and the country's terms of trade may deteriorate. With import-substituting growth, the volume of trade shrinks and the terms of trade can improve. The consequences of technological progress in individual industries are equivalent to the consequences of an increase in the supply of the corresponding factors of production.
Trade in industrial products develops along with economic growth, its patterns fit into the framework of the Heckscher-Ohlin model only after a thorough modification of the latter.
The foundations of modern ideas about what determines the directions and structure of interstate trade flows were laid by the Swedish scientists E. Heckscher and B. Ohlin and developed by P. Samuelson. The meaning of these ideas is that goods that require significant inputs (surplus factors of production) and small inputs (deficit factors) for their production are exported in exchange for goods produced using factors in inverse proportion. Yes, in covert surplus factors are exported and scarce factors of production are imported.
The composition of production factors, as is known, includes (in an enlarged form): financial capital, scientific and technical potential, labor potential, land resources, Natural resources, industrial potential, natural and geographical position, industrial and social infrastructure, intellectual potential, management system. The combined impact of these factors on the results of production is reflected in the level and dynamics of GNP and in its cross-country structure.
The growth of GDP, caused by the growth of external trade, causes an increase in the personal income of the population, as a result of which the demand of the population also grows. But it has an uneven effect on various goods and services, which can be characterized income elasticity of demand for each item:
With constant prices and a calm demographic state of society (family size and composition), an increase in income leads to a decrease in the share of consumer spending on food, although the volume of demand for food increases, but to a lesser extent than income.
The main trends in the development of international trade, manifested in the last decade, can be represented in the form of the following three directions:
- 1) a significant and constantly growing share of trade between countries with equally high income levels. The latter are gradually leveling off in most countries;
- 2) high and ever-increasing share in world trade of counter deliveries of similar manufactured goods;
- 3) gradual leveling of the structure of provision of industrialized countries with production resources.
These trends necessitate further development of the Heckscher-Ohlin theory outlined earlier, based on the existence of cross-country differences in the relative availability of factors of production, which are gradually smoothed out, at least in industrialized countries.
To compare the export and import specialization of factors in theory and practice, it is proposed to use the following formula:
where Sjx/m - indicator of the degree of export specialization of the factor; Q.- the share of the factor's income in the total value of exports; Qim- the share of the factor's income in the total value of products competing with imports, equal in volume to the actual imports; (2. - the share of the income of the factor in the total national income.
To carry out these calculations, one can use the input-output balance apparatus to determine what part of the cost of export and import-competing products is paid for by the l-th factor not only in these industries themselves, but also in supplier industries.
Introduction…………………..…………………………………………………………3
1. Concept, goals, principles of state regulation of foreign economic activity…………4
2. Legal basis and participants in the regulation of foreign economic activity in Russia…………………………………………………………...….6
3. Methods of state regulation of foreign economic activity……………………...……...7
4. Features and problems of state regulation of foreign economic activity in Russia……………………………..…12
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………… 15
References…………………………………………………………………16
Introduction
AT modern conditions the state actively regulates foreign economic relations in the national interest.
The market system of the economy, in principle, is more in line with economic instruments for regulating foreign economic relations, primarily customs duties, taxes, etc.
In a market economy, foreign economic activity of an entrepreneurial nature, as a whole, is subject to a generally permissible (and not permissive) legal regime. Participants in such activities are subject only to the rules of the market defined in the rules of law.
Consequently, the impact on foreign economic activity occurs at two levels: self-regulation through supply and demand and state regulation of foreign economic activity regulated by law as a system of social relations arising in this area.
Therefore, the study of state regulation of foreign economic activity in modern conditions is of particular relevance.
The purpose of the work is to study the state regulation of foreign economic activity.
Define the concept, study the goals, principles of state regulation of foreign economic activity;
Consider the legal framework and participants in the regulation of foreign economic activity in Russia;
To study the methods of state regulation of foreign economic activity;
Consider the features and problems of state regulation of foreign economic activity in Russia.
1. Concept, goals, principles of state regulation of foreign economic activity
Foreign economic activity is one of the areas of economic activity of the state, enterprises, firms, closely related to foreign trade, export and import of goods, foreign loans and investments, and the implementation of joint projects with other countries.
The system of state regulation of foreign economic activity (FEA) includes:
Legislative and legal framework for regulation;
Institutional and organizational structure of regulation;
State programming of foreign economic activity;
Quotas and licensing of foreign trade transactions;
Certification of imported goods;
Registration of certain export contracts;
Mandatory export assessment of the quantity, quality and price of exported goods;
Customs regulation;
Currency and monetary regulation of foreign economic activity.
The main objectives of state regulation of foreign economic activity are as follows:
Using foreign economic relations to accelerate the creation of a market economy in Russia;
Assistance in increasing labor productivity and the quality of national products by acquiring licenses and patents, purchasing new technologies, high-quality components, raw materials and materials, including Russian enterprises into global competition;
Creating Access Conditions Russian entrepreneurs to world markets through the provision of state, organizational, financial, information assistance;
Protection of national foreign economic interests, protection of the domestic market;
Creation and maintenance of a favorable international regime in relations with various states and international organizations.
State regulation of foreign economic activity in Russia in a market economy should be carried out in accordance with the following basic principles:
Unity of foreign economic policy and national (domestic) economic policy;
Unity of the system of state regulation and control over its implementation;
Transferring the center of gravity of foreign economic activity regulation from administrative to economic methods;
A clear delineation of the rights and responsibilities of the Federation and its subjects in the field of foreign trade management;
2. Legal framework and participants in the regulation of foreign economic activity in Russia
Legal regulation of foreign economic activity is a set of normative acts within the framework and on the basis of which its practice is carried out.
This set is represented by national legislation on foreign economic activity, represented by laws, codes, as well as by-laws, as well as international rules and regulations signed by the Russian Federation and international treaties of Russia with other countries. These include the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Law "On Customs Tariff", the Law "On Foreign Investments", the Law "On the Fundamentals of State Regulation of Foreign Trade Activities", the Law "On Currency Regulation and Currency Control".
Of great importance in the regulation of foreign economic activity is the structure of the authorities that carry it out. There are 3 branches of government in the Russian Federation: legislative, judicial and executive.
The legislative body in the Russian Federation is the Federal Assembly. The Federal Assembly issues laws, including those regulating the sphere of foreign economic activity.
The judicial authorities in the Russian Federation include the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, the Supreme court of Arbitration, courts and judges of various instances. In the field of foreign economic activity, the judiciary is obliged to protect the interests of all subjects of foreign economic activity, regardless of their nationality.
However, the most significant role in the regulation of foreign economic activity is played by the executive branch. Also, in the context of considering the state regulation of foreign economic activity, we will also include the President of the Russian Federation as an executive branch, although formally the President of the Russian Federation does not belong to any of the branches of power. Based on this, we will divide the executive authorities into 4 levels: presidential, government, departmental and regional.
3. Methodsstate regulation of foreign economic activity
Baranov D.E. identifies the following methods of state regulation of foreign economic activity:
Customs and tariff regulation;
Non-tariff regulation;
Prohibitions and restrictions on foreign trade in services and intellectual property;
Measures of an economic and administrative nature that contribute to the development of foreign trade activities.
The customs tariff is a systematized list of customs duties levied on cargo owners when goods pass through the customs state border. Usually, a customs tariff contains detailed names of goods subject to customs duties, duty rates indicating their method of calculation, and a list of goods admitted duty-free.
Customs duty is a tax levied by the state on goods transported across the national border at the rates stipulated by the customs tariff.
Customs duties are divided according to the method of collection into ad valorem, specific and combined.
Ad valorem customs duty is a duty calculated as a percentage of the customs value of taxable goods (for example, 20% of the customs value).
