Kalinin Andrey Vladimirovich, PhD student, Research Institute of Labor and social insurance, Russia
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The article considers the state of small and medium-sized businesses in the world, using the example of the USA, Europe (Spain and France) and the Republic of Belarus. State support for small and medium-sized enterprises in these countries has been studied. Measures to support such enterprises in the conditions of the global financial crisis are considered. Based on the results of the study, conclusions are drawn.
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The theme of the development of small and medium-sized businesses is very relevant in the context of the modernization of the existing economy in Russia. Small and medium business plays important role in any country: it provides employment for the population, generates healthy competition, saturates the market with new goods and services, and provides for the needs of large enterprises.
Russian scientists and researchers have already written a lot of works on the development of small and medium-sized businesses in the country and proposed various measures for its modernization. But it should be noted that the level of development of small and medium-sized businesses in Russia still lags far behind economically developed countries. And state support for small and medium-sized enterprises is still at a rather weak level. In this regard, it would be very useful to pay attention to the state of small and medium-sized businesses in foreign countries and analyze it. Knowledge foreign experience would be very useful for application in the economies of developing countries, in particular, in Russia. Analysis and study of foreign experience of small and medium-sized businesses will allow state and municipal authorities to develop various programs to support entrepreneurship.
The development of small and medium-sized businesses in economically developed countries is proceeding at a faster pace, since the national authorities attach great importance to such enterprises and provide them with all kinds of support in the development and improvement, develop great amount support programs for small and medium-sized businesses and provide all sorts of benefits. As it was already written at the very beginning, in such countries small and medium-sized businesses play a very important economic and social role. In economically developed countries, small and medium-sized businesses represent the middle class, which serves as the basis for the stable development of the economy, and also provides employment for the majority of the population. In these countries, about 50-70% of GDP is produced by small and medium-sized enterprises.
Consider the situation with the development of small and medium-sized businesses in the US and Europe. We will also look at the state of small and medium-sized enterprises in developing countries, in particular, in the Republic of Belarus.
Small and medium business in the USA
According to US law, the category of small and medium-sized businesses includes business entities that employ no more than 500 people. All small and medium enterprises in the United States are divided into 3 categories:
1) Micro-enterprises - firms with up to 20 employees;
2) Small enterprises - from 20 to 100 people;
3) Medium enterprises - from 100 to 499 people.
In addition, it is possible to single out separately those enterprises that use the labor of hired workers and those where the owner of the company does without the involvement of hired personnel.
Small and medium business in the US began its development in the era of the Great Depression, so its level remains consistently high. Currently, there are about 7 million enterprises in the United States with less than 500 employees, of which 6 million enterprises employ less than 20 people. In addition, there are 18.3 million individual non-agricultural enterprises.
About 600,000 small enterprises are registered annually in the country and about 500,000 are liquidated. However, this does not horrify anyone, since the owners of small and medium-sized enterprises are very sensitive and flexible in responding to demand dynamics. Realizing that in another area or in another place they will do better, they turn off their old business and open a new one. Americans in this sense are very adaptive and know how to quickly rebuild. Even if their business simply failed, they do not lose their enthusiasm and consider the end of the old business the beginning of a new one. It seems that this psychological phenomenon is the source of the vitality of all American business [ 1 ].
Small and medium enterprises in the United States operate in various areas: in manufacturing, in trade, in the financial sector, in the field of social services, as well as in the field of innovation. The number of small businesses in the US is growing steadily. So for the period from 1980 to 2006 their number increased from 13 to 26 million units, that is, 2 times. To date, two-thirds of jobs in the United States are created by structures and companies belonging to the categories of small and medium-sized businesses.
The contribution of small and medium-sized businesses to the development of science and the development of new products: the bulk of discoveries and inventions in the United States falls on the share of small and medium-sized specialized firms. The development of the production of aircraft, helicopters, air conditioners, personal computers and many other types of products began precisely at small and medium-sized enterprises.
Equally important is government support for small and medium-sized businesses in the United States.
The principle and philosophy of supporting small and medium-sized businesses in a country that is traditionally considered a "stronghold of capitalism" did not appear today, not yesterday, and not even in 1953, when the US Small Business Administration was officially established, but was formed much earlier - during the Great Depression and World War II [ 2 ].
Federal programs that are just beginning to be developed in some countries date back as far as 1932 in the United States. At this time, after the Great Depression, the state began to subsidize small and medium-sized enterprises that had suffered as a result of the war. At the time, it was small businesses that provided jobs in the US, emphasizing the important social significance.
In 1942, the Small Business Law was passed. In 1953, a federal agency was created in the United States - the Small Business Administration (SBA) in the United States, which to this day defends and protects the interests of small businesses at the government level. This organization is entrusted with the duty to provide financial and consulting support to entrepreneurs, to assist in obtaining government orders and in concluding contracts with large enterprises. Moreover, AMB branches are located in all largest cities, thus, the policy of support for small and medium-sized businesses applies to all states. The main tasks of the AMB are:
- assistance in obtaining a loan and providing guarantees for business loans;
- direct subsidizing and lending to small and medium-sized businesses at the expense of their own budget.
- technical and Information support business;
- The most important task of the federal government is to maintain and develop a competitive environment, which, through the mechanism of reducing production costs, encourages manufacturers to switch to more efficient technologies.
