Commodity groups of food products. Supplier requirements. Concepts of the assortment of goods and its classification

Perhaps you are planning to open your own grocery store, which should become popular and bring stable income? AT this case care must be taken to ensure that the entrepreneurial idea is implemented in the right way. So, what should you pay more attention to?

Determining the Factors of a Successful Grocery Store

You must take care to make a profit of the desired size. Profitability of any entrepreneurial activity allows you to determine the level of success. Remember that profit is a momentary concept. For example, you worked for a month, were able to reduce the debit to the loan and get income, but what will happen in the future?

Currently, various grocery stores are successfully operating. Try to decide which format of the institution is the closest, acceptable to you.

Format grocery store "at home".

In this situation, the main core of buyers is the basis of your business, without which success cannot be achieved. Try to think about what the assortment of a grocery store should be, realizing that people are often ready to make even small purchases. AT without fail offer only high-quality and fresh products, not allowing them to expire.

Store employees must be friendly and polite, successfully serve visitors. The quality of service delivery is one of the most important aspects.

The format of a small self-service store in a block or outlet located at the traffic intersection.

Currently, this format of the institution is in a vulnerable position. The fact is that many people who are interested in small purchases prefer stores related to the “neighborhood” format described above. If the outlet is located within a block or at a traffic intersection, it becomes necessary to be a direct competitor to large supermarkets, which significantly complicates the search and attraction of buyers.

At the same time, small stores cannot be real competitors to large chains. This impossibility can be traced in several directions at once.

Cost of goods. Large supermarkets that buy in bulk receive a significant discount. For this reason, smaller shops cannot be more attractive in this regard.
Products. The assortment of grocery store products that are small in size will be limited. A large network has huge areas and significant finances, the possibility of deferred payments, so it can sell a variety of products.
Quality of service. According to this factor, a small store and a large chain can be on an equal footing if the self-service function is implemented and there is a complex, thoughtful hierarchical structure. Large supermarkets in most cases are ready to successfully serve their customers, but there may be exceptions.

Considering all the above aspects, one might think that competition is impossible and this species business has no prospects. In reality, the situation is different.

In many situations, it is necessary to analyze all the existing nuances, turn on the brains, and try to show a creative approach. As a result, the grocery store promises to be successful. Remember that the assortment of products for the grocery store will allow you to stand out from the competition and even find regular customers. The main feature is the assortment, so it must be thought out. Having a huge selection of one product offered by various manufacturers is not necessary. Without a doubt small shop it is difficult to offer the products of twenty dairies and there is no sense in these actions. Such an assortment can be found in a neighboring supermarket, which is a competitor. When compiling the assortment of a small grocery store, you need to take a different approach and not analyze the products of the supermarket, trying to take them as a basis. You must decide on an important factor and create a product range.

How to organize a grocery store assortment

The assortment of the grocery store must be properly composed in order to be able to achieve the desired success. Try to offer your target audience healthy and environmentally friendly products.

You can become the owner of a health food store. Product suppliers can be small farms and manufacturers, because many of them offer fresh meat and semi-finished products, cutlets, dumplings made from it. Based on these products, it is possible to form a diverse and full-fledged, interesting assortment.

You will not be able to completely refuse cooperation with large manufacturers. For example, you will need to buy tea and coffee. At the same time, cooperation with wholesale warehouses will allow us to develop a unique assortment of teas and coffees, trying to distinguish ourselves from our neighbors.

Unique products should be placed on the center sections and racks. Regardless of the size and format of the grocery store, you should divide the goods into groups, as this approach allows customers to quickly navigate. Attractive products should always be displayed at the level of human eyes, as in this case they will attract increased attention to themselves.

When choosing an assortment, you should remember that you have chosen a certain strategy. For this reason, first of all, organic products should be of interest, and other products can be chosen as a supplement.

It is imperative that you carefully study the issue of the range of small grocery stores. A worthy result is accompanied by examples that are recommended to be guided by.