A specific customs duty is a duty levied depending on the quantity of goods (for example, $10 per 1 ton). The advantage of this duty is that, if applied, there is no need to estimate the price of the goods, and therefore there is no place for abuses associated with valuations. However, depending on the price of the goods, the degree of protection of the domestic manufacturer also changes. The higher it is, the lower the degree of security and vice versa.
Combined duty - combines both of the above types of customs taxation (for example, 20% of the customs value, but not more than 10 dollars per 1 ton).
According to the object of taxation, customs duties are divided into import, export and transit.
By nature, customs duties are divided into seasonal, anti-dumping and countervailing.
The main functions of customs duties are protectionist, fiscal and balancing. The protectionist function is associated with an increase in the price of imported goods in the domestic market due to the collection of duties, which makes it less competitive and, accordingly, protects national producers. The collection of customs duties on imported goods increases the cost of the latter when they are sold on the domestic market of the importing country and thereby increases the competitiveness of domestic goods. The fiscal function of the customs tariff ensures the receipt of funds from the collection of customs duties in the revenue part of the country's budget. Finally, the balancing function refers to exported goods and its purpose is to prevent unwanted export of goods, in particular if their prices on the domestic market are lower than world prices.
a) Financial methods of limitation incorporated in the payment mechanism in the form of various direct and indirect fees covering government costs associated with solving organizational and economic problems at the expense of foreign suppliers. Let's look at some types financial ways restrictions:
1) Sliding fees are additional payments, designed to equalize world market prices mainly for imported agricultural products and foodstuffs in order to bring them closer to domestic prices. The border tax regime involves the collection of fees at the time of movement of foreign trade goods across the customs border and customs clearance;
2) Domestic (equalizing) taxes and fees - equivalent to indirect taxes and fees (VAT, excises), levied on goods in the domestic market of the importing country; it is also fees on sensitive product categories, which usually have an internal equivalent (issuance fees, product taxes, administrative fees).
3) Additional fees - fees levied on imported goods in excess of customs duties and taxes, which do not have an internal analogue and are intended to finance certain types of activities related to foreign trade (tax on foreign currency transfers abroad, stamp duty, statistical tax);
4) Import deposits – these are requirements for prepayment of the cost of imports and payment of import taxes in the form of opening preliminary import deposits, payment of cash, advance payment of customs duties (official restrictions on the accumulation of foreign currency by obtaining various types of permits for conducting foreign exchange transactions within the country; deferrals of payments and priority for payment taxes and duties within the established minimum allowable periods from the moment the goods are delivered to the customs territory of the importing country until the completion of import settlements);
b) Export subsidy or production subsidy:
1) An export subsidy is a subsidy to the manufacturer or seller of an export product, which reimburses part of the costs of production or distribution, in order to increase the competitiveness of the product in the foreign market. The provision of export subsidies is a way of state stimulation of exports at the expense of the budget. Export subsidies are possible in the form of direct financing of research, development and export production, as well as through the provision of favorable loans.
2) Domestic subsidies - the most disguised financial method of trade policy and discrimination against imports, providing for budgetary financing of domestic production of goods that compete with imports.
3) Public procurement policy is a hidden method of trade policy that requires government agencies and enterprises to buy certain goods only from national firms, even though these goods may be more expensive than imported ones.
c) Quantitative restrictions on imports and exports through quotas, quotas, licensing, "voluntary restrictions" on exports. Let's take a closer look at these measures:
1) Quota is a measure of operational regulation of foreign economic relations by the state, which imposes quantitative and cost restrictions on the import (export) of goods into the country, is introduced for a certain period in relation to certain goods, vehicles, works, services, etc., to countries or to groups of countries and acts as a non-tariff measure of foreign economic regulation, a regulator of supply and demand in the domestic market, a response to discriminatory actions of foreign trading partners etc;
2) Contingenting - state regulation of foreign trade through the establishment of centralized export control over the import and export of goods within specific quotas for a certain period of time. The purpose of the contingent is to protect the interests of the national industry. Trade in goods within the established contingents is carried out under licenses;
3) Licensing of imports is the regulation by the competent state authorities of the export of goods from the country by issuing special permits (licenses) at the request (application) of interested parties;
4) Voluntary restriction of export - a method of state regulation of foreign economic relations; the obligation of one of the foreign trade partners to limit the volume of exports of certain goods;
5) The requirement for the maintenance of local components - a hidden method of the trade policy of the state, legislatively establishing the share of the final product, which must be produced by national producers, if such a product is intended for sale in the domestic market;
e) Technical standards and requirements for imported products related to health, regulations and safety (including industry standards, requirements for packaging and labeling of goods, sanitary and veterinary standards);
f) Customs, administrative import formalities that create obstacles and deter customs clearance imported products. This category of measures includes the following:
1) Anti-dumping duty - an additional import duty imposed on goods exported at prices below normal world market prices or domestic prices of the importing country;
2) Compensatory customs duty - a duty levied in cases of importation into the customs territory of the country of goods, in the production or export of which subsidies were used directly or indirectly; Countervailing duties are levied if such importation causes or may cause damage to domestic producers of similar goods or hinders the establishment or expansion of the production of such goods;
3) Customs formalities - legally stipulated mandatory requirements, without which vehicles, goods and other items cannot be passed through the customs border. Customs formalities include inspection of goods and other items, inspection of vehicles, verification and execution of documents, determination of the country of origin of goods, calculation and collection of customs duties, taxes and fees.
Note that the first group of measures is financial in nature, and all subsequent ones are administrative.
4. Features and problems of state regulation of foreign economic activity in Russia
State regulation of foreign economic activity in Russia is carried out based on the following principles:
There are no quantitative restrictions on exports and imports, except in special cases when it is necessary to ensure the national interests of the country and to fulfill the international obligations of the Russian Federation;
Goods imported into the territory of the Russian Federation must comply with the technical, pharmacological, sanitary, veterinary, phytosanitary and environmental standards and requirements established in the Russian Federation;
In order to protect the national interests of the Russian Federation in the implementation of foreign trade activities in relation to weapons, military equipment and dual-use goods, as well as to comply with international obligations on the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and other most dangerous types of weapons and the technology for their creation, the country has an export control system;
A state monopoly is established for certain types of goods for export and (or) import;
Special regimes for the implementation of certain types of foreign trade activities are frontier trade and free economic zone;
The equality of participants in foreign economic activity is observed and their protection by the state is carried out.
Among the problems facing the Russian Federation in the field of foreign economic activity, the following can be distinguished:
The unfavorable position of the Russian Federation in the international division of labor. The specific share of Russian exports is made up of mineral products, i.e. raw materials. Moreover, their share tends to increase. In 1999 it amounted to 42.5% of the total export volume, and in 2009 it was already 65.9%. This is a negative phenomenon, since the prices of such goods tend to fluctuate sharply due to a sharp change in demand for them. It also means that the Russian Federation produces few quality products that can compete in the world market. At the same time, food products and agricultural raw materials (except for textiles), chemical products, rubber, as well as machinery, equipment and vehicles prevail in the import structure. In 1999, their total share was 72.6%, and in 2009 - 79.2%. That is, there is a tendency to increase the import of this type of product. Positive dynamics can be traced only in the reduction of the share of imports food products and agricultural raw materials (except for textiles), which may, on the one hand, mean that Russia has become more self-satisfied with its food needs.
Small attractiveness of Russia in the world in terms of doing business. According to the 2008 World Bank rating, the Russian Federation ranks only 120th in the world in terms of the comfort of doing business, behind even a large part of developing countries, while very few reforms are being carried out to improve the situation;
Protectionist measures implemented by the state often preserve the backwardness of Russian industries, feeling strong support from the state, these industries do not seek to introduce new technologies, improve product quality, since even without this they receive a profit that suits them, one of the most striking examples is the support of Russian automotive industry;
The global financial crisis, among possible consequences which the bankruptcy of some Russian companies and banks, slowdown in economic growth, devaluation of the ruble, falling investment in the Russian economy.
