The system of social services of the Russian Federation. Institutions of the social service system for various categories of the population. The concept and principles of social service

The system of social services includes a network of specialized institutions designed to serve the relevant groups of the population.

An important place in this system is given to territorial centers social service population.

The territorial social service is a set of governing bodies and specialized institutions that provide direct social services to various groups and categories of the population on the territory of various administrative units of the Russian Federation: in regions, urban and rural areas, microdistricts, etc.

The functions of managing the issues of social services for the population in the territory under their jurisdiction are carried out by the bodies social protection population. Local authorities (as well as non-state, public, private and other organizations with a license) create specialized social service institutions, the leading place among which is given to territorial social service centers. In accordance with the approximate Regulations on the Center for Social Services (order of the Ministry of Social Protection of Russia dated July 20, 1993 No. 137). The social service center is an institution of social protection of the population, carrying out organizational and practical activities on the territory of a city or district to provide various types of social assistance to the elderly, the disabled and other groups of the population in need of social support. Such centers may have various social service units in their structure, including departments day stay for the elderly and disabled, social assistance at home, urgent social assistance services, as well as others created taking into account the need and available opportunities. Centers provide comprehensive social assistance different types: psychological, legal, rehabilitation, social - pedagogical, medical and social, preventive, etc.

The territorial service may also include functional specialized centers, institutions and social service enterprises, regardless of ownership.

Today one can observe how the network of institutions and enterprises of social services is constantly developing, new types of them are emerging, allowing them to cover an ever wider range of social problems of various strata and groups of the population. The social service system is still in the process of formation.

Financing of social service institutions is carried out, as a rule, on a budgetary basis. Thus, the financial resources of the social service are formed from:

- normative deductions from the budgets of the corresponding level in the amount of at least 2% of the expenditure side of the budget;
- proceeds from the fund social support the population by allocating part of the funds for the purpose of social support for families with children;
- funds from the federal budget for the implementation of statutory tasks;
- finance as a result of the redistribution of funds between committees and departments of services at various levels for the implementation of regional, city and district programs;
- additional funds to the regional and local budgets to provide targeted measures to adapt the income of the population to the increase in the cost of living, and more;
- income from paid services and from economic activity service institutions;
- charitable donations and contributions from enterprises, public organizations and individuals, proceeds from charitable actions.

Funds of specialized centers are formed depending on the type of activity and the type of organization of their financing: budgetary, self-supporting or mixed. When the center organizes paid services to the population and makes a profit, it is directed to the further development of the main activity of the center and is exempt from taxation in terms of funds credited to the local budget.

Sometimes local social service institutions have dual administrative subordination and several sources of funding. At the same time, practice proves the need for the formation of a subsystem of social services within individual departments, for example, social protection of the population, education, the Ministry of Internal Affairs or the employment service.

However, the development of social service institutions is constrained today by the following factors:

- weak legal base of the system of social services;
- limited financial resources at the disposal of federal and regional governments, as well as local governments;
- lack of coordination in the activities of ministries and departments in the field of social services;
- shortage of personnel with professional training in the field of social work;
- low social status and inadequate wage social workers;
- insufficient use of financial, economic and intellectual potential of non-governmental institutions.

Social service institutions for families and children

An important aspect in the regulation of social - economic processes in society is the protection and support of the institution of the family. The basic principles in the organization of social assistance in this direction by state, municipal and public organizations can be expressed as follows:

- expanding family opportunities to solve vital tasks;
- establishing a family connection with other teams, organizations and social institutions that provide resources, support opportunities;
- promotion of effective and humane development of the family as a socio-economic system;
- development of self-help to improve family social policy in the territories.

Plans for the development of social service institutions for families and children are, as a rule, linked to the tasks of implementing regional family policy programs. At present time runs development of horizontal structures of the system of social assistance to the family at all levels, taking into account the specifics of the regions. So, at the district (city) level, the organizers of social services serving families should know the needs of the population for such services. For these purposes, it is necessary to take into account the types of families, the presence of acute problems, the attitude of the population towards such a service; in cases of need to form public opinion about the creation of an appropriate service and the possibility of applying to it by any resident of the region. The practice of developing social assistance services for families in Russia shows that in the district (microdistrict) it is necessary to provide for the provision of a complex social services both children and parents.

Regional institutions are also called upon to perform scientific and methodological functions: for example, a comprehensive regional center for social assistance to families and children or a regional center for social health of the population should, based on the local situation, come up with recommendations to power structures. Such regional institutions as the "Trust" service, etc., also seem to be quite promising.

The social assistance service should be organized as an open system in accordance with the social situation of a particular territory, where individual institutions and service units act as structures of elements created as needed.

The State Family and Children Assistance Service performs the following functions:

- analytical: studies the problems and needs of families or members of the team;
- planning and organizational: plans and organizes social services in society;
- managerial: provides contact with state bodies, on which the solution of the client's problems depends, achieves a solution, evaluates the results of certain activities, etc.;
- informational: informs the population about the possibilities of the service, new government decisions on social protection of the population.

Social work in these services can be expressed in various forms of assistance to the family. So, for example, there is emergency care for acute mental conditions of a person caused by social conditions or a difficult life situation, which is aimed at removing or reducing the negative consequences of such conditions, including the possibility of suicide. This assistance can be provided by such institutions and divisions of the service as helplines, emergency psychological care centers and others.