There are more than a dozen grocery stores representing various formats at one traffic intersection in the city. Among these establishments are two large supermarkets. In addition, there are numerous retail outlets with an area of 30 - 40 square meters. You understand that the level of competition is very high, and a variety of products are offered. One entrepreneur decided on an extraordinary move: in small shop about one third of the counters are reserved for sweets, namely for cookies and pastries (sweets are eliminated). Previously, this step turned out to be specific and competitors did not understand such an action, because the expanded range of expensive and medium-priced biscuits led to a reduction in the range of all other products. Such a range of grocery store products turned out to be truly interesting, attractive to customers. Six months later, people purposefully visited this store, wanting to buy delicious sweets. The store owner was able to win good reputation and the interest of buyers, to be able to change the range of goods and allow people to buy not only cookies, but also bread, water, beer, and other products. What was the output? The number of purchases was increased, and average cost check has increased. The store has existed for more than five years and has an ideal reputation, serves its regular customers despite the fact that there are large supermarkets nearby.

It's not enough these days to add biscuits to the mix and solve important competitive issues, but other options will definitely lead to success.

You can engage in the sale of freshly prepared pastries, which will be supplied by a small workshop. In addition, you should sell a variety of products, including expensive ones.
Try to implement semi-finished meat products, which are recommended to be offered as farm.
Fish department, which will sell hot and cold smoked fish.

The main responsibility is the desire to give preference to unique products, which are most often offered by small businesses. When working with small businesses, you can count on the fact that the production is based on special capacities and unique recipes are realized.

You can take care of compiling the right product range, because the choice will be large. Take a closer look at your competitors and decide on experiments that should last several months.

When choosing products for your own store, do not purchase significant volumes of products, because only in this case it will be possible to change the range and, of course, avoid the appearance of expired products.

Grocery store product assortment is the basis of success, so be responsible in this task.

Range- this is a certain ordered structure that has certain relationships and interdependencies. One of the key terms is a product classifier, which involves the division of all store products into the following levels:

goods classes;

commodity groups;

You can present a more detailed classification, divide product categories into subcategories (suppose by the color of shoes or by style, by brand), and only then move on to a specific product.

Goods class is a grouping of goods according to a common functional purpose. At this level, the assortment of the store can be represented by the following categories: Foodstuffs”, “Non-food products”, “Furniture”, “Stationery”, “Clothes”, “Shoes”, etc. At the same time, it is necessary to understand that the larger the store, the more classes of goods can be presented there. At the same time, small narrow specialized shops may not divide their assortment into classes of goods and offer only one class. For example, clothing store, shoe store, grocery store, etc.

At the second level, the assortment of the store is divided into product groups, which are certain sets of goods united by common features, such as functional characteristics; the types of needs to be met by the product; the ingredients that make up the product, etc. For example, the class of goods “Food products” can be divided into such product groups as “ Confectionery”, “Dairy products”, “Grocery”, etc., which are formed on the basis of the composition of these food products. The class of goods "Shoes" can be divided into such product groups as "Children's shoes", "Women's shoes", " Men's shoes”, “Sports shoes”, etc.

At the third level, the store's product range is divided into product categories, which are collections of products that the buyer evaluates as similar products or products that are combined by sharing. A product category is essentially what the buyer goes directly to the store for.

For example, the product group "Dairy products" can be represented by such product categories as milk, kefir, bifidok, yogurt, sour cream, etc. If we are talking about non-food products, then such a product group as “Furniture” can be represented by such product categories as sofas, armchairs, kitchen sets, etc.

There is another approach to grouping items in a store's assortment, which uses slightly different terminology. Within the framework of this approach, the assortment of the store is divided into different kinds goods. For example, the assortment of a bookstore can be broken down into categories such as books, magazines, newspapers, booklets, cartographic publications, and so on.

In turn, the type of product is divided into product groups in accordance with the functional purpose of the product, its price and quality. For example, such a type of product as books can be divided into the following product groups: scientific literature, educational literature, fiction, reference literature, etc.

The assortment group consists of separate assortment items, which are the simplest structural unit of the assortment. For example, the product group "Educational Literature" can be divided into the following assortment items: textbooks, study guides, guidelines.

Before starting to form an assortment, the store must develop assortment concept, which is a purposeful construction of the optimal assortment structure. At the same time, the developed assortment concept must meet two main requirements:

1) meet the consumer requirements and expectations of certain consumer groups that are targeted for this store. For example, for a children's clothing store target segment there will be young parents;

2) provide the store with the achievement of certain commercial results - profit, profitability, market share, recognition and commitment from customers, etc.

