A. Asaul Organization of entrepreneurial activity. Asaul A.N. Organization of entrepreneurial activity Organization of entrepreneurial activity asaul

CHAPTER 1. ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND ITS PLACE IN THE COUNTRY'S ECONOMY

Entrepreneurship as a process of organizing the production of goods and services to meet constantly renewed demand and profit, as well as a function of managing this process, has its own history and development dynamics.

A fairly simple and very capacious definition of entrepreneurship is given by V.I. Dal. In particular, he writes that “to undertake” means “to start, decide to do some new business, start doing something significant”: hence “entrepreneur” - “undertaking” something.

It is generally accepted that one of the first who became seriously interested in entrepreneurship was A. Smith. However, about ten years before him, these problems were very intensively dealt with R. Cantillon. It was he who formulated the thesis according to which the discrepancies between supply and demand in the market enable individual subjects of market relations to buy goods cheaper and sell them more expensive. It was he who called these market participants entrepreneurs ("entrepreneur" - translated from French as "intermediary").

In modern economic literature, there is no clear definition of the essence of entrepreneurship. In most cases, the essence of this phenomenon is replaced by the purpose of entrepreneurial activity. So, for example, in the Big economic dictionary"Under the general editorship of A.N. Azrilyan, the following definition is given:" Entrepreneurship is an initiative independent activity of citizens aimed at making a profit or personal income, carried out on their own behalf, under their own property responsibility or on behalf and under the legal responsibility of a legal entity ". K Unfortunately, this approach dominates today in Russia and is enshrined in our legislation, in particular, in the law “On state support small business in Russian Federation”, the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, etc., in the works of domestic scientists dealing with the problem of entrepreneurship.

According to modern Russian legislation, entrepreneurial activity (or entrepreneurship) is an independent activity carried out at one's own risk, aimed at systematically making a profit from the use of property - the sale of goods, the performance of work or the provision of services, by persons registered in this capacity in the manner prescribed by law. However, this definition is not complete.

Entrepreneurship can be defined from various perspectives, such as:

activities aimed at maximizing profits;

initiative activity of citizens, which consists in the development of goods and services aimed at making a profit;

· the direct function of the realization of property, its main production function;

The process of organizational innovation in order to generate profit;

· actions aimed at increasing capital, developing production and appropriating profits;

a specific type of activity aimed at the tireless search for changes in existing forms life of enterprises and society, permanent implementation these changes.

Most practitioners and researchers focus on making a profit, considering it as the ultimate goal of entrepreneurship. However, entrepreneurship has as its ultimate goal not so much profit as the continuity of the reproduction process associated with the reproduction of demand and the satisfaction of the constantly changing, ever-increasing needs of the individual or social group, society as a whole.

In this regard, it is more correct to define entrepreneurship as a process of continuous search for changes in needs, end-user demand for products and services, satisfaction of this need through the organization of production, sales, marketing, logistics, management, focused on the best innovations that bring maximum productivity in each of stages of the reproduction process.

In this definition, the emphasis is not on profit maximization, but on the consumer, on his needs, the satisfaction of which, due to the high level of business organization, can bring maximum profit.

Entrepreneurship is not just any business, it is a style of management that is characterized by the principles of innovation, anti-bureaucracy, constant initiative, orientation towards innovations in the processes of production, marketing, distribution and consumption of goods and services. Whereas business is a reproductive activity in the sphere of organization, production, distribution and sale of goods and services without innovation, without initiative in development innovation processes. This is the implementation or organization from year to year of the same production, marketing, distribution or other activities within the framework of proven technologies, norms and rules to meet existing needs.

The content of entrepreneurship, the boundaries of its implementation are closely related to the forms and types entrepreneurial activity(Table 1.1). In accordance with the accepted structure of the reproduction process (production, exchange, distribution, consumption), four main areas of entrepreneurship are distinguished: production, commercial, financial and consumption. Other types of entrepreneurial activities, such as innovation, marketing, are included in the four main areas of entrepreneurship.

Table 1.1

Classification of entrepreneurial activity

Classification signs	Characteristics of entrepreneurial activity
activities	Production	a commercial	Financial	consumption
By organizational and legal status	Without formation of a legal entity	company	Farming	Society with limited liability
By organizational and legal status	Small business	Mixed partnership	Closed or open joint stock company	joint venture
In relation to property	Individual (without the use of hired labor)		State
By number of owners	individual, private	Family	Collective	Mixed, joint
By scale of production and number of employees	company	company	big enterprise
On a territorial basis	Rural, regional	City, regional	Regional, national	foreign
By industry	Construction, textile	Metalworking, mining	Food, shipbuilding	Energy, transport, communications

The evolution of the terminological, content essence of an entrepreneur and entrepreneurial activity is connected with the history of the formation of the exchange, production and distribution of goods and services, with the level of development of scientific and technological progress (Table 1.2).

Table 1.2

The evolution of the concepts of "entrepreneur" and

"entrepreneurship"



