The mechanism of the innovation process can be divided into macroeconomic and microeconomic parts. The macroeconomic mechanism of innovation activity depends on the economic potential of the state, political will and the weight of the state in the international arena. The microeconomic mechanism of innovation depends on competitiveness in the market, financial management and culture of consumption and production.
The formation of the idea, preparation and gradual implementation of innovative changes is called innovation process.
AT general view the scheme of the innovation process can be represented as follows (table 2.2).
Table 2.2
Main components of the innovation process
| Innovation - new idea, new knowledge | Result of completed scientific research(fundamental and applied), experimental design developments, other scientific and technical achievements. New ideas can take the form of discoveries, rationalization proposals, concepts, methods, instructions, etc. |
| Innovation (from the English innovation - the introduction of a new one) | The result of the introduction of new knowledge, its implementation in a new or improved product sold on the market, or in a new or improved technological process used in practice. |
| Diffusion of innovation | The process of distribution of an already once mastered, implemented innovation, i.e. application of innovative products, services, technologies in new places and conditions. The form and speed of this process depend on the structure and power of communication channels, the ability of economic entities to quickly respond to innovations. |
Fundamental research and development of a theoretical approach to solving the problem;
Applied research and experimental models;
Experimental developments, determination of technical parameters, product design, manufacturing, testing, fine-tuning;
Primary development, preparation of production, launch and management of the main production, supply of products;
Consumption and obsolescence, the necessary elimination of obsolete production and the creation of a new one in its place.
As can be seen, the innovation process presented in this way fully reflects the life cycle of a new product. The life cycle is understood as the staging of the process, the unity of its beginning and end.
With regard to innovation, as a process of transferring innovation into the scope, the content life cycle slightly different and includes the stages:
- birth- awareness of the need and possibility of change, search and development of innovation;
- development- implementation at the facility, experiment, implementation of production changes;
- diffusion- distribution, replication and multifaceted repetition at other sites;
- routinization- when the innovation is implemented in stable, constantly functioning elements of the relevant objects.
An innovation, as a process, cannot be considered fully completed if it stops at one of these intermediate stages. In turn, the life cycle of an innovation can stop at the stage of use if it does not close with the innovation.
Thus, both life cycles (product and process) are interconnected, interdependent and impossible one without the other. Both life cycles are covered general concept innovative process, and the main difference between them is that in one case there is a process of formation new products, in the other - the process of its commercialization.
The innovation process is a broad concept and can be considered from different perspectives and levels of detail.
Firstly, it is a parallel-sequential implementation of research, scientific, technical, innovative, production activities and marketing.
Secondly, it can be viewed as temporary stages in the life cycle of an innovation.
Third, it can be seen as a process of funding and investing in the development and distribution of a new kind of product or service. In this case, it acts as an innovative project, as a special case of an investment project that is widespread in economic practice.
The innovation process involves a complex of scientific, technical and intermediary work. Such activities include: examination; creation and implementation of discoveries; R&D; carrying out patent and licensing works; creation of scientific works.
All of the above requires the participation in them, on the one hand, of initiative teams and individuals, and on the other, state regulation through regulations.
In general, the innovation process consists in obtaining and commercializing an invention, new technologies, types of products and services, decisions of an industrial, financial, administrative or other nature, and other results of intellectual activity. The innovation process takes place in four stages.
At the first stage, there are fundamental research. They are held in academic institutions, higher educational institutions and branch specialized institutes, laboratories. Financing is carried out mainly from the state budget on a non-refundable basis.
At the second stage, applied research is carried out. They are carried out in all scientific institutions and are financed from the budget (on a competitive basis) and from customers.
Since the result of applied research is far from always predictable, at this stage and beyond, there is a high probability of obtaining a negative result. It is from this stage that the possibility of the risk of losing the invested funds arises, and investments in innovation are of a risky nature, and are called risky investments, a commercial organizations risk investing firms (venture firms).