The formation of the assortment is influenced by factors that are usually divided into two groups - general and specific.

Common factors include demand and profitability. Demand is the desire of consumers to purchase a product, backed by opportunity (availability of sufficient Money and time). Demand, as a rule, depends on the characteristics of the segment of customers that the store focuses on. Among these characteristics, the most significant are the incomes of consumers, their demographic, status, property characteristics, area of residence, etc. The profitability of product sales is determined by purchase prices, transport and storage costs, the value of the trade margin, distribution costs, etc.

The specific factors influencing the formation of the assortment of the store most often include: specialization trade organization, channels of distribution of goods, methods of sales promotion; material and technical base of the store; demand formation methods, etc. In addition, the assortment concept should be expressed as a system of indicators, among which are:

the degree of diversity of types and varieties of goods;

the level of the ratio of prices for goods of a certain type;

assortment renewal frequency, etc.

The main goal of the assortment concept is to develop a range that fully meets the diverse requirements of customers.

Assortment policy of the store- this is an activity aimed at determining a set of product groups that ensure the successful operation of the store in the market and its financial and economic efficiency. Carrying out the assortment policy, the store management, as a rule, solves the following tasks:

effective use of the experience and knowledge of the store staff;

the most complete (compared to competitors) satisfaction of customer requirements;

attracting new customer segments to the store by optimizing the assortment and including new product groups;

security financial results store activities, such as profit, profitability, turnover of basic and working capital etc.

There is an opinion that the assortment of a store, regardless of its size and specifics of activity, should include the following groups of goods:

main products - products that bring the store most of the profit (at least 50%) and are at the growth stage;

supporting goods - goods that stabilize the proceeds from the sale and are at the stage of maturity;

strategic goods - goods that are at the stage of entering the market and are able to provide a decent store revenue in the future;

tactical goods - goods that are at the stage of maturity and are able to stimulate sales of the main assortment groups.

The strategy sets general guidelines for the development of the store's assortment, and planning should be carried out in accordance with the developed strategy. The following steps can be distinguished in the assortment planning process:

study of actual and potential (unmet) needs of buyers;

analysis of the behavior of customers in each segment of the market that the store is aimed at;

assessment of the assortment policy of the main competitors;

grade own assortment in terms of the degree of compliance with the needs of customers and the ratio with the assortment of competitors;

making decisions about which products the store's assortment should be supplemented with and which products should be excluded from the existing assortment.

A product or an entire product group may be excluded from the store's assortment if it is not profitable enough, obsolete or uncompetitive.

The product range of an enterprise is characterized by two properties - width and depth.

Assortment width shows how many product groups it includes. For example, we can say that the assortment of a store is wide if it contains clothes, shoes, toys, stationery, household chemicals, etc. A narrow assortment can be discussed if the store presents one product group, such as shoes or clothing.

Assortment depth shows how many models one product group contains. For example, a shoe store has a narrow but deep assortment, since it only has one product group, which includes many models of children's, women's, men's and sports shoes.

In this regard, the company can choose a strategy of deep or wide assortment, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages. For example, a wide assortment strategy can satisfy the needs of a wide range of consumers, but it requires large financial costs and does not always meet the needs of the most demanding customers.

A deep assortment strategy, on the other hand, offers many product models so that each consumer can find a product to their liking, but it will not reach a wide range of consumers. Sometimes a company combines these two strategies, but this option requires a large investment of economic resources.

Broad and deep assortment strategies have both advantages and disadvantages. So, the strategy of a wide assortment has the following advantages:

focuses on meeting the various needs of customers;

allows you to diversify products;

encourages customers to make purchases various goods In one place.

However, this strategy has its drawbacks:

requires serious financial investments;

requires in-depth knowledge of the specifics of the sale various categories goods.

In turn, the deep assortment strategy has the following positive features:

allows you to satisfy the need for a specific product of various segments of consumers;

prevents the emergence of new competitors; allows you to maximize the use of retail space;

offers a wide range of prices targeted at different income groups of consumers.

However, this strategy also has disadvantages:

requires significant maintenance costs inventory;

causes difficulties in differentiating between two similar assortment positions;

requires additional costs for the modification of the product range;

as a result of focusing on one product group, makes the store more vulnerable and more susceptible to threats from external environment.

