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Description of the presentation Presentation FIRST AID with pictures by slides
The goals of first aid are 1. to save a person's life, 2. to improve the condition and prevent its deterioration, 3. to protect the victim.
ALGORITHM OF ACTION IN EMERGENCIES 1. Assessment of the situation and ensuring safety 2. Examination of the victim and first aid 3. Calling specialists
1. SITUATION ASSESSMENT AND SECURITY MAINTENANCE Try to determine: what happened? Is there a threat to you and the victims? how many injured? Can anyone be called in to help?
2. EXAMINATION OF THE INJURED Primary examination 1. Consciousness 2. Breathing If the victim is breathing, he must be brought to a lateral safe (recovery) position. If the victim is not breathing, cardiopulmonary resuscitation is necessary. 3. Bleeding
3. CALLING SPECIALISTS Numbers 01, 02, 03 When calling, you must report: Nature of the accident Number of victims Sex and approximate age of the victim Condition of the victim Address
GENERAL FIRST AID RULES Remain calm. Figure out what happened. Reassure the victim. Talk to the victim and try to understand what happened, provide PR Help the victim to a comfortable position. Call an ambulance. Monitoring the condition and vital signs Do no harm.
Stop external bleeding Direct pressure on the wound. Elevation of the injured limb. Applying a pressure bandage. Pressing the artery
INTERNAL BLEEDING Signs and symptoms fast, weak (thready) pulse, restlessness and anxiety, weakness, pale, wet, cold skin, thirst, dizziness. bleeding from natural openings - ears, nose, mouth, vagina, anus, urethra.
First Aid for Internal Bleeding Help the casualty into a comfortable position. At the slightest suspicion of internal bleeding, call an ambulance. Cover the victim with a blanket, coat, or something else to protect them from the cold. Apply cold compresses to the injury site Do not allow the victim to move. Do not give the victim food or drink. Control the level of consciousness, breathing and pulse.
BLEEDING FROM THE NOSE First Aid Have the casualty sit down. Tilt your head slightly forward. Put cold on the bridge of the nose and the back of the head. Ask the victim to breathe through their mouth and pinch their nostrils for a few minutes. After a few minutes, it is necessary to open the nose, if the bleeding continues, pinch the nostrils again. Call an ambulance if: bleeding does not stop within 30 minutes, the victim has high blood pressure.
INJURIES First Aid Elevate the injury. Keep the injured body part immobile. Apply cold compresses or ice packs to the injury site. Apply an elastic bandage to the injured area. Heat can be applied 2-3 days after the bruise. In case of serious injury, please consult a doctor.
WOUNDS Minor wounds Gently wash the wound with soap and water, apply wound dressing, bandage or pad the wound. Dangerous wounds (wound larger than 2-2.5 cm) stop bleeding, apply a bandage, call an ambulance or advise a doctor.
FOREIGN BODY IN WOUND First Aid Stop bleeding. Do not remove the foreign body. Immobilize the foreign body with dressings. Call an ambulance or send the victim to the hospital. institution.
AMPUTATION First Aid 1. Take care of the victim first and stop the bleeding. 2. Save the amputated part Wrap the amputated part in sterile gauze or a clean cloth. Put it in a plastic bag. Place the bag in a container filled with cold water. It is advisable to add pieces of ice to the water. Do not place the amputated part directly on ice, do not allow it to come into contact with water, do not rinse or process it. 3. Call an ambulance or send the victim to the hospital.
SYNDROME OF LONG-TERM COMPRESSION. First aid First of all, free the head and upper body of the victim from under the blockage, clean the mouth and nose from foreign bodies. Apply sterile dressings to wounds and abrasions. After release from crushing objects, bandage the injured limb tightly, starting from the hand or foot. Immobilize the limb as for fractures. Around the entire limb, lay bags of ice or snow (if they are not available, with a cloth moistened with cold water). Call an ambulance or take the victim to a hospital immediately.
SYNDROME OF LONG-TERM COMPRESSION. Signs and symptoms of rapidly increasing edema, pain, in dents, which are smoothed out with the development of edema, blisters with transparent or bloody contents, pulsation of the vessels of the extremities weakens. the extremity becomes cold, the victim cannot move it, when you try to bend or straighten the injured limb, there is a sharp pain, loss of sensitivity.
LIMB INJURIES Sprained and torn muscles, tendons and ligaments Signs and symptoms Pain that gets worse with movement, swelling, bruising (bruising).
LIMB INJURIES Sprained and torn muscles, tendons, and ligaments First Aid Apply ice to the injured area, then apply a tight bandage. You can use an elastic band. Raise the injured body part. Get complete rest. Apply cold for the first 2 days, after which heat can be applied. If a rupture is suspected, or if pain and swelling persist, advise the victim to seek medical attention.
Dislocation and fracture Signs and symptoms Pain that sharply increases when trying to change the position of the injured part of the body, swelling at the site of injury, impossibility of movement of the limb, a specific crunch at the time of injury or "crunch" of bone fragments when moving or touching, deformity of the limb at the fracture site, unnatural position of the limb and its curvature in an unusual place; shortening of the limb.
Dislocation and Fracture First Aid Rest. For closed injuries, apply ice to the damaged area. For open injuries, stop bleeding using the artery pressure method. Apply a sterile dressing. And immobilize the injured limb. Call an ambulance.
CHEST INJURIES Signs and symptoms Pain aggravated by movement, inhalation, exhalation, as well as coughing or sneezing, hemoptysis, rapid and shallow breathing, with pneumothorax - whistling and hissing of air seeping through the wound, bubbling blood in the wound, a sharp deterioration in the condition of the wounded, squelching, smacking sounds can be heard that occur both during inhalation and exhalation.
CHEST INJURIES First Aid Place the casualty in a semi-sitting position, leaning towards the injury, and apply a support bandage with an arm tied to the torso to immobilize the ribs. Call an ambulance. With an open pneumothorax, it is necessary to apply an airtight tight bandage to the chest wound. To do this, close the wound with a sterile napkin, cover it with polyethylene or other air-tight material and bandage it.
ABDOMINAL INJURIES First Aid Lay the victim down. If the victim has a longitudinal wound of the abdomen, put him on his back with straight legs. If the wound is transverse and with closed injuries, put the victim on his back, bending his knees to reduce stress on the wound. For closed injuries, apply ice to the injured area. Apply a bandage to the wound. If the victim begins to cough or vomit, hold the bandage. Call an ambulance.
ABDOMINAL INJURIES First Aid If internal organs, such as part of the intestine, are visible, first cover the wound with a clean, damp cloth, then with polyethylene, and then apply a loose bandage. Cover the top with a blanket or towel. Do not push or touch internal organs
FRACTURES OF THE PELVIC BONES Signs and symptoms change in the shape of the pelvis, inability to stand, walk, lift the leg, swelling and sharp pain in the area of the fracture, hemorrhage, half-bent and slightly spread legs (“frog position”).
FRACTURES OF THE PELVIC BONES First Aid Immobilize the legs in the position in which they are. To do this, under the knees and around the pelvis and legs, place dense thick rollers, folded blankets, and clothes. Fix the position of the legs with a wide bandage. Apply cold compresses to the pelvic area. Call an ambulance. If you are forced to transport the victim yourself, then do it with the utmost care.
SPINE INJURIES Signs and symptoms pain, touch, tenderness, spinal deformity, swelling and bleeding, loss of sensation.
SPINE INJURIES First aid If the victim is conscious, it is necessary to fix the head in line with the body. Place folded blankets or objects around the head and entire body, support the head of the victim with your hands. If the victim is unconscious, check for breathing and, if breathing is present, move him to a safe position, trying to keep his head and body in line.
HEAD INJURIES First Aid Lay the casualty on their back in a position with their shoulders and head elevated. Call an ambulance. For closed injuries, apply ice to the head. For open wounds, stop bleeding. If bleeding from the ear, cover the ear with a bandage and turn the head to the affected side to drain the fluid.
BURNS Thermal Chemical Electrical Radiation Superficial Partially penetrating Deep
BURNS First Aid Cool the burned area with water for 10 to 20 minutes. Remove watches, bracelets, belts, necklaces or rings. Cover the burn with a dressing, a clean plastic bag, or a clean cloth. Do not remove clothing that has stuck to the skin. Do not open the blister and. Do not use any oils, ointments or lotions. etc.
BURNS and a victim with burns is hospitalized: with deep burns, with partially penetrating burns, if their area is more than 10%, with chemical, radiation and electrical burns, with eye burns (including flash and electric arc), with burns of the oral cavity and throat. Victims of burns should consult a doctor: - for burns, partially penetrating burns, if their area is more than 1%, but less than 9%.
HEAT AND SUN STROKE Signs and symptoms high body temperature (40 o C and above), thirst, reddened, hot and dry skin, rapid breathing, rapid pulse, headache. convulsions, hallucinations, loss of consciousness.
HEAT STROKE AND SUN STROKE First aid Move victim to a cool area. Remove tight clothing. Wrap the victim with a damp sheet, wet his clothes, turn on the fan. Apply cold compresses to the head, and in the neck, armpits and groin, apply ice bags wrapped with meteria. Drink it with mineral or ordinary cold water. Call an ambulance. Do not give the victim alcoholic or caffeinated drinks.
Frostbite Signs and symptoms At the time of frostbite and in the cold, tingling, tingling, numbness. the skin becomes white or yellow, feels very cold to the touch, loss of sensation seems waxy, numbness of the frostbitten area. After warming With superficial frostbite, burning, tingling, itching, redness With deep frostbite, swelling, blisters, the skin is bluish-purple, dead blackened, sensitivity is not restored.
Frostbite First Aid Move victim to a warm place. Remove wet or restrictive shoes and clothing, and jewelry. Give the victim plenty of warm and sweet drinks. Gradually warm up the frostbitten part of your body. Dry gently and cover the affected area with a dry, sterile dressing. Call an ambulance or take the victim to a hospital.
Frostbite When helping with frostbite, it is unacceptable to: rub the frostbite, especially with snow or ice; to warm a frostbitten place too quickly, for example, by an open fire or by placing it immediately in hot water; give the victim alcohol; open blisters; thaw a frostbitten place if there is a danger that this part of the body will freeze again.
HYPCOOLING (HYPOTHERMIA) Signs and symptoms shivering, in more severe hypothermia no shivering, lethargy and drowsiness, blurred consciousness, slurred speech, pale, bluish skin, disorientation, weak and slow pulse, slow and shallow breathing, impaired consciousness
HYPOCOOLING (HYPOTHERMIA) First aid Move the victim to a warm, wind-protected place, Remove frozen and wet clothing from him. Wrap him in a warm blanket or clothing. If the casualty is conscious and can swallow, give him a warm, decaffeinated drink. In the area of the neck, armpits and groin, apply heating pads wrapped in cloth. Call an ambulance.
HYPOCOOLING (HYPOTHERMIA) When assisting with hypothermia, it is unacceptable: to allow the victim to make active movements. massaging and rubbing the body of the victim, placing the victim in a hot bath, giving the victim alcohol, as it negatively affects blood circulation.