Help can be of a long-term nature, when in difficult life situations the client receives not only primary, but also more in-depth support aimed at improving the situation, identifying internal reserves and developing a person’s faith in one’s own strength, in the ability to independently overcome life difficulties. Such assistance is provided in territorial centers for social assistance to families, social shelters for children and adolescents (mothers with children), rehabilitation centers, centers for helping children left without parental care, in psychological and pedagogical consultations, territorial teams of social workers, which include social workers specializing in different types of families, problems, etc.

The assistance provided can be direct or indirect. Direct assistance is aimed directly at protecting the rights and interests of a person, improving his living conditions, removing unwanted mental states, etc. Indirect assistance is provided through work with the client's social environment (family, members of the work team, friends, street company and others), through various government organizations and foundations.

In addition, assistance can be responsive - in response to the current situation or the client's request, as well as preventive in nature, that is, warning of a predictable unfavorable situation.

In accordance with the order of the Ministry of Social Protection of Russia dated April 14, 2013 No. 47, the Approximate Regulations on the Territorial Center for Social Assistance to Families and Children were approved, which defines it as an institution state system social protection of the population intended for comprehensive service on the territory of the city, district or microdistrict of families and children in need of social support, by providing timely and qualified social assistance of various types.

The center may have in its structure various departments of social services for families and children, including departments for primary admission, information, analysis and forecasting, socio-economic assistance, medical and social assistance, psychological and pedagogical assistance, prevention of neglect of children and adolescents, etc. d.

The purpose of the Center is to promote the realization of the right of families and children to protection and assistance from the state, the development and strengthening of the family as a social institution, the improvement of socio-economic living conditions, indicators of social health and well-being of the family and children, the humanization of family ties with society and the state, establishing harmonious family relationships.

The main tasks of the Center are:

- identifying the causes and factors of social ill-being of specific families and children, their need for social assistance;
- determination and provision of specific types and forms of socio-economic, medical-social, psychological-social, socio-pedagogical, legal and other social services to families and children in need of social assistance;
- support for families and individuals in solving the problems of their self-sufficiency, realizing their own capabilities to overcome difficult life situations;
- social patronage of families and individual citizens in need of social assistance, rehabilitation and support;
- participation in the work on the prevention of neglect of minors, the protection of their rights;
- analysis of the level of social services for families with children in the city, district, microdistrict, forecasting their need for social assistance and preparing proposals for the development of social services;
- involvement of various state and non-governmental organizations in solving issues of social services for families and children.

The categories and groups of the population to which the Center provides social services include: - families: single-parent, large families, low-income, etc.; - children and adolescents who find themselves in unfavorable family conditions that threaten their health and development; orphaned or left without parental care; those with deviations in physical and mental development, including the disabled, etc.; - adult citizens (pregnant women and nursing mothers; those with dependent minor children, etc.); - former pupils of orphanages and boarding schools .

In the Russian Federation, as well as throughout the world, there is a trend of population aging. According to the UN Population Division, in developed countries the proportion of older people will increase from 21 to 28% by 2050. In Russia, by 2010, the proportion of people of retirement age already exceeds one third.

In this regard, in modern conditions the institutions of social service for the elderly, interdepartmental work to organize social support for this group of the population are becoming important. This is due not only to an increase in the proportion of older people in the population, but also to the solution of the problems arising from this phenomenon: a change in the social status of a person in old age, the termination or restriction labor activity, the transformation of value orientations, the very way of life and communication, as well as the emergence of various difficulties in both social and psychological adaptation to new conditions, which dictates the need to develop and implement specific approaches, forms and methods of social work with pensioners and the elderly .

Social services for the elderly are carried out in accordance with ethical principles International Labor Organization.

Personal dignity - the right to decent treatment, treatment, social assistance and support.

Freedom of choice - every elderly person has the right to choose between home care and shelter, temporary or permanent.

Aid coordination - assistance provided by various social bodies should be active, coordinated and consistent.

Individualization of assistance - assistance is provided, first of all, to the elderly citizen himself, taking into account his environment.

Elimination of the gap between sanitary and social care - given the priority nature of the criterion of health status, the level of financial assistance cannot depend on the standard of living and place of residence.

The regulatory framework for social work with the elderly in the Russian Federation is The federal law“On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation” (dated December 10, 1995), according to which the scope of social services provided to older people includes: social, social, medical, psychological, pedagogical, social and legal services; financial assistance and social adaptation and rehabilitation of the elderly.

On the early stages development of the system of social assistance to the elderly in the field of view of social workers was the solution of such urgent problems as catering, medical services, housing, material support in order to create normal living conditions for them.

At the present stage, the organization of assistance to the elderly, along with the solution of these traditional social problems, involves the development of social technologies, the introduction of which will help resolve issues related to psychological difficulties that arise in the elderly in the process of communication or due to loneliness, as well as socio-psychological problems - how older people perceive other age groups, what are their social problems, their relationships with other people, the role and status of older people in the family and society, etc. It should be noted that there are different categories of older people. Among them are people:

- not in need of help;
- partially disabled;
- in need of service;
- requiring constant care, etc.

As a rule, programs of social assistance, rehabilitation, correction are developed depending on belonging to one or another category of older people. The use of various principles, methods, and techniques of working with a client is also connected with this.