Based on the characteristics of its customer and the objectives of the activity, the store can choose the following options for assortment strategies:

product differentiation, which assumes that the store offers "special" products that are almost impossible to find in other stores, i.e. the store occupies certain niches of demand. For example, the assortment of the Lefutur store of amazing things includes thousands of original gifts and souvenirs;

narrow product specialization, suggesting that the store operates in a fairly narrow market segment and offers a narrow but deep assortment of goods for sale. For example, a sports shoe store or a store selling clothes and shoes for ballroom dancing, etc.;

commodity diversification when the assortment of the store includes different classes of goods that are not related to each other, i.e. when the buyer can simultaneously find clothes, shoes, food products, household chemicals, etc. within the walls of one store.

Based on the structure of the assortment, there are different types of enterprises retail(table).

Table

The dependence of the type of retail enterprise on the structure of the assortment

So, special shop offers a narrow, but sufficiently rich assortment that can satisfy the specific needs of customers. The assortment structure of a specialized store may contain many varieties, models, trademarks of the same product (for example, a store selling watches, bicycles, jeans, etc.). There is also another version of a specialized store, the assortment structure of which contains various groups of goods, but intended for a narrow market segment (for example, stores for newborns, bridal salons, stores for obese people, etc.).

department stores- these are, as a rule, stores that offer for sale a fairly wide range of goods, and primarily non-food items. As a rule, department stores are characterized by an average level of service at an average price level.

supermarkets also differ in a fairly wide range, but they focus primarily on food products.

AT recent times shops offering a wide and deep assortment of goods, which are commonly called shopping centers (TC) or, if there is an entertainment zone, shopping and entertainment centers (SEC), have been widely developed.

Shopping center- this is modern enterprise retailers in the so-called synthetic format, i.e. uniting on its territory shops specializing in the sale of food and non-food items, as well as enterprises in the service sector (bank branch, currency exchange office, dry cleaning, beauty salon, payment acceptance center mobile communications and etc.); enterprises Catering(restaurants, cafes, eateries), combined, as a rule, on one trading platform- the so-called food court (food court) or in the food court; leisure and entertainment enterprises (cinema, bowling, fitness center, children's playground and etc.).

The size of the retail space of a modern shopping center or mall can range from 5 to 200 or more thousand square meters. m. The area of super-regional shopping centers is more than 400 thousand square meters. m. As a rule, in a modern shopping center, the basic, or anchor, tenants of retail space that attract the bulk of visitors are supermarkets and hypermarkets of one or another price category, self-service stores that sell household appliances, or stores offering home goods. A food court and a multiplex cinema can also act as "anchors" in the mall. A retail area dedicated to leisure and entertainment services can be comparable to a retail area.

There are several classifications of shopping centers. The most common classification is International Council shopping centers, according to which shopping centers are divided into the following types:

1. Malls- These are large shopping centers, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich varies between 45-150 thousand square meters. m, focused on the population living within a radius of 30-40 minutes by car. As the main anchor tenant (legal or individual who rents commercial premises with an area of at least 5-15% of the total area shopping complex) is a well-known supermarket, the rest is a multiplex (cinema, gaming area), retail outlets, combining cosmetics, household chemicals and pharmacy nomenclature, a restaurant area and food courts (a zone of public catering establishments):

a) regional center - a department store with a full range of goods; consumer goods store; department store goods at discount prices; fashion department. - 37-75 thousand square meters m, the number of anchor tenants - from 2 or more;

b) super-regional center is similar regional center, but has a wide range of products. The area of the shopping center reaches more than 75 thousand square meters. m, the number of anchor tenants - from 3 or more.

2. Open-air center- This is a complex of shops located in separate buildings, usually united by a common style. Most of the open-air center stores have a separate entrance from the street, they can be arranged in a line or L-shaped, U-shaped or Z-shaped, often have a common facade:

a) the microdistrict center offers goods and services of daily demand, covers an area of up to 14 thousand square meters. m. Number of anchor tenants - from 1 or more;

b) district shopping center - a department store of goods at reduced prices; supermarket; pharmacy; hardware store; a large specialized fashion and jewelry store (also at discounted prices). It has an area from 10 to 33 thousand square meters. m. Number of anchor tenants - from 2 or more;

c) lifestyle center - specialized stores of national scale retail chains, catering establishments and outdoor entertainment establishments. As a rule, they have an area of 14-47 thousand square meters. m. There are usually no anchor tenants, but may include book store, outlets of other large specialized retailers, cinemas advanced category, a small department store;

d) power center - shops offering a wide selection in a particular category of goods at low prices. Anchor tenants from popular brands in this category; several small tenants. Area - 24-56 thousand square meters. m.

e) thematic (festival) center - a center of entertainment and recreation, focused on tourists; retail sales and household services. Area - 8-24 thousand square meters. m;

f) branded shopping center includes outlets retail from the manufacturer. Area - 4-5 thousand square meters. m.