TRANSPORTATION OF VICTIMS. The victim must be carried only if the arrival of medical assistance at the scene is impossible If the victim must be immediately removed from hazardous conditions. If first aid is not available at the scene
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Goals and objectives: Educational: to systematize, summarize and control the studied theoretical information and acquired practical skills (basic techniques) first aid; generalize the skills to determine the damage, its characteristic features, forms, severity and implementation of urgent measures of first aid to yourself and others; to increase the competence of students in the minimum necessary for life and safety of medical knowledge on the action in relation to the victim in emergency cases; to teach to perceive meaningfully and concretely represent game tasks (situations), to reinforce the course of their solution with independent (own) forces and actions; Developing: to promote the development of sustainable and strong skills to recognize and anticipate dangers, the need to consciously become students as qualified advisers, consultants and the first "doctors" in extreme situations; to develop logical mental and concisely competent practical activity of students through the forms and techniques of plot-role-playing, intellectual, competitive, training games, the use of visual-figurative means of influencing their sensory organs and mental catalysts; allow students to express themselves in mental aspirations, knowledge, wisdom, abilities, taking into account the problem of a student-centered approach and individualization educational process; stimulate an increase in the level of individual requirements for oneself through competitiveness and rivalry, responsibility for the quality of knowledge and the results of a team championship. Educational: to influence the attitude of students to the process of mercy and help as a natural behavior and a phenomenon of disinterested rendering of salvation to those in need; to form the need to bring people kindness, sensitivity, attention, courtesy, fulfillment of human duty, a system of moral qualities and motives for help and mutual assistance, sympathy and empathy towards all people in any situations, especially in extreme ones; create an atmosphere of creative application of knowledge and skills, creative work in a team, intellectual conviction in their knowledge and skills.
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Why do you need to know how to provide first aid? Any normal person should be able to provide first aid in a critical situation. After all, your life, the life of your child, your parents and the life of your loved ones may depend on it. According to statistics, 90% of the dead people could be saved if they were immediately given first aid. Today we will try to explain for each situation what happens to the human body, so that you understand why such actions are needed, and not just memorize algorithms. It is advisable to periodically re-read these rules, or at least refresh them in your memory before long trips. Believe me, this activity is worth the time you spend on it.
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First aid kit - Bandage (gauze) - at least 3 packs. A bandage is needed to apply bandages for bleeding, as well as to protect wounds from infection. - Bandage (elastic) - for applying fixing bandages for fractures, dislocations, sprains - Scissors - so as not to suffer with cutting the bandage and for cutting clothes, for example, in case of burns. - Tweezers - can be used to remove foreign bodies from the surface of the wound, splinters, fish bones (stuck in the throat), ticks - Cotton wool - for treating wounds, creating rollers - Gauze napkins - needed to apply bandages and stop the blood - Tourniquet - to stop heavy bleeding - Adhesive plaster - for fixing bandages, closing small wounds - Hypothermia packs - as cold for injuries - Gloves - for your own safety if you will be helping someone - Iodine, brilliant green or hydrogen peroxide - for treating wounds to prevent infection - Potassium permanganate - for the treatment of wounds, burn surfaces. A weak (pink) solution is used to wash the stomach in case of poisoning. - Aerosol or ointment (painkiller, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory) to treat burns - Antiseptic eye drops - used for eye injuries - Ammonia will help with fainting - Oral rehydration solution - needed for any severe fluid loss (heat stroke, poisoning ... ) - Activated charcoal - helps with poisoning and stomach infections - Painkillers and antipyretic tablets (panadol, nurofen, analgin, aspirin, etc.) - Antiallergic agent of general action (loratadine, cetirizine ...) and local action (hydrocortisone ointment) - Hormonal anti-inflammatory drug (eg prednisolone) - in case of acute allergic reaction - Nitroglycerin - tablets in case of acute heart failure
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What to do in a critical situation?! CAREFULLY THINK. What and how to think? Start something like this internal dialogue: - Calm down! What happened? - The man is unconscious - What could happen to him? - So, it seems that he couldn't have been shocked here, nothing fell from above either ... - Ok, nothing seems to threaten me. What to do? - Check pulse, respiration, if none - perform artificial respiration - Is there any bleeding? - No - Ok, let's go then! - Stop! Hey, somebody call an ambulance! So, in any case, in a critical situation, strictly observe the following algorithm: 1. Calm down! Stop and think! 2. Shout to others to call an ambulance 3. Provide emergency care 4. Call an ambulance (if no one has called it yet) If you are not sure - do not do anything that can wait until the ambulance or rescuers arrive.
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How to call an ambulance?! How to call an ambulance? ________________________________________ Clearly answer the dispatcher's questions: - What happened? Briefly: an accident, an unconscious person... - Who needs help? (sex, age or number of victims) - Address (street, house, apartment). How to get to. Where will they meet (if the entrance is closed or it is impossible to drive up to the place). - Who you are? First Name Last Name; passerby, relative, neighbor... - Your phone number. The brigade may have clarifications as they advance to you. You can hang up the phone only after the dispatcher hangs up. The ambulance will arrive in 20-40 minutes. If there is no ambulance for a long time, call back and clarify, perhaps the car is stuck in a traffic jam, and it is worth taking the patient to the hospital on your own.
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First aid for a dog bite A dog can inflict severe stab and lacerations on a person (especially a child). When a dog bites, it is possible for a person to become infected with various bacteria present in the saliva of the animal. The most dangerous of them are tetanus and rabies. Rabies is a disease with severe damage to the nervous system and 100% mortality if the vaccine is not administered within a couple of days. Remember, rabies does not heal on its own! Signs of rabies in a dog are aggressiveness, increased salivation, gait disturbance, and hoarse barking. But the fact is that a dog can be infected even a few days before these symptoms appear. Therefore, with any dog bite, in which saliva gets on damaged skin, it is necessary to consult a doctor as soon as possible. But first, you need to give the victim (or yourself) first aid to reduce the risk of infection. With severe wounds - you need to stop the bleeding. However, if the bleeding is not strong, do not rush to stop it, since the saliva of the animal is washed out of the wound with blood. Then wash the wound thoroughly with soapy water (preferably laundry soap). And wash vigorously for 10 minutes to wash off as much saliva as possible. Treat the wound with hydrogen peroxide. After treatment, a gauze or cotton swab should be applied to the wound, but do not squeeze the surface strongly, just lightly fix the swab with a bandage or plaster. The bandage should not be tight. And run to the doctor. Rabies injections are now given not in the stomach, but in the shoulder. And they are not 40, but only 6 within 3 months. You also need to find out if you have had a tetanus shot. It is necessary to remember the dog that bit. The state veterinary service should take care of it in order to prevent further spread of the infection. If the dog is a pet, ask the owner for a certificate of rabies vaccination. If she is not there, the veterinarian should take care of her.
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First aid for open bleeding If a person loses more than 1 liter of blood, he may die. If a large artery is injured, this amount of blood can flow out in a few minutes. Therefore, stopping heavy bleeding is as urgent as artificial respiration and heart massage. To stop bleeding (generally) you need to: 1. Raise the wounded part of the body as high as possible and press down on the wound with a handkerchief or piece of cloth. (If the arm below the elbow or the leg below the knee is injured, bend the elbow or knee. Thus, the blood flow to the bleeding wound can be reduced.) 2. In case of severe arterial bleeding (if the blood is bright red and pulsating), it is necessary to transfer the artery with a tourniquet. There are only 4 places on the human body where a tourniquet can be successfully applied - at the top of the leg and at the top of the arm. Even if there is bleeding in the area of the hand or foot, a tourniquet is applied in the upper part of the limb. A tourniquet can be made from a belt, a rope, a twisted piece of fabric. Under the tourniquet you need to put a towel or a piece of cloth). The tourniquet must be removed after at least 1 hour so that it does not lead to nerve atrophy. If bleeding resumes when the tourniquet is removed, another pressure bandage must be applied over the wound. 3. Apply a pressure bandage (Place a gauze pad or folded handkerchief over the wound. Place something hard on the pad, such as a skein of bandage or mobile phone. Bandage should be in the direction from the wound to the heart - so that as little blood as possible remains in the limb - this will help reduce pain. If there is no bandage at hand, use a piece of tissue or toilet paper. You can secure the bandage with a pin or plaster). In no case should objects in the wound be removed - this can significantly increase bleeding and damage tissues. If a wounding object or bone sticks out of the wound, make a donut-shaped swab out of gauze and cotton wool that will surround it and secure it with a bandage.
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First aid for internal bleeding. Internal bleeding can occur with closed injuries or diseases of the liver, stomach, intestines, lungs, heart, etc. Most often, internal bleeding occurs in the abdominal and chest cavities, where there is a place for blood to pour out. The danger lies in the concealment of bleeding, the inability to determine its volume and intensity. The amount of blood circulating in the body during internal bleeding decreases sharply, the patient complains of dizziness, general weakness, flies before the eyes. There is a weak pulse, fainting, pallor of the skin. Bleeding in the lungs leads to pulmonary edema. In this case, the patient suffocates, coughs up blood. Bleeding into the pleural region leads to severe compression of the lung. This is manifested by increased breathing, bluish color of the skin and mucous membranes. With bleeding into the abdominal cavity, a strong general intoxication of the body occurs. Symptoms of such bleeding are pallor, weakness, tachycardia, vomiting with blood, lowering blood pressure, loss of consciousness. Bleeding into large muscles manifests itself as a hemorrhage or hematoma. First aid for internal bleeding If internal bleeding is suspected, an ambulance should be called immediately. With internal bleeding in the chest area, the victim is given a semi-sitting position with a roller under the knees. With internal bleeding in the abdominal cavity - lying position. You can partially stop the bleeding by applying cold to the site of the alleged bleeding. It is important to ensure the flow of fresh air (and free the neck and chest) because. when blood is lost, oxygen starvation occurs. The patient is forbidden to speak, move, cough. Transported to the hospital in an immobile state.
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First aid for a splinter A splinter is a sharp small object that has stuck under the skin (a piece of wood, metal, glass). Usually splinters are only a minor concern, however, they must be eliminated, because otherwise they can cause a local or even general infection (in particular, tetanus). Moreover, it is necessary to eliminate it as quickly as possible, otherwise swelling will occur and it will be much more difficult to pull out the object and disinfect the wound. Take on the removal of the splinter in bright light, armed with a needle and good tweezers (which should be in the first aid kit). Wash your hands thoroughly, and sterilize the needle and tweezers (you can put them in boiling water for 2-3 minutes, hold them on an open flame for 15-20 seconds, or wipe them with an antiseptic solution). Take a good look at the splinter to find out in which direction it penetrated under the skin. Press your finger on the place where the splinter entered the skin, pushing it out and at the same time grabbing the protruding tip with tweezers. Pull it out at the same angle at which it entered the body. Try to grab the splinter the first time, because when moving, it often begins to crumble into fragments that are difficult to remove. If the splinter is completely immersed in the skin and its tip cannot be grasped with tweezers, use the sharp end of the needle to try to lift the tip of the splinter. After removing the splinter, treat the wound with iodine, brilliant green, or hydrogen peroxide to prevent infection. If redness appears at the site of the wound, talk with your doctor about whether you should get a tetanus injection.
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First aid for an asthmatic attack Bronchial asthma is a chronic lung disease that causes periodic bouts of difficulty breathing. During an attack, the small airways in the lungs (bronchioles) overreact to certain stimuli. The airways become inflamed, swollen and blocked, and the muscles surrounding the bronchioles contract. The access of air to the respiratory system is difficult, and the person breathes as if through a straw tube (wheezing). The first asthma attack can occur at any age, but about half of cases are first diagnosed in children under 10 years of age. After that, the doctor prescribes to the patient a bronchodilator drug in the form of an inhaler, which should always be carried with you and used when an asthmatic attack occurs. Such an inhaler quickly stops an attack. But the problem arises when the patient forgot / lost the inhaler, and he starts having an attack. So, first of all, during an asthma attack, you need to help the patient find his inhaler and (if he is not able to) make 2 inhalations in his mouth. If the condition does not improve, after 10 minutes - two more. If the attack occurs for the first time or there is no inhaler or inhalations do not help: It is necessary to provide fresh air (open the window, open the clothes around the neck) and help the person find a comfortable position that will make breathing a little easier. As practice shows, it is best if he sits astride a chair backwards, leans forward and leans on its back. It is very important to calm the person. If he calms down - he can relax the muscles of the lungs a little, then breathing will become much easier. Many recommend in such cases to take deep breaths through the nose. So tell the patient: "Calm down! Everything will be fine. Breathe in through your nose!" Give the patient 1-2 tablets of any antiallergic agent (suprastin, diphenhydramine, tavegil, claritin). It is also recommended to warm up the legs - put them in warm water for 20 minutes. This promotes blood flow from the respiratory tract to the vena cava in the legs. But if after 30-40 minutes the condition does not improve, you need to call an ambulance.