At the third stage, experimental design and experimental developments are carried out. They are carried out both in specialized laboratories, design bureaus, experimental divisions, and in research and production divisions of large industrial enterprises. The sources of funding are the same as in the second stage, as well as the organization's own funds.
At the turn of the third stage and entering the market, as a rule, large investments in production are required to create production capacities, train personnel, promotional activities and others. At this stage of the innovation process, the market reaction has not yet been determined and the risks of rejection are very likely, so investments continue to be risky.
At the fourth stage, the process of commercialization is carried out from launching into production and entering the market and further through the main stages of the product life cycle. The practical implementation of the results of innovation activity is carried out at the market stage of innovation activity, the main content of which is the organization of mass production and market development. At this stage, the innovation becomes a product that goes through all phases of the life cycle.
Promotion of innovations - a set of measures aimed at the implementation of innovations and including the production and use of an information product, promotional activities, organization of work outlets(points for the sale of innovations, customer consultations, promotion of sales of innovations, etc.).
There are two methods of promoting innovation: "vertical" and "horizontal".
The vertical method of promoting innovation - with this method, the entire innovation cycle is concentrated in one organization with the transfer of results achieved at individual stages of innovation from unit to unit. However, the applicability of this method is very limited - either the organization itself must be a powerful concern that unites all types of departments, industries and services (for example, the Volvo concern, which does not even let go of the supply of its auto repair shops), or the enterprise must develop and produce a narrow range of very specific products that do not contain heterogeneous constituents (for example, new chemical or pharmacological materials)
The horizontal method of promoting innovation is a method of partnership and cooperation in which leading enterprise is the organizer of innovations, and the functions of creating and promoting innovative products distributed among the participants.
Putting innovation into practice entrepreneurial activity, it is very important to know what factors can slow down or accelerate the innovation process. The main factors influencing the development of the innovation process are shown in Table 2.3.
The commercialization process includes the following steps:
Preparation of an innovative proposal;
Examination of technology by potential investors;
Attracting investments;
Legal consolidation of relations between all participants in the process;
Distribution of rights for the future intellectual property;
Development and management of the commercialization project;
Mastering the results in production;
Maintenance of an innovative product;
Further modification.
Table 2.3
Factors affecting the development of the innovation process
| Group of factors | Factors hindering innovation activity | Factors contributing to innovation |
| Economy, technological | Lack of funds to finance innovative projects, the weakness of the material and scientific and technical base, the lack of reserve capacity, the dominance of the interests of current production. | Availability of a reserve of financial and material and technical means, advanced technologies, the necessary economic and scientific and technical infrastructure. |
| Political, legal | Restrictions from the antimonopoly, tax, depreciation, patent and license laws. | Legislative measures (especially benefits) that encourage innovation, governmental support innovation. |
| Socio-psychological, cultural | Resistance to change, which may cause such consequences as a change in the status of employees, the need to seek new job, restructuring of new work, restructuring of established ways of activity, violation of stereotypes of behavior and established traditions, fear of uncertainty, fear of punishment for failure. | Moral encouragement of participants in the innovation process, public recognition, providing opportunities for self-realization, the release of creative work. Normal psychological climate in the work team. |
| Organizational and managerial | The established organizational structure of the company, excessive centralization, authoritarian management style, the predominance of vertical information flows, departmental isolation, the difficulty of inter-industry and inter-organizational interactions, rigidity in planning, orientation to established markets, orientation to short-term payback, difficulty in reconciling the interests of participants in innovative processes. | Flexibility of the organizational structure, democratic management style, the prevalence of horizontal information flows, self-planning, allowance for adjustments, decentralization, autonomy, formation of target working groups. |
In order to increase production volumes, expand sales markets, increase competitiveness and provide conditions for the return (payback) of risky investments at the stage of commercialization of the investment process, an emission of valuable papers. It allows you to attract additional investments, ensure their profitable use, while maintaining the competitiveness of products, services and the organization as a whole. This completes the innovation process.