A special place is occupied by the program of financial assistance to small businesses in case of emergency (natural disasters, social unrest, terrorist attacks) and the program of state guarantees for rent and insurance of construction contracts carried out by small businesses.
Small businesses in the United States are eligible for special tax incentives, such as the "First Year Bonus," where tax is paid on half, not all, of the taxable amount. Reducing the absolute and relative size of federal taxes contributes to the development of small businesses, stimulating the creation of small enterprises, strengthening their position in the American economy, and thus increasing the number of new jobs.
A special government program is also being implemented to promote small businesses owned by national minorities (based on the Law on Equal Opportunities and the Law on public works and economic development). By 2007, over 3 million small businesses were owned by representatives of national minorities.
State support for small and medium-sized businesses is also carried out in the conditions of the global financial crisis. For example, in September 2010, US President Barack Obama signed a law to support small and medium-sized businesses. This draft law provides for an increase in funding for local banks to intensify the process of lending to businesses, as well as a reduction in interest rates on loans for small and medium-sized businesses and private entrepreneurs. The bill also provides for the expansion of the practice of providing tax credits and the partial exemption of certain groups of entrepreneurs from income taxes.
As can be seen from the above, government support for small and medium-sized enterprises in the United States is at a very high level. And it, in turn, creates a favorable climate for the development of small and medium-sized businesses in the country.
Small and medium business in Europe (Spain)
For many years, EU experts have been inclined to evaluate the entire structure of small and medium-sized businesses in Spain as almost exemplary, not only in terms of the form of its organization, but also in terms of the results of its activities. Perhaps the main argument for such an assessment is the 72% of GDP that this type of business gives [ 3 ].
Small and medium-sized businesses in Spain began to take shape and actively develop in the 1970s. High economic indicators were achieved thanks to the high degree of small business development. Small and medium-sized enterprises helped rid the country of unemployment and contributed to the overall recovery.
The share of small and medium-sized businesses in Spain in some sectors reaches 80% (agriculture), in other sectors - an average of 25-30% (construction, industry, shipbuilding). The main branches of small and medium enterprises are agro-industrial complex(agriculture, grain), ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, food industry(manufacturing of products, confectionery, winemaking), construction, tourism, etc.
Spain has developed a large number of programs to support and develop small and medium-sized businesses. For those who are going to start their own business, various assistance programs have been developed and successfully applied. For the first five years, the entrepreneur does not pay taxes, and also has the right to an indefinite loan for business development. The focus of the Spanish government is on small businesses that are of high social importance for Spain, create jobs for socially vulnerable groups (students, women, immigrants, etc.), contribute to the rise of underdeveloped regions and regions. In Spain, the state encourages many organizations and funds to support small businesses.
As the most important positive factor in the development of small and medium-sized businesses in Spain, it is worth noting the minimum level of bureaucracy. Registration of an enterprise, obtaining a license can be done in 24 hours without unnecessary red tape on the part of officials. Moreover, even any citizen of another state can do this. And at the same time, the controlling functions of state structures are reduced to a minimum.
By 2008, according to the data of the Institute of National Statistics, almost 2/3 of the country's able-bodied population was employed in the private sector and only slightly more than 20% in the public sector. By the beginning of the economic crisis in Spain, there was a quite balanced ratio of employed and temporarily unemployed, but with the prospect of their employment. The crisis of 2009 sharply aggravated the situation: the decline in business activity, the financial collapse of hundreds of large and medium-sized firms and thousands of small ones caused a logical increase in layoffs of workers in many industries, primarily construction, furniture, service and tourism, and others [ 3 ]. But even despite this, small and medium-sized businesses receive strong state support. And far from every EU country there are such favorable conditions for the development of small and medium-sized businesses.
Small and medium business in Europe (France)
Currently, about 3 million small and medium-sized enterprises are registered in France. Of these, 1.5 million work in the service sector, 780 thousand - in trade, 350 thousand - in construction, 303 thousand - in industry. Every year, about 250 thousand small businesses are opened in the country, and 50 thousand go bankrupt. At the same time, 40-50% of new jobs created in France are accounted for by small businesses. Of the 3 million small businesses, about 1.5 million are individual or family business and does without hired personnel at all, and less than 10 people work at 1200 enterprises. The income of firms and small businesses do not have clear and legal restrictions.
The following can be noted as state support for small and medium-sized businesses in France.
Over the past quarter century, the country has created an impressive state system stimulating small and medium businesses. New small businesses are tax exempt for two years joint-stock companies and from local taxes. For them, income tax and tax on the invested part of the profit are reduced. The state shows special loyalty to those who decide to open their business in economically depressed areas. Discounts and cancellations of payments to funds apply to such entrepreneurs social security(health care, pension fund, multi-family fund, unemployment fund). For the unemployed who decide to create own business developed its own support system. They are exempted from taxes not for two, but for three years and for a year from obligatory social payments to social insurance funds. The unemployed who have become entrepreneurs are given special books, with tear-off checks from which you can pay for management, jurisprudence, accounting etc. Virtually all small business owners can expect to receive soft loans, loans and subsidies.
Encouraging and creating enterprises and preventing their bankruptcy is one of the key areas of cooperation between the state and business. This is done by a special institution - the National Agency for the Creation of Enterprises (ANSE), which not only promotes future private entrepreneurs, but also seeks possible purchases of enterprises in the event of a threat of bankruptcy.