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First aid for chemical burns A chemical burn occurs when an aggressive substance (acids, alkalis, solvents, fertilizers, household chemicals, fuel) is exposed to the skin. In this case, reddening of the skin, the appearance of blisters, corrosion of the skin and subcutaneous tissues occurs. The first thing to do is to remove the aggressive substance: - shake off the powder with a tissue - remove contaminated clothing - rinse the chemical from the skin with warm running water (15 minutes) In the case of powder - always shake it off first, because. the consequences of its reaction with water can be unpredictable. For the same reason, you can not treat a chemical burn with any preparations. After rinsing, simply cover (wrap) the damaged area with a damp, clean cloth to prevent infection. Apply cold over it. You can not: - touch the burn with your hands - remove adhering clothes - apply cotton wool, plaster, ice to the wound - treat the wound with ointment, iodine, brilliant green, hydrogen peroxide, aerosols, etc. Be sure to consult a doctor if: - blisters appear - a large burn area - burns in the face, neck, eye, perineum - symptoms such as vomiting, fever occur Try to keep the aggressive substance for the doctor, because the tactics of treatment will depend on its nature.
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First Aid for Nosebleeds 1. Sit down and tilt your head forward. Don't tilt your head! This can lead to blood entering the respiratory tract. 2. Insert a cotton swab into the nostril. It is better to moisten cotton wool with hydrogen peroxide, which is in the first-aid kit 3. Pinch your nose with your fingers for 2-3 minutes 4. Apply cold to the bridge of your nose This will narrow the blood vessels and help stop bleeding 5. If bleeding is caused by a blow, call an ambulance. Nosebleeds could be a sign of a traumatic brain injury
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First aid for cuts and abrasions A cut is a damage to all layers of the skin through a sharp object (glass, knife). An abrasion is a superficial injury to the skin, usually caused by a fall and rubbing against asphalt or the ground. First aid for a cut consists of two tasks: 1 - preventing infections from entering the bloodstream 2 - stopping bleeding Small cuts and abrasions are quite common, and people often do not pay much attention to them. Meanwhile, even a small cut, if not treated correctly, can lead to serious consequences. For a minor cut or abrasion, rinse the wound under cool water, treat the wound with hydrogen peroxide, antibacterial ointment, iodine or brilliant green. With a deep cut, treat only the edges of the wound, otherwise you will have to treat the victim also from the burn. Apply an antiseptic plaster or bandage. Do not apply a plantain leaf or other plant to the wound - it is most often full of bacteria, which is fraught with infection of the wound. If you cut yourself on concrete, rusty metal, or earth, sand, or other dirt got into the wound, you may need to administer tetanus toxoid, give antibiotics, or provide other assistance within 24 hours after the injury. Consult a doctor! You should also seek medical attention for a cut to the head. Here the consequences of infection are most dangerous. With a deep cut - it is important to quickly stop the bleeding - apply a pressure bandage and (in case of arterial bleeding) a tourniquet. You definitely need to see a doctor.
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First aid at high temperature Most often, the temperature rises with: - acute respiratory viral infection (accompanied by snot, cough, sore throat) - intestinal infection (accompanied by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea) - poisoning with toxic substances Under the influence of pathogens, sympathetic nervous system(under the direction of the hypothalamus) does 2 things: 1 - shrinks skin blood vessels and reduces sweating. As a result, the body's heat transfer rapidly decreases. In this case, the skin turns pale, and the person feels chills. And the heat transfer is reduced. 2 - activates the metabolism in all muscles. At the same time, heat production in the muscles increases. As a result, the body temperature rises. Gradually, heat production and heat transfer balance each other, and a further increase in temperature does not occur. At the same time, the skin vessels expand, pallor disappears, and the skin becomes hot to the touch, and trembling and chills disappear. Sweating increases. At the same time, the person experiences a feeling of heat. Why is the temperature rising? Then, at elevated temperatures, interferons and antibodies are synthesized in the body, the ability of leukocytes to absorb and destroy foreign cells is stimulated, and the protective properties of the liver are activated. However, with an increase in temperature, not only leukocytes are activated, but also all other cells of the body. For such an intensive metabolism, more oxygen is required. And although the heart and lungs also begin to work more intensively, at temperatures above 38 degrees, there is not enough oxygen. This leads to the accumulation of metabolic products in the body. The work of the nerve centers of regulation located in the brain is disturbed, the heart, blood vessels, liver, kidneys and other organs suffer. Thus, elevated temperature from a protective reaction turns into a threat to the body. First aid at high temperature When the temperature rises to 38 degrees, it is not necessary to knock it down. It is necessary to provide fresh air in the room (because the body needs more oxygen for intensive metabolism) and give the patient plenty to drink (because he loses a lot of fluid). In addition, it helps to flush the stomach and remove the infection from the body. When the temperature rises above 38 degrees, a person is given an antipyretic drug (paracetamol and analogues). Antipyretic drugs either inhibit the process of inflammation, or act directly on the thermoregulation center in the hypothalamus (reduce the thermoregulation point). You need to call an ambulance if: - the temperature above 39 degrees does not decrease 30 minutes after the use of an antipyretic drug - fever is combined with a rash, signs of dehydration, abdominal pain Seek medical attention if the temperature does not disappear on the 4th day of illness.
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First aid for dislocation Bones are connected to each other with the help of joints - movable joints of bones. Dislocation of the joint is the protrusion of the articular part of the bone from the joint cavity with concomitant damage to the articular capsule and ligaments. It can be accompanied by squeezing and rupture of blood vessels. Signs of a dislocated joint are a change in its shape, swelling and severe pain, which increases when you try to move. Most often there are dislocations of the wrist, finger, elbow, shoulder, knee, foot, hip joint, mandibular joint. First aid for dislocation The main task of first aid is to immobilize the damaged joint without changing its position. And in no case do not try to straighten the dislocation yourself! You should give the victim analgin or other painkiller and apply cold to the joint. Wait for an ambulance. If it is not possible to call an ambulance, it is necessary to make a splint and a bandage and take the victim to the emergency room. In case of hip dislocation, bandage the injured limb to the healthy one without changing its position. It is necessary to transport the victim in a prone position on a hard surface. In the emergency room, the dislocation will be anesthetized, an x-ray will be taken and the joint will be set.
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First aid for loss of consciousness, fainting Loss of consciousness is a condition in which a person lies motionless, does not respond to questions and does not perceive what is happening. Loss of consciousness shuts down the part of the brain responsible for conscious thought. At the same time, the parts of the brain that control reflexes, the processes of breathing and blood circulation (in particular, the medulla oblongata) can work. Loss of consciousness occurs when: - a significant lack of oxygen in the blood (or lack of blood) - concussion (impact of the brain on the skull) - severe pain or nervous shock Loss of consciousness can be caused by: overwork, hypothermia, overheating, lack of oxygen in the air, severe pain , deep emotional shock, dehydration (for example, due to severe diarrhea, vomiting), head trauma, hemorrhage, electric shock or poisoning. As a rule, loss of consciousness does not occur suddenly. Most often, the human body gives the first signs in the form of dizziness, nausea, ringing in the ears, severe weakness, blurred vision, cold sweat, as well as a feeling of emptiness in the head and numbness of the extremities. The person begins to turn pale, his pulse weakens, blood pressure decreases. After that, the eyes close, the muscle tone disappears and the person falls. What to do in case of loss of consciousness? 1. If you see that a person is losing consciousness - try not to let him fall and hit his head 2. Eliminate the factor that led to loss of consciousness - take the person out of the stuffy room or open the window, remove the live wire from him, etc. 3. Lay the person on the floor. He must not sit! To provide access to oxygen, unbutton the collar, loosen the belt. Do not put anything under your head, but even better, slightly raise his legs up. This is necessary in order to facilitate the flow of blood to the brain. 4. Try to bring him to consciousness with the help of external stimuli - pats on the cheeks, cold water or ammonia. If there is no ammonia, bring a cotton swab dipped in vinegar. 5. If he does not regain consciousness, check for breathing and pulse with two fingers on the neck (on the carotid artery) 6. If there is no breathing and pulse, perform artificial respiration and heart massage 7. If there is breathing and pulse, turn the person on his side. This is necessary so that in case of vomiting he does not choke. 8. Call an ambulance
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How to do artificial respiration?! 1. Lay the victim on a hard surface. 2. Grab your chin with one hand and tilt your head back. Pinch your nose with your other hand. 3. Close the person's mouth tightly with your lips. Breathe air into it. After 4 seconds - again. (After exhaling, look to see if the victim's chest is lowering. If it is motionless, then the airway is clogged. Try to pull the chin up again, throw back the head and repeat the breath) 5. Place your palms on your chest. Hands are straight! Press with all your weight! Do 30 pushes. 6. Repeat 2 breaths + 30 pushes. (It is possible to keep a lifeless person alive with artificial respiration and heart massage for an hour. Therefore, continue to do artificial respiration until the ambulance arrives or until signs of life appear)
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First aid for a snakebite First - immobilize the victim (at least the bitten limb). The viper's venom spreads through the lymphatic vessels and any muscle contractions (movements) will increase the rate of spread of the venom. It is best to lay the victim so that the head is below the level of the legs. By doing this, you will keep cerebral circulation at a more or less acceptable level (because part of the blood from the poison is destroyed). Immediately after this, start squeezing and sucking the poison out of the wound and do this for at least 10-15 minutes. So you can remove up to 50% of the poison. Snake venom is not harmful to the mouth (unless there are cuts and sores). the dose will be too low. But nevertheless after each suction - spit saliva. After sucking out the poison, rinse the wound and your mouth with water. Then a bandage should be applied above the bite site. A strip of any fabric is tied tightly enough, but so that two fingers can be inserted between the fabric and the skin. Such a bandage does not interfere with blood flow, but somewhat slows down the spread of poison through the lymph. As swelling increases, the bandage must be loosened so that it does not cut into the tissue. It is absolutely impossible to apply a tourniquet, because. circulatory disorders will increase the breakdown of tissues in the bite area, and the products of this decay poison the body of the bitten. This is practically a 100% way to get gangrene. To reduce the concentration of poison, a person should drink plenty of water (tea, coffee). If the condition worsens sharply and there is no medical assistance, give the victim a hormonal anti-inflammatory drug, which should be in the first aid kit. DO NOT cut, cauterize the wound, moisten it with potassium permanganate, give food and alcohol to the victim, because. alcohol intoxication enhances the effect of the poison. During transportation, the less the victim moves, the less the poison will spread throughout his body. It is advisable to transport a person lying on a stretcher, or carry (a child). The affected limb can be fixed with a splint. In the hospital, the victim will be injected with serum - the most effective remedy against poison. But in the case of vipers, the serum must be injected within the first 30 minutes (1 hour is the maximum). When administered after a few hours, its effectiveness will drop significantly
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Electric shock first aid What happens when you get an electric shock? The human body is an excellent conductor of electricity. When touching a wire or a metal object under voltage, a person becomes a current conductor between this wire and the ground. Holding an object under tension with both hands, the current passes through the body from one palm to the other. With an electric shock, the muscles begin to convulsively contract. This causes pain and even muscle paralysis, in which it is difficult for a person to let go of the bare wire. Due to the spasm of the vocal cords, the victim cannot scream and call for help. If the action of the current does not stop, then after a while there is a loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest as a result of hypoxia. In addition, the passage of current leads to burns on the skin in those places where the current entered and exited. First aid for electric shock The first thing to do is to eliminate the source of the current, while ensuring your own safety. As already mentioned, often with an electric shock, a person cannot let go of a wire or an object that is energized. And if you touch a person with your bare hands, you will remain lying next to him. You need to turn off the electricity. Either move the wire away from the victim with a non-metallic stick, or cut the wire with an ax with a wooden handle, or wrap your hand with a dry cloth and pull the victim by the clothes. Next, check your breathing and pulse. If they are absent, do artificial respiration. If there is breathing, but there is no consciousness, turn the victim on his side and call an ambulance. Then it is necessary to treat electrical burns as soon as possible. Always look for two burns (electrical inlet and outlet). As a rule, they are on the palms. Cool the burn area with running tap water (for 15 minutes). Wrap the burned areas with a clean, damp cloth (gauze, handkerchief). It is not necessary to treat burns with an antiseptic! You can give the victim pain medication. Electric shock can be short-term and without consequences. However, you should definitely consult a doctor if: - even a short-term disturbance of consciousness has occurred - there are severe burns - there are disturbances in the functioning of the sense organs, when swallowing and breathing
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First aid for wounds When wounded in the arm or leg - everything is quite simple. It is necessary to stop the bleeding and immobilize the limb (in case there is a fracture). Let's look at more complex wounds - in the chest, abdomen and pelvis. First aid for chest injuries Penetrating chest wounds are very dangerous because they can damage the heart, aorta, lungs and other vital organs, severe external and internal bleeding can occur. The organs of the chest cavity are protected by the frame of the ribs. Therefore, chest injuries are often complicated by rib fractures. In addition, if air enters the pleural cavity that surrounds the lungs during an injury, this leads to a strong compression of the lung. This is no less a dangerous condition than bleeding, so it is immediately necessary to hermetically close the hole with an adhesive patch applied in the form of tiles. The next task is to stop the bleeding with a pressure bandage. To protect the wound from infection, you need to treat the skin around the wound with iodine or brilliant green. Put an aseptic napkin on the wound and fix pressure bandage. It is impossible to remove foreign objects from the wound. This can lead to death. A foreign object must be fixed between two rolls of a bandage and attached to the skin with adhesive tape or adhesive tape. You can give the victim painkillers. Note that with a penetrating wound of the chest, closed heart massage is not performed. It is necessary to transport the wounded to the chest in a semi-sitting position.