Thus, shopping centers are complexes of functionally and spatially interconnected trade, public catering, household and other types of services. Shopping centers build on sites with a well-maintained pedestrian zone, convenient transport entrances and parking lots; their placement is related to transport system cities (with highways, stations, etc.) and, in particular, with the main pedestrian flows directed to stops public transport. Such complexes are usually included in the public centers of cities and urban areas, which also include cultural institutions (clubs, libraries), sports, etc.

Trade in products belongs to a special area of business in which a large number of terms must be taken into account. Only careful planning and anticipation of all possible complexities and nuances will lead the entrepreneur to success. The factors that affect the profitability of the store include not only the variety of assortment, freshness and quality of goods, but also the good location of the outlet, the attentive attitude of sellers to buyers.

Is it time to open a grocery store?

Food products are among the goods that every person needs every day. For this reason, there is always a demand for food, even despite the crisis in the economy and the fall in incomes of the population. Nevertheless, many retail outlets, having existed for several months, curtail their activities. This happens because the fundamental factors of profitable trading were not taken into account at the planning stage.

As a result:

The store was opened in the wrong place.
Hired incompetent staff.
Prices for goods were uncompetitive for the area.
The range of food products does not meet the needs of consumers.

As a result, all these shortcomings cause the collapse of the business. Trade in products will pay off if the entrepreneur correctly evaluates everything possible risks, and calculate business plan future store, taking into account the features and requirements for this type of activity.

Choosing the right room

In order to proceed with the choice of premises, it is necessary to decide what type and form of trade the store will carry out.

Self-service stores pay off the fastest, but at the same time they require significant investments of money at the opening stage. In addition, for such commercial enterprise a large space is required, entailing additional rental costs.

Ideal for a grocery store is a room in which you can create a mixed type of trade, when the main product is sold through the counter, and some of it is in the public domain in trading floor.

For a quick payback, it is recommended to open a store in a residential area, where at least one and a half thousand people live compactly within walking distance. Such a population density is typical for the residential area of the city, where 4 nine-story houses are located nearby.

The premises for a grocery store should:

comply with all sanitary standards;
have at least two different entrances to ensure quick evacuation and free access to the premises
for the delivery of goods and shop customers.

Grocery store business plan with calculations

First of all, the future store must be registered in government agency taxation. For this type of activity, one of two forms of ownership is suitable:

Individual entrepreneurship (suitable for small retail outlets that do not provide for the sale of alcoholic products);
Society with limited liability(suitable for supermarkets and allows the sale of alcoholic products).

Expenses for opening a grocery store with a sales area of 100-120 sq. meters.

When compiling an approximate shift, it is necessary to take into account all the estimated costs, taking into account the existing prices for services and rent in a particular region.

An example of such a calculation is made on the basis of average prices:

payment for renting the premises - 120,000 rubles;
expenses for paying utility bills - 40,000 rubles;
repair and finishing works -150,000 rubles;
acquisition of the necessary commercial equipment-600,000 rubles;
purchase of goods - 1,000,000 rubles;
advertising - 30,000 rubles;
the salary of the store employees is 100,000 rubles.

In total, in order to prepare a grocery store for opening, it will take from 2 to 2 and a half million rubles. This is the minimum amount required to create an outlet with standard set products. The store owner may well, at his own discretion, increase the cost of acquiring goods, repairing work or purchasing more expensive store equipment.

Grocery assortment in the store

When making an estimate for the purchase of products, it is necessary to think over the assortment so that all the most necessary goods are present on the store shelves:

pasta;
bread and bakery products;
cereals;
sugar;
salt;
flour;
cheeses;
sausages;
milk products;
sauces;
mayonnaise;
essential goods;
various canned food (vegetable, fish, meat);
juices, mineral waters;
alcoholic and low alcohol products
tobacco products;
sweets and confectionery;
cigarettes.