Middle Ages		Entrepreneur - a person responsible for the execution of large-scale construction or manufacturing projects
		Entrepreneur - a person who has concluded a contract with the state of an agreed value and who bears full responsibility for its implementation
	General Dictionary of Commerce,	Entrepreneur - a person who undertakes the obligation to produce or build a facility
	Richard Cantillon - the founder of the theory of entrepreneurship	An entrepreneur is a person who makes decisions and satisfies his needs in conditions of uncertainty. Entrepreneur's income is a payment for risk
		An entrepreneur must have not only certain information, but also capital
	Adam Smith	The entrepreneur is the owner of the enterprise and the implementer of risky commercial ideas. The main function is the organization and management of production within the normal economic activity
	Carnot Bodo	An entrepreneur is a person who is responsible for the undertaking: one who plans, controls, organizes and owns an enterprise. He must have a certain intelligence, i.e. various information and knowledge
	Jean Baptiste Say	Entrepreneurship is rational combination factors of production at a given point in the market space. An entrepreneur is a person who organizes people within a production unit. The entrepreneur is at the center of the process of production and distribution, and the basis of entrepreneurial activity is the ability to organize the production and marketing of products.
	Francis Walker	An entrepreneur is one who profits from his organizational skills.
	Alfred Marshall	Not everyone can be an entrepreneur. The “natural” selection of entrepreneurs takes place in nature according to natural selection discovered by Ch. Darwin
	Max Weber	Entrepreneurial activity is the embodiment of rationality. (By rationality, he understood functional efficiency, obtaining the maximum benefit from the use of invested funds and efforts, etc.) Entrepreneurship is based on the rational ethics of Protestantism, and worldview, morality have a major impact on the activities of an entrepreneur
	Joseph Schumpeter	The main thing in entrepreneurship is innovation, and the right to own an enterprise is not an essential feature of entrepreneurship. An entrepreneur can be anyone who implements new combinations of factors of production: an employee of a joint-stock company, a government official and a manager of an enterprise of any form of ownership. The main thing is "... not to do what others do" and "... not in the way others do." The entrepreneurial status is not permanent, since the subject of a market economy is an entrepreneur only when it performs the functions of an innovator, and loses this status as soon as it transfers its business to the rails of a routine process.
	I. von Thunen	An entrepreneur is the owner of special qualities (who knows how to take risks, make non-standard decisions and be responsible for his actions) and therefore claiming unplanned (unpredictable) income. The entrepreneur must earn a return both for the risk and for the entrepreneurial art. (True, I. Tyunen believed that an entrepreneur does not have to be an innovator)
		A manager becomes an entrepreneur when his actions become independent and he is ready for personal responsibility. Entrepreneurial income is the difference between the expected (projected) cash earnings of the firm and its actual value. Despite the uncertainty of the future, an entrepreneur can "guess" the main parameters of the development of production and exchange and get an additional commercial effect.
	John Maynard	An entrepreneur is a kind of socio-psychological type of a business executive, for whom the main thing is "... not so much Weber's rational calculation or Schumpeter's innovation as a set of certain psychological qualities." The main entrepreneurial qualities: the ability to correlate consumption and savings, the ability to take risks, the spirit of activity, confidence in the prospects, etc. The main motives for entrepreneurial activity are the desire for the best, for independence, the desire to leave a fortune to the heirs
	McClelland	The Entrepreneur is an energetic person who operates under conditions of moderate risk.
	Peter Drucker	An entrepreneur is a person who uses every opportunity to the maximum advantage.
	Albert Shapiro	Entrepreneur - a person who takes the initiative, organizes socio-economic mechanisms, acting in conditions of risk, and who bears full responsibility for a possible failure
	Carl Vesper	An entrepreneur looks different in the eyes of an economist, psychologist, other entrepreneurs and politicians
	Gifford Pinchot	Intrapreneurship is intra-company entrepreneurship. An intrapreneur operates within an existing enterprise, as opposed to an entrepreneur creating a new enterprise
	Robert Hisrich	Entrepreneurship is the process of creating something new that has value, and an entrepreneur is a person who spends all the necessary time and effort on this, takes all the financial, psychological and social risk, receiving money and satisfaction with what has been achieved as a reward.
		The entrepreneur plays a leading role in the market organization of the economy.
	T.Yu.Gorkova	An entrepreneur is a central figure in business, he sets as his task the combination of all factors of production into a single economic process.

Currently, entrepreneurship is considered from different points of view: as a style of management, as a process of organizing and carrying out activities in a market environment, as an interaction of market entities, etc.

Based on the analysis of different points of view on this issue, it can be concluded that entrepreneurial activity is the realization of the special abilities of an individual, expressed in the rational combination of factors of production based on an innovative risk approach. The entrepreneur uses the latest equipment and technology in production, organizes labor in a new way, manages differently, which leads to a decrease in individual production costs, on the basis of which the price is set. Entrepreneur most effectively establishes marketing activities. He better than others determines the market in which it is most profitable to purchase the means of production, more precisely, he "guesses" for which product, at what time and in which segment of the market there will be the greatest effective demand. As a result, he receives more profit than ordinary businessmen. In addition, the entrepreneur is constantly taking risks. He does not avoid risk, as is usually done, but takes it consciously in order to receive more income than others - a kind of compensation for this risk.

Entrepreneurship is a special kind economic activity, because its initial stage is associated, as a rule, only with an idea - the result of mental activity, which subsequently takes a materialized form.

Entrepreneurial environment (Fig. 1.4) - a social economic situation, including degrees of economic freedom, the presence (or the possibility of emergence) of an entrepreneurial corps, dominance market type economic ties, the possibility of forming entrepreneurial capital and using the necessary resources. An indicator of the degree of public freedom of entrepreneurship is the number of newly emerging (during certain period) independent (independent) organizations.

The efficiency of functioning and development of entrepreneurship is largely determined by the external environment (Table 1.4.):
state policy in this area;
activities of local (regional) legislative and executive authorities;
external conditions of specific regions. A certain favorable state is needed external environment, which is achieved due to the appropriate regulatory actions generated by the subjects of management.

For the development of entrepreneurship, a transition to a more subtle and effective regulation of this process, adequate to the prevailing conditions, is necessary. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account specific features and opportunities, the priority of the goals of the socio-economic development of the country, regions and individual socio-demographic groups of the population.

Entrepreneurship as a special form of economic activity, a specific form of self-employment of a part of the population and the creation of new jobs, enjoys government support in all industrialized countries (in countries where there is no government support for entrepreneurship, the so-called street entrepreneurship is becoming widespread). The essence of state (government) support is most often reduced to the development of specific measures in three areas:
consulting support of the process of creation and functioning of new business organizations on initial stage(1-3 years from the moment the organization was formed);
Providing certain financial support to a newly created structure or providing such a structure with certain benefits (usually in the field of taxation);
provision of technical, scientific, technical or technological assistance to low-powered financially business structures.