Also state aid when creating enterprises, they are provided by the bodies of ministries for the development of territories, chambers of commerce and industry, elected bodies of local self-government - regional and general councils, as well as private funds created by large corporations, which in turn receive targeted tax benefits.
The leading organization created to lobby the business community is the Movement of French Entrepreneurs. Owners of small enterprises quite tough and resolutely defend their rights in dialogue with the state, especially when it comes to taxes and contributions to various funds.
In the context of the global financial crisis, French President Nicolas Sarkozy announced the creation of a fund of 2 billion euros, the funds of which will be directed to investments and loans to small and medium-sized businesses. It also provided for a reduction in the social tax rate for small and medium-sized enterprises and a number of other tax breaks.
In general, we can conclude that the conditions for the development of small and medium-sized businesses in France are quite favorable, as in Spain. State support for such enterprises is at a high level, as in the United States.
Small and medium business in the Republic of Belarus
According to the legislation, small businesses in the Republic of Belarus include:
- Micro-enterprises with up to 15 employees;
- Small enterprises, numbering from 16 to 100 people;
- Medium enterprises, numbering from 101 to 250 people.
The history of the development of small business in the Republic of Belarus has a little more than 20 years. Over the past period, there have been great changes in the development of small and medium-sized businesses, as well as in the policy of state incentives. A lot of normative-legal acts concerning small and medium-sized businesses have been developed. The main ones include:
- Law "On Enterprises" No. 462-XII, adopted by the Supreme Council of the BSSR on December 14, 1990. This law defined general fundamentals organization of the enterprise and its activities in the conditions market relations. Small enterprises are allowed to be created both in the state and non-state sectors of the economy;
- Law “On Entrepreneurship in the Republic of Belarus” No. 813-XII, adopted by the Supreme Council of the Republic of Belarus on May 28, 1991. This law defines the general legal and economic foundations of entrepreneurship, establishes the procedure for registration and termination of activities, determines the responsibility of state bodies for violating the rights of entrepreneurs. This law established measures of state protection, support and regulation of entrepreneurship in the Republic of Belarus;
- Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus No. 262 dated July 19, 1996 "On State Support for Small Business". This decree established the main measures to support small and medium-sized businesses, and also determined the criteria for classifying enterprises as small businesses. Also, this decree created the Ministry of Entrepreneurship and Investments of the Republic of Belarus, which is the main government agency management responsible for small business development;
- Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus dated December 29, 2008 No. 760.
Thus, it can be noted that the regulatory framework for small and medium-sized businesses in the Republic of Belarus exists, develops and requires constant improvement in order to create favorable conditions for the activities of small and medium-sized businesses. According to some experts, the main directions in the development of small and medium-sized businesses in the country should be the protection of property rights, the development of market institutions, increasing the competitiveness of business, ensuring the transparency of the state and developing social responsibility businesses, as well as combating corruption and simplifying paperwork.
To develop business in the Republic of Belarus, free economic zones have been created and there are special tax incentives for companies that operate in small towns and rural areas.
According to the data of the Ministry of Statistics and Analysis of the Republic of Belarus, at the beginning of 2008 there were 33,094 small enterprises in the republic, which is 270 more than at the beginning of 2007 and 2,107 more than at the beginning of 2006. Accordingly, the growth rate of the number of small enterprises enterprises in 2007 compared to 2006 amounted to 100.8%, and in 2006 compared to 2005 - 105.9% [ 4 ].
In the context of the global financial crisis, the state also provided all kinds of support to small and medium-sized businesses. In particular, steps were taken to simplify tax legislation. But, nevertheless, it should be noted that state support for business was still less significant compared to economically developed countries.
According to the Ministry of Economy in the Republic of Belarus in January-March 2011, the number of small and medium-sized enterprises increased by 10% compared to the first quarter of 2010. In general, it can be noted that small and medium-sized businesses in the Republic of Belarus have all the prospects for further development. And it should become an important state priority for the country.
As we can see from the study, small and medium-sized businesses abroad are successfully developing and constantly improving. In economically developed countries, the state is not a brake on the development of small and medium-sized businesses, but an active supporter and assistant in its improvement. Small and medium-sized businesses receive significant support at the state level, a lot of various benefits are provided. The governments of economically developed countries are developing various programs to support such entrepreneurship, which have successfully proven their effectiveness in practice. In any foreign country there are pluses and minuses in the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. And any experience will be very useful for the development of small and medium-sized businesses in Russia and for the modernization of the economy as a whole.
4. Statistical collection "Small business of the Republic of Belarus", 2008 (Stat. collection) Minstat RB - Minsk, 2008.
statistics in the field entrepreneurial activity are the analysis of the activities of registered and actually operating business entities, their distribution by form of ownership, types of activity, legal, organizational forms, sizes, where both indicators of the number of employees and the volume of output can act as grouping signs.
Statistical information about entrepreneurial activity is based on a certain system of information sources, which includes lists of past state registration commercial organizations, individual entrepreneurs, farms.
In its economic essence, entrepreneurship refers to such a type of activity that aims to earn income from its own or borrowed funds, as well as through indirect participation in such activities (investment in the business of one's capital).