In order to reduce the risk of investors, it is advisable to finance R&D in two stages. At the first stage, work related to the development of product samples is financed. Continuation of financing at the second stage is connected with the development of working design documentation, manufacturing and testing of new products.
The validity of financing the work of the third stage of the innovation process in two stages is argued by the fact that investments in R&D are risky. It should be borne in mind that the costs of the first and second stages are related as 1:2.5.
Therefore, if a preliminary assessment of the results of work after the first stage of financing indicates that they are unpromising, then further financing may not be carried out. It is expedient for the investor to limit himself to financing only preliminary design, thereby avoiding unjustified costs.
Innovation policy of the company - a set of methods that ensure the integration of all types of innovations in the company and the creation of a microclimate that stimulates innovation in all areas of activity.
The purpose of the innovation policy is to reduce the timing of the implementation of the innovation process.
Innovation policy is the main link commodity policy and includes the following steps:
Search for new product ideas;
Creation of new products taking into account consumer behavior (see clause 2.3.);
Launching new products to the market;
Monitoring the behavior of new products on the market.
The process of creating a new product shown in Figure 2.1.
Rice. 2.1. - Creation of a new product
One of the final stages of creating a new product is trial marketing.
Trial Marketing- checking the product and the marketing program itself in real market conditions.
Purpose of trial marketing– clarification of the reaction of buyers and consumers to the product itself and its marketing support.
Trial marketing includes three methods:
1. Standard market testing- placement of goods in market conditions similar to the conditions for a full-scale release.
2. Control testing– Creation of special panels of stores that test different methods of selling goods.
3. Market simulation testing- placing goods in conditions that mimic market conditions.
Similar information.
The essence of the innovation process is purposeful actions related to the initiation and development of a new product or service, its implementation on the market and its further distribution.
The innovation process is a sequential set of actions from the idea of innovation to the design, creation, implementation and distribution of this innovation. These stages from conception to implementation will be discussed below. In other words, the innovation process is the activity of an economic entity, that is, a process that consists in the development and implementation of the result of scientific research into a new or improved product or service sold on the market, or a technological process that is used in production activities.
The innovation process includes seven components connected in a single sequential chain, which form its structure. These include:
Marketing research;
Development and release of innovation;
Implementation of the produced innovation;
Innovative promotion;
Spreading.
The innovation process begins with initiation - an activity that consists in defining its goals and objectives, comprehending the corresponding idea and documenting it. The last is its transformation into a document of property rights (author's certificate, license) and into a technological document.
The initiation of innovation is the beginning of the innovation process. After the idea of a new product has been documented, innovation marketing is carried out, during which the demand for a new product or service is investigated, the quantity or volume of output is determined, commodity characteristics and consumer properties that the product entering the market should have. After that, the innovation is sold and a small batch of it appears on the market, which is promoted, evaluated for effectiveness and distributed.
Innovation promotion is a system of activities aimed at its implementation. After that, it is carried out economic calculation its efficiency. The innovation process ends with the dissemination
Diffusion (translated from Latin - spreading, distribution) means the spread of mastered innovation in new areas, new markets and in a new economic and financial situation.
The management of innovation processes as a subject of research has gone through 4 main stages in its evolution.
At the first of them, a factorial approach was implemented, where evaluation criteria were considered for each constituent component of the corresponding management. At that time, for the most part, extensive methods of development were used, manifested in a quantitative increase in the scientific and technical potential.
The second stage was characterized by the development of the concepts of functions innovation management who focused on studying the types of management and the process of adopting SD
At the third stage, they began to apply which made it possible to consider the subject of innovative activity (enterprise, organization, etc.) as a system of internally interconnected components, focused on achieving specific goals and the principle feedback.
The fourth stage correlates with the growing popularity of understanding the goals, meaning and content of innovation management, which makes it possible to analyze the factors of external and internal environment, systematize and combine in an optimal way various models of behavior of an innovative manager or effective management decisions.