State support covers usually created entrepreneurial structures until the moment of their transition from small to the category of large entrepreneurial organizations.

For the Russian economy going the hard way reforming, the task of developing and supporting entrepreneurship by the state, especially its small forms in the manufacturing sector, is one of the main ones. Support forms are different:
a) creating a system information support, training and retraining of personnel, regulatory framework, financial infrastructure, etc.;
b) tax breaks and reliefs;
in) trust funds, federal and local budgets, foreign financial assistance to support business structures in Russia.

In modern educational and scientific literature, the problem of entrepreneurship is more often considered in a narrow framework. Tutorials usually devoted to activities individual entrepreneurs and entrepreneurs operating in the private sector. However, the principles of entrepreneurship can and should be used in the state (public) sector of the economy.

Without going into details, we can talk about two types of business:
private;
state.

Table 1.4

Characteristics of the external environment factors of the marketing system

Factors	Main characteristics
Natural	The level of development, use of the potential of natural resources. Sources of fuel and energy resources and raw materials. Environmental indicators, their standards and the level of their compliance. The development of the system of state control of protection environment and regulation of the intensity of use (production) of fuel, energy and raw materials
Demographic	Structure, number, density and reproductive characteristics of the population. Fertility, mortality, stability of family unions, religion, ethnic homogeneity
Economic	The financial situation of workers, employees and pensioners, their purchasing power. Indicators of the financial and credit system. Economic conjuncture and inflation. The development of the taxation system, its adequacy to the consumer basket of the population. Prices and consumer consumption trends, elasticity of demand
Political and legal	Development legal protection population and legislation accompanying entrepreneurial activity. The presence of foreign policy alliances and programs that ensure the sustainability and stability of the formation and development of market relations. The role of public entities in the system of development and adoption of state and government decisions
Scientific and technical	The state and development of scientific and technological progress in the basic sectors of the economy. The development of privatization and innovative processes of the subjects of the marketing system. The degree of introduction of new technologies and the level of their development in social production. Indicators of economic and technical safety of existing and promising technologies
Socio-cultural	The development of the market mentality of the population, the cultural and moral indicators of consumers, organizational and consumer culture, the stability of customs and rituals, the dynamics of the culture of behavior

State Enterprise there is a form of economic activity on behalf of an enterprise established: a) government bodies management, which are authorized (in accordance with applicable law) to manage state property ( state enterprise) or b) local governments (municipal enterprise).

Private enterprise there is a form of economic activity on behalf of an organization (if it is registered as such) or an entrepreneur (if such activity is carried out without hiring labor, in the form of individual labor activity).

Of course, each of these types - state and private entrepreneurship - has its own distinctive features, but the basic principles of their implementation are largely the same. In both cases, engaging in such activities implies initiative, responsibility, an innovative approach, and the desire to maximize profits. The typology of both types of entrepreneurship is also similar (see Fig. 2.2).

The main difference between state and private entrepreneurship is that its activities are not aimed solely at making a profit. The state sets before its organizations, in addition to commercial, certain socio-economic goals.

State entrepreneurship has its own specific potential sources of superprofits, due to the relatively large size of state enterprises, the authority and economic power of the state. In this regard, it is not so much risky moments that come to the fore (which are represented to the maximum extent in small business), but such factors as: 1) significant and stable volumes of purchases of raw materials, materials, components, etc. discounts; 2) the availability of loans on especially favorable terms; 3) economies of scale in production; 4) Ample receiving capability new equipment, including leasing; 5) sustainable network business connections access to sources of comprehensive information about potential markets, partners, including foreign ones. These advantages of state commercial enterprises as subjects of market relations can be the basis for reducing their individual costs in comparison with public ones and, thus, for extracting excess profits.

Of course, we can talk about collective, family and other entrepreneurship, but all these will be derivatives of the two indicated forms.

Let's summarize:

1. Entrepreneurship is a special form of economic activity based on an innovative independent approach to the production and supply to the market of goods that bring income to the entrepreneur and awareness of his importance as a person.

2. The effect of entrepreneurship is based on the innovative, proactive activity of a person who mobilizes all his forces, purposefully uses all opportunities to achieve the goal and bears full responsibility for his actions.

3. The purpose of entrepreneurship is to generate income through the production and supply of goods, works or services to the market, as well as to public recognition, awareness of one's importance as a person.

4. Entrepreneurial activity begins at the level of thinking - from the inception of an entrepreneurial idea to making a decision.

5. The main subject of entrepreneurial activity is an entrepreneur interacting with other participants in this process - consumers, the state, partners, employees.

6. The objects of entrepreneurial activity are goods, work or services.

7. There are two main forms of entrepreneurship - private and public, which are based on many general principles.

Ministry of General and Professional

education of the Russian Federation

Omsk State Service Institute

Department of Economics and Organization of Production

N. U. Kazachun, S. M. Khairova, V. L. Rachek, G. A. Dryomina

Organization of entrepreneurial activity

Tutorial

Omsk -2002

Contains lecture material on the most important topics of the course. The organizational forms of business, intra-company entrepreneurship, the mechanism of contractual relations are considered. The features of the psychology and culture of entrepreneurship are shown.

Conforms to the state educational standard and work program course "Organization of entrepreneurial activity".

Designed for students of the specialty 230500 - "Social and cultural service and tourism." Can be used in the practical activities of entrepreneurs.

Topics 6,9,12 of the textbook were prepared by N. U. Kazachun, topics 1,2,7 - by S. M. Khairova, topics 4,8,11 - by V. L. Rachek, topics 3,5,10 - G A. Dremina.

Bibliography: 83 titles. Fig.5. App. ten.