Conclusion
Thus, foreign economic activity is one of the areas of economic activity of the state, enterprises, firms, closely related to foreign trade, export and import of goods, foreign loans and investments, and the implementation of joint projects with other countries.
Based on the above, we can conclude that serious changes are needed in the foreign economic activity of the Russian Federation.
It is necessary to diversify the structure of exports towards more high-tech products. Certain steps are being taken in this direction: attempts are being made to raise the aircraft building complex, state corporations are being created, the purpose of which is the production of precisely high-tech products. However, these measures are currently insufficient.
It is necessary to build more trusting relations with foreign economic entities, form the image of Russia as an attractive state for investment and cooperation, and create the necessary conditions for this.
It is important to increase the competitiveness of domestic goods, and it is desirable to do this on the basis of increased efficiency, and not by creating low prices for goods and labor due to the devaluation of the ruble.
Finally, the global financial crisis may have become a severe test for the Russian economy. Under these conditions, the task of improving the role of the Russian Federation in the foreign economic sphere becomes even more complicated.
Bibliography
1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1333 - M .: Norma, 2002.
2. On the customs tariff: Federal Law of May 21, 1993 No. 5003-1 // Nureev R. M. Course of microeconomics. Textbook for high schools. - H90 2nd ed., rev. - M.: Publishing house NORMA, 2007. S. 67.
Risin I.E. State regulation of the economy / I.E. Risin, Yu.I. Treshchevsky, S.M. Sotnikov - Voronezh: Voronezh: Voronezh Publishing House. state un-ta, 2008. p. 88.
Baranov D. E. Legal regulation of foreign economic activity in Russia. - M.: RAGS, 2003. S. 99.
On the customs tariff: Federal Law of May 21, 1993 No. 5003-1 // Risin I.E. State regulation of the economy / I.E. Risin, Yu.I. Treshchevsky, S.M. Sotnikov - Voronezh: Voronezh: Voronezh Publishing House. state un-ta, 2008. S. 89.
Risin I.E. State regulation of the economy / I.E. Risin, Yu.I. Treshchevsky, S.M. Sotnikov - Voronezh: Voronezh: Voronezh Publishing House. state un-ta, 2008. S. 99.
Baranov D. E. Legal regulation of foreign economic activity in Russia. - M.: RAGS, 2008. - S. 89.
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Introduction
Bibliography
Introduction
foreign economic state regulation
State regulation of foreign economic activity includes its financial, currency, credit, customs-tariff and non-tariff regulation, export control; determination of policy in the field of certification of goods in connection with their import and export. All these directions of regulation are based on the current legislation. One of essential functions state is to develop the concept of foreign economic activity and foreign economic policy, on the basis of which cooperation with other countries is built. For many years, Russia was dominated by a state monopoly of foreign trade, in which the choice of partner countries was determined primarily by political and ideological interests. The transition to a market economy meant the recognition in foreign trade of the equivalence of exchange, the need to take into account competitive advantages Russia, to analyze the state of the foreign economic complex, to develop a strategy for the development of foreign economic activity. Target term paper: to identify the role of state organizations in the regulation of foreign economic activity. The study of state regulation of foreign economic activity. The objectives of the study are to learn the stages of development of state regulation of foreign economic activity, to establish the basic principles, functions, goals, and bodies of state regulation of foreign economic activity, to consider the forms and methods of state regulation of foreign economic activity and to identify areas for improving the state regulation of foreign economic activity in Russia. Also study the essence and structure of the system of state regulation of foreign economic relations; analyze the main directions of the state in the regulation of foreign economic activity; consider the bodies that regulate foreign economic activity in Russia and organizations that promote foreign economic activity; consider the main trends and problems in the development of Russia's foreign economic relations in the context of the globalization of the world economy.
1. Stages of development of state regulation of foreign economic activity
Conventionally, in Russia, 4 stages of development of the management of foreign economic activity can be distinguished: pre-revolutionary (until 1918), Soviet (1918-1986), perestroika (1986-1991), modern stage (since 1991).
The pre-revolutionary stage includes many centuries that preceded the October Revolution. In the era of the fragmentation of Russia and the absence of a single, strong, centralized authority, all the principalities were involved in the collection of customs duties. As a result of the unification of the principalities, the Boyar Duma of the Grand Duchy of Moscow became in charge of foreign economic activity. Subsequently, in 1653 and 1755. customs charters were adopted, and in 1724 - a customs tariff. Only in 1755 were the interregional barriers in the economic relations of the regions completely abolished. Russian Empire. At this stage, the customs tariff was repeatedly amended based on national interests. A relatively successful foreign economic policy led to the fact that by the beginning of the 20th century Russia had an active trade balance and a share in world trade of 3.6%, which can be considered a successful result. Since the 16th century, the Posolsky Prikaz, since 1720 - the Commerce College, since 1802 - the Ministry of Commerce, have been the bodies responsible for foreign trade activities.
At the Soviet stage in the former USSR, the monopoly on the implementation of foreign economic activity belonged to the state. According to the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of April 22, 1918, the state centrally managed foreign economic activity as part of the national economic complex through bodies created for these purposes;
Determined which organizations and in which industries can carry out operations on foreign economic relations;
· Based on the export-import plan, it established what and in what quantities can be exported from the country and what can be imported;
· directly regulated the import, export and operations of foreign trade organizations through a system of licenses and contracts.
During the period of the NEP, which was in force from 1921 to 1928-29, when private property and small-scale property were allowed, some employees of the state and party apparatus hoped for the abolition of the state monopoly on foreign economic activity and for the admission of private enterprises and regional authorities to foreign economic activity. Some, albeit insignificant, steps were even taken towards the decentralization of foreign economic power. However, in the 1930s, almost all supporters of such views were repressed, and the principle of state monopoly became dominant. After analyzing the Soviet stage, one cannot help but conclude that state regulation of foreign economic activity at the Soviet stage was extremely inefficient, so the period of perestroika led to serious changes in this area of activity.
The inefficiency of the Soviet economic model, including in foreign economic activity, led to the need for reforms.
State regulation of foreign economic activity is influenced by two approaches in foreign economic policy: liberalism and protectionism.
Liberalism (free trade) - freedom of decision-making on foreign trade issues by domestic entrepreneurs, unlimited access of foreign goods to the domestic market.
Protectionism - targeted state intervention in foreign economic activity, the imposition of various restrictions on imported goods in order to support the national production of their analogues.
In all countries, both of these approaches exist simultaneously, only their ratio is different, the predominance of one or the other is determined by a combination of internal and external factors.
State regulation of foreign economic activity has its own specifics in comparison with the regulation of other areas of the national economy. This specificity is due to the need of each state to reckon with international norms and principles of world trade. Any state in regulating foreign economic activity with the aim of its development, increasing the competitiveness of its economy, the realization of its national interests should not infringe on the interests of other countries and is obliged to act within the framework of the rules developed by international organizations (GATT / WTO, UNCTAD, WCO).
Thus, the boundaries of state regulation of foreign economic activity are determined, on the one hand, by the need to expand national exports and develop forms of international cooperation, and on the other hand, by the rules of international organizations.
2. The structure of state regulation of foreign economic activity in Russia
The highest organs of state power. The highest level of foreign economic activity is concentrated in the main bodies of the Russian government. These are the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation, federal executive and judicial authorities.
At this level, the main regulations are issued that form the internal Russian organizational, legal and economic conditions, the rules for the implementation of foreign economic activity, which are mandatory for all individuals and legal entities in the country.