The purchase of goods is limited by two factors:

the amount of money the store owner has;
the availability of free retail space in the premises of the outlet.

In the case when the amount of money is limited, novice entrepreneurs are advised to focus on a certain group of goods. For example, you can make a fish or meat pavilion, a shop selling fresh vegetables and fruits.

The choice of trade direction and product range depends on the specific area and the presence of nearby competitors with a similar offer. It is not correct to think that if there is already a vegetable shop nearby, then there is no point in developing your business along this path. If the new store will provide for the consumer best quality goods, a rich assortment and a lower price for some types of products, then the risk may well be justified and the chances of outperforming competitors will be quite high.

The number of sellers depends on the size of the sales area and the store's opening hours. For small retail outlets, in the first months of their existence, experts recommend that owners do not hire employees, but themselves, together with members of their families, carry out the sale of goods. This approach will allow at first not only to save on costs, but will also provide an opportunity to study how buyers react to the quality, price and range of the goods offered.

For a large store or supermarket located in a residential urban area with high traffic, it is necessary to provide such a number of sellers that there will not be a queue of more than three or four people at the checkout at the same time.

It is desirable to take sellers in a new store with work experience and a good reputation. Attentive and polite staff in the store in the future will become the guarantor of the attractiveness of the outlet for customers.

For a store with an area of 100 to 120 sq. meters, it is recommended to recruit a staff of 4 sellers, 1 cleaner, 1 accountant, 1 loader. With such a number of employees, the store can be open for customers to visit 12 hours a day, seven days a week.

In this case, the work schedule of sellers will be 2 business days after two days off. This number of employees is suitable for a store with one cash register.

In the event that it is necessary to install another cash register or increase the number of working hours of the store, you should hire additional workers. A security guard in a grocery store is needed only if it has a sufficiently large dedicated self-service area.
Experts claim that appearance and the behavior of sales workers is an important factor that can dispose to a purchase or, on the contrary, cause hostility among potential buyers.

Therefore, it is important that the salespeople in the store are neat and friendly, inspiring confidence in all consumer groups. It is strongly not recommended to hire people with a criminal past and alcohol addiction for such work. In order for employees to be interested in selling goods most actively, a payment system should be introduced in which, in addition to the basic wages, will be paid interest on the profits received by the store.

Store owners should remember that stinginess in paying their employees leads to the loss of competent staff.

Do not be surprised, but it can bring you a lot of money. The main thing is to plan your business properly.

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How to get ahead of your competitors?

In order to make the store more attractive to customers, you need to:

constantly study demand;
respond mobilely to each change in prices for similar groups of goods from competitors;
offer consumers only high-quality goods at a reasonable price.

When opening a store, it is worth spending money on its advertising:

distribute flyers throughout the district;
hold a holiday with the distribution of valuable prizes among buyers;
decorate the entrance of the store with bright posters, balloons.

In the future, to increase store attendance, you can:

announce days of discounts for certain groups of goods;
come up with a cumulative system of discounts on cards;
conduct promotions accompanied by price reductions;
encourage staff by paying bonuses for increasing turnover.

It is extremely difficult to calculate the profitability of the future store, because it depends on too many factors and terms, such as the personal charm and professionalism of the store employees, good location point of sale. As a result, a store owner can avoid a lot of difficulties at the stage of business planning, which in the future will make it possible to make a profit and avoid losing money.

In contact with

It is food, because every day the human body requires fuel - a variety of food products, both in natural and processed form. Their classification helps to systematize and streamline the terminology of the whole variety of food products.

Food classification: what is it?

In order to be able to efficiently and rationally produce, sell and store food, it is necessary to first classify them.

Food classification is a logical process of breaking down the entire population food products into groups different levels communities according to certain characteristics.

In commodity science, there are several classifications of food products, namely: educational, commercial, standard, economic-statistical and foreign economic. The first two are considered the most common.