CHAPTER 2. Innovation as an object innovation management
The concept of innovation.
The word "innovation" is synonymous with innovation, or innovation, and can be used along with them (see English terminological dictionaries). There are several approaches to defining the essence of innovation in the literature. The two most common points of view are:
In one case, the innovation is presented as a result creative process in the form of new products (technology), technology, method, etc.;
In another case, the innovation is presented as a process introduction of new products, elements, approaches, principles instead of existing ones.
Innovation arises as a result of using the results of scientific research and development aimed at improving the process of production activity, economic, legal and social relations in the field of science, culture, education, and in other areas of society. This term can have different meanings in different contexts, their choice depends on the specific objectives of the measurement or analysis.
Innovation- this is the end result of innovative activity, which has received implementation in the form of a new or improved product sold on the market, a new or improved technological process used in practice. Thus, the end result of innovation is commercial success.
The concepts of "innovation" are closely related to the concept of "innovation". invention " and " opening ».
Under invention understand new devices, mechanisms, tools, other devices created by man.
Under discovery understand the result of obtaining previously unknown data or observing a previously unknown natural phenomenon.
Discovery differs from innovation in the following ways:
1) a discovery, like an invention, occurs, as a rule, at a fundamental level, and innovation is carried out at the level of a technological (applied) order;
2) the discovery can be made by a single inventor, and the innovation is produced by teams (laboratories, departments, institutes) and embodied in the form of an innovative project;
3) the discovery does not pursue the goal of obtaining a benefit, but innovation is always aimed at obtaining tangible benefits, in particular, a greater influx of money, a greater amount of profit, an increase in labor productivity and a reduction in production costs through the use of a specific innovation in engineering and technology.
Discovery can happen by accident, and innovation is always the result of scientific research.
The term and concept innovation ” as a new economic category was introduced into scientific circulation by the Austrian (later American) scientist Joseph Alois Schumpeter (J.A. Schumpeter, 1883-1950) in the first decade of the 20th century. In his work "The Theory of Economic Development" (1911), J. Schumpeter first considered the issues of new combinations of changes in development (i.e. issues of innovation) and gave Full description innovation process. J. Schumpeter singled out five changes in development:
1) the use of new technology, technological processes or a new market supply of production;
2) introduction of products with new properties;
3) use of new raw materials;
4) changes in the organization of production and in its material and technical support;
5) the emergence of new markets.
The very term "innovation" J. Schumpeter began to use in the 30s. 20th century At the same time, J. Schumpeter meant innovation as a change with the aim of introducing and using new types of consumer goods, new production, Vehicle, markets and forms of organization in industry.
There are many definitions of innovation in the literature.
For example, B. Twiss defines innovation as a process in which an invention or idea acquires economic content.
F. Nixon believes that innovation is a set of technical, industrial and commercial activities that lead to the emergence of new and improved industrial processes and equipment on the market.
According to B. Santo, innovation is such a socio-technical and economic process that, through the practical use of ideas and inventions, leads to the creation of products, technologies that are best in their properties, and if innovation is focused on economic benefits, profit, its appearance in the market can generate additional income.
An analysis of various definitions of innovation allows us to conclude that the specific content of innovation is change, and main function innovation is a function of change.
Currently, there is no generally accepted terminology in the field of ID. In domestic and foreign literature there are several approaches to defining the essence of innovation.
In Western literature There are two approaches to innovation: broad and narrow.
With a broad approach, innovation- these are all kinds of changes in the introduction of new or improved solutions in technology, organization, the supply and marketing process, social life, etc.
With a narrow approach, innovation – feature is the reduction of innovation to technical problems, most often to the introduction of new products and new technologies.
AT domestic literature There are five main approaches to defining the essence of innovation: 1) object (in the domestic literature in this case, the term “innovation” is often used as a defined term); 2) process; 3) object-utilitarian; 4) process-utilitarian; 5) process-financial.