The activities of the state authorities also have an external focus, designed to ensure favorable international conditions for the work of Russian participants in foreign economic activity in foreign markets on the basis of the MFN and non-discrimination in mutual trade, as well as the protection of Russian participants in foreign economic activity from unfair foreign competition by concluding bilateral and multilateral agreements and establishing control for their observance, Russia's participation in international economic organizations, commodity agreements, etc.
The president RF as the head of state determines the main directions of the state foreign economic policy and exercises other powers in the field of foreign economic activity. The president is subordinated to his representatives in 7 federal districts of the Russian Federation.
On the basis of decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, commissions were formed for export control of the Russian Federation and for military-technical cooperation between the Russian Federation and foreign states.
Federal Meeting RF, consisting of the Federation Council and the State Duma, develops and adopts federal laws, including those related to the field of foreign economic activity, which are signed by the President of the Russian Federation.
Government RF:
Develops and implements state policy in the field of international economic, financial, investment cooperation;
Provides general guidance customs business;
Carries out currency regulation and currency control;
Manages monetary and financial activities in relations with foreign states;
Carries out regulation and state control in the field of foreign economic activity, in the field of international scientific, technical and cultural cooperation.
Government acts of a normative nature are issued in the form of government decrees, and acts on operational and other current issues that are not of a normative nature are issued in the form of government orders.
Industry bodies. Various areas of foreign economic activity are subordinated to several federal executive bodies within their competence established by the President of the Russian Federation and the Government.
In accordance with the established system of management of the renewable energy complex in Russia, there should be a body to which the Government of the Russian Federation is directly entrusted with the coordination and regulation of the country's foreign economic activity. Until 1998, this body was the Ministry of Foreign Economic Affairs and Trade, then - the Ministry of Trade, since May 2000 - Ministry economic development and trade, now - Ministry of Economic Development.
The Ministry of Economic Development combines the functions of the abolished Ministry of Trade, the Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation, and the Ministry for CIS Affairs.
The main task of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation is to coordinate and regulate foreign trade activities in accordance with the decisions supreme bodies state authorities of the Russian Federation, development, together with other federal executive authorities, of proposals for the implementation of a unified state foreign trade policy and ensuring its implementation.
The Ministry of Economic Development of Russia develops proposals for the implementation of the mechanism of state support for industrial exports, including within the framework of regional programs, protects the economic interests of Russia, its constituent entities, participants in foreign economic activity in the foreign market, and also protects the interests of domestic producers and consumers from unfair foreign competition.
3. The essence and structure of the system of state regulation of foreign economic relations
State regulation of foreign economic relations is a system of economic and political measures carried out by state bodies to deepen and expand the country's participation in the international division of labor in order to increase efficiency social production and optimization of the consumption structure. It is an integral part of the mechanism for the reproduction of the national economic potential and is one of the main objects of state regulation of the national economy, along with its reproductive, technological, sectoral and territorial structure, scientific and technological progress, social relations, the environment, etc. Global goals of state regulation of foreign economic ties are concretized depending on the severity of specific problems arising in the economic and social spheres.
These are, for example, overcoming the economic crisis, the need for restructuring the production potential, protecting domestic producers, increasing employment, improving the balance of payments, fighting inflation, and so on. Achieving the set goals determines the specific directions, forms, and scope of state regulation of foreign economic relations. At the same time, the internal and external economic attitudes of the state, the integral vector of interests of the subjects of foreign economic activity, have a significant impact. State regulation of foreign economic relations is carried out with the help of administrative, monetary, credit, budgetary funds, as well as policies in the public sector of the economy. The essence of state regulation of foreign economic relations is to bring the system of foreign economic relations to a state that would ensure the optimal implementation of state, collective and personal interests of foreign economic activity entities in a specific time period and in the future on the basis of law, generally recognized international norms and rules. The mechanism of regulation of international economic relations is a certain system of principles, tools and methods of managing relations, which are entered into by the subjects of foreign economic activity. This system includes three main blocks: management principles; a set of specific methods and instruments of regulation; institutional and legal structures.
The principles of managing foreign economic relations characterize the approach to international economic relations. There are two main principles of international cooperation that determine the nature and forms of regulation of foreign economic relations: protectionism and freedom of trade.
The totality of specific economic methods and instruments of state regulation includes: customs tariffs; export and import quotas and licenses; subsidies; exchange rates; pricing system for export-import goods. Institutional and legal structures are: various international and national acts, treaties, agreements, norms, rules, customs, etc., which regulate the implementation of international economic cooperation. The effectiveness of the mechanism for regulating foreign economic relations can be assessed using the following criteria:
Efficiency of use and distribution of available national economic resources in terms of ensuring the consumption of goods and services by the population of the country;
Influence of the regulatory system on the growth of economic potential, attraction of investments;
Ensuring employment of the population;
Distribution of income between the subjects of foreign economic activity both at the international and national levels;
price stability;
Quality of life in society;
economic security of the country.
The mechanism of regulation of international economic relations consists of two interrelated elements: national and international. Therefore, the mechanism of state regulation of foreign economic relations is under a certain influence of international levers and instruments. The severity of this influence depends on the degree of integration of the national reproductive potential into world economic relations, the place and role of the national economy in the world economy. Considering state regulation as a certain system, when studying its structure, it is advisable to single out four main elements. The most important element that determines the effectiveness of the functioning of the entire system is the development and implementation of foreign economic policy. The basis of the foreign economic policy of the countries participating in the international division of labor is a permanent (permanent, continuous) process of complex adaptation of the structures of national economies (sectoral, technological, organizational, etc.) to a more dynamic structure of the world economy.
The main two-pronged task, which should be addressed by the modern foreign economic policy of Ukraine, is the penetration into world markets and the adaptation of the national economy to the world economy. For this you need:
To form our own export potential capable of offering competitive goods, services and technologies;
Improve the structure and proportions of foreign economic exchange through import substitution, increase the share of science-intensive goods and services in exports;
Transition to progressive forms of international cooperation.
The implementation of the main task will create favorable conditions for the development of the Ukrainian economy, strengthening its international position.
The "technological" element of the system of regulation of foreign economic relations are economic instruments. Depending on the mode of action, they can be divided into instruments of direct and indirect action. Direct action instruments include: targeted government spending (for example, for the creation of infrastructure in a free economic zone); direct state control over foreign economic processes (regulation of quantitative volumes of export-import, establishment of exchange rates, regulation of prices for export-import, etc.); legislative regulation. Instruments of indirect action affect the cost proportions of the national economy. For example, through the amount of taxes, it is possible to influence the volume of production and the solvency of the population; an increase in the interest rate in the Savings Bank stimulates the growth of savings, leads to an increase in the volume of pent-up demand; devaluation of the national currency creates interest in the export of goods. The state usually uses the following economic categories as regulatory instruments:
Export license - a document that controls the export from the country of goods, services and objects representing a strategic, historical or cultural value. It is issued in the form of a permit signed by special government agencies;
An export subsidy is a subsidy to a manufacturer or seller of an export product that reimburses part of its production or distribution costs and increases the competitiveness of the product in the foreign market. Export subsidy is one of the forms of export development stimulation, it is provided in various forms. Among them, the most common are: direct financing of R&D in the development of competitive export goods, financing the modernization of production, reducing taxation of export production, including the introduction of increased depreciation rates, financing marketing research, providing favorable loans for the development of export production, guaranteeing export credits, etc.
Export premiums are economic levers of a financial and price nature used by the state (as well as monopolies, enterprises, organizations and firms) to encourage the export of certain types of products and the provision of services to foreign partners. They are used to expand exports, capture foreign markets, create favorable price conditions for the sale of goods on foreign markets. Usually, export premiums act in the form of full or partial exemption of exporting firms from paying certain taxes, import duties, excise tax refunds, or in the form of direct export subsidies.