The main principles of working with the elderly are respect and interest in the personality of the client, emphasis on the relevance and usefulness of his experience and knowledge to people around him. It is important to perceive an elderly person not only as an object, but also as a subject of social work. This should help to find and develop their internal reserves that contribute to self-realization, self-support and self-defense. An important role is played by the professional competence of a social worker, which includes knowledge of the gerontological and psychological characteristics of age, taking into account the client's belonging to a particular social group.

Assistance to the elderly is carried out by the bodies of social protection of the population through their departments, which identify and control, exercise different kinds social support, offer and provide paid services. Social services are carried out by decision of the social protection authorities in institutions subordinate to them or under agreements concluded by social protection authorities with a social service institution of other forms of ownership.

The following institutions perform the function of social protection and assistance: - boarding houses; - departments for day and night stay; - special homes for single elderly; - hospitals and departments for chronic patients; - various types of hospitals; - territorial centers of social services; home care; - geriatric centers, etc.

Figure 1. The main scheme of the functioning of social services for the elderly

In the system of stationary institutions of the Russian Federation, a relatively new element is special houses for permanent residence of single elderly people and married couples who have retained full or partial ability to self-service in everyday life and need appropriate conditions for self-realization of basic life needs.

The approximate Regulations on a special house for such pensioners (approved by order of the Ministry of Social Protection of Russia dated April 14, 1994 No. 47) lists its functions: - providing favorable conditions for living and self-service; - provision of permanent social and medical assistance to elderly citizens; - creation of conditions for maintaining an active lifestyle, including feasible labor activity.

From the point of view of architecture and planning, special houses should correspond to the age characteristics of the living contingent of citizens. Such a house consists of one - two-room apartments, includes a complex of social services: a medical office, a library and a room for club work, a dining room (buffet), order points for foodstuffs, delivery of things to the laundry and dry cleaning, as well as premises for work, etc.

The special house is equipped with small-scale mechanization facilities that facilitate the self-service of the elderly living in it, and it also organizes a round-the-clock dispatch center, provided with internal communication with all residential premises and external telephone communication.

Medical service citizens living in a special house is carried out by the relevant specialists of the territorial medical and preventive institutions.

Based on the current legislation, citizens living in such houses are paid a full pension. They have the right to priority referral to stationary institutions of the social protection authorities.

The organization of special homes for single elderly and elderly couples is one of the promising ways to solve a whole range of social problems of pensioners and elderly citizens.

Elderly people and disabled people in the Russian Federation have the full range of socio-economic and personal rights and freedoms enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the constitutions of the constituent republics, and other legislative acts. However, a change in the social status of a person in old age and a disabled person, associated with the termination or restriction of labor and social activities; transformation of value orientations, lifestyle and communication; experiencing difficulties in social and psychological adaptation to new conditions, gives rise to serious social problems.

The most acute problem is the restriction of the life of the elderly and the disabled. Life restriction is understood as a complete or partial lack of a person’s ability or ability to carry out self-service, movement, orientation, communication, control over their behavior, and also engage in labor activity. In solving this problem, the improvement of the system of social rehabilitation and social assistance to the elderly and disabled is of paramount importance.

Social rehabilitation is a set of socio-economic, medical, legal, professional and other measures aimed at ensuring necessary conditions and the return of these populations to full-blooded life in society. An integral element of the social protection of the elderly and disabled at the present stage is provision of social assistance i.e. provision in cash and in kind, in the form of services or benefits, provided taking into account social guarantees for social security established by the state. It is, as a rule, in the nature of periodic and one-time additional payments to pensions and benefits, payments in kind and services in order to provide targeted, differentiated social support to these categories, to eliminate or neutralize critical life situations caused by adverse socio-economic
conditions.

Thus, along with providing traditional forms social security: cash payments (pensions, benefits); natural security; services and benefits; stationary and non-stationary types of services, - great importance is attached to new forms of emergency social assistance to disabled, urgently needy citizens of the Russian Federation.

Social services and provision for the elderly include pensions and various benefits; the maintenance and service of the elderly and the disabled in special institutions of the bodies of social protection of the population; prosthetics; benefits for the disabled; helping the homeless. Social security is carried out by state bodies, enterprises, individuals, at the expense of contributions (deductions from wages) of workers. In the latter case, the payment from the funds is determined not
labor contribution and seniority, but the size of contributions. This practice is very common in Western countries. In 1995, in the system of social protection of our country, there were 959 stationary institutions for the elderly and disabled, more than 700 social service centers, 900 departments of social assistance at home, as well as a number of other institutions of social assistance (psychological and pedagogical, emergency psychological assistance and etc.).

One of the primary tasks of the activities of social assistance departments at home is the active identification of disabled citizens in need of home care. The Emergency Social Assistance Service of the Center for Social Services provides a wide range of services: one-time provision of those in dire need of free hot meals or food packages; provision of clothing, footwear and essentials; one-time provision of financial assistance; assistance in obtaining temporary housing; provision of emergency psychological assistance, including through the “helpline”: legal assistance within its competence;
provision of other types and forms of assistance due to regional and other specifics.

In a crisis situation in Russia, targeted social protection of the elderly is essential. First of all, it turns out to be the most needy: lonely pensioners, the disabled, the elderly over 80 years old. sociological research in our country showed that the main areas for ensuring the well-being of the elderly (in their opinion) are: increasing pensions, improving pension provision, developing home care services for them, increasing the number of nursing homes and improving living conditions in them.