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First aid for injuries First aid for abdominal injuries Penetrating wounds of the abdomen are very dangerous because they can lead to damage to the abdominal organs (liver, kidneys, stomach and intestines), external and internal bleeding and outflow of intestinal contents into the abdominal cavity with the subsequent development of purulent inflammation . The main task in case of injury is to stop bleeding - a pressure bandage. To protect the wound from infection, you need to treat the skin around the wound with iodine or brilliant green. Put an aseptic napkin on the wound and secure with a pressure bandage. If the internal organs fell out of the wound, they should never be set back. It is recommended to apply a clean antiseptic cloth to the fallen parts and moisten it constantly so that the insides do not dry out. Do not be afraid, for the patient such manipulations are painless. If there is a foreign object in the wound, you can not get it. It is necessary to make a sausage out of a bandage and cotton wool, roll it up in the shape of a donut and put it around the object, fixing it. Lay the victim on his back, bend his knees. In this position, relaxation of the muscles of the abdominal wall is achieved, which reduces pain. Put cold on top of the bandage. Its use reduces pain and reduces the rate of possible internal bleeding. In case of injury to the abdomen - in no case should you give drink, eat, give medicine through the mouth. It is necessary to transport the wounded to the stomach in the prone position with the upper body raised and the legs bent at the knees. This position reduces pain and prevents the spread of the inflammatory process in all parts of the abdomen.
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First aid for injuries Injuries to the pelvic organs can be complicated by fractures of the pelvic bones, ruptures of arteries and veins, and nerve damage. Emergency care for wounds in the pelvic area - anti-shock measures and prevention of wound infection. In case of wounds in the gluteal region, profuse bleeding can be observed, which is stopped by a tight bandage.
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First aid for a spider bite Just like with a snake bite, you cannot know for sure if a poisonous spider has bitten you (or someone). Therefore, seek medical attention immediately. First aid for a spider bite is similar to the case of a snake bite. Only you can’t suck out the poison - you can only squeeze it out of the wound a little and attach a piece of ice to it. The main thing is to immobilize the victim and give him plenty of water before delivery to medical institution. The only exception is when bitten by such a spider with red dots - karakurt: Karakurt is the most poisonous of spiders. Its bite is relatively painless and there is usually no local reaction to it. A pronounced general reaction is characteristic, which occurs 20-40 minutes after the bite, in the form of excruciating muscle pain, weakness, fever, salivation, swallowing disorders, nausea and vomiting. The poison of the karakurt is destroyed at high temperature, so you can reduce the intensity of its impact if you immediately (within 2 minutes) burn the bite with the flame of a burning match. To do this, attach three matches to the bite site and set them on fire with the fourth.
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First aid for eye injury The eye is the most delicate and sensitive organ of a person. Therefore, even a small speck that has fallen on the cornea or mucous membrane of the upper eyelid damages the surface of the cornea and, if complicated by a purulent infection, can lead to the death of the eye. First aid for an eye injury In a serious penetrating injury to the eye, the main task is to stop the bleeding. In such cases, you should immediately apply a sterile bandage to the eye and immediately deliver the victim to an ophthalmologist. Because Since the eyes are paired organs, movement of the healthy eye can cause movement in the affected eye and aggravate injury. Therefore, if it is possible to wait for an ambulance or transport a blind patient, put a bandage on both eyes. In no case should you try to get a foreign body out of the eye. This will lead to increased bleeding and injury to tissues and organs. In this case, make a sausage out of bandage and cotton wool, roll it into a donut shape and put it around the foreign body, fixing it with a bandage. First aid in case of foreign particles getting into the eye Often small foreign objects (plant thorn, glass shard, piece of plastic, metal, etc.) get into the eyes. Only when a small particle with non-sharp edges gets in it is it worth removing it on your own. And in no case should you remove sharp particles yourself, since the affected eye will be even more injured, and awkward manipulations will lead to damage to the lens or optic nerve. Contact an ophthalmologist as soon as possible, because. the longer the particle is in the eye, the more vision problems there will be. To remove the particle yourself - take a 1% solution of boric acid (half a teaspoon of powder per glass of water) or a slightly pink solution of potassium permanganate (1-2 crystals per glass of water). Moisten a cotton swab and rinse the eye gently, running a dampened gauze or cotton swab over the eyelid from the outer corner of the eye to the inner. First aid for a chemical eye burn If you accidentally splash any harmful liquid into your eye, such as stain remover, bleach, garden chemicals, or paint, run to the water tap (or grab a bottle of water), gently open your eyelids, and aim a jet of water at the eye so that so that it flows outward from the nose. Apply an eye antiseptic to the eye. After that, cover it with a clean cloth, such as a handkerchief, and treat the chemical burn of the skin around the eye, if any. It is unacceptable to wipe the affected eye with your hands or apply ice to the eyeball (this way you can injure the cornea). Be sure to seek medical attention. Try to keep a sample of the corrosive liquid for the doctor, because. this will depend on the tactics of subsequent treatment.
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First aid for sun (heat) stroke Why does sun (heat) stroke occur? In the heat, our body turns on the mechanism of sweating to cool down. In doing so, we continuously lose fluid. In addition, due to heating and expansion of skin vessels, more blood goes to the periphery and the blood supply to the brain and heart worsens. Oxygen starvation occurs, which leads successively to increased heart rate and respiration, headache, weakness, nausea, vomiting and, often, loss of consciousness. This process develops especially rapidly in a vertical position, in which it is difficult for the heart to pump blood to the brain through dilated arteries. Therefore, at the first symptoms of overheating (in you or others) - you need to move to a cool place, drink mineral water and lie down. First Aid for Heat Stroke If the person is unconscious, immediately check breathing/pulse and, if absent, give artificial respiration. If breathing is present, move victim to a cool area with fresh air. Lay him down, slightly raising his legs with the help of a roller of clothes placed under his knees, undress or unbutton his clothes. Put a towel moistened with cold water on your head or just sprinkle it with water, fan the victim with something. If the victim is unconscious, bring at some distance to his nose a cotton swab moistened with ammonia. If consciousness does not return, turn it on its side so that the vomit does not enter the respiratory tract. Call an ambulance. If a person is conscious, he can be given strong cold tea or lightly salted cold water. For severe headaches and high body temperature, give painkillers. In case of sunstroke, in addition to overheating of the body, there may be a burn as a result of exposure sun rays on the skin. Treat the burned areas with a special aerosol or cream. You can lubricate the burn with kefir or sour cream.
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First aid for the bite of a wasp, bee, bumblebee As a rule, stings of wasps, bees and bumblebees do not lead to poisoning and transmission of infections. However, they are very dangerous if a person is allergic to this poison. In this case, an acute allergic reaction may occur, accompanied by swelling of the respiratory tract and suffocation. But as a rule, a person knows that he has an allergy, because. an acute reaction rarely occurs at the first bite. It intensifies with each new bite. Therefore, a reasonable person who, after a bite, has itching all over the body, reddening of the skin of the face and neck, goes to the doctor, finds out about the cause, and next time avoids bees or even wears special medicines for emergency administration. With such an acute allergic reaction, a person needs to enter his stash or a hormonal anti-inflammatory agent and adrenaline, which should be in the medicine cabinet. Moreover, if a person knows that in the past he already had an acute reaction to this bite, then there is no need to wait until it starts - inject the medicine as soon as possible. In general, you must first remove the sting (only bees leave a sting in the wound) with tweezers, which should be in the first aid kit. Otherwise, the poison sac contained in it will continue to pulse for 2 or 3 minutes. Then apply ice to reduce swelling and reduce pain. With a wasp sting, you can immediately suck out the poison. If a local reaction increases (redness, itching), and a general reaction appears (itching, rash all over the body), give the person an anti-allergic agent of general action and be sure to consult a doctor. Also urgently need to see a doctor if a wasp or bee has bitten in the eye, lips, mouth or tongue, as swelling in these places can be life-threatening.
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First aid for a tick bite Ticks feed on blood, and this is one of the few insects that specifically bite a person. The bite of a tick is almost invisible, but the whole danger lies in the fact that ticks are able to carry life-threatening diseases, incl. tick-borne encephalitis and borreliosis. Both diseases will not appear immediately, so you do not need to rejoice prematurely, but it is better to visit a doctor. Upon contact with the skin, the tick sticks for a period of 15 minutes to several hours and drinks blood. Naturally, you need to get it as soon as possible. If the tick is infected, then the number of microbes that enter the body will determine whether you receive a free vaccination against encephalitis or a full-fledged life-threatening disease. Remember, the likelihood of infection is greatly increased if you crush the tick when you take it out. It is necessary to capture the tick as close to the head as possible. This can be done: - with tweezers, which should be in the first aid kit - with a special "lasso pen" device, which can be bought in advance at the pharmacy - with adhesive tape - with a thread, making a loop and tightening it around the tick Pull out the tick very smoothly and carefully so as not to crush. If you do this with tweezers or fingers - do not pull, but unscrew it like a screw. After extraction, thoroughly wash the bite site with soapy water, dry, and treat with an alcohol-containing liquid (iodine, brilliant green, vodka). If the head or proboscis of the tick remains in the skin, do not try to pick it out. In a few days he will come out. Watch the bite site for several days. If the red spot has disappeared in 1-2 days, then the likelihood of infection is very small. If the inflammation does not go away for a long time - run to the doctor. If within 3 weeks rounded red spots appear near the bite - this is borreliosis - run to the doctor.