An import quota is a non-tariff quantitative (value or natural) means of restricting the import of certain goods. They are established in order to protect the national producer or reduce imports to improve the country's balance of payments.
Voluntary restriction of exports is a kind of analogue of import quotas, one of the methods of state regulation of foreign trade. It means the obligation of one of the partners in foreign economic relations to limit or at least not expand the volume of exports. A commitment may be made as a result of a formal or informal agreement to set quotas for the export of goods. Often, a voluntary restriction of exports is caused by the threat of the counterparty country to apply sanctions or is a concession in exchange for economic, technical or military assistance.
Anti-dumping duty. Foreign exchange dumping export of goods at prices below world prices, which becomes possible due to the depreciation of the national currency to a greater extent than its purchasing power within the country decreases. Exporters, purchasing goods in the country at low prices, sell them on the foreign market for a harder currency, which is then exchanged at a lower rate for the national currency, as a result of which they receive a large profit due to the exchange rate difference. An anti-dumping duty is an additional import duty imposed on goods exported at prices below the “normal” world market prices or domestic prices of the importing country. In a number of countries, incl. and in Ukraine, the legislation establishes maximum deviations from normal prices, the excess of which is recognized as dumping. The excise tax and value added tax are also instrumental in export-import regulation. Excise - one of the varieties of indirect taxes associated with the movement of goods, and not the income of individuals and legal entities. The excise payer is the consumer when buying excisable goods (tobacco, alcoholic beverages, cars, etc.). The levying of excise duty leads to higher prices for imported goods and increases the competitiveness of similar domestically produced goods. A similar mechanism for influencing imports is value added tax, which in this case is a tax on the part of the value of domestically sold products and services added in circulation. Value added is calculated as income (revenue) from the sale of products or services minus material costs. Benefits and privileges for enterprises with foreign investment are as follows. Property of foreign investors imported as a contribution to the authorized capital of these enterprises, intended for their own material production and own needs of foreign workers, is not subject to customs duties.
Foreign exchange earnings of such enterprises from the export of products own production remains entirely at their disposal.
Guaranteeing export credits is the issuance of a guarantee by the state, commercial banks on obligations of clients to foreign partners. Their main purpose is to insure the buyer against losses caused by the seller's breach of his obligations. The state can also act as a guarantor for the return of loans received by domestic organizations from foreign loans.
The most important element of the system of state regulation of foreign economic relations are various standards and technical norms.
International Standards- recommendations of international specialized organizations that establish common requirements for homogeneous goods produced in different countries for these goods or the processes of their production or use.
Unlike national standards, international ones are not mandatory for their use, however, the use of international standards increases the competitiveness of goods in world markets. International standards are developed and recommended for use, in particular, by the UN International Organization for Standardization, as well as by a large number of other specialized organizations. International standards link the input and output parameters of products from different manufacturers, designed to work in a single complex.
Compliance of products of international exchange with certain standards and technical requirements verified with a certificate. Certification is of three types: self-certification (conducted by the manufacturer); carried out by the consumer; carried out by a third party (a specialized organization independent of the manufacturer and consumer). The state can influence the flow of export-import goods by setting the appropriate certification requirements.
Monetary and financial regulation of foreign economic relations the state carries out through the development and implementation of monetary policy. Monetary policy is a set of economic, legal and organizational measures carried out by government agencies, central financial institutions and national (state) banks, as well as international monetary and financial organizations in the field of monetary relations. The monetary policy of the state is an integral part of its foreign economic policy, an important means of facilitating the inclusion of the country's economy in the world economy. FCS Russia, subordinated directly to the Government of the Russian Federation, performs the functions of developing state policy and regulatory legal regulation in the field of customs, as well as the functions of a currency control agent and special functions to combat smuggling, other crimes and administrative offenses. This is the central law enforcement agency in the field of foreign economic activity, involved in the development and implementation customs policy countries. In accordance with this, the FCS of Russia:
Provides, within its competence, economic security, protects the economic interests of Russia;
Ensures compliance with the law, fights smuggling, violations of customs rules and tax laws related to goods transported across the customs border of the Russian Federation;
Apply means of customs regulation of trade and economic relations, levy customs duties, taxes and other customs payments;
Carries out and improves customs control and customs clearance, creates conditions conducive to the acceleration of trade across the customs border of the Russian Federation;
Maintains customs statistics of BT and TN VED;
Promotes the implementation of measures to protect state security. Public order, morality of the population, human life and health. Protection of animals and plants, protection of the environment, protection of the interests of Russian consumers of imported goods;
Ensures the fulfillment of the international obligations of the Russian Federation in terms of customs affairs, cooperates with the customs authorities of foreign states, international organizations dealing with customs matters;
Performs other functions in the organization of customs affairs.
The Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Transport, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, the Federal Tax Service, other federal ministries and other federal executive bodies, for example, the FSB, have a certain importance in the regulation and management of foreign economic activity.
CB RF(Bank of Russia) - the main bank of the country, which is in federal ownership. It is independent of the administrative and executive bodies of state power and in its activities is guided by the law on the Central Bank and other legislative acts of the Russian Federation. Its main tasks:
Regulation of monetary circulation;
Ensuring the stability of the ruble;
Carrying out a unified federal monetary policy;
Organization of settlements and cash services;
Protecting the interests of bank depositors;
Supervision of the activities of the bank and other credit institutions;
Implementation of foreign trade operations.
Foreign economic activity of the Bank of Russia boils down to the fact that it represents the interests of the country in the Central Bank of other countries, international banks and other international financial and credit organizations, subject to cooperation at the level of the Central Bank, issues licenses for foreign exchange operations of the bank and for opening representative offices of foreign banks and other financial institutions. -credit institutions in Russia.
The Central Bank of the Russian Federation manages the official gold and foreign exchange reserves of the country, determines and publishes the exchange rate of the ruble against the monetary units of other states. The Bank of Russia has the right to carry out any transactions in the currency of the Russian Federation that comply with Russian legislation and accepted in international banking practice, and abroad of the Russian Federation.
Territorial (regional) bodies. The Ministry of Economic Development manages the activities of its territorial bodies(offices of commissioners and their representative offices) in federal districts, individual regions and constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Regional customs services RF (RTU) are an intermediate link between the FCS and customs. RTUs are included in single system customs authorities of Russia and carry out operational management of the customs business on the territory of subordinate regions under the direct supervision of the Federal Customs Service of the Russian Federation.
Foreign economic activity (FEA) is a set of organizational, economic, production, economic and operational and commercial functions of enterprises oriented to the world market, taking into account the chosen foreign economic strategy, forms and methods of work in foreign markets.
In accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, the definition of foreign economic activity means foreign trade, investment and other activities, including industrial cooperation, in the field of international exchange of goods, information, works, services, results of intellectual activity (rights to them).
FEA is carried out at the level of production structures (firms, organizations, enterprises, associations, etc.) with full independence in choosing the external market and foreign partner, the range and assortment items of goods for an export-import transaction, in determining the price and value of the contract, the volume and delivery times and is part of their production and commercial activities with both domestic and foreign partners.
FEA belongs to the market sphere, is based on the criteria of entrepreneurial activity, structural connection with production and is distinguished by legal autonomy and economic, as well as legal independence from industry departmental guardianship.
4. The concept and essence of state regulation of foreign economic activity, its goals and functions
A variety of foreign economic activity is carried out by state, industrial, commercial and public structures, which together make up the country's foreign economic complex.
The organizational structure of modern foreign economic activity on an all-Russian scale consists of the following links - subjects of foreign economic activity:
State bodies (federal, regional, constituent entities of the Russian Federation), as well as some municipal bodies in charge of certain issues of foreign economic activity.