Object approach to the definition of the term "innovation" lies in the fact that an object acts as an innovation - the result of scientific and technological progress: a new technique, technology.
Process approach to the definition of the term "innovation" lies in the fact that innovation is understood as a complex process that includes the development, introduction into production and commercialization of new consumer values - goods, equipment, technologies, organizational forms etc.
Object Utility Approach to the definition of the term "innovation" is characterized by two main points. Firstly, as an innovation is understood an object - a new use value based on the achievements of science and technology. Secondly, the emphasis is on the utilitarian side of innovation - the ability to meet social needs with a great beneficial effect.
Process-Utility Approach to the definition of the term "innovation" is that in this case innovation is presented as a complex process of creation, distribution and use of a new practical tool.
Process-financial approach to the definition of the term "innovation" lies in the fact that innovation is understood as the process of investing in innovations, investing in the development of new equipment, technology, scientific research.
In the literature, the concepts of "innovation" and "innovation" are distinguished.
Innovation- a formalized result of fundamental, applied research, development or experimental work in any field of activity to increase its effectiveness.
Innovation- the end result of the introduction of innovation in any field and human activity in order to meet the existing need in the market and obtain an economic, social, environmental, scientific, technical or other type of effect.
Thus, an innovation that is dynamically involved and developed to a certain extent becomes an innovation.
The stages of innovation creation include the following stages:
· fundamental research and development of a theoretical approach to solving the problem;
applied research and experimental models;
· experimental development, determination of technical parameters, product design, manufacturing, testing, fine-tuning;
· primary development, preparation of production, start-up and management of mastered production, supply of products;
consumption and obsolescence, the necessary elimination of obsolete production and the creation of a new one instead.
The stages of creating an innovation include the following stages:
· origin - awareness of the need and possibility of change, search and development of innovations;
development - implementation at the facility, experiment, implementation of production changes;
Diffusion - distribution, replication and multiple repetition on other objects;
Routinization - when an innovation is implemented in stable, constantly functioning elements of the relevant objects.
Thus, both life cycles are interconnected, interdependent and impossible one without the other.
The concept of innovation process.
The innovation process can be considered from different positions and with varying degrees of detail.
Firstly, it can be viewed as a parallel - sequential implementation of research, scientific and technical, innovation, production activities and marketing.
Secondly, the innovation process can be viewed as the temporary stages of the innovation life cycle from the emergence of an idea to its development and dissemination.
Third, it can be seen as a process of funding and investing in the development and distribution of a new kind of product or service. In this case, he acts as an IP.
Innovation process- a sequential chain of events during which the innovation "ripens" from an idea to a specific product, technology or service and spreads in economic practice.
The main stages and characteristics of the innovation process:
The innovation process starts with fundamental research (FI), aimed at obtaining new scientific knowledge and identifying the most significant patterns. The purpose of FI is to reveal new connections between phenomena, to know the patterns of development of nature and society, regardless of their specific use. FI are divided into theoretical and search.
results theoretical research are manifested in scientific discoveries, substantiation of new concepts and ideas, creation of new theories. To search include research whose task is to discover new principles for creating products and technologies; previously unknown properties of materials and their compounds; methods of analysis and synthesis.
Resource sources: the state budget, incl. on programs for solving the most important scientific and technical problems.
The second stage of the innovation process is applied research (PI). They are aimed at studying the ways of practical application of previously discovered phenomena and processes. Research work (R&D) of an applied nature aims to solve a technical problem, clarify unclear theoretical issues, obtain specific scientific results, which will later be used as a scientific and technical reserve in development work.
Sources of resources: state budget, customer funds, innovation funds.
Under development work (R&D) refers to the application of the results of PI to create (or modernize, improve) samples of new equipment, material, technology. R&D is the final stage of scientific research, it is a kind of transition from laboratory conditions and experimental production to industrial production.