The main stimulus and main statistical indicator in this kind of activity is profit as a form of income that remains after the deduction of costs and wages of employees from the proceeds. Profit is the property of the entrepreneur and is spent by him at his own discretion.
Entrepreneurial profit- this is a special kind of income, which, on the one hand, is accompanied by commercial risk, on the other hand, is a reward for commercial success (initiative and activity in the implementation of new ideas, high quality products or services).
The legislation of the Russian Federation provides quite wide economic rights entrepreneurial activities (along with economic obligations):
formation production program, independent choice of suppliers and consumers of their products;
setting prices for their products within the limits provided for by law and contractual obligations;
attraction on a contractual basis and use of financial resources, property and certain property rights of citizens and legal entities;
disposal of profits in accordance with the law, the charter of the enterprise and contractual obligations;
opening settlement and other accounts in any bank for safekeeping Money and implementation of all types of settlement, credit and cash transactions;
independent establishment of forms, systems and amounts of remuneration of employees (at the same time, the maximum amount of remuneration is not limited);
issuance and acquisition of shares and other securities.
Duties include:
timely submission of a declaration of income and payment of taxes and other mandatory payments and fees in accordance with the law;
fulfillment of contractual obligations;
timely application for bankruptcy of the enterprise in case of impossibility of fulfilling obligations to creditors;
full responsibility for compliance with settlement discipline, etc.
In the conditions of formation market economy of particular importance is the development of medium and small businesses, small businesses. It is small enterprises that are able to quickly and economically solve the problems of economic restructuring, since they do not require large start-up investments, guarantee high speed turnover of resources, quickly respond to changing market conditions.
Currently, in developed countries, small and medium-sized firms consistently create up to 50-60% of GDP. In table. 20.1 shows the share of small and medium-sized enterprises at the beginning of the 90s (in terms of the share of those employed in industry and the share in total sales).
Table 20.1
Share of small and medium enterprises
| Country | Share of employed in small and medium-sized industrial enterprises, % | Sales of small and medium-sized enterprises in total sales, % |
| Japan | 79,9 | 61,4 |
| Canada | 75,0 | 64,6 |
| USA | 62,0 | 53,8 |
| Italy | 53,4 | 45,1 |
| Great Britain | 53,2 | 43,8 |
| France | 47,0 | 37,4 |
| Germany | 43,2 | 33,0 |
Source: The importance and role of small and medium-sized enterprises in home economies // Small and medium-sized: Transnat, corporation, Role, impact a. policy implication / Un conf. On trade a. development. - N.Y.; UN, 1993, P. 21-22.
In Russia, the small business boom occurred in 1990-1994. and at the beginning of 1998. In Table. 20.2 reflects the dynamics of small business development in Russia.
Table 20.2
Dynamics of small business development in Russia
| years | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | Beginning 1998 | Beginning 2001 |
| Number of enterprises | 560 | 865 | 869,9 | 840 | 877,3 | OK. 1 million | 850 |
| Man, million | 7,2 | 11,2 | 11,66 | 10,92 | 11,4 | 13 | 11,1 |
| GDP, % | 6,6 | 10,4 | 10,7 | 10,1 | 10,5 | 12 | 10,2 |
The table is based on sources: 1. Small business. Revival of entrepreneurship in Russia. M .: State Committee of the Russian Federation for the Support and Development of Small Business, 1997. 2. Interfax of January 3, 1998. 3. NG of February 23, 2001.
The largest number of small businesses are concentrated in the field of trade and Catering(30%), 26% - in construction, 23% - in industry.
As for the development of small business in the printing industry, in percentage terms, its share in the industry is relatively small (about 0.14%), but it is quite consistent with the place and role of the printing industry in the modern Russian economy. For comparison: in Germany, printing enterprises of small and medium-sized businesses account for 1.8% of the total industry.
According to sources involved in statistical analysis in the printing industry, by the beginning of 1998, about 3,000 enterprises were engaged in printing activities. Of these, the sector of mixed forms of ownership accounted for 33.3%, and the private sector - 14.5%.
Small-scale printing is engaged in the production of small-printed, advertising, small-circulation book and magazine products. According to statistics, in developed countries there is one small printing production unit for every 5 thousand inhabitants. If we proceed from this norm, then we can calculate that in Russia there should be at least 29.6 thousand such “points”, and in Moscow - about 2.5 thousand (compare with 3 thousand small printing enterprises in Russia).
According to estimates by domestic statisticians, 2.5-3.5 million small firms are needed for the normal functioning of the Russian economy. Only with this norm, small business will be reliably and organically integrated into the emerging market mechanism of the Russian economy.
For a statistical study of the scale and structure of entrepreneurship, statistical surveys of the entire array of business entities are carried out, which are included in the general population (large and medium-sized ones are surveyed by a continuous method, and small and individual - by a sampling method).
The practice of such surveys in developed countries is limited to annual surveys based on questionnaires, the grouping of questions of which includes the main structural indicators: indicators on sales volume, volume of manufactured products, value added, volume of purchases of goods and services (including for resale), indicators by investments in tangible assets, by the number of employees, the amount wages and some other indicators.
A single set of indicators for all types of economic entities (defined by the Council Regulation No. 58/57, December 20, 1996) allows you to compare summary data for various groups of enterprises, analyze the structure of business activities.