Improving pension provision is one of the most important areas of social security in modern states. It is necessary to pay attention to social services elderly. Here it is important to provide, taking into account the loss of the ability to self-service, the provision of special comfortable shoes, clothes, various kinds of devices and devices that would make it easier for old people to move along the street, do housework, and perform certain hygiene procedures. To solve these problems, architects, designers, and gerontologists have long identified promising areas for the development and production of appropriate household appliances.

These proposals boil down to the creation of: - automated kitchen complexes that allow programming cooking operations; - systems of lifts for the care of bedridden patients and the provision of sanitary and hygienic care to them; - special furniture and mechanisms for cleaning premises, taking into account the age specifics of the elderly, etc., as well as a number of simple but very necessary devices and devices that create convenience for the elderly and increase the safety of household operations; - systems of handrails and support brackets for taking a bath by an old person; - special supports that make it easier to put on shoes; - gentle ramps instead of thresholds, etc. The proposals are good, but, unfortunately, in our country they are implemented extremely unsatisfactorily.

Since 1986, the so-called Social Service Centers for Pensioners began to be created in our country, which, in addition to departments of social assistance at home, included completely new structural units- day care units. The purpose of organizing such departments was to create a kind of leisure centers for the elderly, regardless of whether they live in families or alone. It was envisaged that people would come to such departments in the morning and return home in the evening; during the day they will have the opportunity to be in a comfortable environment, communicate, spend meaningful time, participate in various cultural events, receive one-time hot meals and, if necessary, first-aid medical care.

The main task of such departments is to help older people overcome loneliness, a secluded lifestyle, fill their existence with new meaning, form an active lifestyle, partially lost due to retirement. Initially, such Centers were created at nursing homes, since these institutions have such a material and technical base that could provide the department with the appropriate area, its equipment, and provide visitors with hot meals. Branches were designed for 25-50 visitors per day. The period of visits at the first time of the functioning of the departments was not limited. Payment for meals was charged from visitors to the department, differentiated, depending on the amount of the pension received. When the first centers were created, the rotation of visitors to day care departments after a certain time was not yet provided.

However, the positive experience of these institutions has made them popular among the population of retirement age, found a large number of people willing to use the services of the day care department. In this regard, taking into account the number of pensioners living in the service area of the Center and the number of those who applied to visit the department, in many territories the terms for which one group should be recruited were calculated so that during the year everyone could visit the center two and more times. The department enrolls pensioners and disabled people, regardless of their marital status, who have retained the ability to self-service and active movement, on the basis of a personal application and a certificate from medical institution about the absence of contraindications for admission to the department. The department provides premises for an office of first aid, club work, a library, workshops, etc.

Thus, the considered issues of the creation and development in Russia of a social assistance service for disabled citizens give reason to predict their further improvement, in which effective
the new cadre of social work specialists, whose training is currently given the most serious attention, will take part.

FEDERAL AGENCY
ON TECHNICAL REGULATION AND METROLOGY ForewordThe goals and principles of standardization in the Russian Federation are established by the Federal Law of December 27, 2002 No. 184-FZ "On Technical Regulation", and the rules for the application of national standards of the Russian Federation - GOST R 1.0-2004 "Standardization in the Russian Federation. Basic Provisions".

About the standard

1 DEVELOPED by the Federal State unitary enterprise"All-Russian Research Institute for the Standardization of Defense Products and Technologies" (FSUE "Rosoboronstandart", until July 8, 2005 - FSUE "VNIIstandart")2 INTRODUCED by the Technical Committee for Standardization TK 406 "Social Services for the Population"3 APPROVED AND INTRODUCED BY Order Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated December 30, 2005 No. 535-st4 November 1995 No. 181-FZ "On the social protection of persons with disabilities in the Russian Federation"; dated December 10, 1995, No. 195-FZ "On the basics of social services for the population in the Russian Federation"; dated June 24, 1999 No. 120-FZ " On the basics of the system for the prevention of neglect and juvenile delinquency "; dated December 27, 2002 No. 184-FZ "On technical regulation". In addition, the materials set forth in paragraph letter of the Ministry of Labor of Russia of January 5, 2003 "On the nomenclature of institutions (departments) of social services for the elderly and disabled", sent to the social protection authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation5 INTRODUCED FOR THE FIRST TIME Information about changes to this standard is published in the annually published information index "National Standards", and the text of changes and amendments - in the monthly published information indexes "National Standards". In case of revision (replacement) or cancellation of this standard, a corresponding notice will be published in the monthly published information index "National Standards". Relevant information, notification and texts are also placed in information system common use- on the official website of the national body of the Russian Federation for standardization on the Internet Content

GOST R 52498-2005

NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Social services for the population

Classification of social service institutions

Social service of the population. Classification of the organisms for the social service

Social services are provided through the system of social services.

The concept of "social service" refers to the basic concepts in social services for the population and is defined as a system of state and non-state structures that carry out social work and include special institutions for the provision of social services and their management bodies.

Social service as a tool of social work organizes its activities in two directions: social protection and social assistance. The implementation of activities is based on the following approaches:

assistance should be of a reintegrating nature;

when providing assistance, they carry out an individual approach to the client's request;

social assistance is provided on the basis of the principle of subsidiarity;

The beneficiary must be active;

· mechanisms of social assistance are “turned on” when other methods of support (psychological, moral, contractual, legislative) have been exhausted.

The system of social services includes state, municipal and non-state services.