Business entities (legal and individuals), including specialized foreign economic organizations, manufacturing enterprises and other commercial organizations engaged in foreign economic activity.
Non-governmental (public) organizations that promote the development of foreign economic activity.
Foreign state institutions and organizations dealing with trade and economic issues, as well as representative offices, branches, subsidiaries and mixed companies of Russian commercial and public organizations in foreign countries.
The need and possibility of effective state regulation of foreign economic activity are established in economic theory and confirmed by business practices, which is especially evident in the business environment of industrialized countries (IDC) and NIS.
State regulation of foreign economic activity is a system of legislative, executive and supervisory measures designed to improve foreign economic activity in the interests of the national economy.
The purpose of regulation is to stabilize and adapt the country's foreign economic complex to the changing conditions of the international market, the world market and forms of international cooperation, and the solution of national strategic and tactical tasks.
The function of state regulation of foreign economic activity is the development of foreign economic activity concepts, which are understood as the general plan for the development of foreign economic activity, including the definition of development goals, objectives, directions for achieving results and the effectiveness of the foreign economic complex.
The principles of state regulation of foreign economic activity in the Russian Federation are as follows:
State protection of the rights and legitimate interests of participants in foreign trade activities, as well as the rights and legitimate interests Russian manufacturers goods and services;
Unity of the system of state regulation of foreign economic activity;
Unity of the customs territory of the Russian Federation;
Priority of economic measures of regulation (economic measures affect economic processes through the economic interests of their participants, for example, the establishment of customs duties, excises, the refinancing rate, the exchange rate, etc. Administrative measures - measures of direct restriction of exports or imports, for example, the establishment of quotas, licenses, embargoes);
Equality of all participants in foreign economic activity and their non-discrimination;
Reciprocity in relation to another state (group of states);
Exclusion of unjustified interference by the state and its bodies in foreign economic activity, causing damage to its participants and the country's economy as a whole;
Ensuring the fulfillment of the obligations of the Russian Federation under its international treaties and the implementation of the rights of the Russian Federation arising from these treaties;
The choice of measures of state regulation on the principle of sufficiency;
Publicity in the development, adoption and application of measures to regulate foreign economic activity;
Ensuring the defense of the country and the security of the state;
Ensuring the right to appeal in a judicial or other manner prescribed by law illegal actions (inaction) of state bodies and their officials;
Unity of application of methods of state regulation of foreign trade activities throughout the territory of the Russian Federation.
Regardless of national origin, the goals and functions of foreign trade regulation can be classified based on an assessment of one of the most important risks of international business - the risk of loss of property. In accordance with this, state regulation of foreign economic activity can be classified as follows:
Non-discriminatory impact:
Encouraging the management of foreign companies to have a certain proportion of citizens of the host country in the top managers of an international company;
Encourage an international company to adopt a registration and transfer pricing system in which the main taxes are paid in the host country;
Requiring an international company to invest in the socio-economic infrastructure of the host country;
The requirement for an international company to include in the technological process at least a certain (by the cost of goods) share of units and components produced in the host country, i.e. requirement for local content;
Delays with the conversion of local currency into hard currency;
The requirement for traditionally exporting companies in the host country to set domestic market prices at the margins of the minimum acceptable profitability of production in order to subsidize national consumption and promote domestic investment.
Discriminatory intervention:
Limiting the share of foreign capital in joint ventures (JSCs) established in the host country;
The introduction of special taxes and special tariffs (for example, on utilities) for foreign and mixed companies in the host country;
Creating difficulties in the work (by appointing various inspections, legal proceedings) for those international companies whose actions do not comply with the state socio-economic host country policy;
Facilitating (usually tacit) boycott of international companies' products by political forces in the host country.
Discriminatory Sanctions:
Hidden expropriation of part of the industrial property of an international company in the host country (for example, through a prescriptive reinvestment rate);
The introduction of special taxes or special payments on production or marketing activities an international company in the territory of the host country in order to slow down sales and realize the company's profits (due to rising costs and, consequently, prices for goods or services produced);
The application of large sanctions (fines, compensation) to an international company for violations committed in the past (often laws that have just been adopted, i.e. non-compliance with the principle “the law has no retroactive effect”).
Alienation of property. This is a relatively exotic way of government intervention in international Business, however, has recently been actively carried out in Venezuela, where a large-scale nationalization took place. - confiscation - alienation of foreign property by the host government without any compensation in favor of the former owner (international company);
Expropriation - the alienation of foreign property by the government of the host country with the payment of some compensation in favor of the former owner, carried out in the form of a forced sale of the assets of an international company to the government of the host country at a price appointed by the same government. As a result, this compensation usually turns out to be less than the true value of the alienated property;
Nationalization is the alienation of foreign property by the government of the host country for the purpose of further management of this property by state bodies. Under nationalization, usually not individual companies fall, but entire industries, most often problematic or strategically important for national security. Often accompanied by compensation, the mechanism of which is similar to expropriation;
Domestication - the alienation of foreign property by the government of the host country in favor of national companies, carried out both at a time and through the gradual transfer of foreign assets to national companies.
5. The main directions of the state in the regulation of foreign economic activity
In order to increase the efficiency of the functioning of the foreign economic complex, it is necessary to develop a system and principles of state regulation of foreign economic relations in accordance with the state's course to support the real sector of the economy. It includes a number of key areas:
Firstly, on the development and implementation of a coherent export policy of Russia, including the issues of optimizing fuel and raw materials exports, supporting exports finished products and services (both traditional and progressive types, including the export of technology and know-how). An important role in the development of industrial exports should be played by the Concept of Industrial Policy with an Export Orientation for the Period up to 2005;
Second, about improving access Russian goods to foreign markets, with a view to ensuring favorable trade, political and legal conditions for Russian participants in foreign economic relations and their equal participation in world trade, strengthening the role of the state in removing unreasonable restrictions and creating more favorable conditions to promote Russian goods to foreign markets;
Thirdly, on the protection of the domestic market, based on generally accepted international norms and rules, using the entire arsenal of tools provided for by Russian legislation. At the same time, the introduction of additional measures to streamline the access of imported goods to Russian market should not become an instrument of unjustified protectionism. They should be directed, first of all, to the protection of competitive and promising domestic productions. The implementation of these areas should be accompanied by increased control over the implementation of foreign trade activities;
Fourth, about the formation of international regional priorities for foreign economic policy.
The main objectives of state regulation of foreign economic activity are as follows:
Using foreign economic relations to accelerate the creation of a market economy in Russia;
Assistance in increasing labor productivity and the quality of national products through the acquisition of licenses and patents, the purchase of new technologies, high-quality components, raw materials and materials, the inclusion of Russian enterprises in world competition;
Creation of conditions for the access of Russian entrepreneurs to world markets through the provision of state, organizational, financial, information assistance;
Protection of national foreign economic interests, protection of the domestic market;
Creation and maintenance of a favorable international regime in relations with various states and international organizations.
6. Bodies regulating foreign economic activity in Russia and organizations promoting foreign economic activity
Much attention is paid to the management and regulation of foreign economic relations: government bodies, the state apparatus, non-governmental domestic and international organizations.
Decrees of the President contribute to the energetic and rapid impact on the regulation of various forms of foreign economic activity. In accordance with the legislation, the President of the Russian Federation performs the following functions: general management of the state foreign economic policy (in particular, he signs laws and issues decrees in its key areas); signs international agreements; represents Russia at relevant international forums; regulates military-technical cooperation; determines the conditions for the export of precious stones, metals, fissile materials.