Russian statistical practice is gradually approaching the European standard of statistical survey based on a structural approach, however, there are also significant differences. For example, in Russia, individual entrepreneurs are not surveyed on a regular basis and information about them is obtained using the imputed volume method, in which a composite indicator is calculated by multiplying the number of business units by the average number of business units of this type, by expert means or from one-time surveys.
Statistical groupings and classifications take into account the threshold value of the indicator for classifying an enterprise as a small enterprise.
Small businesses are those that have:
1) less than 50 employees;
2) an annual turnover of not more than 7 million ECU, or annual total balance no more than 5 million ecu;
3) have the status of an independent business entity, in the capital of which the share of participation of one or more enterprises that are not small does not exceed 25%.
According to Russian legislation (Law of the Russian Federation of June 14, 1995 No. 88-F3 “On State Support for Small Business in the Russian Federation”), an enterprise is considered small if it represents a legal entity and meets the following three conditions:
share of ownership of the Russian Federation and subjects of the Russian Federation, municipal property, the property of religious organizations, public, charitable and other funds in the authorized capital does not exceed 25%;
the share in the authorized capital of one or more legal entities that are not small businesses does not exceed 25%;
number of employees(person) does not exceed:
A special group of small enterprises under Russian law is made up of enterprises with up to 15 employees, for which a special legal and economic status is defined. The average number of employees of a small enterprise for a given period is determined taking into account all its employees, including those working under civil law contracts and part-time jobs, taking into account the actual time worked, as well as employees of representative offices, branches and other separate subdivisions this enterprise. Small business entities also include individuals engaged in entrepreneurship without forming a legal entity.
The above federal law simplified procedures and forms of statistical reporting are provided for small enterprises, in particular, a limited number of simplified questionnaires are used, while the sample of the survey of small enterprises does not exceed 15-20% of the entire population of small enterprises.
Among a wide range of summary indicators of entrepreneurial activity, special attention is paid to indicators financial statements small businesses. Decree State Committee According to the statistics of December 7, 1995 No. 195 of the Russian Federation, the form of MP (small enterprises) was approved.
The MP form includes information on the main indicators of the financial and economic activities of small enterprises based on the results of their activities for the reporting year.
The MP form has the following indicators.
Section 1. Key indicators
| Line number | Name of indicator | unit of measurement | In fact, for the reporting period | For the corresponding period of the previous year |
| 010 | Average headcount employees (excluding part-time workers and non-roster employees) - total | human | ||
| 020 | Number of part-time workers (without internal ones) at the end of the period | « | ||
| 030 | Average number of employees who performed work under work contracts and other civil law contracts | « | ||
| 041 | Payroll fund for payroll and non-payroll employees (including part-time workers) | thousand roubles. (in whole) | ||
| 042 | From line 041 wages of payroll employees (including part-time workers) | « | ||
| 050 | Revenue (gross income) from the sale of products (works, services) | million rubles (in whole) | ||
| 060 | Balance sheet profit (+) or loss (-) - total | « | ||
| 070 | Fixed assets at original (replacement) cost at the end of the period | « | ||
| 071 | Capital investments | « |
Section 2. Products (works, services)
| Line number | Name of indicator | OKONH/OKP code | unit of measurement | SOEI unit code | Actually for reporting period | For the corresponding period of the previous year |
| The volume of products (works, services) in selling prices without VAT, special tax and excise duty for the main type of activity (specify which one) | ||||||
| For other activities | ||||||
| Products (works, services) in physical terms | ||||||
The reports should ensure comparability of data for the reporting period with indicators for the corresponding period of the previous year, based on structural changes and changes in the range of products (products) produced, work performed and services rendered.
When defining individual indicators, it is recommended to use the appropriate sample instructions(according to the statistics of the number and wages; on the composition of funds allocated for consumption; on the composition of the wage fund and payments social character; on the procedure for compiling statistical reporting on the output of industrial products, according to capital construction), which are in territorial bodies statistics.
For example, you should determine on line 030 the average number of employees of a printing company from January to September, if it is known that: a) 11 people signed a contract for March; b) 10 people - for 15 days in April; c) 3 people - for 20 days in June; d) in January, February - May, July and August no contracts were concluded.
Decision: 1) the average number of employees in line 030 in March was 11 people; 2) the average number in April - (10 × 15): 30 = 5 people; 3) the average number in June - (3 × 20): 30 = 2 people. Therefore, the average number of employees on line 030 from January to September will be (11 + 5 + 2): 9 = 2 people.
Business statistics allows you to identify the most profitable industries and determine which direction needs to be developed more than others. Such information makes it possible to understand where and by whom to work and what specialty is better to get in order to be successful and wealthy.