Reviewers: Ph.D. PhD, Professor N. P. Rebrova

e. PhD, Professor V. F. Potudanskaya

e. Sc., Professor I. I. Yanovsky

Responsible for the release Department of EiOP

k. e. PhD, Professor V. L. Rachek

Introduction ……………………………………………………………………..4

Topic 1. History of business development ………...6

Topic 3. Types of commercial organizations in Russia…………………………55

Topic 4. The procedure for organizing an enterprise……………………………..73

Topic 5. Features of the functioning of small businesses………………..95

Topic 6. Offshore business………………………………………………….129

Topic 7. Intra-company entrepreneurship……………………….143

Topic 8. Entrepreneurial risks……………………………………..164

Topic 9. Basics of business planning…………………………………….181

Topic 10. Contractual relations in business activities ...... 191

Topic 11. Psychology and culture of entrepreneurship…………………210

Topic 12. Evaluation of the effectiveness of entrepreneurial activity ... 232

Bibliographic list……………………………………………….. 247

Applications………………………………………………………………….252

INTRODUCTION

The formation and development of a market economy in our country objectively requires entrepreneurs to carry out their activities in accordance with market principles of functioning, the ability to quickly respond to changes in the external environment, be based on a market philosophy of management and progressive directions for organizing business activities. Special place at the same time, they occupy the processes associated with the development of the entrepreneurship system, which is a priority in market economy and contributing to its rapid growth.

Entrepreneurial activity and the market are things inextricably linked and mutually conditioning each other. Therefore, the whole set of problems of the transition period to a market economy system, to a greater or lesser extent, is related to entrepreneurship as a phenomenon inherent in a market economy. At the same time, full-fledged market relations are impossible without the normal development of entrepreneurial activity and broad private initiative.

The movement of our country to the market is not going too smoothly. On the one hand, the inconsistency of reforms and the instability of legislation entail an imbalance in the economy. On the other hand, the structure of the national economy is changing, a market infrastructure is being formed, and entrepreneurship is regaining the status of a socially useful activity.

In modern conditions, the importance of the optimal organization of entrepreneurial activity is increasing. The Russian market is a favorable environment for business ventures. Economic instability increases the risk, but at the same time increases the chances of someone who knows how to correctly assess the situation, predict losses and profits. In other words, the peculiarities of the development of the domestic economy and its transitional period necessitate the correct choice of organizational and legal forms, the ability to quickly make managerial decisions, the availability of knowledge of business technology, cultural issues, ethics and psychology of modern entrepreneurship.

The entire history of the development of market relations is inextricably linked with integration into world economic relations. Currently, Russia is at the stage of negotiations on joining the World Trade Organization, which should mark the transition to a higher quality level of world economic relations, which will affect not only the state of the country's economy as a whole, but also the development of entrepreneurship within this process.

All of the above indicates that there is an objective need to understand and study the essence and role of entrepreneurship for the Russian economy.

The textbook contains lecture material on the most important topics of the discipline "Organization of Entrepreneurship" for students of economic specialties. The content of the manual is structured into several logically connected blocks of information. In the first topics of the manual, the history and content of entrepreneurial activity are considered, and the functions of an entrepreneur are identified. The next stage is the consideration of procedural issues related to the creation of enterprises of various organizational and legal forms. Consideration of the role of small enterprises in a market economy, which are the most important business entities, occupies a great place. In addition to the traditional types of commercial enterprises in the manual, a place is given to the consideration of offshore business.

Several topics of the training manual are devoted to consideration of the factors influencing the practical functioning of commercial enterprises and entrepreneurs. These include analysis and methods for overcoming entrepreneurial risks, the correct execution of contractual relations, compliance with the rules of psychology and business ethics. The final part of the manual provides various methods for making economic decisions and ways to assess the effectiveness of entrepreneurial activity.

As world experience shows, the more opportunities for the class of entrepreneurs to expand their activities, the higher are the rates of development of the national economy. Under these conditions, a very significant factor is the provision of favorable conditions for the development of entrepreneurial activity in the country.

A comprehensive consideration of the problems of entrepreneurship and the search for ways to solve them make it possible to organize entrepreneurial activity more effectively.

Chapter 2 Entrepreneurial network - a form of organization of inter-firm interaction of business entities

2.4. Innovative entrepreneurial networks: technology parks, policies

The introduction of technology parks into the global business environment determines the quality new approach to the conditions for the implementation and provision of business processes and the creation of a favorable environment in which scientific ideas turn into unique scientific and technical products and carry out another breakthrough in the field of new technologies.

Any city or region is always interested in expanding science-intensive industries, in a stable pace of development of scientific and technical potential, increasing the number of jobs, creating industrial and social infrastructures, supporting active entrepreneurial activity and constantly stimulating the development of science in the region. All this contributes to the provision of a scientific and technological park in the region.

AT foreign practice the concept of "science and technology park" is used as a general definition of a powerful innovation structure. These include research centers and parks, idea incubators, science parks, innovation centers, centers of excellence, technology centers and parks, technology policies. All of them form the basis of specialized innovative associations that have been created in the leading industrial regions of the world.

In industrialized countries (USA, Great Britain, Germany, France, etc.), a network of technology parks is widely developed. An entrepreneur does not need to build his own production facilities, they can be rented and, having placed the necessary equipment there, produce products and receive advice on the introduction of new technologies based on scientific ideas being developed. Technoparks assist educational and scientific organizations in the transfer of technology to the economy, in the creation of new types of industries and new jobs.

The scheme of participation in technoparks is quite simple. Any company can assume the functions of managing a technopark or obtain the status of a territory development agent, obtain permission from the administration. Then it is necessary to carry out engineering preparation of the territory, since the sites separated for technoparks are located in areas where there are no sufficient energy capacities, and engineering networks are also weak. The next step will be the construction of facilities for the creation industrial companies. Each organization wishing to set up its own production can request for itself an engineering prepared site, on which a “custom-made” plant will be built and lease it. A slightly different option is also possible. The finished territory will be divided into lots, the leasehold right for which will then be sold at an open auction.