The state social service includes institutions and social service enterprises, executive authorities of the Russian Federation and constituent entities of the Russian Federation, whose competence includes the organization and implementation of social services.

The municipal social service includes institutions and social service enterprises, local self-service bodies, whose competence includes the organization and implementation of social services.

Non-state social service includes institutions and social service enterprises created by charitable, public, religious and other non-governmental organizations and individuals.

In the context of these approaches, a client who finds himself in a difficult life situation can receive the following support based on his requests (see table).

Client assistance system in the social service system

State social services are focused mainly on providing people in need with various kinds of services. This determines the totality and content of its functions, among which, according to the Concept for the Development of Social Services for the Population of the Russian Federation (1993), the following stand out:

a) social assistance function, which includes:

identification, registration of families and individuals who are most in need of social support (low-income citizens, families with minor children and other disabled members), the provision of material (financial, in-kind) assistance and the provision of temporary housing to those in need, etc.;

poverty prevention: creation of conditions for families to independently ensure their well-being, family entrepreneurship;

home services for those in need of outside care (delivery of food, medicines, transportation for treatment, home health monitoring, etc.);

promotion of development non-traditional forms preschool, school and out-of-school education;

organization of a temporary forced stay of a child outside the parental family, his further placement in a children's institution, under guardianship (guardianship), adoption;

b) a consulting function, which includes:

consultation of specialists (lawyers, sociologists, teachers, doctors, psychologists, etc.);

participation in the preparation of young people for the choice of a profession;

preparation of boys and girls for marriage and conscious parenthood;

parental medical and psychological general education;

c) the function of social adjustment and rehabilitation, which includes:

social medical and psychological rehabilitation of minors with deviant behavior, neglected children and adolescents, children left without parental care;

medical and social rehabilitation and rehabilitation of children and adolescents with disabilities and families raising them;

d) the function of informing the population, studying and forecasting social needs, within which three areas are distinguished:

providing the client with the information necessary to resolve a difficult life situation;

dissemination of medical, psychological, pedagogical and other knowledge among the population;

study by social work specialists, specially created institutions, as well as with the help of scientific organizations, the needs of their clients and social problems that give rise to crisis situations in the region, the development and implementation of specific measures aimed at their elimination;

e) the function of participation in the implementation of emergency measures to overcome the consequences of natural disasters and social conflicts. In this regard, it is envisaged:

participation of social service specialists in the development of emergency programs;

formation within the framework of rescue services organized at the central and other levels, teams of social workers, etc.

The main areas of social services for the population are defined by the Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation" (1995):

providing material assistance to citizens in difficult life situations, in the form of Money, food products, as well as special vehicles, technical means rehabilitation of the disabled and persons in need of outside care, etc.;

social services at home, which is carried out by providing social services to citizens in need of permanent or temporary non-stationary social services;

social services in stationary institutions, carried out by providing social services to citizens who have partially or completely lost the ability to self-service and in need of constant outside care, and ensuring the creation of living conditions appropriate to their age and state of health, medical, psychological, social measures, nutrition care, as well as the organization of feasible work, recreation and leisure;

Provision of temporary shelter in specialized institutions of social services to orphans, neglected minors, citizens who find themselves in a difficult life situation, citizens without a fixed place of residence, victims of mental or physical violence and other clients of the social service who need temporary shelter;

Organization of a day stay in social service institutions with the provision of social, social, medical and other services to those who have retained the ability to self-service and active movement to elderly citizens and the disabled, as well as to other persons, including minors, who are in a difficult life situation;

· advisory assistance on issues of social and social and medical life support, psychological and pedagogical assistance, social and legal protection;

· rehabilitation services for persons with disabilities, juvenile delinquents, other citizens who find themselves in a difficult life situation and need professional, psychological, social rehabilitation.

Social services are based on the principles: equal opportunities for citizens regardless of nationality, gender and age; availability; voluntariness; promotion of self-reliant social adaptation; targeting; priority of assistance to citizens who are in a dangerous or helpless state; humanity, benevolence, respect for confidentiality; preventive orientation; legitimacy and respect for international standards.

Social service is formed on the basis of legality, humanism, justice and democracy. At the same time, common principles for the entire system of social service are common, the universal adherence to which makes this system coherent and consistent:

The principle of the priority of state principles in organizing social services and guaranteeing the rights of citizens to receive social services and assistance in difficult life situations means that the state ensures the rights of the individual, sovereignty, honor and freedom, protects it from all sorts of encroachments. It provides the social service system with the necessary materials, finances, personnel, determines the responsibilities of institutions, governments and social service workers.

The principle of relying on public participation means that the public component is a necessary link in the work of social services and their management. At the same time, in cases where the activities of social services require social professional training, public participation is possible only as an assistance to the main subjects of this activity.

The principle of territoriality means that the social service is as close as possible to the population and, therefore, as accessible as possible for direct use. This principle makes it possible to solve the problems of integrating departmental interests and opportunities for a comprehensive solution of the problems of social services, to maintain a variety of activities with common goals.

The principle of awareness means that institutions and management bodies of the social service have the right to collect information, receive, upon a reasoned request from state and public bodies, information that is necessary for their functions and assistance to clients.

The functions of managing the issues of social services for the population in the territory under their jurisdiction are carried out by the bodies of social protection of the population. They build their activities in cooperation with health authorities, public education, culture, physical culture and sports, law enforcement agencies, state services for youth and employment and other government bodies, as well as with public, religious, charitable organizations and funds.