Statistics by country
Business statistics in the world allows you to rank the countries in which the most favorable conditions for entrepreneurship are created. The data is presented in table:
| Country | Place in the world |
||||
| By the number of registered enterprises | Lending | For international trade | By the number of liquidated enterprises | ||
| New Zealand | 1 | 1 | 1 | 55 | 34 |
| Singapore | 2 | 6 | 20 | 41 | 29 |
| Denmark | 3 | 24 | 32 | 1 | 8 |
| Hong Kong | 4 | 3 | 20 | 42 | 28 |
| South Korea | 5 | 11 | 44 | 32 | 4 |
| Norway | 6 | 21 | 75 | 22 | 6 |
| Great Britain | 7 | 16 | 20 | 28 | 13 |
| USA | 8 | 51 | 2 | 35 | 5 |
| Sweden | 9 | 15 | 75 | 18 | 19 |
| Macedonia | 10 | 4 | 16 | 27 | 32 |
| Estonia | 12 | 14 | 32 | 17 | 42 |
| Latvia | 14 | 22 | 7 | 25 | 44 |
| Georgia | 16 | 8 | 7 | 54 | 106 |
| Germany | 17 | 114 | 32 | 38 | 3 |
| Lithuania | 21 | 29 | 32 | 19 | 66 |
| Canada | 22 | 2 | 7 | 46 | 15 |
| Kazakhstan | 35 | 45 | 75 | 119 | 37 |
| Belarus | 37 | 31 | 101 | 30 | 69 |
| Armenia | 38 | 9 | 20 | 48 | 78 |
| Russia | 40 | 26 | 44 | 140 | 51 |
| Azerbaijan | 65 | 5 | 118 | 83 | 86 |
| Kyrgyzstan | 75 | 30 | 32 | 79 | 130 |
| Ukraine | 80 | 20 | 20 | 115 | 150 |
| Uzbekistan | 87 | 25 | 44 | 165 | 77 |
| Tajikistan | 128 | 85 | 118 | 144 | 144 |
Small business indicators in the world
Business statistics allow us to conclude that small businesses make a big contribution to the state economy. Especially in leading countries. According to statistics, small business in the world is able to provide significant income, many jobs, and growth.
In the US, ½ of the working-age population works at MB enterprises. There are more than 20 million of them registered in America. Analytics show that every third family in the USA is related to business. More than 40% of GDP is accounted for by IBE.
Developed countries provide great support to small businesses and get a good return from it in the form of development of innovations, employment of the country.
The statistics of the Association of European Businesses shows that the IBE in the EU countries is developing very quickly. Small business abroad is at a higher level than in Russia. It is one of the components of economic development. Small business in Europe according to statistics is from 70% to 90% of all enterprises. More than half of the population of the EU country works in this area.
According to statistics, small business is developing most actively in Germany. The contribution of MB enterprises to the country's economy is almost ½ of everything. More than ½ of the able-bodied population is provided with jobs at the expense of small businesses. SMEs make up 99% of all enterprises in the country. Many of them entered the world market. More than 1,000 German small businesses have become world leaders.
Data for Russia
Business statistics in Russia over the past 10 years show the closure of more SB enterprises than were opened. In our country, only 4% of enterprises exist for more than 3 years. The rest die much earlier. Many close in the first year of their existence. Less than 20% of the total GDP is accounted for by small businesses in Russia. Statistics confirm these figures. Here, unlike in Europe and the United States, they do not provide adequate support to small business enterprises.
Business statistics in Russia show that over 5 years the number of enterprises has increased by an average of 4%. The number of closed business entities increased by 11%.
What are the business opening statistics according to Rosstat for 2016-2017? 3.5 million entrepreneurs were registered in our country. However, more than 7 million have ceased their activities. Business closure statistics are simply frightening.
Statistics of business incubators in Russia have identified the main reasons why they stop economic activity. The data is reflected in the diagram:
Below is a graph showing how the small business in Russia according to statistics from 2005 to 2015:
Business development statistics show a negative trend in our country. This happens for a number of reasons. The main problems of business according to statistics:
- high prices for raw materials;
- complex and frequently changing legislation;
- not stable exchange rate of the ruble;
- high lending rates in banks;
- in business;
- high taxes;
- large contributions to the FIU;
- . in business centers states that often such incidents lead to the closure of enterprises due to lack of money for restoration;
- sanctions from other countries;
- crisis, which reduced the demand for services and.
Business lending statistics indicate that in 2016, 24% more loans were issued than in 2015. New economic conditions are forcing entrepreneurs to apply to banks more often. In 2016, banks issued more than 4 trillion. rub. for lending to small and medium businesses. Most often, entrepreneurs take loans in. The diagram shows business statistics by areas for 2013–2014:
As you can see, in Russia there are most enterprises that are engaged in. Their income for 2014 amounted to 15 trillion. rub. The second place belongs to companies that deal with real estate. Their income amounted to about 3 trillion. rub. The amount of capital of organizations providing medical and social services- 194.36 billion rubles. The diagram shows the number of IPs by:
Small business shows the lowest performance in Crimea.
Ukraine, Belarus and Abkhazia
What are the business statistics in Ukraine? This area is far from being at a high level today. The total amount of tax revenues from businesses in 2013 amounted to UAH 260 billion. According to statistics, not a very large percentage falls on big business. Large enterprises are not major taxpayers. Because there are not many of them in the country. The largest tax revenues, according to statistics, come from small businesses. The IBA accounts for more than 200 billion hryvnias.
Small and medium business statistics brings to the first place in terms of the number of jobs. More than 70% of the population works in small enterprises. Medium and small sell more products than large ones. Small business support statistics show that a lot has been done in the country since 2015. The period for registering enterprises was shortened. Now the procedure takes only 2 days. About 40% of the documents for opening an IP were canceled.