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First aid for a bruise What is a bruise? A bruise is an injury to the soft tissues of the body (skin, fat, blood vessels) without serious damage to the skin during a fall or impact with a blunt object. The main symptoms of a bruise are pain in the damaged area, the formation of a hematoma or edema (as a result of rupture or increased vascular permeability). Bruises to the head, spine, and chest should be especially suspicious. A head injury can be accompanied by only a small bump, and only after a while do symptoms appear that indicate a concussion (bruises under the eyes, nausea, dizziness, nosebleeds). In any case, with a bruise, you need to apply cold to the sore spot. This will reduce swelling or hematoma due to vasoconstriction. For the same purpose, a pressure bandage is made. Ice should be applied periodically for several hours. And a day later, when the damaged vessels heal, you can begin to treat the bruise with a warming ointment to improve blood circulation and metabolism.
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First aid for an epileptic seizure Epilepsy is a common neurological disease caused by damage to brain neurons. Because of this damage, when exposed to various internal and external factors, the patient has attacks of increased bioelectrical activity of brain cells. As a result of this, an epileptic seizure occurs, accompanied by loss of consciousness and convulsions. A patient with epilepsy usually feels an impending epileptic seizure by increasing irritability, headache, changes in mood and other factors. When an attack occurs, a person turns very pale, his pupils dilate, all muscles relax, he loses consciousness and falls. The patient's body is convulsing, the face is distorted, foam comes out of the mouth. After about 30 seconds, the second phase of the seizure begins - all the muscles of the body tense up, and there is a sharper and more uniform bending of the limbs. The jaws are also chaotically compressed, and because of this, patients often bite their tongues. Due to the convulsive contraction of the muscles of the larynx, a person makes inarticulate sounds in the form of mooing, moaning. This phase lasts approximately 1-2 minutes. Gradually, the convulsions weaken, relaxation of the muscles occurs, breathing evens out, becomes calm, the pulse slows down. The patient falls asleep and can sleep for up to several hours. Waking up, a person does not remember at all what happened to him. First aid for an epileptic seizure The main task in an epileptic seizure is to prevent the patient from injuring himself, and most importantly, to bite his tongue. Otherwise, very dangerous bleeding may occur and he will lose a lot of blood or choke on it. Therefore, as soon as possible, you need to insert a tightly folded handkerchief, towel or other soft object. If the jaws are tightly clenched - do not try to unclench them yourself - but check - if the mouth opens - insert a handkerchief. Place something soft under your head to prevent injury. Be sure to call an ambulance. In some cases, hospitalization is needed. At the end of the seizure, turn the patient on their side to prevent the tongue from retracting and saliva/vomit from entering the airways. In the absence of consciousness in the patient, in no case do not try to give him medicines or pour water into his mouth. If the patient is asleep, do not wake him up.
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First aid for stroke A stroke is an acute violation of cerebral circulation, caused either by blockage of blood vessels and cessation of blood supply, or by hemorrhage in the brain. Hemorrhage, as a rule, develops with high blood pressure. Symptoms of a stroke are acute headache, dizziness, numbness and distortion of the face, weakness, impaired coordination and speech, blurred vision, loss of consciousness. Stroke First Aid To make sure it's a stroke, ask the person to smile, speak a word clearly, or raise both hands. If he doesn't succeed, call an ambulance immediately. Describe exactly what happened to the dispatcher so that a specialized neurological team arrives. The most effective treatment is possible in the first 3 hours after cerebrovascular accident. This is the so-called therapeutic window, when it is still possible to avoid the development of irreversible changes in the brain. Patients with acute stroke should be hospitalized in a hospital equipped with equipment for computed or magnetic resonance imaging. Only with its help is it possible to finally clarify the diagnosis, and, consequently, to conduct adequate treatment. While waiting for the ambulance - put the person to bed, giving him a comfortable half-sitting or lying position (as he prefers). Do not let him get up, walk - this can cause complications. Measure the pressure. If it is high - immediately give the patient the medicine that he usually takes to lower blood pressure. It is necessary to provide the patient with access to fresh air, at least open the window. If the person is unconscious, check breathing and pulse. In their absence, perform artificial respiration and heart massage. If there is breathing, turn your head to the side so that the person does not suffocate. Ambulance doctors will administer stronger medications to the patient to normalize blood pressure, heart function and blood composition.
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First aid for high blood pressure Why is high blood pressure dangerous? Blood pressure is the pressure of blood on the wall of a vessel (artery). The value of pressure depends on three parameters: - vascular tone - the force of contraction of the heart - the amount of blood in the body The constancy of blood pressure is maintained by a complex system of regulation, which includes the nervous system and kidneys. For various reasons, this system of regulation is disturbed in some people. This disease is called hypertension. Such patients (after consulting a doctor) follow the correct diet, sleep, exercise and periodically take medication to lower blood pressure. However, sometimes due to non-compliance with the doctor's recommendations, or due to stress, or due to a sudden change in weather, such patients experience a sharp increase in blood pressure up to 220/120. This condition is called a hypertensive crisis. A hypertensive crisis usually begins with a sudden onset of a severe throbbing headache, often accompanied by dizziness and blurred vision (“flies in the eyes”), nausea, and single vomiting. These symptoms are associated with impaired local cerebral blood flow. The patient is covered by a feeling of fear, anxiety, unhealthy excitement. The patient feels hot, his sweating increases. The next moment he feels cold and trembling in his limbs. A hypertensive crisis is dangerous because it can lead to a heart attack or stroke. First aid for high blood pressure Measure the patient's blood pressure with a blood pressure monitor to make sure it is a hypertensive crisis. Call an ambulance. Especially if the hypertensive crisis occurred in the patient for the first time. The patient must be put to bed, giving him a comfortable semi-sitting position with the help of pillows. This is necessary in order to avoid attacks of suffocation. Do not let him get up, walk - this can cause complications. The patient should immediately be given an extraordinary dose of the medicine that he usually takes to lower blood pressure. In addition, in the case of a sharp headache, you can give the patient one tablet of a diuretic familiar to him, if the patient uses drugs of this action. If severe pain occurs in the chest area (heart), you can give the patient a nitroglycerin tablet under the tongue. The relief of a hypertensive crisis involves a decrease in pressure within 1 hour by 25-30 mm Hg. Art. compared to the original. It is impossible to sharply reduce the pressure, there is a risk of complications (heart failure with various consequences). And, of course, no new drugs can be given to the patient, this is the doctor's business. It is necessary to provide the patient with access to fresh air, at least open the window. You can also warm the patient's legs with a hot foot bath. This will help divert some of the blood to the periphery.
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First aid for frostbite and hypothermia What is frostbite and hypothermia? Frostbite most often occurs in cold winters with high humidity and strong winds. Frostbite is caused by tight and damp clothes and shoes, physical overwork, hunger, forced prolonged immobility, alcohol intoxication. When exposed to low temperatures on a certain part of the body, the following occurs sequentially: - spasm of blood vessels, blood flow slows down (while the skin turns pale) - nerve endings freeze - loss of sensitivity occurs - blisters appear filled with bloody contents - death of all skin elements occurs with the development of scars Immediately after warming, as a result of damage to blood vessels, the damaged area turns red, edema develops rapidly. The victim feels intense pain. In less frostbitten areas, blisters may continue to develop. In conditions of prolonged exposure at low air temperatures, not only local lesions are possible, but also general hypothermia of the body. At the same time, body temperature decreases, pulse, respiration and blood pressure slow down. First aid for frostbite The first thing to do with signs of frostbite is to take the victim to the nearest warm room, remove frozen shoes, socks, gloves. Call an ambulance. SLOWLY warm the frozen areas by exhaling warm air or lukewarm tap water. Gradually increase the water temperature. You can not rub the frostbitten area, treat it with alcohol, quickly warm it. Apply a dry, sterile dressing to prevent infection. In case of frostbite of several toes or fingers, be sure to put strips of cloth between them, because. the skin may become sticky. Give the victim plenty of warm fluids. But not alcohol! With general hypothermia - gradually warm the victim with warm clothes or your own warmth. With general hypothermia, calling an ambulance is mandatory, because. consequences can develop the most dangerous.
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First aid for spinal injury Spinal fractures are a very dangerous injury, it is fraught with the development of paralysis. A fracture of the spine in the cervical or thoracic region can lead to respiratory and circulatory arrest (since signals from the brain will not reach the heart and lung muscles). In this case, artificial respiration will help. If you suspect a spinal (back or neck) injury, do not attempt to move the victim. On the contrary, the main task of first aid for a spinal injury is to ensure that the victim, as far as possible, remains until the arrival of the ambulance in the same position in which he was found. Damage to the spine can be assumed if: - There are signs of a traumatic brain injury - The victim complains of severe pain in the neck or back - The injury was associated with a blow of considerable force to the back or head. - The victim complains of weakness, numbness or impaired motor function of the limbs; paralysis of the limbs; impaired control of bladder or bowel function. - The neck or back looks "turned out" or is in an unnatural position. In case of emergency (for example, if a new danger threatens the victim), he must be transferred face up to a hard surface (on a wide board, a door removed from its hinges or a wooden shield) and tied so that he does not move during movement. This must be done with two or three people. If a person is unconscious, then he is laid on his stomach, placing rollers under the upper chest and forehead, to avoid suffocation with a sunken tongue or inhalation of vomit. In the position on the stomach, the victims are also transported with fractures of the lumbar spine
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First aid if a person is choking Everything that enters the throat of a person passes either into the esophagus or into the trachea (windpipe). And it depends on the position of the epiglottis, which can close one of these two channels. If you talk or breathe heavily while eating, then a piece of food can slip into the trachea and close the airways. The same thing happens with children, who often put small toys and parts in their mouths. As a result, a person can lose consciousness in a minute, and die in five minutes from a lack of oxygen. Of course, in the human body there is an excellent mechanism of resistance to such situations - coughing. Coughing is the most effective way to remove a foreign body from the airways. Therefore, if a person who is choking is able to cough - the best thing you can do is tell him "Calm down! Cough!". If a person is not able to cough (the foreign body has completely closed the trachea, and there is no longer enough air in the lungs), the first thing to do is to tilt the person forward and down (or throw it on the stomach over the knee, the back of the chair ...) and pat the open palm between the shoulder blades (toward the mouth). Remember, it is the guiding movements that are needed, and not just clapping. In this case, the foreign body may move slightly to the wide edge of the trachea, free up the passage for air, and the person will be able to cough again. If the cough comes back, stop clapping. If the cough does not resume, stand behind the person, wrap your arms around his waist, grasp the fist of one hand with the other hand, so that the fist rests on the stomach. Place one of your feet between the feet of the victim, and the other slightly behind. This will allow you to stand if the victim passes out. Pull your fist toward yourself and up (under the diaphragm) several times with force. The meaning of this manipulation is that you cause a sharp increase in intra-abdominal pressure, which is transmitted to the diaphragm and lungs. And in the lungs there is always a small amount of air that is not used during breathing, and which is quite enough to remove a foreign object. If coughing resumes, stop jerking. If a person has lost consciousness and you can no longer hold him, put him on his back. Sit on top of your feet, place the base of the palm of one hand just above the navel, the second hand on the first. And forcefully push down and forward. Those. the same, only in the supine position. Keep pushing until the coughing resumes. It is useless to do artificial respiration while the airways are closed.