3. Institutions of social services for the population: their types and specifics of activities

The system of social services includes a network of specialized institutions designed to serve the relevant groups of the population.

An important place in this system belongs to the territorial centers of social services for the population. Territorial social service is a set of governing bodies and specialized institutions that provide direct social services to various groups and categories of the population on the territory of various administrative units of the Russian Federation: in regions, urban and rural areas, microdistricts, etc.

The functions of managing social services for the population in the jurisdictional territory are carried out by the bodies of social protection of the population. Local authorities (as well as non-state, public, private and other organizations with a license) create specialized social service institutions, the leading place among which is given to territorial social service centers. In accordance with the approximate Regulations on the Center for Social Services (order of the Ministry of Social Protection of Russia No. 137 of 07/20/1993). Social Service Center is an institution of social protection of the population, carrying out organizational and practical activities on the territory of a city or district to provide various types of social assistance to the elderly, the disabled and other groups of the population in need of social support. Social service centers may have various social service units in their structure, including day care units for the elderly and disabled, social assistance at home, emergency social assistance services, as well as others created taking into account the need and available opportunities. Such centers provide comprehensive social assistance of various types: psychological, legal, rehabilitation, socio-pedagogical, medical and social, preventive, etc.

The territorial service may also include functional specialized centers, institutions and social service enterprises, regardless of ownership. Services can be state, municipal, non-state.

State social service (federal authorities and institutions, social service enterprises; subdivisions of social service of subjects of the Russian Federation).

Municipal social service(local authorities
departments responsible for social services; institutions and social service enterprises of municipal subordination).

Non-state social service ( institutions and social service enterprises of public, charitable, religious and other non-governmental organizations).

Today, one can observe how the network of institutions and enterprises of social services is constantly developing, new types of them are emerging, which makes it possible to cover an ever wider range of social problems of various strata and groups of the population. The social service system is still in the process of formation. Financing of social service institutions is carried out, as a rule, on a budgetary basis. Thus, the financial resources of the social service are formed from:

Ø normative deductions from the budgets of the respective
level in the amount of at least 2% of the expenditure side of the budget;

Ø proceeds from the social support fund for the population by allocating part of the funds for the purpose of social support for families with children;

Ø funds from the federal budget for the implementation of statutory tasks;

Ø finance as a result of the redistribution of funds between committees and departments of services at various levels for the implementation of regional, city and district programs;

Ø additional funds from the regional and local budgets to provide targeted measures to adapt the population's income to the rising cost of living, etc.;

Ø income from paid services and from the economic activities of institutions and enterprises of the service;

Ø charitable donations and contributions from enterprises, public organizations and individuals, proceeds from charitable actions.

The main principle of the organization of social services in the Russian Federation is the territorial principle. At the same time, the social services of various ministries and departments are considered as integral components (or sectors) of territorial social services. Sometimes local social service institutions have dual administrative subordination and several sources of funding. At the same time, practice proves the need for the formation of a subsystem of social services within individual departments, for example, social protection of the population, education, the Ministry of Internal Affairs or the employment service, youth.

However, the development of a network of social service institutions is constrained today by the following factors:

ü weak legal base of the system of social services;

ü limited financial resources at the disposal of federal and regional governments, as well as local governments;

ü lack of coordination in the activities of ministries and departments in the field of social services;

ü shortage of personnel with professional training in the field of social work;

ü low social status and inadequate wages of social workers;

ü insufficient use of financial, economic and intellectual potential of non-governmental institutions.

Social service institutions for families and children

An important aspect in the regulation of socio-economic processes in society is the protection and support of the institution of the family. The basic principles in the organization of social assistance to the family by state, municipal and public organizations can be expressed as follows:

Empowerment of the family to solve vital tasks;

Establishing a family connection with other teams, organizations and social institutions that provide resources, support opportunities;

Promoting the effective and humane action of the family as a socio-economic system;

Development of self-help to improve family social policy in the territories.

The general functional scheme can be represented as a system of interaction between the family and state, public, confessional and private structures.

Plans for the development of social service institutions for families and children are, as a rule, linked to the tasks of implementing regional family policy programs. Currently, horizontal structures of the system of social assistance to the family are being created at all levels, taking into account the specifics of the regions. So, at the district (city) level, the organizers of social services serving families should know the needs of the population for such services. For these purposes, it is necessary to take into account the types of families, the presence of acute problems, the attitude of the population towards such a service; in cases of need to form public opinion about the creation of an appropriate service and the possibility of applying to it by any resident of the region. The practice of developing family social assistance services in Russia shows that in a district (neighborhood) it is necessary to provide for the provision of a range of social services to both children and parents.

The State Family and Children Assistance Service performs the following functions:

analytical: studies the problems and needs of his contingent of families or members of the team;

planning and organizational: plans and organizes social services in society;

managerial: provides contact with state bodies on which the solution of client problems depends, achieves a solution, evaluates the result of a particular event, etc .;

informational: informs the population about the possibilities of service, new state decisions on social protection of the population.

Social work in these services can be expressed in various ways. family assistance. So, for example, emergency care for acute mental states of a person caused by social conditions or a difficult life situation is aimed at removing or reducing the negative, including even the possibility of suicide, the consequences of such a state. This assistance can be provided by such institutions and divisions of the service as helplines, emergency psychological care centers, etc.