Importance of food classification

The classification of food products has many purposes, namely:

help automate the process of collecting and processing product information;
facilitate the study of consumer properties of food products, the formation of a system of requirements for food products, accounting and planning of their turnover;
help develop rational methods of packaging, organize optimal modes of storage and transportation of food products;
promote the rational placement of goods on the trading floor and in the warehouse;
create a basis for certification of food products;
facilitate identification of consumer demand for food products.

To collect information about goods and their processing use different types computer facilities. Classification based on the scope of use includes three main categories: systemic software, application software packages and programming tools. Application programs are responsible for processing various information.

On the other hand, the classification software products applied nature is divided into the following types: text editors and processors, graphic editors, database management systems, spreadsheets; accounting systems, office work systems, financial analytical systems and others. All of the above software tools are used in the management of food products.

Classification of food products by purpose

On the basis of purpose, all food products are divided into four categories:

Food products for mass consumption.
Therapeutic-dietary and treatment-and-prophylactic products.
Goods intended for feeding children.
Functional foods:

fortified foods;
physiologically functional food ingredients;
probiotic foods;
probiotics;
prebiotics;
synbiotics.

Classification features of the upper levels

The classification of food products of the upper levels is carried out according to the most general features.

So, on the basis of origin, all food products are divided into four groups:

vegetable products (cereals, vegetables, fruits, legumes, mushrooms, etc.);
animal products (meat, fish, seafood, etc.);
mineral origin (table salt);
biosynthetic origin (vinegar).

On the basis of the chemical composition, food products are divided into:

protein;
carbohydrate;
fatty;
mineral.

On the basis of the degree of processing, food products are:

raw;
semi-finished products;
ready.

Of course, this is not a complete classification of staple foods. Each group of food products hierarchically consists of smaller groups (species, varieties, varieties, etc.) depending on the raw materials, recipes, production technology and other unifying features.

Educational classification of food products

The educational classification of food products into groups is used in merchandising for research consumer principles formation of these properties and their preservation. According to the above classification, all food products are grouped into 9 groups based on common origin, chemical composition, production technology, purpose and storage features:

grain and flour products;
fruits and vegetables and mushrooms;
sugar, honey, starch and confectionery;
dietary fats;
meat products;
fish products;
dairy products;
eggs and egg products;
flavor products.

Educational classifications aim to study and the most important feature is the purpose of the food product.

Trade classification of food products by groups

Trade classification of food products into groups helps to rationally place goods on the shelves and organize their efficient storage. According to this classification, the following groups of goods are distinguished:

fruits and vegetables;
milk and butter products;
confectionery;
meat and sausage products;
fish and fish products;
egg products;
dietary fats;
soft drinks;
wine and vodka products;
tobacco products.

Grocery and deli products

In trade, the classification of food products provides for the conditional unification of all food products into groceries and gastronomic products.

The gastronomic group of goods includes ready-to-eat products, namely, sausages, canned meat and fish and smoked meats, cheeses, butter and other dairy products, alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks, and some condiments.

Assortment of food products

Food products can form a certain set of goods or assortment. Distinguish commercial and industrial assortments.

In the first case, the assortment of the enterprise (the range of goods that are sold in the store) and the assortment of the product group (dairy, meat, confectionery and other goods) are distinguished.

The industrial assortment includes goods that are produced at a given enterprise (enterprise assortment) or in a given industrial branch (industry assortment).

Classification of dairy products

In ancient times when chemical composition milk was not yet known, this product was often called "white blood" or "juice of life". And not in vain. After all, milk is rightfully considered the most complete food product, due to the content of 20 amino acids, more than 147 fatty acids and lactose (milk sugar), which is a storehouse of vitamins, trace elements, enzymes and other useful substances.

Classification lends itself to both the milk itself and the products that are obtained from it. A special group is fermented milk products, which are the result of lactic acid or mixed (lactic acid + alcohol) fermentation of milk.