According to statistics, small business in Belarus is developing very slowly. Belarus is far behind other countries. In 2003, the number of IBEs was 2.5 per 1,000 population. In 2010, the figure rose to 7.2. In 2011, there were only 72 thousand small enterprises in the country. In recent years, the number of SMEs has increased by 13%.
Business contribution statistics show that small businesses in Belarus make a small contribution to the country's economy. Of the working-age population, only 13% are employed in the business sector. In developed countries, this figure sometimes reaches 70%. Entrepreneurial activity still remains unattractive for the population of the country.
What are the statistics of venture business in Belarus? This area is practically not developed. The main reasons are that investment is not developed in the Republic, there are no new technologies, there are few initiative people and the market is very small.
Business statistics in Abkhazia show that the most developed industries here are trade and
Industry indicators
Business statistics states that the success of an enterprise largely depends on the industry in which it operates. There are the most and least demanded areas of activity. Russia is going through hard times restaurant business. Statistics states that only last year 1.5% of establishments were closed. According to forecasts, in 2017 the figures will increase to 20%. Because of the crisis, Russians prefer to save money and visit restaurants and other similar establishments less frequently.
Hospitality statistics show a stable demand for such services. Over the past 15 years, the number of hotels and hotels has increased by 63%. The situation is worse with rest houses and sanatoriums. Most of these establishments have undergone reconstruction and renovation.
According to statistics, the entertainment business is in demand even in times of crisis. The chart shows which sectors of the entertainment industry are the most and least popular:
Network business statistics states that this area attracts a huge number of potential employees and buyers. The annual increase in profits of companies is 20-30%. The number of people working in this area is more than 100 million people.
In America, 20% of millionaires made their fortune on network business. According to experts, network marketing in the future will be 70% of all enterprises.
The most successful industries and companies
Statistics profitable business demonstrates that there are goods and services that are in demand even in times of crisis. These are clothes, shoes, food, medications, car repair and household appliances. Statistics profitable businesses was published in . The rating looks like this:
- private auditors;
- manual therapists;
- specialized clinics;
- accounting services;
- private dentists;
- tax calculations;
- orthodontists;
- lawyers;
- small lending;
- private managers.
Statistics successful businesses states that individuals and companies that provide such services receive the largest net profit. And even times of crisis do not affect their income in any way.
The sharks of business according to statistics include billionaire Michel Ferrero. His company is one of the largest chocolate producers in Europe. In second place is Brad Hughes. His automatic lockers along the freeways have made a fortune of $5 billion. Third place goes to Ralph Lauren. He made his billions in horse polo shirts. In fourth place in the ranking is Jeff Bizos. He is the owner of the world's largest online store. Fifth place belongs to Ty Warner. He made billions from teddy bears.
conclusions
As business statistics show, Russia is far behind Western countries. But if the government takes certain steps and goes to meet the IP, then there will be much more enterprises, which will favorably affect the country's economy.
With the beginning of the development in Russia of entrepreneurial activity related to cooperative activities, privatization, and the development of small businesses, entrepreneurship statistics began to take shape. Its main object is an enterprise or a separate individual which operates independently.
The tasks of statistics in the field of entrepreneurial activity are to analyze the activities of registered and actually operating business entities, their distribution by type of activity, organizational forms, size, where both indicators of the number of employees and the volume of output can act as drapery features.
Statistical information about entrepreneurial activity is based on a certain system of information sources, which includes lists of state-registered commercial organizations, individual entrepreneurs, and farms.
Statistical analysis will help us to study more deeply the structure, development and formation of small business in the world economic economy.
In February 2012, Rosstat published the preliminary results of a comprehensive survey of small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs). For the first time, data were obtained on the number of actually operating micro, small and medium enterprises and individual entrepreneurs (IP). It turned out that it is significantly lower than the number of formally registered SMEs- by almost 1.5 million units (Table 1).
Table 1. - Key figures on the statistics of small and medium-sized businesses in Russia, according to the preliminary results of the continuous observation of Rosstat in 2011.
Number of enterprises of construction workers IPMicro-enterprises (legal entities)Small enterprises (legal entities)Medium-sized enterprises (legal entities)SMEs, total Number of registered, units 2.9 million 1.4 million 229 thousand .25.7 thousand 4.6 million Number of employees, units 1.9 million 1 million 227 thousand 25.7 thousand 3.2 million Number of employees, people 5.3 million 3.9 million 7.2 million 2.6 million 19 million*Revenue, RUB 4.5 trillion 5.7 trillion 13.3 trillion 7.3 trillion 30.8 trillion
For comparison, we present key indicators SME sector in Russia and some EU countries, which we consider in Table 2.
small business entrepreneurship russia
Table 2. - Main indicators of the SME sector: Russian Federation and some countries of the European Union, 2010
Some EU countries Russia Germany France Italy Great Britain Poland Netherlands Estonia 13.6 million 8.8 million 12.3 million 9.8 million 5.9 million 3.6 million 0.3 million Revenue, trln. EuroRevenue of the SME sector30.8 trillion. r.Eq 0.8 tr.eur2.21.91.92.20.50.80.02
The table shows that Russia has an advantage over other countries in terms of the number and employment of SMEs. This characterizes our country as a developing country striving for economic growth.