Technoparks are a special organizational form of integration of science, education and production. They are:

Scientific (basic research);

Research (R&D, small mass production science-intensive products);

Scientific, technical and technological (applied research and development, mass production science-intensive products using high technologies);

Combined, containing elements of the first three types.

Of course, this division is conditional, since in practice a combination of the above features is often observed.

Technoparks can be both commercial and non-commercial organizations, created in any legal form permitted by law and registered as a legal entity.

Let us give examples of developed world-class technology parks.

Manchester Science Park, UK.

The co-owners of the Manchester Science Park are Manchester City Council, the University of Manchester, Jeba-Jeji, Ferranti, Fothergill and Highway and Granada Television Limited. The Science Park is also supported by Manchester Business School, Manchester Polytechnic Institute, Stanford University.

The Manchester Science Park began operating in 1984. It is located next to one of the largest scientific and educational centers in Western Europe and has ample opportunities for technological support. The park was created to stimulate entrepreneurial activity in knowledge-intensive industries and the development of the region's economy by using the scientific potential of Manchester universities and other research centers. The park is based on companies created by scientists and employees of the university - the authors of innovations or specialists who are developing on the basis of cooperation with its research teams. The park should provide comprehensive support to small companies, provide them with the necessary services, and place them in specially equipped production buildings. The Science Park has 15.5 acres of land on a long-term lease from Manchester City Council.

In the first stage of the creation of the park, Enterprise House offers companies multi-section premises on a rent basis. The other part of the science park is developing both on the basis of multi-section structures and at the expense of buildings built by order of individual companies.

The Science Park provides companies with a number of public services, which include: reception and control of the fleet of vehicles; telex; internal telephones in each section with links to the University of Manchester, Manchester Royal Hospital, dental school and regional computer centre; computer connection of each section with the university; internal postal communication with the university; hall for conferences and analysis of business activities of companies.

The company's management services include:

Collaboration with the Manchester City Industrial Development Board and the Greater Manchester Economic Development Corporation, which are able to provide a variety of grants or financial assistance;

Seeking the backing of the park company from the Walknorth Fund, which can provide loans and risk capital ranging from £10,000 to £100,000;

Advice and support to the Center for Urban and Regional Industrial Development;

Direct contact with the local department of trade and industry, which can provide regional selective assistance;

Direct contact and cooperation with Manchester risk capital banks and financial companies.

For new avant-garde projects, companies can be provided with regional selective assistance. This is regulated by the city council's local department of commerce and industry. Credits, loans, subsidies, especially those provided on favorable terms, require careful justification by companies and recommendations from an expert council.

Technological interaction can take many forms, including scientific business advice, licensing new technology, support and expertise of research projects, equipment rental, implementation of student work. To assist companies and research teams of the university and other universities, an automated information bank is being formed with the developments of university scientists, and a bureau of services for scientific consultations has been organized.

The university provides companies with other types of services related to the use of the library, computer center, sports facilities, audio-video center, publishing house, clubs. University auditoriums for seminars, conferences, business meetings provided to science park companies at a substantial discount. This also applies to theatrical performances. In addition to the structures of the university, which are created in the interests of interaction with innovative organizations park, on its basis there are a number of industrial sections created by large organizations in Manchester to coordinate research and development. Established by the University of Manchester with support from the National Westminster Bank, the center has built a databank of the University's scientific and technical expertise and facilities. It also provides companies with market analysis data, sources of financial support, editing of business plans. The Center has established direct links with other agencies established to assist start-ups and existing organizations.

Orleans Technology Park, France.

Orleans is located in the center of France, an hour from Paris and is the financial and administrative capital of the region. A large number of national and international companies are located in Orleans due to the development of dynamic economic processes and links with the university and research centres. Orleans is well known for its scientific activities in a variety of fields, especially in biotechnology, energy, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and robotics.

The Orléans Technological Park also includes the Innovation Center, which serves as a link between the region's research centers and industry for the exchange of experience and advanced technology developments. The Innovation Center offers laboratories and research sites to companies on a short-term lease basis.

The Orleans Technological Park is the basis for the creation of the Europark, a specialized organization that offers companies and investors a package of documents on the structure, management and maintenance of science parks, innovation and technology centers.

The idea of the Europark as an organizational, methodological and information center for the development of territorial scientific, technical and production systems, scientific technological parks in France and European countries has a significant impact on the acceleration innovation activities and the restructuring of manufacturing in developing countries driven by the technological revolution.

The effectiveness of the functioning of science and technology parks has been proven by the long-term practice of their activities in many developed countries and the benefits that organizations, educational institutions and authorities can receive from their location in a certain territory, and which can be used in domestic practice.

Significant is a certain experience in creating technology parks in Russia, where the All-Russian Association "Technopark" has been created. The main goal of creating the association is to assist in the identification and formation of priority areas of innovation; implementation of scientific and technical innovation projects and programs in different areas science and technology; solution of socio-economic problems of the regions through the creation of small science-intensive high-tech industries.

The main area of work is scientific, methodological and organizational support for scientific and technical parks (technoparks), innovation centers and business incubators. Several such technoparks have been created in Russia: Tomsk, Ufimsk, Science Park of Moscow State University, Zelenogradsk, Saratov, Technological Park MEPhI, Technopark of St. Petersburg Electrotechnical University.

In St. Petersburg, a program has been developed to deploy a network of technology parks in urban areas - a kind of industrial zones, in which industrial production and various infrastructure facilities will be concentrated that ensure a normal business process (hotels, office centers, customs terminals, logistics centers, etc.), with mandatory security and unified information networks. The organization of a technopark also implies providing business with consultants of various profiles: lawyers, financial specialists, etc.

Among the main reasons for the creation of fully infrastructure-provided industrial territories is the desire of large Western companies to actively promote their products in Russian market. Not the least of the reasons is the availability of relatively cheap labor in the region. In addition, the advantageous geographical position of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region makes it convenient both to deliver components and to establish a sales system for finished products.