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First aid for drowning Blue drowning occurs when a drowning person fights for his life until the last minute. Usually people who cannot swim, children who find themselves at depth (for example, fell into the pool, fell from the boat) drown like this. At the same time, a drowning person, being under water, continues to actively move, holding his breath as much as possible. This very quickly leads to brain hypoxia and loss of consciousness. As soon as a person loses consciousness, water immediately begins to enter the stomach and lungs in large quantities, and then it is quickly absorbed and passes into the bloodstream, significantly overflowing it with diluted blood. Such blood seeps through the walls of blood vessels and therefore the skin turns blue. Pale drowning occurs when a person drowns unconscious (hitting his head while diving, or before falling into the water, passes out from shock), or falls through the ice, or drowns in highly chlorinated water in the pool (in these cases, there is a reflex spasm of the glottis, which prevents water from entering the lungs. At the same time, a person does not inhale water, and water does not enter the lungs and stomach in large quantities. Therefore, pale drowning is much more favorable for saving life. Although breathing and blood flow stop, but if artificial respiration is done within 5 minutes, then there will be much less serious consequences than with blue drowning. First aid for drowning First aid for drowning begins in different ways, depending on the type of drowning. With pale drowning - of course, you do not need to spend time removing water from the lungs (which is not there), but you need to immediately start artificial respiration and heart massage. With blue drowning, the first thing to do is to throw the victim over the knee face down (a large person can be sharply lifted by the waist together), put two fingers in his mouth and sharply press on the root of the tongue to provoke a gag reflex and stimulate breathing. If, after pressing on the root of the tongue, you heard the characteristic sound "E" and this was followed by vomiting; if you saw the remnants of food eaten in the water pouring out of your mouth, then you have a living person with a preserved gag reflex. The indisputable proof of this will be the appearance of a cough. Remember! In the event of a gag reflex and cough, the main task is to remove WATER from the lungs and stomach as soon as possible and thoroughly. This will avoid many serious complications. To do this, periodically press the root of the tongue with force for 5-10 minutes until water ceases to be released from the mouth and upper respiratory tract. If, when pressing on the root of the tongue, the gag reflex did not appear, if there is neither coughing nor respiratory movements, then in no case should one waste time on further extracting water from the drowned one. Most likely, it is no longer there or not enough - it has been absorbed into the blood. Immediately turn the person on their back and begin artificial respiration immediately. After providing emergency care - lay the person on his side and call an ambulance. This must be done even if the victim feels satisfactory. No matter how prosperous his condition may seem, no matter how his relatives persuade him to let him go home, you must insist on calling an ambulance. Even after rescue, the threat of repeated cardiac arrest, the development of pulmonary and brain edema and acute renal failure remains. Only after 3-5 days you can be sure that the life of the victim is no longer in danger.
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First aid for food poisoning How does food poisoning happen? Pathogenic microbes enter the body when sanitary and hygienic rules for cooking are violated, when unwashed or old foods are eaten, or when a person takes them with unwashed hands. In the human body, toxins cause an inflammatory process in the mucous membrane of the stomach, small and large intestine. In this case, there is pain in the abdomen, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. Absorbed from the intestines into the blood, toxins affect literally all organs and systems, including the heart, central nervous system, and liver. As a result, body temperature rises, chills, tachycardia (rapid heartbeat) appear, blood pressure decreases, fainting may occur, and muscle cramps are sometimes noted. Dysentery, salmonellosis, typhoid fever, streptococcal and staphylococcal foodborne infections can be transmitted through food. The most severe poisoning is caused by botulism bacteria. They affect the central nervous system, therefore, in addition to abdominal pain and intestinal upset, the patient's vision worsens, swallowing is difficult. First aid for food poisoning The first task in case of poisoning is to remove as many toxins and bacteria from the body as possible. With many poisonings, a person removes some of the toxins and bacteria with vomiting and diarrhea. If there is no vomiting, then you should give the person a good drink of warm water. Excessive drinking will stretch the walls of the stomach and provoke vomiting. If this does not happen, induce vomiting by pressing on the root of the tongue and abdomen. After vomiting - again give the patient a drink and repeat the procedure. Then do an enema - this will help cleanse the intestines. With such cleansing, the body loses a lot of fluid, so after cleansing it is often necessary to give the patient to drink - but in small doses (several sips). A large dose will again cause vomiting. It is optimal to use oral rehydration solution as a drink, which should be in the first aid kit. If it is not available, use mineral water without gas, unsweetened tea, diluted juice, compote. Give the patient activated charcoal (1 tablet per 10 kg of body weight). Due to its porous structure, activated charcoal perfectly absorbs toxins. Do not give the patient food. When the temperature rises above 38 degrees - use antipyretics. Calling an ambulance is mandatory: - in case of loss of consciousness - in case of deterioration of vision and swallowing - at a high temperature that does not go astray - in case of symptoms of poisoning in several family members at once - in case of child poisoning - in case of mushroom poisoning
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First aid for thermal burns Give the victim pain medication. You can anesthetize the burn site by spraying it from a syringe with a 0.5% novocaine solution, which should be in the first aid kit. Give the victim water to drink, because. burns lose a lot of fluid. What you can not do: - touch the burn with your hands - apply cotton wool, plaster, ice to the burnt surface - treat the burn with ointments, creams, iodine, brilliant green, hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, alcohol, powders. Only reddened skin can be treated with a special ointment / aerosol, but in no case bubbles - pierce the bubbles (they protect the broken epidermis from infections) You need to understand that at the first moment all burns are sterile, as they arise from exposure to high temperatures. But in the next moment, the burn turns into a wound open to any microbes. Therefore, treating the burn with any means not intended for this, you will only introduce an infection or intensify the burn. You just need to immediately close the burnt surface from the ingress of microbes. Seek medical attention in case of: - 3rd degree burns - burns of the respiratory tract, which usually occurs during a fire - a large burn area - burns in the face, neck, eyes, perineum - symptoms such as vomiting, fever
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First aid for gas poisoning Household and carbon monoxide poisoning Household gas (which is in the stove) and carbon monoxide (which is formed during combustion in a closed room or in a closed car) contain the most dangerous substance for humans - carbon monoxide (CO). It is dangerous because, when inhaled, it binds hemoglobin in the blood and does not allow it to carry oxygen. As a result, at first a person has a headache, nausea, vomiting, then he loses consciousness and dies from lack of oxygen. A particular danger of carbon monoxide is that it is absolutely odorless and does not irritate the respiratory tract. A small amount of other gases with a sharp and unpleasant odor is specially added to household gas. Poisoning by toxic gases Toxic gases (fumes of mercury, chlorine, ammonia...) when inhaled cause burns of the respiratory tract, inflammation and pulmonary edema. At the same time, coughing, sore throat, pain in the eyes, lacrimation, pain behind the sternum, an asthma attack, loss of consciousness begin. First aid for gas poisoning In case of poisoning with any gas, the first task is to transfer / transfer the victim to fresh air as soon as possible. If this is not possible, open windows and doors. Close the probable source of gas - the valve of the stove, heater, turn off the car's ignition. If the victim has no breathing/pulse, perform artificial respiration and heart massage. If he is unconscious (but there is breathing and pulse) - turn him over on his side. Open/loose clothing at neck and chest. In case of any gas poisoning, it is obligatory to call an ambulance (or see a doctor). Even if the person feels fine. Because dangerous consequences can develop over time.
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First Aid for Neck Injury Injuries to the cervical spine can occur when falling headfirst, diving in shallow water, are not uncommon in car accidents and falls from a motorcycle. Signs that suggest this injury are neck pain, limited mobility, or an unnatural head position. Neck injuries are no less dangerous than head injuries, because blood flows through the neck to the brain, airways and the spinal cord (which, in particular, transmit signals for breathing and heart contraction). Squeezing the arteries of the neck or spinal cord can lead to death of the victim. Therefore, when stopping bleeding, and when fixing the neck, and during transportation, and even when performing artificial respiration, shocks, sudden movements, and excessive bending of the neck are not allowed. When opening the airway, do not throw back the victim's head. Instead, gently grab your chin with your fingers and pull it up. First aid for a neck fracture A fracture of the bones of the neck can cause displacement of the cervical vertebrae and suffocation. To prevent such a serious and life-threatening situation, immediately lay the person face up on a hard surface and immobilize the head and neck. If the person is not breathing or has no pulse, give artificial respiration. It is advisable to carefully place a small pillow or a bundle of clothes under the neck of the victim, and fix the head and neck from the sides with two rolls of folded clothes, blankets, pillows. So the person must lie still until the ambulance arrives. In case of emergency (for example, the casualty is vomiting or choking), gently turn the casualty to the side. Do it together if possible. Make sure that the head, neck and spine are always in the same line when turning on the side. The victim can only be transported while lying on a wooden shield or on a stretcher. In this case, you need to keep your head, preventing neck movements. Also, rescuers or doctors will put on a cardboard-gauze collar for the victim.
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First aid for a heart attack A heart attack (acute heart failure) is a condition in which the heart cannot provide adequate blood circulation. It can develop as a result of prolonged oxygen starvation due to blood loss or respiratory distress, traumatic shock, heart defects (blockage of blood vessels, spasm of the coronary vessels, myocardial infarction), poisoning with toxic substances. In acute heart failure, the heart muscle loses its contractility, so the heart cannot pump the blood flowing to it. Cardiac output decreases sharply, blood stasis occurs. If left ventricular failure prevails, then the blood stagnates in the lungs, there is an overflow of the pulmonary circulation, cardiac asthma, pulmonary edema develop. If right ventricular failure prevails, then the blood stagnates in the systemic circulation, edema appears, the liver enlarges, the blood flow rate and oxygen supply to various tissues and organs decrease. A heart attack usually develops gradually. In this case, the patient develops pain in the region of the heart, there is an increase in shortness of breath, choking with a cough, weakened rapid breathing and meager wheezing below the shoulder blades. If pulmonary edema occurs, then foamy pink sputum is released when coughing. First aid for a heart attack If a person loses consciousness - check the breathing / pulse and in their absence - proceed to artificial respiration and heart massage. If the attack develops slowly - calm and seat the person. Call an ambulance. Give him pills from the first-aid kit: nitroglycerin and aspirin. Nitroglycerin lowers blood pressure, relaxes the smooth muscles of blood vessels. And aspirin makes platelets less sticky and helps to minimize the formation of blood clots and prevent blockages in the arteries. Nitroglycerin is placed under the tongue until the tablet is completely resorbed. It relieves the pain attack within 3-5 minutes. If not, give a second tablet. In the absence of the necessary medicines, tourniquets are applied to the patient's hips and shoulders (you can use improvised means to limit the volume of circulating blood).