Milk product	Definition
Milk:
pasteurized	The result of heating milk to a temperature of 74-76 0 C for 15-30 minutes in special equipment
sterilized	The result of heating milk to a temperature above 100 0 C for 2-10 seconds under high pressure
ghee	The result of keeping at a temperature of 85-99 0 C for at least 3 hours in closed containers
condensed	The result of the evaporation of whole milk with or without the addition of crystalline sugar (12%)
dry	The result of drying normalized pasteurized milk to a state of powder
Cream	The result of the separation of the fat fraction from whole milk
Butter	Product of separation or churning of cream from cow's milk
	Product of coagulation of milk by enzymes and lactic acid bacteria or melting of various dairy products with melting salts
Dairy products:	Fermentation product of pasteurized milk with bacterial cultures
curdled milk	The product of fermentation of pasteurized milk with the introduction of pure races of lactic acid streptococcus, acidophilus and bulgarian sticks in different proportions
kefir	Product of mixed fermentation with use Has a pronounced dietary and therapeutic effect due to the accumulation of antibiotic substances
sour cream	Fermentation product of pasteurized cream with starter from pure cultures of lactic acid streptococcus
cottage cheese	Product of fermentation of milk and subsequent removal of whey
acidophilus drinks	Fermentation product using acidophilus acidophilus starter

Classification of meat products

Meat products, like dairy products, belong to the category of consumer products. Meat contains all the essential amino acids in large quantities and in a ratio that most fully meets the needs of the human body. It is the main source of vitamin B12, phosphorus and iron, phospholipids and other nutrients for humans.

meat product	Definition
Meat from slaughtered farm animals	Beef, pork, horse meat, etc.
Animal by-products	Secondary organs of slaughtered cattle (heart, kidneys, liver, tongue, head, etc.)
poultry meat	Meat of chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, etc.
Meat semi-finished products	Schnitzel, entrecote, goulash, cutlet, steak, meatball, minced meat, etc., requiring subsequent heat treatment
Meat culinary products	Ready-to-eat meat products that have undergone various heat treatments
Frozen ready-to-eat meat dishes	Prepared meat products from natural or minced meat, with or without garnish, frozen
Meat smoked products	Salted and thermally processed large-sized meat products ready to eat (ham, bacon, brisket, etc.)
Sausages	Minced sausage products with or without casings (sausages, pâtés, brawns, etc.) that have been subjected to heat treatment or fermentation and ready to eat
Canned meat	Hermetically sealed and sterilized meat products in combination with other food products (vegetables, cereals) or without them

Classification of goods for baby food

Baby food is food products created from high-quality raw materials according to special recipes for children from the first days of life to 14 years. The nutrition of children should meet all the physiological needs of their growing organism, in particular, be complete in terms of the content of proteins, carbohydrates and fats, vitamins, minerals and other nutrients.

The complete classification of baby food products is very extensive. The most common feature for classification is the age of children for which food products are designed. In this regard, food products are distinguished:

for kids early age(from 0 to 3 years);
for children of preschool age (from 3 to 6 years);
for children of school age (from 6 to 14 years).

foods with a low water content (4-15%). This includes cereals, pasta, flour, dry milk mixtures;
foods with a high water content (60-90%). These are vegetable and fruit purees, cottage cheese, kefir, meatballs.

According to the degree of grinding of products, children's food products are intended for:

for children in the first months of life (they apply homogenization of nutrients with a particle size of 150-200 microns);
for children from 6 to 9 months (rubbing with a particle size of up to 800 microns);
for children from 10 months to 1.5 years (chopping into pieces up to 2000 microns);
for children from 1.5 to 3 years (portions).

Canned food for baby food are:

from vegetable raw materials (juices, purees, canned vegetables and fruits and vegetables);
from meat raw materials (beef, poultry, pork, liver, heart, stomach and tongue).

Dairy products for children

Special place in baby food occupies dairy products, since it is she who replaces the mother's milk for the child, in case of its absence, and is used as complementary foods. Depending on the purpose, the classification of dairy products for children looks like this:

dry adapted mixtures for baby food;
dry milk porridge;
dairy products.

By type of products, dairy products for children can be:

dry;
liquid;
pasty.

Food storage

All food products tend to deteriorate over time. You can extend their shelf life by canning. To do this, it is necessary to create conditions that prevent the development of microorganisms and the activity of enzymes, which cause spoilage of products.

By canning methods, the classification of food storage is as follows:

heat treatment (pasteurization, sterilization, freezing, cooling, the use of UHF currents);
dehydration (sublimation, vacuum, solar or chamber drying);
change in the composition of the medium (salting, pickling, pickling, adding sugar);
application chemical substances(introduction of antibiotics, antiseptics and antioxidants);
ionization by radiation.

Canning not only increases the shelf life of food products, but also expands their range, improves taste and increases calorie content.

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