The purpose of the R&D is to create (modernize) samples of new products that can be transferred after appropriate tests in mass production or directly to the consumer. At this stage, the final verification of the results of theoretical studies is carried out, the corresponding technical documentation, samples of new products are manufactured and tested.
Sources of resources: own funds of industrial organizations, funds of customers and the state budget.
The final stage of the sphere of science is development industrial production new products (OS), which includes scientific and industrial development: testing of new (improved) products, as well as technical and technological preparation of production.
At the development stage, experimental, experimental work is carried out on the experimental basis of science. These works are aimed at manufacturing and testing prototypes of new products and technological processes. Experimental work is aimed at the manufacture, repair and maintenance of special (non-standard) equipment, apparatus, devices, installations, stands, models, etc., necessary for scientific research and development.
After the development stage begins industrial production process (IP). In production, knowledge materializes, and research finds its logical conclusion. AT market economy there is an acceleration in the implementation of R & D and the stage of development of production.
Innovative enterprise, as a rule, perform R & D under contracts with industrial enterprises. Customers and performers are mutually interested in the fact that the results of R&D are put into practice and generate income, i.e. would be sold to the consumer.
At the PP stage, two stages are carried out: the actual production of new products and their sale to consumers. First stage- direct social production of materialized achievements of scientific and technical developments on a scale determined by the needs of consumers. Purpose and content second stage is bringing new products to consumers.
Sources of resources: own funds of organizations, issue of securities and bank loans, partial support from the state.
In table. 2.2.1. the time and cost costs of PSNT by stages are given, as well as the types of scientific organizations involved in this process.
1. The innovation process is the process of creating and disseminating innovations (innovations).
2. The innovation process is understood as an activity that permeates the scientific, technical, production, marketing and sales processes in the manufacture of new products and services and is aimed at meeting specific social needs.
The concept of "innovation process" is broader than the concept of "innovation", because actually innovation (innovation) is one of the components of the innovation process.
One of the fundamental issues concerning the dynamics of the innovation process is the reduction of the time interval, the lag between the emergence of new knowledge and its use, implementation, i.e. innovation. In other words, there is often a significant time gap between the first two components of the innovation process - innovation and innovation, which slows down the innovation process as a whole.
An important part of this process is innovative ability. Innovative ability is understood as a structural characteristic of the organization of social and economic life in a country or a separate corporation for the rapid perception of production and distribution of new products and services.
Main components of the innovation process
Thus, the innovation process is a sequential chain of events from a new idea to its implementation in a specific product, service or technology, and further dissemination of innovation.
Generalized logical model of the innovation process based on American approaches
In general, the generalized logical model of the innovation process based on American approaches reveals two strategic lines:
1) the development of social needs,
2) the development of science and technology.
Both of these areas, somewhat isolated from each other, closely interact with each other through three enlarged blocks:
1. Development of a conceptual solution (taking into account unmet market needs, new ideas and financial and other opportunities that ensure implementation).
2. Development of a technical solution (based on research, technical development and experiments).
3. Introduction of new products on the market (based on marketing research market and organization of production of new products on the required scale).
To organize the management of a complex innovation process, it is necessary to carry out the so-called structuring of this process, that is, breaking it down into certain component parts.
In an enlarged form, the structuring scheme is usually formulated as follows: research - development - production - marketing - sales. In more detail, it is presented in the following form, more suitable for practical work:
a) basic research - applied research - development - market research - design - market planning - pilot production - market testing - commercial production - marketing of new products.
b) FI - PI - R - Pr - S - OS - PP - M - Sat,
where FI is fundamental (theoretical) research;
PI - applied research;
P - development;
Pr - design;
C - construction;
OS - development;
PP - industrial production;
M - marketing;
Sat - sales.
From what has been said, it follows that innovation - the result should be considered taking into account the innovation process. Three properties are equally important for innovation: scientific and technical novelty, industrial applicability, commercial feasibility. The absence of any of them negatively affects the innovation process.