The supreme bodies exercising state regulation of foreign economic activity are the Federation Council and the State Duma, which have the right to adopt, amend, repeal laws governing foreign trade, joint ventures and other forms of foreign economic cooperation and interaction.
The general management of foreign economic activity is carried out by the Government on the basis of the adoption of regulatory acts of the department on foreign economic activity, coordination of the activities of ministries and departments in the field of foreign economic activity, negotiation and conclusion of intergovernmental agreements.
The Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation regulates the monetary sphere, by agreement with other departments, submits proposals to the government on changing the rates of import and export customs duties. It regulates the taxation system, including in the implementation of foreign economic activity, determines the methodological basis for the development of the balance of payments.
Central Special government agency regulation of foreign economic activity is the Ministry of Trade of the Russian Federation. The Ministry of Commerce has the following regulatory functions:
development of a foreign economic policy strategy and ensuring its implementation by all subjects of foreign economic activity on the basis of coordination of their actions in accordance with international treaties;
development of a single currency, credit, pricing policy;
monitoring compliance by all subjects of foreign economic activity with laws and conditions of international treaties;
cooperation with various international and intergovernmental commissions on the development and regulation of foreign economic activity;
preparation and conclusion of foreign trade contracts and agreements with different countries;
coordination and coordination of foreign economic activity with the Ministry of Economy, the Ministry of Finance and other ministries and departments;
implementation of measures of non-tariff regulation of foreign economic activity.
An important role in the regulation of foreign economic activity belongs to the Central Bank, which concludes interbank agreements, represents the interests of the state in relations with national or central banks of other states, international banks and other financial and credit institutions. The main functions of the Central Bank include: conducting all types of foreign exchange transactions, developing the scope and system of circulation of foreign currency and securities in the country, issuing regulations, regulating the exchange rate, issuing licenses to banks for foreign exchange transactions.
The State Committee of the Russian Federation for Science and Technology is called upon to control and coordinate international scientific and technical cooperation, financing of international projects, to take part in the preparation and signing of relevant intergovernmental agreements, and to improve the legislative framework for international scientific and technical relations.
Among non-governmental organizations, chambers of commerce and industry have the greatest impact on the development and implementation of foreign economic activity. The Chamber of Commerce and Industry is a non-state non-profit public organization, which unites enterprises and entrepreneurs, it is a legal entity, it is created in order to promote the development of the country's economy, its integration into the world economic system, the formation of a modern industrial and commercial infrastructure; worldwide development of all types of entrepreneurship, trade and scientific and technical relations with foreign countries.
Chambers of Commerce and Industry perform the following tasks:
assistance to entrepreneurs and enterprises;
organization of interaction between business entities and with the state;
assistance in the development of the system of education and training of personnel for entrepreneurial activity;
provision of information services to entrepreneurs, their associations, unions, associations;
promoting the development of exports of goods and services, providing technical assistance business entities in carrying out operations in the foreign market;
taking measures to prevent and intercept unfair competition, non-business partnerships;
assistance in the settlement of disputes arising between enterprises and entrepreneurs;
provision of services for commercial activities of foreign firms and organizations.
The International Commercial Arbitration Court considers and makes decisions on disputes arising in the course of foreign trade, as well as economic, scientific, technical relations between firms and organizations of different countries.
The Maritime Arbitration Commission is busy regulating conflicts arising from relations on chartering ships, marine insurance, and salvaging damaged ships.
The Bank for Foreign Trade of Russia carries out all types of operations for foreign trade settlements within the country and abroad: export-import settlements, lending, transactions with securities, opening and maintaining accounts, both in foreign currency and in rubles, guarantee transactions, as well as the provision of consulting services.
The Export-Import Bank of the Russian Federation is intended to provide long-term loans to Russian exporters, lend to enterprises capable of producing export products, and insure loans.
The State Customs Committee of the Russian Federation (SCC) is directly subordinate to the President of the Russian Federation and performs the following functions:
control over the crossing of the State Border of the Russian Federation by citizens and goods, declaring the relevant goods and property;
participation in changes in the rates of customs duties and amounts of customs fees;
formation of the revenue part of the federal budget of the Russian Federation through the collection of customs duties, fees, fines, confiscation of goods, financial resources and property of citizens;
protection of Russia's economic and other interests by combating the illegal export of goods, valuables, and other things from Russia and by preventing the illegal import of weapons, hazardous waste, etc. into the country;
maintenance of customs statistics;
participation in currency and export control;
participation in the development of customs legislation and customs policy of the Russian Federation, ensuring the implementation of the latter.
Government bodies are engaged in the regulation and implementation of foreign economic activity. At present, a large number of international organizations have been created in the world that regulate various aspects of the interaction of participants in foreign economic activity from different countries.
At the same time, it is important to take into account that most countries of the world use in their practice the basic rules, regulations, various norms and regulations developed by these international organizations in order to develop international economic cooperation.
The Federal Service for Currency and Export Control (VEK) reports directly to the President of the Russian Federation. Its most important tasks include: interdepartmental control over compliance by all participants in foreign economic activity with legislation in the field of currency and export control; auditing individual participants in foreign economic activity; coordinating the actions of federal and regional regulatory authorities for foreign economic activity in Russia; assistance in the creation of a unified Russian information system on currency and export control; analysis of effectiveness and development of measures to improve the system of currency control of the Russian Federation.
7. Importance of foreign economic relations for the Russian economy
FEA is a set of methods and means of trade, economic, scientific and technical cooperation, monetary and financial and credit relations with foreign countries. The main reason for the emergence and development of WES between countries is the international division of labor. The main directions for the development of wind farms in modern conditions are: restoration and development of the country's export potential; the use of foreign loans for technical re-equipment; increasing the competitiveness of Russian goods in the foreign market based on the modernization of production; changing the structure of imports by increasing the share of products industrial production in the form of high-precision technologies; ensuring the economic security of the country by improving exports and imports. The transition to an open market economy requires transformations in the foreign economic sphere in order to ensure Russia's inclusion in the world economy.
In modern conditions, the integration of economic life goes in many directions, such as:
exchange of means of production, technologies, information structures;
trade development;
growth in the exchange of scientific and technical knowledge;
international labor migration.
In modern conditions, there is a qualitative renewal of the technological base of production due to:
introduction of resource-saving and energy-saving technologies;
changes in the structure of production and consumption;
use of export of scientific and technical information of scientific and technical services.
Bibliography
1. Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Part Three) dated November 26, 2001 n 146-FZ (adopted State Duma November 1, 2001) (approved by the Federation Council on November 14, 2001).
2. Customs Code of the Russian Federation (as amended on 06/30/2002) (approved by the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on 06/18/1993 n 5221-1).
3. The Budget Code of the Russian Federation of July 31, 1998 n 145-FZ (as amended on July 24, 2002) (adopted by the State Duma on July 17, 1998) (approved by the Federation Council on July 17, 1998).
4. Federal Law No. 157-FZ of October 13, 1995 (as amended on February 10, 1999) On State Regulation of Foreign Trade Activities (adopted by the State Duma on July 7, 1995).
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Regulation of foreign economic activity
Introduction
Foreign economic activity is becoming an increasingly important factor in the development of the national economy and the economic stabilization of the republic. Now there is practically no industry in industrialized countries that would not be involved in the sphere of foreign economic activity.
At all historical stages of the development of the state, foreign economic activity influenced the solution of economic problems at various levels: the national economy as a whole, individual regions, associations, and enterprises. As part of the general structure of the national economy, foreign economic activity affects the improvement of intra-economic proportions, the location and development of production forces. No country has yet managed to create a healthy economy by isolating itself from the world economic system.
The development of foreign economic activity plays a special role in modern conditions, when the process of integrating the economy into the world economy is taking place. Russia is pursuing a policy of consistent development of mutually beneficial trade with all foreign countries that are ready for this. The development of foreign economic activity is very important both for the whole country and for each enterprise individually.