The main law of Russia, defining legislative framework activities of small enterprises is the law "On the development of small and medium-sized businesses in Russian Federation"of July 24, 2007 No. 209-FZ. It establishes for small businesses limit values average number of employees: up to one hundred people inclusive. Among small enterprises, micro enterprises stand out - up to fifteen people. In addition, a limit is set on the share of participation of state structures in the authorized capital in the amount of 25%.
Average size of companies: on average, 32 people work at a small enterprise, 4 people at a micro enterprise, and 101 people at an average enterprise. The annual revenue of a small enterprise, on average, is about 60 million rubles, micro enterprises - 5.6 million rubles, and medium - almost 283 million rubles.
The highest average annual revenue is almost 500 million rubles. per enterprise - for individual entrepreneurs, which, by the number of employees, can be classified as medium-sized enterprises, and the lowest - 1.4 million rubles. - for individual entrepreneurs with the scale of a micro-enterprise, where, on average, only 2 employees are employed.
The vast majority of existing MP-yur. 85.9% of persons are micro-enterprises with up to 15 employees. It is these small companies that provide every third workplace and 43% of the revenue of the entire SME sector.
Almost all IP - 99.9% - fall within the SME sector. But about 100 individual entrepreneurs in terms of the number of employees can actually be attributed to large enterprises- they have from 251 to 800 employees. Approximately 40% of IEs worked in 2010 as employees of other IEs or other companies.
Important for considering trends in the development of small business is to assess the share of small businesses in the sectors of the national economy of our country
Small businesses currently specialize in five main activities.
The first type is manufacturing industries, to which
worn by enterprises producing food products producing textile and sewing products, leather goods, wood products, leading publishing and printing activities, enterprises of the oil, chemical, metallurgical, machine-building industries, as well as other similar industries.
To this kind economic activity how construction is attributed to small enterprises engaged in new construction, reconstruction, capital and Maintenance buildings and structures, including individual construction and repair by orders of the population.
The next type of economic activity is wholesale and retail, repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles, household and personal items. In the future, this type of activity will be called briefly - trade.
Small enterprises of transport and communications include enterprises of land, water, air transport, as well as all types of telecommunication enterprises, postal and courier activities.
The scope of economic activity related to real estate transactions includes not only various real estate transactions, rental and related services, but also the rental of machinery and equipment without an operator and the rental of household and personal items, as well as a number of ancillary services. .
The sectoral structure of Russian small business has remained the same - trade and repair of motor vehicles and household products (38%), operations in real estate and services (21%), construction (11%) are in the lead. The share of SME-legal entities in the field of mining, production and distribution of electricity, gas and water is quite large (11%).
Figure 2.1.
The number of the main and largest segment of small business - trade and repair of household products decreased by 2.6 thousand enterprises, like most other sectors of small business. The growth in the number of small businesses in the 1st quarter of 2012 was mainly due to 8 thousand new enterprises in the field of real estate and services related to it and 3.5 thousand new housing and communal services enterprises, which were most likely created by the formal splitting of existing enterprises to optimize taxation .
Consider the birth and death rate of small enterprises in 2012.
Figure 2.2.
According to Rosstat for the 1st quarter of 2012, the birth rate of small enterprises (number of new enterprises per 1 thousand existing ones) is 22.3, which is 0.6 enterprises less than in 2011. And the mortality rate of small enterprises (the number of officially closed per 1 thousand existing ones) is 21.4, which is 5.1 enterprises more than in 2011. As can be seen from the birth and death chart of small businesses (2012 is based on the 1st quarter), a critical moment will soon come for small businesses when more enterprises will close than open.
Thus, if the trend of the 1st quarter of 2012 on the birth and death of small businesses in 2012 continues, then no efforts to divide and sprout housing and communal services will not cover the reduction in the number of small businesses.
Another good news is that there are 15% more people employed in small business than last year (6.15 million compared to 5.262 million). If the number of small businesses, except for housing and communal services and real estate, is declining, where does this growth of almost 800,000 workers in small businesses come from? This increase could well have occurred due to the emergence of "small businesses" in the housing and utilities sector and real estate.
As for employment in the SME sector by industry - by the main type of activity of really operating enterprises and individual entrepreneurs, among SMEs
legal of persons, most jobs are provided by trade and repair enterprises (25%), real estate operations (21%), mining, production and distribution of water, electricity and gas (19%), as well as construction firms(13%). Enterprises Agriculture provide 7% of all jobs.
Among individual entrepreneurs, in comparison with enterprises, even more workers are employed in the field of trade, repair and services - 57% of all jobs. The second and much smaller share of jobs - 9% - is noted in the field of transport and communications, 9% - in the field of mining, manufacturing, production and distribution of electricity, gas and water. 7% of all jobs are accounted for by individual entrepreneurs engaged in operations with real estate, and individual entrepreneurs in agriculture.
We can conclude that it is too early to talk seriously about small business in Russia as any significant factor in its development.
We have 238 thousand enterprises in 1 square. 2012, in the US for comparison, in 2011 there were more than 26 million. But our country does not stand still and is developing rapidly compared to some EU countries. Over the past 3 years, 124.5 billion rubles have been allocated to support small and medium-sized businesses in Russia, and in 2013-2015 it is planned to allocate 67.8 billion rubles to the regions from the federal budget. We hope that in a few years Russia will take its place in the global economy