In St. Petersburg in the stage legal registration there are schemes for the construction of the "North-Western Technopark" (industrial zone on Kubinskaya St.) and Novo-Park (on Rzhevka), where management companies will maintain the work of engineering networks and communications, monitor the condition of roads, organize the work of service departments (factory-kitchens, car service, hotel and business complex, enterprises for tailoring, repairing, washing work clothes), to protect the technopark. On the territory of the "North-Western Technopark" it is planned to place 4-5 large plants with a total volume of 200 million dollars (light engineering, welding production, electronics), a business center, centers for patent and license services and technical translations. A furniture technopark is being formed (the volume of investments is about 4 billion rubles, the payback period is 6 years), where there will be not only the production of furniture, board materials, accessories, but also wooden housing construction. It is also planned to create a single showroom for all participants, which will allow them to reduce the cost of promoting products to the consumer. The relevance of creating technoparks is evidenced by their development programs in other regions (for example, in the Leningrad region).

Thus, the main goal of the activities of science and technology parks and the tasks that such structures face are:

Promoting financial support for innovative activities of business structures, stimulating the development and production of fundamentally new high-tech products, facilitating the introduction of new technologies and inventions into practice;

Assistance in the implementation of state policy on the formation of market relations in the scientific and technical sphere by supporting the development of infrastructure for small innovative businesses, encouraging competition by attracting free financial resources for their targeted, effective use in the framework of the implementation of programs (projects) to create the production of science-intensive products;

Participation in the development, examination and competitive selection of local, regional and sectoral programs that would ensure the demonopolization of the processes of creating and mastering new technologies, saturating the market with competitive goods developed on their basis;

Involvement on a competitive basis of small businesses, domestic and foreign investors in the implementation of state scientific and technical programs and projects;

Support for the development and implementation of new technologies, as well as "know-how" using patents and licenses.

The experience of Russia and other countries shows that in areas where technology parks operate, the population has the following advantages:

The possibility of employment of the population increases with the increase in the number of jobs;

Increasing the supply of high-quality goods;

As income increases, the standard of living rises;

The level of the social environment and social security is rising;

The educational and intellectual level of the population is increasing.

With the advent of technoparks, the assets of the authorities are increasing:

New opportunities are opening up in planning and coordinating regional innovation policy;

The use of high-tech resources of local importance is expanding;

The place of the territory in the interregional and international division of labor is improving;

The economic situation is improving;

Reduced budget costs associated with unemployment;

Business activity in the region is increasing, budget revenues are increasing;

Regional infrastructure is being developed.

With the advent of science and technology parks, new opportunities open up for educational and scientific institutions:

The technical and organizational base for conducting scientific research is expanding and changing;

The business initiative of scientists is being activated, which opens up an additional source of income (income) for universities;

Opportunities for attracting and educating scientific personnel, opening new scientific schools are expanding;

A new generation of scientists is being brought up who are well versed in the problems of entrepreneurship;

Scientific and business ties are expanding with other universities, research centers, organizations;

There are new bases of practice for students;

Improved interaction educational institutions with authority;

From the creation of technology parks, of course, entrepreneurial structures of the region also benefit:

Through the use of advanced technologies, the introduction of "know-how", etc.;

Increasing the volume of exports of products;

Increasing business relations at the international level, prestige and competitiveness of products;

Facilitating access to the scientific and technical base;

Opening the possibility of using the intellectual potential of universities;

Opportunities for the general use of the most modern equipment that belongs to the park.

All the mentioned and other elements of the infrastructure ensure the creation of an environment conducive to entrepreneurial activity and the rapid implementation of scientific results into production practice, which is a characteristic feature of not only technoparks, but also technopolises.

One of the new directions for the development of entrepreneurial structures, which will own the future, are technopolises - organizational forms of association of scientific, innovative, scientific and technological parks and business incubators in a certain area to combine efforts and provide a powerful impetus for the economic development of the region.

They have gained the greatest distribution over the past two decades in Japan. In accordance with the general development strategy of this state, taking into account the growing role of science and technology in solving socio-economic problems, 18 territorial centers have been identified in this country, in which regional scientific complexes (technopolises) are being formed, focused on priority development science-intensive production, the concentration of scientific forces and strengthening the potential of those areas of development of science and technology that will determine the level of production in the 21st century.

Important features of technopolises are the interconnected solution of the tasks of modernizing traditional industrial areas for a given region and bringing them to modern level, the choice of scientific areas that can be decisive for a given technopolis and that can ensure the advanced development of the production infrastructure. But the main thing is to create favorable conditions for employees, specialists and residents of the area on the industrial basis of which the technopolis is being formed. Thus, the fundamental feature is the orientation of the technopolis to meet the needs of people, improve their living standards and the economic prosperity of the region.

A special place in the programs for the creation and development of technopolises is given to universities and the problem of training personnel in accordance with high demands presented by the technopolis.

Scientists and specialists from universities, other educational and scientific institutions are always involved in the development of the main programs for the development of the technopolis, they perform the functions of consultants and experts, training and retraining of personnel.

Quite often, scientific and industrial parks, innovation and technology centers, research business incubators, etc. are involved in technopolises. The state also provides comprehensive support to programs for the formation and development of technopolises.

In accordance with the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, a special economic zone of a technology-innovative type (TV SEZ) is being created in St. forest park Novo-Orlovsky) of St. Petersburg. A special economic zone is being created to localize organizations and science-intensive industries and create conditions for their development, as well as the development of the service sector in the field of high technologies.

Are you tired of being an ordinary employee and wasting your precious time following other people's instructions? So it's time to start thinking about starting your own business. - labor intensive work big investments how financial plan as well as moral. To create your own business, it is not enough to be just a good manager. First of all, you need to stock up on initial capital, great patience and study at least a few primary sources about organizing business activities. You should not show youthful maximalism and listen to stories about how a certain Ivanov started his career from scratch. This is not to say that this is impossible, just not each of us has enough experience and ingenuity to do this!