Russia has export-import relations with more than 100 countries of the world. Today it is impossible to imagine the activity of any large enterprise without its participation in foreign economic activity. The efficiency of any enterprise involved in the field of foreign economic activity directly depends on the efficiency of the foreign economic relations department.
That is why this topic is relevant today, when an increasing number of enterprises are involved in foreign economic activity and many problems arise on their way.
International economic relations are one of the most dynamically developing areas of economic life. Economic relations between states have a long history. For centuries, they existed mainly as foreign trade, solving the problems of providing the population with goods that the national economy produced inefficiently or did not produce at all. In the course of evolution, foreign economic relations outgrew foreign trade and turned into a complex set of international economic relations - the world economy. The processes taking place in it affect the interests of all states of the world. And, accordingly, all states must regulate their foreign economic activity in order to achieve their interests in the first place.
World experience shows that even in industrialized countries there is an objective need for state regulation of foreign economic activity. The state is called upon, first of all, to protect the interests of its producers, take measures to increase exports, attract foreign investment, balance the balance of payments, regulate foreign exchange, and, most importantly, adopt legislative acts establishing the rules for the implementation of foreign economic activity and monitor their strict observance. .
In this regard, the purpose of this work is to consider the system of regulation of export and import of goods.
1. Regulation of foreign economic activity in the Russian Federation
The development of foreign economic activity of the Russian Federation is focused on solving the following tasks:
Integration of the country into the world economy;
Support for integration processes with the CIS countries;
Equalizing the balance of foreign trade and balance of payments;
Improving the structure of foreign trade in commodity and geographical aspects;
Entering new international markets and diversifying exports in established markets;
Preservation of the economic and environmental security of the country;
Preparation and conduct of negotiations on accession to the WTO.
The solution to these problems involves:
updating monetary and financial and tariff measures for regulating export-import operations;
shifting the center of gravity of foreign trade regulation; development of export as the main source of foreign exchange earnings;
intensification of the processes of attracting foreign investments;
protecting the interests of the national market and
effective entry into world economic relations.
In ensuring the normal functioning of any modern economic system, an important role belongs to the state. The state throughout the history of its existence, along with the tasks of maintaining order, legality, organizing national defense, performed certain functions in the economic sphere. State regulation of the economy has a long history - even during the period of early capitalism in Europe there was centralized control over prices, the quality of goods and services, interest rates and foreign trade. In modern conditions, any state regulates the national economy, with varying degrees of state intervention in the economy. On the example in Appendix 1, the export and import of goods by country in the Siberian Federal District for January-December 2003 is considered.
The role of state regulation especially increases in the conditions of the economic crisis. World experience has shown that a way out of the crisis is possible only with the strict centralization of state power and the implementation of non-trivial measures to ensure economic growth. This was the case with Western European countries in the post-war period, and with Latin American countries (Chile, Argentina, Brazil) more recently.
State regulation of foreign economic activity is one of the most important and most complex tasks of the state. A well-thought-out and properly organized policy in the field of foreign economic activity is the most important factor in the successful development of the economy of any country. One of the main reasons for the current crisis in our country is the ill-conceived policy of the state in the field of foreign economic activity.
The main institutional changes in this area took place in November 1991, when the official state monopoly on foreign trade activities was abolished by a law. Russian exporters and importers got the opportunity to choose foreign trade partners themselves. The direct participation of the state in foreign trade was significantly reduced: with the abolition of state orders, obligations under intergovernmental trade agreements were assumed by trading agents.
However, the involvement of the state in foreign trade activities in various forms remains at a fairly high level. Thus, bilateral intergovernmental agreements concluded by Russia with the CIS countries retain signs of state control over foreign trade. Most of these agreements, which have a similar structure, determine the volume of mutual deliveries and fix their price at a level that often turns out to be lower than world market prices.
Along with bilateral agreements with the CIS countries, other sectors of foreign trade were also subject to state intervention. In 1992 and 1993, the government made import purchases worth $20 billion and $12 billion, respectively. Often, borrowed-financed imports consisted mainly of wheat and pharmaceuticals. In the area of exports, trade in so-called “strategic goods” such as crude oil, electricity, fertilizers, fish, caviar, and timber—constituting a significant share of Russian exports—was also subject to heavy administrative regulation by the state. Thus, firms intending to export these goods must go through the registration procedure and obtain an appropriate license from the MINFER. Therefore, despite the fact that the government insists on the distribution of export licenses among several competing firms in order to avoid market monopolization, the licensing procedure itself is in fact a form of non-tariff restrictions that prevent new exporters from entering the market. In addition, the "transaction passport" introduced in early 1994, which enables banks to control the return of Russian exporters' foreign exchange earnings, is another example of increased control over foreign trade activities.
The ongoing privatization process will also have some impact on foreign trade activities, as some state-owned producers, which are large foreign trade agents, are involved in this process. For example, Gazprom, the world's largest gas producer, has already offered about 38% of its shares for sale. Similar changes in the form of ownership await the oil company Lukoil.
So, despite the fact that significant progress in solving the problem of state interference in foreign trade activity is obvious, some areas are still under centralized control. First of all, we are talking about Russia's bilateral trade relations with the CIS countries and the export of strategic raw materials.
2. Methods of regulation of export and import of goods
The methods of state regulation of foreign economic activity are divided by their nature into tariff methods - those based on the use of a customs tariff, and non-tariff methods - all other methods (Table 1). Non-tariff methods of regulation are divided into quantitative methods and methods of covert protectionism. Separate instruments of state regulation of foreign economic activity are more often used when necessary, either to restrict imports or to force exports.
Table 1
Methods of regulation of export and import of goods
2.1. Tariff methods of regulation
Tariff regulation is a form of state regulation of foreign economic activity used to regulate imports and exports, with the help of which the state exercises its exclusive right to establish customs duties on goods transported across the customs border of the Russian Federation.
The main tool in the hands of the state in the regulation of foreign trade is the use of tariff regulation. The customs tariff is the most common instrument of state regulation of foreign trade, acting through the pricing mechanism.
Among the main functions of the customs tariff, protectionist and fiscal functions stand out.
The protectionist function is connected with the protection of national producers. The collection of customs duties on imported goods increases the cost of the latter when they are sold on the domestic market of the importing country and thereby increases the competitiveness of similar goods produced by national industry and agriculture.
The fiscal function of the customs tariff ensures the receipt of funds from the collection of customs duties in the revenue part of the country's budget.
In addition to the above functions, the customs tariff, influencing domestic prices, to a certain extent contributes to the development of national production and exports. Due to the rise in prices of imported goods in the domestic market of the country, the general level of prices for such goods rises and national producers receive additional income that can be used to invest in the country's economy or to compensate for losses from lower export prices, as well as to increase the competitiveness of their goods in foreign markets. markets.
The customs tariff in a number of cases can be used to develop national exports by unilaterally setting low, and in some cases zero rates for certain goods needed for the manufacture of export products.
One of the main elements of the economic reform being carried out in the country, which provides for the transition from administrative methods of management to economic ones, is the strengthening of the role of customs and tariff regulation of foreign trade.
Customs-tariff measures - a set of organizational, economic, legal measures carried out in accordance with the procedure established by law by state bodies and aimed at regulating foreign economic activity. The implementation of the customs tariff regulation is based on the application of the customs tariff.
For example, in the Customs tariff - a set of customs duty rates applied to goods transported across the customs border of the Russian Federation, systematized in accordance with the Commodity Nomenclature of Foreign Economic Activity of the CIS. Customs duty - a mandatory fee collected by the customs authorities when goods are imported into the customs territory or exported from this territory and is an essential condition for such import and export.