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First aid for poisoning Poison - any substance that causes severe poisoning. Poison can enter the body accidentally or on purpose. The most common poisonings are the following substances: - drugs and alcohol taken in large quantities - poisonous mushrooms and berries (fly agaric, pale grebe ..) - heavy metals (arsenic, mercury, lead ..) - poisonous acids and salts (potassium cyanide, hydrocyanic acid ...) The mechanisms of action on the body for various poisons are different: - damage to the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines - the release of toxic vapors from the stomach into the respiratory tract, pulmonary edema - the capture of blood hemoglobin, which leads to its inability to carry oxygen - blockage of cell enzymes, which makes it impossible to supply cells with oxygen - necrosis of the liver or kidneys - damage to the nervous system. cardiac arrest First aid tactics are the same as for food poisoning. Remove as much poison as possible from the body as quickly as possible (induce vomiting, make an enema), then restore the lost fluid, give activated charcoal, wait for an ambulance that will try to neutralize the remaining poison. If the person is unconscious, lay him on his side so that he does not choke when he vomits. If the poisoning is severe, and the victim quickly loses consciousness and dies from respiratory arrest, all that remains for you is to do artificial respiration, BUT taking strict precautions so as not to inhale toxic fumes. Another useful thing you can do is find out what kind of poison the victim has taken. Even very strong poisonings can be neutralized by the introduction of an antidote. But in order to administer an antidote, the emergency doctor must know what kind of poison was taken.
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First aid in case of fire Of course, first aid in case of fire can only be started when the victim is taken out/brought out of the burning room into fresh air. If the victim is unconscious, it is necessary to determine the presence of breathing and a pulse, and in their absence, perform artificial respiration. If there is a pulse, it is necessary to put the person on his side and call an ambulance. If the victim is conscious, then an ambulance still needs to be called for: - signs of carbon monoxide poisoning - the presence of burns Signs of carbon monoxide poisoning - weakness, headache, dizziness, vomiting, blurred vision and hearing. In the presence of these symptoms, the victim must be seated / laid down in the fresh air, unfasten the clothes around the neck, give a sniff of cotton wool with ammonia. Burns can be dealt with while the ambulance is on the way. The first step is to remove / cut off the burnt clothes. Do not tear off clothes that have stuck to the skin - this will complicate the healing of the wound. As you remember, burns are good because they are initially sterile (any infection is destroyed). But in the next moment, the burn turns into a wound open to any microbes. Therefore, burns cannot be treated with alcohol, iodine, brilliant green, creams, etc. You just need to cover the burns with a damp, clean cloth to protect against infections. From above, cover the person with a blanket and let him drink (tea, mineral water is best).
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First aid in case of an accident First aid to a person who was hit by a car When a person is hit by a car at high speed, the blow usually falls on the thigh area. Then the person flies up and falls on the asphalt from a great height, turning over several times. The most common cause of death in such cases is a traumatic brain injury and a neck injury (if falling, he hits his head). In this case, severe bleeding in the head area, an unnatural position of the head is possible. Other most dangerous situations: - trauma of the spine in the thoracic region - fracture of the ribs with damage to the pleural region or lungs - injuries of the chest and abdomen with internal bleeding - severe bleeding with open fractures and, if they are not there, turn the person on his back and perform artificial respiration. If there is breathing, you should not turn the person over and move him in any way until the ambulance arrives. This can lead to death. Exceptions: - if a person needs to be pulled away from a dangerous area where another car could run over him - if he has severe bleeding that needs to be stopped quickly - if he starts vomiting while lying on his back Cover the victim, monitor his condition and wait for an ambulance. If the injuries are less severe and the victim is conscious, it is possible to provide more advanced first aid (treat wounds, apply bandages, cold) with the help of a first aid kit, which should be in every car. chest against the steering wheel, dashboard or chair. Depending on the crushing of the car, injuries can be very different, but the most common causes of death are traumatic brain injury and neck trauma. Other most dangerous situations are: - trauma to the spine in the thoracic region - fracture of the ribs with damage to the pleural region or lungs - injuries to the chest and abdomen with internal bleeding - severe bleeding from open fractures Think twice before removing the victim from the car. This should be done only if: - the machine starts to catch fire - there is no breathing and pulse, and artificial respiration is necessary - there is severe bleeding and there is no way to stop it on the spot In other cases, before removing the victim, you need to feel for a fracture of the spine, and remove very carefully (preferably in the same position in which he sits) and fixing the neck. Any careless movement can lead to a significant deterioration in the condition.
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First Aid for Sprains A sprain is a partial or complete tear of a muscle or ligament (the connective fibers that strengthen joints). This usually occurs with great physical exertion, which is disproportionate to the capabilities of a person. In addition, the problem can occur with awkward or very active movements, loads on unheated muscles. Stretching often occurs in children, athletes and people involved in vigorous physical activity. The most common sprains are in the elbow, knee, and ankle joints. With sprains of muscles and ligaments, pain occurs, which increases with movement, muscle weakness, bruising and swelling. Edema occurs as a result of damage to the walls of blood vessels. First aid for sprains As with fractures and dislocations, when sprained, the main task is to immobilize the injured limb. Any movement can break even more fibers, which in this moment just very stretched out. Moreover, what seems to you to be a sprain may turn out to be a dislocation or a fracture. No need to rub, knead the outstretched arm or pace the outstretched leg - this will make it even worse. The best thing you can do is stop exercising, immobilize the injured limb and apply cold to the sprain - this will help reduce swelling and pain for now and (most importantly!) in the days to come. If the pain is severe and there is redness and / or numbness in the damaged area, it is necessary to make a fixing (pressure) bandage or even a splint (as in a fracture) and take the victim to the emergency room. There they will take an x-ray and accurately determine whether it is a sprain or a dislocation or a fracture. If you decide to do without the help of doctors (the pain is not too strong) - in any case, it is advisable to make a fixing bandage and for the first few hours - periodically apply cold. A day later (when the blood vessels heal), you can start rubbing the injury with a warming ointment to intensify blood circulation and metabolism in damaged tissues.
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First aid for fractures In fractures, the main task is to immobilize the injured limb or area. Any movement of a broken bone can lead to pain shock, loss of consciousness and damage to surrounding tissues. Moreover, if the victim complains of severe pain after a fall or blow, which increases with any movement and touch, there is no need to guess if there is a fracture, or a dislocation, or a severe bruise - in any case, you need to immobilize the limb and call an ambulance. For transportation, the victim must be splinted to prevent the movement of broken bones - but it is best to leave this matter to the doctors. First, they will administer pain medication first. Secondly, they will be able to apply the splint more painlessly and competently. But if the victim has an open fracture (a bleeding injury with a bone fragment), it is necessary to disinfect the wound (with iodine, brilliant green, alcohol) and make a pressure bandage and / or tourniquet without waiting for the doctors. Because blood loss can be more serious trouble than a fracture. In no case is it recommended to try to fix the position of the damaged bone or to match the broken bone on your own. Moreover, protruding bones should not be set into the depth of the wound. Let the professionals do it. To alleviate the condition of the victim, you can apply cold to the sore spot to reduce swelling, and also give him analgin, tempalgin, amidopyrine, or another painkiller. You can give the patient a drink of water or warm tea, cover him (if it's cold). If it is not possible to call an ambulance, then you will have to make a tire yourself and transport a person. The tire can be made from any auxiliary material (stick, rods, boards, skis, cardboard, straw bundles, etc.). When applying a splint, the following rules must be observed: - the splint is always applied to at least two joints (above and below the fracture site); - the tire is not superimposed on the naked part of the body (it is necessary to put cotton wool, gauze, clothes, etc. under it); - the superimposed tire should not dangle; it must be attached firmly and securely; When the arm is broken, the easiest way to immobilize the arm is to hang it with bandages or a triangular scarf on a sling that is tied around the neck. When the bones of the forearm are fractured, two splints are used, which are applied from both - the palmar and dorsal. When the shoulder, collarbone, and scapula are fractured. When the shoulder girdle is fractured, a small roller should be placed under the arm, and the arm should be hung with a bandage or scarf and tied to the body. The victim is transported in a sitting position.
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First aid for fractures When a finger is broken When a finger is broken, it must be tightly bandaged to an adjacent healthy finger. For the leg: If the leg is broken Tie the injured leg to the healthy leg above and below the fracture. Or, if it is not possible to transport the victim in the prone position, apply a splint covering at least two joints of the leg. The main splint is placed on the back of the leg to prevent joint flexion. In case of a hip fracture, the splint is applied right up to the waist and bandaged to the waist. With a fracture of the rib the main task in case of a fracture is to immobilize broken bones, and the ribs usually move with breathing, then it is necessary to apply a pressure bandage to the chest. Thus, a person will breathe with the help of the abdominal muscles and it will not be so painful for him to breathe. In the absence of sufficient bandages, the chest is tightly wrapped with a sheet, towel, scarf, or other large piece of cloth. No need to talk to the victim - it hurts him to talk. Do not let the person lie down as sharp fragments of ribs can damage internal organs. It is also necessary to transport with a fracture of the ribs in a sitting position. Pelvic fractures Pelvic fractures are often accompanied by damage to internal organs, bleeding, and shock. It is necessary to give the victim a position in which there is a minimum of pain. Usually, this is lying on your back with a roller under your feet. In this case, the hips are somewhat divorced to the sides. The roller can be made from a pillow, clothes or any material that has turned up. The patient is transported on a solid shield after various anti-shock measures (pain relief, bleeding stop).
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First aid for falling from a height If a person has fallen from a small height, the first step is to determine the degree of damage in order to decide whether to call an ambulance or not. At the same time, it is important not to aggravate the injury: for example, with a fracture, any movement can further damage the bones and muscles. As a rule, a person is conscious - groans or swears. If he lies motionless - ask him to move his fingers and toes. If it turns out, then the spine is most likely not damaged. Next, ask them to move their arms and legs. Sharp pain during movement, as a rule, means a dislocation or fracture - you need to call an ambulance. Until the ambulance arrives, do not move the affected limb. Check for the possibility of a concussion. Symptoms: headache, lethargy, drowsiness, pallor, nausea, vomiting, nosebleeds. In this case, calling an ambulance is also required. If everything worked out only with bruises and abrasions, you just need to rinse and disinfect the damaged areas and apply cold. If a person has fallen from a great height, the question "call an ambulance or not" is not worth it. The question is whether you need to first provide emergency assistance to the victim. A fall from a great height can lead to a fracture of the spine, destruction of internal organs, traumatic brain injury, rupture of large arteries, multiple fractures of the limbs, ribs, and pelvis. As a rule, a person is unconscious (at least due to a concussion). The first step (without turning the person over) is to check for breathing and pulse (two fingers on the neck). Only if there is no pulse - turn the victim on his back and do artificial respiration. If a person is breathing, in no case try to turn him over or seat him. Call an ambulance. Only if there is an open fracture and heavy bleeding - stop it as carefully as possible.
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First aid if a person is beaten First of all, make sure that you are safe. Call an ambulance and the police. If the person is unconscious, check breathing and pulse. In their absence, perform artificial respiration and heart massage. If there is breathing, turn your head to the side so that the person does not suffocate. If there is heavy bleeding, stop the bleeding. Foreign objects should not be pulled out of wounds - this can lead to increased bleeding and damage to tissues and organs. Assess for possible damage. Depending on how and with what a person was beaten, he may have: - a craniocerebral injury and concussion (blood on the head, bleeding from the nose and ears, loss or disorder of consciousness) - deep wounds (severe bleeding) - internal bleeding in the chest and abdominal region (coughing up blood, abdominal pain) - neck injury (unnatural head position, pain when turning the head) - spinal injury (cannot stand up) - fractures of ribs, hands, fingers (unnatural position, pain that increases with movement) - dislocation of the jaw (pain when speaking) - tooth knocked out (bleeding from the mouth) - broken nose (bleeding from the nose) - bruises (hematomas) - frostbite and hypothermia (if lying in the snow for a long time) Provide first aid, depending on the type of damage. As a rule, universal actions are: - stop bleeding - immobilize - provide fresh air (free neck, chest) - apply cold to injured areas You will most likely need a first aid kit. It can be found in the nearest car or shop.