Assistance can be of a long-term nature, when, in difficult life situations, the client is provided not only with primary, but also with in-depth long-term support aimed at improving the attitude towards the situation, identifying the client’s internal reserves and increasing his confidence in himself and the ability to overcome the circumstances. Such assistance is provided in territorial centers for social assistance to families, social shelters for children and adolescents (mothers with children), rehabilitation centers, centers for helping children left without parents, in psychological and pedagogical consultations, territorial teams of social workers, which include social workers, specializing in different types of family problems, which makes it possible to jointly search for solutions in the most difficult situations.

Help can be direct or indirect. Direct assistance is aimed directly at protecting the rights and interests of the client, improving his living conditions, removing unwanted mental states, etc. Indirect assistance is provided through work with the client's social environment (family, members of the work team, friends, street company, etc.), through various government organizations and foundations.

In addition, assistance can be direct in another sense of the word, namely, in response to the current situation or the client's request, as well as preventive in nature, i.e., preventing a predictable unfavorable situation.

In accordance with the order of the Ministry of Social Protection of Russia No. 47 dated April 14, 1994, the Approximate Regulations on the Territorial Center for Social Assistance to Families and Children were approved, which defines it as an institution of the state system of social protection of the population, intended for comprehensive services in the territory of a city, district or microdistrict of families and children in need of social support, by providing timely and qualified social assistance of various types.

The purpose of the Center is to promote the realization of the right of families and children to protection and assistance from the state, to promote the development and strengthening of the family as a social institution, to improve socio-economic living conditions, indicators of social health and well-being of the family and children, to humanize family ties with society and the state and the establishment of harmonious intra-family relations.

The main tasks of the Center are:

ü identification of the causes of social disadvantage of specific families and children, their need for social assistance;

ü determination and provision of specific types and forms of socio-economic, medical-social, psychological-social, socio-pedagogical, legal and other social services to families and children in need of social assistance;

ü support for families and individuals in solving the problems of their self-sufficiency, realizing their own capabilities to overcome difficult life situations;

ü social patronage of families and individuals in need of social assistance, rehabilitation and support;

ü participation in the work on the prevention of neglect of minors, the protection of their rights;

ü analysis of the level of social services for families with children in the city, district, microdistrict, forecasting their need for social assistance and preparing proposals for the development of social services;

ü involvement of various state and non-governmental organizations in solving issues of social services for families and children.

Families: incomplete, large families, low-income families, etc.;

Children and adolescents in unfavorable family conditions that threaten their health and development; orphaned or left without parental care; having deviations in physical and mental development, incl. disabled people, etc.;

Adult citizens (pregnant women and nursing mothers; having dependent minor children, etc.);

Former pupils of orphanages and boarding schools.

Today, about 1,500 institutions for families and children operate in the system of social protection bodies, of which about 200 are centers for social assistance to families and children.

Social service institutions for pensioners

In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, citizens of Russia have the right to social security, including pensions, in old age.

A pension is a cash benefit received by citizens from public consumption funds in old age, in case of disability, for length of service, in case of loss of a breadwinner, which is the basis for calculating a pension. Payments are made monthly in connection with the achievement of retirement age.

In accordance with the legislation, pensions are divided into state and non-state. The law establishes labor and social pensions. In connection with labor and other socially useful activities, pensions are assigned: for old age (by age), for disability, for the loss of a breadwinner, for long service. Citizens who for some reason do not have the right to a pension in connection with labor and other socially useful activities are provided with a social pension.

The pension is assigned for life. Pension provision in accordance with the current legislation is carried out by state social security bodies.

Men are entitled to an old-age pension upon reaching the age of 60 with at least 25 years of work experience, women - upon reaching 55 years of age with at least 20 years of work experience. Pensions are granted to certain categories of citizens on preferential terms (that is, at a lower age and length of service).

Pension legislation ensures the right of citizens to choose one of the types of state pension. An exception is established only for persons who became disabled due to a military injury, who can receive two types of state pension at the same time: for old age (or for length of service) and a disability pension.

In modern conditions, the institutions of social service for pensioners, interdepartmental work on organizing social support for the elderly are acquiring great importance. This is due to an increase in the proportion of older people in the population, a change in the social status of a person in old age, the termination or restriction of labor activity, the transformation of value orientations, the very way of life and communication, as well as the emergence of various difficulties, both in social and domestic psychological adaptation to new conditions. All this dictates the need to develop and implement specific approaches, forms and methods of social work with pensioners and the elderly. Social services for the elderly are carried out in accordance with ethical principles of the International Labor Organization:

personal dignity− the right to decent treatment, treatment, social assistance and support;

freedom of choice- every elderly person has the right to choose between home care and shelter, temporary or permanent;

aid coordination− assistance provided by various social bodies should be active, coordinated and consistent;

care personalization- assistance is provided, first of all, to the elderly citizen himself, taking into account his environment;

bridging the gap between health and social care− given the priority nature of the health condition criterion, the level of financial assistance cannot depend on the standard of living and place of residence.

The regulatory framework for social work with the elderly in the Russian Federation is the Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation" (dated 10.12.1995). In accordance with this law, the scope of social services provided to the elderly includes: social, social, medical, psychological, pedagogical, social and legal services; financial assistance and social adaptation and rehabilitation of the elderly.

At the initial stages of the development of the social assistance system for the elderly, such urgent problems as catering, medical services, housing, and material support were solved in order to create normal living conditions for them.