Choice of business activity.

Now let's start building own business! First of all, it includes the choice of the type of this very activity. There are three main types of entrepreneurial activity: manufacturing, commercial and financial.

The first type, (production), includes the direct production and sale to consumers of material and spiritual values. Production in this case is the main goal of the entrepreneur, all the rest (such as being secondary. The second type of main entrepreneurial activity is commercial. The distribution scheme differs only in that the entrepreneur buys already finished goods and sells it to the consumer. The third main type of entrepreneurial activity is financial. The main difference from other types of entrepreneurial activity is that the object of financial activity is calculated in monetary terms - money, securities and currency. The essence of this type is in a profitable exchange, with profit, some Money to others.

It should be noted that there are also non-commercial types organizations. Entrepreneurial activity of non-profit organizations strictly controlled by law and has a lot of restrictions. Along with non-commercial activities, engineering, advisory and others can be noted.

The main stages of the organization of entrepreneurial activity.

entrepreneurial activity built on performance certain conditions guaranteeing effective business promotion. First of all, it's a choice. possible scope activities of the enterprise and direct business organization, including the drafting of regulatory documents, registration and licensing of the enterprise.

Next, you should organize business management - draw up an activity plan and mechanisms for the functioning of your enterprise, determine possible risk entrepreneurial activity. To do this, it is necessary to mobilize all the professional qualities of a manager.

When the enterprise is established and ready for operation, a good leader will begin to actively improve and promote his company. The first step is to define business goals and develop an effective marketing strategy. But everyone knows that therefore, for the effective promotion of an enterprise, a staff of qualified employees is needed. To maintain the morale of the staff, each manager is obliged to stimulate their work with various methods of rewards and punishments.

It is in this case that your business organization will bring fruitful results. When reaching a new level, a good leader must understand that for further growth, his company also needs reliable partners. Only in this way, step by step, you will get a company that has a strong position in your chosen niche!

By following all the above conditions for organizing a business, you will achieve good results in any field you choose. In the end, I would like to add that if you decide to organize your own business, but all kinds of advice does not give the expected result, it is best to resort to the help of professionals who will definitely turn all your best ideas into life, and you will still become the proud owner of a 100% paying off business!

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

FGBOU VPO "VELIKOLUKSKAYA GSHA"

Faculty of Economics

Department of Management and Commerce

Test

by discipline: Organization of entrepreneurial activity

Krylov Vladimir Alexandrovich

Specialty: production management

Course: 5 Form of study: part-time

Head: Kondratiev P.N.

Introduction

1. Essence and types of entrepreneurial activity

2. The procedure for organizing business activities

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

History itself has proven that entrepreneurship has been and will be the main component of the economic system of a society that calls itself civilized. Therefore, the transition to market relations poses many complex tasks for our society, among which the development of entrepreneurship occupies an important place.

It should be noted that entrepreneurship was poorly developed in post-communist Russia. The lack of own practical experience in entrepreneurship makes one borrow Western. But attempts to blindly copy the West in everything that is necessary for the development of the market will not lead to a positive result. Adaptation, adaptation of known market structures and institutions to peculiar Russian conditions. It is most likely to be expected that the period during which the new generation Russian entrepreneurs by trial and error will master the practical philosophy of business, will be lengthy. It will be a long time before we can talk about the established culture of entrepreneurship, about the entrepreneurial ethic that rejects any way of dishonest profit.

The economic system, based on the unlimited domination of state property, could not provide the conditions for creativity and initiative, without which the wide dissemination of innovations is impossible. It should be recognized that an indispensable condition for the development of entrepreneurship is private property.

Privatization is designed to revive private property as the basis of entrepreneurship. It should also revive competition, provide freedom of action for entrepreneurs and managers - managers of enterprises of various forms of ownership.

Entrepreneurial development requires terms. They include the stability of the state economic and social policy, preferential tax treatment, developed infrastructure to support entrepreneurship, the existence of an effective system of protection intellectual property, the formation of flexible market mechanisms to increase the business activity of entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs should be able to freely access foreign market. It is necessary to create a credit system accessible to entrepreneurs, to provide an opportunity to purchase the necessary means of production, raw materials and components.

Entrepreneurship development plays an indispensable role in achieving economic success, high growth rates industrial production. It is the basis of the innovative, productive nature of the economy.

entrepreneurial holding consortium cartel

1 . Essence and types of entrepreneurial activity

In market conditions, any enterprise, engaged in production or other activities, is essentially an entrepreneur. Closely related to the concept of "entrepreneur" is the concept of "entrepreneurship".

Under entrepreneurship refers to the activities carried out by individuals, enterprises or organizations for the production, provision of services or the purchase and sale of goods in exchange for other goods or money, resulting in mutual benefit stakeholders or businesses or organizations.

Business entities can be both individuals and associations of partners (enterprises).

By type or purpose, entrepreneurial activity can be industrial, commercial, financial, advisory, etc. All these types can function separately or together. The characteristics of the main types of entrepreneurial activity are presented in Table. 1.1.

Entrepreneurship is influenced by a number of factors:

economic conditions - this is primarily the supply of goods and the demand for them;

social conditions - this is, first of all, the desire of buyers to purchase goods that meet certain tastes and fashion;

Table 1.1

Types of entrepreneurship	Entrepreneur's field of activity	Entrepreneurial institutions
Production	Production of goods, works, provision of services	Manufacturing plants
Commercial	Purchase and sale of goods and services	Trade organizations, commodity exchanges
Financial	Purchase and sale of currency, securities	Banks, stock exchanges, insurance companies
advisory	Consulting services	Consulting companies

o legal conditions - the existence of laws regulating entrepreneurial activity and creating the most favorable conditions for its development.