Structuring the innovation process by stages:
1. Generating a new idea
2. Development and experimental implementation of the idea
3. Mastering in production
4. Bulk release
5. Sales (consumption)
From the moment it is accepted for distribution, an innovation acquires a new quality and becomes an innovation.
The process of introducing an innovation to the market is called commercialization process. The period of time between the appearance of an innovation and its implementation into an innovation is called innovative lag.
There are three forms of the innovation process: simple intra-organizational (natural), simple inter-organizational (commodity) and extended.
A simple intra-organizational innovation process involves the creation and use of innovation within the same organization. Innovation in this case does not take a direct commodity form.
With a simple interorganizational IP, innovation acts as a subject of sale and purchase. This form of the innovation process means separating the function of the creator and producer of innovation from the function of its consumer.
Advanced innovation process It manifests itself in the fact that new manufacturers of innovation arise and break the monopoly of the pioneer manufacturer. As a result, consumer properties of the produced goods are improved through mutual competition. In the conditions of a commodity IP, there are two economic entities: the producer (creator) and the consumer (user) of innovations.
A simple innovation process turns into a commercial one in two phases:
1. creation of innovation and its dissemination;
2. diffusion of innovation.
The first phase is the successive stages of scientific research, development work, organization of pilot production and marketing, organization of commercial production. In the first phase, the useful effect of the innovation is not yet realized, but only the prerequisites for such an implementation are being created.
In the second phase, the socially beneficial effect is redistributed among the producers of the innovation, as well as between producers and consumers. The second phase is preceded by the dissemination of innovation.
Diffusion of innovation- this is an information process, the form and speed of which depend on the power of communication channels, the characteristics of the perception of information by business entities, their abilities for the practical use of this information.
Diffusion of innovation- the process by which an innovation is transmitted through communication channels between members social system in time. Innovations can be ideas, objects, technologies, organizational structures that are new to the respective business entity. Diffusion is the dissemination of an innovation once mastered and used in new conditions or places of application.
In the world practice of developed countries, there are three main forms organization of innovations:
Administrative and economic;
target;
Initiative.
Administrative and economic form is based on stable goals and strategies and a sustainable production and technological base. It is suitable for the systematic and evolutionary use of scientific and technical potential. This form of organization is used in large scientific and technical centers and in the scientific divisions of large corporations.
Target Form organization of innovation is used in cases of abrupt changes in requirements from the side external environment; it is adapted to meet changing goals that require rapid changes in production and technology.
This form provides technological breakthroughs when large economic reserves need to be pooled. It is implemented in industry through different kinds interorganizational cooperation.
For the implementation of large projects where there is scientific novelty (for example, the creation of a new type of aircraft), target forms organization of innovation processes. There are two types of organization here: program-target and cooperative-target.
The first, program-target, is focused on a given ultimate goal programs. A program management body is being created, which is based on economic relations (agreements, contracts) between the participants in its implementation. The organization ceases to exist upon reaching the goal.
The cooperative-target form of organization provides for the creation by the interested organizations of a new enterprise, which carries out certain stages of the innovation process mainly on its own. Upon reaching the set goal, the organization is either disbanded or transformed into another field of activity. Initiative Form the organization of innovation activity is focused on the maximum use of human potential, which operates in the conditions of uncertainty of the scientific and technical environment.
The innovation process can be defined as the process of successive transformation of an idea into a product, passing through the stages of fundamental, applied research, design development, marketing, production and, finally, sales - the process of product commercialization.
The innovation process can be considered from different perspectives and with varying degrees of detail. First, as a parallel-sequential implementation of research, scientific, technical, innovation, production activities and marketing. Secondly, as temporary stages of the innovation life cycle from the emergence of an idea to its development and distribution. Thirdly, as a process of financing and investing in the development and distribution of a new type of product or service. In this case, it acts as a special case of an investment project widely used in economic practice.
In general, the innovation process consists in obtaining and commercializing an invention, new technologies, types of products and services, decisions of an industrial, financial, administrative or other nature, and other results of intellectual activity.