At the present stage, the organization of assistance to the elderly, along with the solution of these traditional social problems, involves the development of social technologies, the introduction of which will help resolve issues related to psychological difficulties that arise in the elderly in the process of communication or from loneliness. It is also necessary to take into account how older people will perceive other age groups, what are the social problems of those who live to old age, their relationships with other people, the role and status of older people in the family and society, etc. It should be noted that there are different categories of older people. Among them are people:

Not in need of help;

Partially disabled;

in need of service;

Requiring constant care, etc.

Assistance to the elderly is provided by the social protection authorities through their departments, which identify and keep records, provide various types of social support, offer and provide paid services. Social services are carried out by decision of the bodies of social protection of the population in institutions subordinate to them or under agreements concluded by the bodies of social protection with a social service institution of other forms of ownership.

The following institutions also perform the function of social protection and assistance:

ü boarding houses;

ü departments of day and night stay;

ü special homes for single elderly;

ü hospitals and departments for chronic patients;

ü hospitals of various types;

ü territorial centers of social services;

ü departments of social assistance at home;

ü gerontological centers, etc.

Model Regulations on a special home for such pensioners (dated April 7, 1994) lists its functions:

Ø Providing favorable conditions for living and
self-service;

Ø providing residents of the elderly
permanent social and medical assistance;

Ø creation of conditions for maintaining an active lifestyle, including feasible labor activity.

Architectural and planning decisions of a special house must correspond to the age characteristics of the living contingent of citizens. Such a house consists of one-two-room apartments, includes a complex of social services: a medical office, a library and a room for club work, a dining room (buffet), points for ordering food products, putting things in laundry and dry cleaning, as well as premises for work, etc.

The special home is equipped with small-scale mechanization facilities that facilitate the self-service of the elderly citizens living in it. It should operate around the clock control room, provided with internal communication with all residential premises and external telephone communication.

Medical care for citizens is carried out by medical personnel of territorial medical and preventive institutions.

Based on the current legislation, citizens living in such houses are paid a full pension. They have the right to priority referral to stationary institutions of the social protection authorities.

The organization of special homes for single elderly and elderly couples is one of the promising ways to solve a whole range of social problems of pensioners and elderly citizens.

Fundamentals of the social service system various categories population in our country are laid down in a number of laws, federal and regional programs. First of all, in the law “On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population of the Russian Federation” (1995) and the law “On Social Services for Elderly Citizens and the Disabled” (1995), in the federal programs “Children of Russia”, “Children with Disabilities”, “Development of Social services for families and children” and others.

Now it can already be stated that new professions have also established themselves in our country - social work and social pedagogy, and new system social service institutions. The main place among social service institutions is occupied by institutions of the system of the Ministry of Health and social development RF:

Family social service institutions;

Institutions of social service for the elderly and disabled;

Departments of social assistance at home;

Services of urgent social assistance;

Territorial social centers.

Among the listed institutions, in terms of their significance (not in terms of quantity), territorial social centers come first as comprehensive institutions for providing assistance to those in need (primarily pensioners, the disabled, and low-income families). Moreover, there is a trend that is expressed in the desire of each primary territorial-administrative unit (district, small town) to have its own center of social services.

The real number of such centers depends, first of all, on the material and financial capabilities of local authorities. A feature of the territorial centers of social services is that, by the nature of their activities, they are institutions of a complex type, they can organize various kinds of services and departments that perform specific functions. So, according to the Model Regulations on the center of social services, approved by the Ministry of Social Protection of Russia (1993), the following departments and services can be opened in the center of social services:

Day care department (created to serve at least 30 people);

Department of social assistance at home (created to serve at least 60 pensioners and disabled people living in countryside, and at least 120 pensioners and disabled people - in urban areas);

Emergency social assistance service (designed to provide emergency care one-time nature).

In the day care department, the following positions are provided: head of the department, nurse, cultural organizer (with the duties of a librarian), instructor in occupational therapy(in the presence of workshops or ancillary farms), sister-hostess, barmaid and others.

In the department of social assistance at home - the head of the department, a social worker (specialist in social work) - 1.0 rate for 8 people served in urban areas and 1.0 for 4 people. - in rural areas, the driver of the car (if there is a vehicle).

In the emergency social assistance service - the head of the service, a psychologist, a lawyer, a social work specialist (2 units), a social worker (1 unit), a car driver (if there is a vehicle).

Of course, specialized departments or services can also be created, in addition to social service centers, directly by social protection authorities. Many of these services or departments were opened even before the territorial centers of social services began to function in a particular locality.

Along with social service institutions of the system of the Ministry of Health and Social Development, there are institutions of other departments (branch, trade union, youth, etc.). For example, in every region of Russia there are social youth services.

Various kinds of specialized (non-commercial) social service centers are organized on the territory of local authorities. These may also be centers for the provision of social and legal services for employment (founders: a municipal (territorial) body and several commercial organizations), and rehabilitation centers for the disabled and orphans (founders: a territorial body, a committee for family and youth affairs, public and commercial organizations), etc.

It should be emphasized that the permission to conduct social protection activities on their territory by various departments and commercial structures are provided by the relevant bodies of social protection and local self-government. At the same time, the municipality entity, which gives permission for social protection activities on its territory, can act in several persons: both as one of the co-founders of a social institution organized at the initiative of various departments and public associations, and as the initiator and coordinator of most socio-cultural actions in the territory under its jurisdiction.