Associative forms of entrepreneurship

Holding- a company whose assets include controlling stakes other (subsidiaries) enterprises. The holding allows you to build a system of participation of formally independent firms that may have capital that directly exceeds the capital of the founder of the holding.

Syndicate? an association of entrepreneurs or producers of goods for the purpose of their sales, implementation of a unified pricing policy and other types commercial activities at maintaining legal and industrial independence enterprises included in it.

Cartel- a form of association of producers or consumers, public or tacit agreement of a group of people close in profile enterprises, firms, companies about production and sale volumes, prices, sales markets. The purpose of the cartels- increasing profits by eliminating, limiting and regulating competition within the association and suppressing external competition from firms that are not participating in this agreement.

Financial and industrial group- aggregate legal entities acting as basic and subsidiaries or who have fully or partially combined their tangible and intangible assets on the basis of an agreement on the creation of a financial and industrial group for the purpose of technological or economic integration for the implementation of investment and other projectsaboutprojects and programs aimed at increasing competitiveness and expanding markets for goods and services, increasing production efficiency, and creating new jobs.

Consortium- organizational form temporary business associationIty, organizations, industrial companies and/or banks for implementation of a capital-intensive project or for co-location of a loan. The obligations of the consortium members, the share of each of them in the costs and expected profit, as well as the forms of participation in the project implementation are determined by the consortium agreement. The consortium bears solidarity responsetproperty in front of their customers. Upon reaching the set goal, the consortium terminates its activities or is transformed into another type of contractual association.

Concern- the form contractual association enterprises and organizations of various industries on the basis of common interests. The formation of a concern involves delegation of part of the rights of members concern to the collegial management body, holding a unified economic policy, centralization of part of the finances, some functional services, etc. The members of the concern retain economic independence, but at the same time, the members of the concern cannot be part of other concerns.

Trust- a form of association of enterprises, in which they lose their economic and legal independence and act according to a single plan. Trusts are characterized by the highest degree of centralization of management, as well as a significant diversification of activities.

2 . The procedure for organizing business activities

The success of any enterprise depends on the successful choice of the field of activity, right choice strategies and tactics in enterprise management.

The experience of fast-growing companies in our country and abroad shows that the following areas are the most preferable:

1) provision of various business services in the field of entrepreneurship;

2) public catering;

3) trade in consumer goods;

4) car repair;

5) housing construction.

Increasing their turnover at the fastest pace commercial banks, enterprises producing electronic equipment, computers and office equipment, dishes and various containers.

The ideal option for entrepreneurship is a new area, since the first enterprises are in a better position than subsequent ones.

A novice entrepreneur should be aware that there are areas of activity prohibited for private entrepreneurship, for example, the production of drugs or weapons.

When creating a new enterprise, it is necessary first of all to assess the general economic situation, the conjuncture. Investments of financial resources should not be made during a recession, it is necessary to correctly choose not only the scope, but also the time of the start of activities. It must also be taken into account that economic situations differ not only in time but also in space.

When deciding on the choice of one or another sphere of production, it is necessary to give preference to the activity that corresponds to the available resources, technical capabilities, experience, knowledge, organizational skills of the entrepreneur. The success of a new enterprise can be guaranteed by the possession of some unique resource (raw materials), idea, development, production and organizational experience.

A novice entrepreneur must choose the form of the enterprise. There are four main forms of enterprises:

1) individual entrepreneurship;

2) business partnership;

3) business companies;

4) production cooperatives.

All these forms have their positive and negative features, which are carefully weighed when choosing. The possibility of attracting funds from the outside largely depends on the form of ownership of the enterprise.

The selection of the strategy and tactics of the entrepreneur's behavior is based on a feasibility study of the effectiveness of the proposed project. In order to make such a choice, the entrepreneur must draw up several business plans for each strategy option. A business plan gives the entrepreneur clear guidelines for the first, most difficult year of existence. It is needed for investors, business partners, sponsors, company employees and the businessman himself. Planning is an essential part of the success of any business.

A business plan is necessary for enterprises and organizations of all sizes in order to justify the goals of a new business and suggest ways to achieve them. The business plan describes all the main aspects of entrepreneurial activity, primarily in order to carefully analyze the developed ideas, check their reasonableness, realism, thereby reducing the risk of failure.

Conclusion

The transition of the Russian economy to market relations is inevitably associated with the establishment and development of entrepreneurship. Success in entrepreneurial activity is achieved by knowledge, practice, the necessary material resources and the psychological qualities of the individual.

There are a lot of legal, organizational, bureaucratic, political, economic, cultural obstacles on the way of effective entrepreneurial activity, which is connected, first of all, with the transitional nature of social development and which, ultimately, hinders the formation and functioning of civil society in Russia.

Possible directions for overcoming obstacles: strengthening the stability of economic development; improvement of legal impact and increase legal culture population; creation of modern legislation on entrepreneurship; strict implementation of laws and other legal acts; revitalization of the activities of the entrepreneurs themselves and a number of others.

Now the revival of Russia largely depends on entrepreneurs, but for this they must continue the traditions of the Russian merchant class and take care not only of their own enrichment, but also of the economic and spiritual prosperity of their fatherland.

List of used literature

1. Abryutina M.S., Grachev A.V. Analysis of the financial and economic activity of the enterprise M.: Bustard, 2009 - 367 p.

2. Pelikh A.N. Fundamentals of entrepreneurship. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2009.

3. Lapusta M.G. Entrepreneurship: Textbook - 3rd ed., Rev. and additional - M .: INFRA-M, 2003.

4. Busygin A.V. Entrepreneurship: Textbook. - M.: Delo, 2007.- 640s.

5. Khizrich R.N. Entrepreneurship, or how to start your own business and succeed. - M: 2006.

6. Lapusta M.G. Small Business: Textbook. - M.: INFRA-M, 2008. - 685s.

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