The birth of an innovative idea and the possibility of using new scientific results occur at the stage of fundamental and exploratory research and applied research and development. The process of creating and mastering new technology begins with fundamental research aimed at obtaining new knowledge and identifying essential patterns. The purpose of fundamental research is to reveal new connections between phenomena, to learn the patterns of development of nature and society in relation to their specific use. Basic research is divided into theoretical and exploratory.
The results of theoretical research are manifested in scientific discoveries, the substantiation of new concepts and ideas, the creation of new theories. Exploratory research includes research whose task is to discover new principles for creating ideas and technologies. Exploratory fundamental research is being completed with substantiation and experimental verification of new methods for satisfying social needs. All exploratory fundamental research is carried out both in academic institutions and universities, and in large scientific and technical organizations of industry only by highly qualified personnel. scientific qualifications. The priority importance of fundamental science in the development of innovative processes is determined by the fact that it acts as a generator of ideas and opens the way to new areas of knowledge.
The next stage of the innovation process is applied research work (R&D). Their implementation is associated with a high probability of obtaining negative results. There is a risk of losses when investing in applied research. When investments in innovation are risky, they are called risk investments.
The stage of development and design work is associated with the development of a new type of product. It includes: preliminary design, production of working design documentation, production and testing of prototypes.
Development work is understood as the application of the results of applied scientific research to create (or modernize, improve) samples of new equipment, material, technology. Development work is the final stage of scientific research, a kind of transition from laboratory conditions and experimental production to industrial production. Development work includes: the development of a specific design of an engineering object or technical system(design work); development of ideas and options for a new object; development of technological processes, that is, ways to combine physical, chemical, technological and other processes with labor into an integral system.
Depending on the complexity of the innovation project (development and mastering of a new type of product), the tasks to be solved at the preliminary stage of innovation activity can be quite diverse. In particular, when developing and mastering large innovative projects, the system integration of research results carried out at different times by other teams, debugging and refinement of both individual subsystems and technologies as a whole is carried out. The executors of the work at the preliminary stage are creative teams of scientists and engineering and technical workers of universities, universities, institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences, state and research centers (STCs).
The practical implementation of the results of innovative activity is carried out at the market stage, which includes: introduction to the market, market expansion, product maturity and decline. At the stage of pre-series production, experimental and experimental work is carried out. Experimental work is aimed at the manufacture, repair and maintenance of special equipment necessary for scientific research and development.
The stages of industrial production include two stages: the actual production of new products and their sale to consumers. The first is the direct social production of materialized achievements of scientific and technical developments on a scale determined by the needs of consumers. The second is bringing new products to the consumer.
The production of innovations is followed by their use by the end user with the parallel provision of services, ensuring accident-free economic work, as well as the necessary elimination of the obsolete and the creation of a new production instead. Already at the initial stage of the process, the management of the enterprise takes into account the life cycle curve of the product, that is, the periods of its rise and fall due to the impact market competition. (Attachment 1.)
Unlike scientific and technical progress, the innovation process does not end with the so-called implementation, that is, the first appearance on the market of a new product, service or bringing it to design capacity. new technology. This process is not interrupted even after implementation, because as it spreads (diffusion), the innovation improves, becomes more efficient, and acquires previously unknown consumer properties. This opens up new applications and markets for it, and, consequently, new consumers.
Thus, this process is aimed at creating the required markets for products, technologies or services and is carried out in close unity with the environment: its direction, pace, goals depend on the socio-economic environment in which it functions and develops.
The essence of diffuse processes on different levels the emergence of an innovative environment is determined by the equilibrium distribution of innovations and innovations in the business cycles of scientific, technical, industrial and organizational and economic activities, including in the provision of services. Ultimately, diffuse processes make it possible for a new technological order to take a dominant position in social production. At the same time, a structural restructuring of the economy takes place. When most production and service chains are updated, business cycles move in a new direction driven by changes in the value system.