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The knowledge and skills that you have acquired are necessary for any person and in any life situation. Helping a person in a difficult situation, when his life is in danger, is a real feat. All the best. Do not stand aside indifferently When someone is in trouble. You need to rush to the rescue At any moment, always. And if someone, someone will be helped by Your kindness, your support, You are happy that the day was not lived in vain, That you do not live in vain for years.
Quickly report them to the ambulance station medical help. First medical help in case of an accident, it must be rendered on the spot... dangerous arterial bleeding. First medical help with bleeding from wounds of the shoulder, forearm and palm First medical help hip fractures and...
First Medical Help 1. Injury - violation of the integrity of the tissue under the influence of external factors ... the fracture site. Abnormal mobility, pain, crunch of fragments, swelling are noted. First help. Immobilize the fracture site, apply a splint, inject an anesthetic, deliver the victim...
First aid in case of accident...
First medical help in case of accidents and traffic accidents Attention! This scheme is universal for all cases of rendering first help in place... help keep the casualty alive until arrival medical personnel. Universal rendering scheme first help at the scene If not...
First medical help with bleeding Bleeding the outflow of blood from a damaged vessel is called ... wounds Capillary bleeding - blood oozes over the entire surface of the wound Stages first medical help in case of bleeding 1. Eliminate the effect of traumatic factors 2. Restoration of breathing ...
First aid for bleeding...
First medical help bleeding Capillary bleeding Venous bleeding Arterial bleeding Caring for... yourself, especially when you or someone else needs urgent medical help otherwise tragedy could happen. Ways to stop bleeding 1. Sleepy 2 ...
And also in case of careless provision first medical help First medical help if bleeding Stop bleeding Risk of bleeding ... visible damage, the victim should be evacuated to medical institution. First medical help with wounds and lesions of the nose, ear ...
Rendering first medical help First medical help 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1. How to provide first help fainting victim? A: Lay down with legs raised... time to apply the tourniquet D: To indicate all of the above information First medical help 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ...
For various injuries medical help victims are divided into several main types: first medical help; pre-medical help; first medical help; qualified medical help; specialized medical help. First medical help It's a set of activities...
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First aid
First aid is a set of simple medical measures using medicines performed medical worker(physician, paramedic, nurse (nurse) or, in some countries, paramedic) or a person who has no medical training, but has first aid skills, at the site of injury and / or the occurrence of any acute or exacerbation chronic disease in the order of self- and mutual assistance, as well as participants in emergency rescue operations using standard and improvised means. The main purpose of first aid is to help a person injured or suffering from a sudden onset of illness until qualified medical assistance arrives.
First aid for: Poisoning Bleeding Fainting Burns Frostbite Electrical injury Convulsions Sudden death Dislocations and fractures Sunstroke Heatstroke Drowning
Poisoning: Poisoning or intoxication develops as a result of exposure to various toxic substances on the body. Most often, these substances are used in everyday life and enter the human body. Symptoms of poisoning will depend on the nature of the chemical (alkalis, acids, food toxins) and how it enters the body (through the mouth, skin, blood). Depending on this, the algorithm for providing first aid to the victim will be determined. Signs of poisoning are: nausea, vomiting, pain in the stomach and intestines, diarrhea, dysfunction of the cardiovascular system, psychomotor agitation or lethargy. The patient may experience tachycardia, pallor of the skin, possibly a state of collapse. In the absence of timely assistance, the patient may experience renal failure, which is manifested by a delay or complete cessation of urination. In case of poisoning with corrosive substances (acids, alkalis), burns can be seen on the mucous membrane of the mouth and lips. In case of poisoning with poisons acting on the central nervous system, respiratory failure is possible up to its complete cessation.
First aid for poisoning: Gastric lavage. Regardless of the nature of the chemical or toxic substance, its quantity and time of entry into the body, assistance should begin with gastric lavage with a large amount (3-4 liters) of water at room temperature to clean lavage water. To do this, you must ask the patient to drink as much lukewarm, slightly salty water as possible at one time and induce vomiting by pressing your fingers on the root of the tongue. You must repeat this manipulation 2-3 times, after which give the patient 2-3 tablespoons of mashed activated charcoal and a laxative. If you know that your patient has been poisoned by acid, in no case should you try to neutralize the effect of these substances with alkali (for example, soda solution) and vice versa. Rapidly released gases can cause a rupture in the wall of the stomach and the contents will pour into the abdominal cavity.
Bleeding. Arterial venous
Signs of arterial bleeding: When an artery is damaged, blood is bright scarlet and spurts from the wound. Given that arterial blood flows from the heart to the periphery, bleeding can be stopped by pinching the damaged vessel above the injury site. You can clamp the artery only by pressing it against the bone.
Help with arterial bleeding: A tourniquet can be applied for no more than 2 hours in summer and 1 hour in winter, so a note must be placed under the tourniquet, which will indicate the time the tourniquet is applied. Finger pressure. For an emergency stop of bleeding, it is necessary to press the artery against the bone with your fingers or, if it is the femoral artery, with your fist. However, you will not be able to hold your fingers with such an effort for a long time, so while you are holding the artery with your fingers, someone urgently needs to find a rubber arterial tourniquet, gauze wipes and cotton wool. Application of an arterial tourniquet. At the site of finger pressing, it is necessary to apply several rounds of an arterial tourniquet, placing gauze napkins and cotton wool under it. The correct application of the tourniquet is evidenced by the cessation of bleeding from the wound (after the first round of the tightened tourniquet) and the absence of pulsation below the site of the tourniquet. A loose tourniquet will only increase bleeding.
Signs of venous bleeding: If the blood is dark red and comes from a wound in a slow or weakly pulsating jet in time with breathing, your patient has venous bleeding, which is life threatening due to both rapid blood loss and the possibility of an air embolism. Venous bleeding is possible with rupture of blood vessels in the nasal mucosa or varicose veins of the lower extremities. Nosebleeds caused by taking aspirin, increased blood pressure, may not stop for a long time and require hospitalization of the patient. First aid for any venous bleeding involves the imposition of a pressure bandage, cold and elevated position.
Help with venous bleeding: The imposition of a pressure bandage and exposure to cold. A pressure bandage is applied below the wound as venous blood rises from the peripheral vessels to the heart. Such a pressure bandage consists of several sterile gauze pads or an unwound bandage, on which a tourniquet or elastic bandage is applied. The correctness of the application of the venous tourniquet is evidenced by the stoppage of bleeding, but the preservation of the pulsation below the place of pressing. On top of the bandage in the projection to the source of bleeding, it is good to apply an ice pack or a heating pad filled with cold water. Do not forget that after 30-40 minutes the cold must be removed for 10 minutes in order to restore the general blood flow in this area. If bleeding occurs from a limb, it should be given an elevated position. In case of nosebleeds, the wing of the nose is pressed against its septum, it is good to first introduce a ball of cotton wool moistened with 3% hydrogen peroxide into the nasal passage. Cold is applied to the area of the bridge of the nose or the back of the head for 3-4 minutes with breaks of 3-4 minutes until the bleeding stops. It is not necessary to throw back the head, because the blood will drain down the back of the throat.
Signs of capillary bleeding: Slow bleeding from the entire surface of the wound is an indicator of capillary bleeding. With all the seeming harmlessness of such a wound, stopping such bleeding presents great difficulties if the patient suffers from poor blood clotting (hemophilia).
Help with capillary bleeding: The imposition of a pressure bandage. If your first aid kit has a hemostatic sponge, it should be applied to the wound, and then a pressure bandage should be applied. If there is no such sponge, then several layers of gauze napkins are applied to the wound, which are fixed with a pressure bandage. In any case, if the wound is on a limb, it should be given an elevated position and provided with rest and cold (ice pack).
Fainting. Causes of fainting: Sudden short-term loss of consciousness (fainting) can occur for various reasons. Syncope is based on oxygen starvation of the brain. Loss of consciousness is often preceded by bouts of dizziness, weakness, nausea. The patient falls or slowly sinks to the ground. His face turns pale, the pupils become narrow, but the reaction to light remains alive (when a light source is brought to the eyes, the pupils narrow). Arterial pressure is reduced, the pulse is weak filling. In the horizontal position of the patient, fainting, as a rule, quickly stops, consciousness returns, the cheeks turn pink, the patient takes a deep breath and opens his eyes.
Help with fainting: If possible, lay the patient on his back, lifting his legs. If it is impossible to put the patient down (on the street, in transport), seat him and ask him to lower his head below the knees or to the level of the knees. All tight parts of clothing must be unbuttoned and fresh air must be provided. Rub or spray cold water on the skin of the face and neck. Bring a cotton swab with ammonia to the nose of the patient, rub her temples. It often happens that after a faint, a person is embarrassed by the attention of a large number of people and refuses further help. You should insist that the patient is not left unaccompanied in the near future, because fainting may recur.
Burns. Types of burns: depending on the damaging factor, they are divided into thermal (hot liquid, flame, hot metal), electrical and chemical. According to the depth of the lesion, 4 degrees are distinguished. The area of burns is roughly determined using the rule of nines and the rule of palms. The area of the palm of an adult is about 1% of the area of the body. According to the rule of nines, large parts of the body make up 9 or 18% of the body surface area. For example, the surface of the head and neck, the surface of the hand make up 9% each, the surface of the leg, the front surface of the torso - 18% each. Burns are considered severe if the total damage surface is more than 10%.
Help for burns: Fig. help with chemical burns. Your first step should be aimed at stopping the damaging effect of the thermal agent. Burning clothes must either be torn off or a blanket thrown over them. Then you must cut off (do not take off!) your clothes and throw them off. To quickly cool the skin with thermal burns, it is best to douse it with cold water. Apply dry sterile dressings to burn wounds and urgently hospitalize the patient.
Frostbite. Frostbite occurs at ambient temperatures below 0 °C. Frostbite occurs most frequently in the fingers, somewhat less frequently in the ears, nose, cheeks, and feet. With severe frostbite and cooling of the body, shortness of breath, tachycardia, and a drop in blood pressure are possible. In the initial period of frostbite, the skin of the damaged area is pale, cold, insensitive. The victim feels numb. As you warm up, severe pain appears and visible tissue damage develops, depending on the degree of frostbite: I degree - cyanotic skin, with a purple tint; II degree - skin blisters filled with a clear liquid; III degree - the skin is blue-purple, edema appears, the blisters are filled with bloody fluid, skin necrosis develops; IV degree - necrosis of the skin and underlying tissues to the full depth, down to the bones, a week later - wet or dry gangrene.
Help with frostbite: It is necessary to warm the frostbitten area. Specific methods depend on the situation. Take the victim to the room. If you have the opportunity, warm the frostbitten area in a bath of water, the temperature of which is gradually increased from 36 to 40 ° C over 15 minutes. At the same time, massage the limb from the periphery to the center. After 30 minutes, wipe the skin dry and treat with alcohol, apply dry sterile dressings with a thick layer of cotton wool on the outside. In case of frostbite of the face and ears, rub them with a clean hand or a soft cloth until they turn pink, treat with alcohol and vaseline oil. You can not use snow for grinding. It will cause damage to the surface layer of the skin. It is necessary to warm the patient by drinking hot tea and wrapping him in a blanket. If frostbite is accompanied by blistering and necrosis, be sure to hospitalize the patient.
Electrical injury. Signs of exposure to electric current: Electric current has local and general effects. Locally in the zone of action of the current, a burn occurs without surrounding redness and pain. The general reaction in mild cases is expressed in fright, excitement or lethargy, palpitations, arrhythmias. In severe electrical injury, the functions of the brain, heart, and respiration are disrupted, up to their termination and death.
Help in case of electric shock: Release the victim from the current source - push the electrical wire away from the victim with a dry wooden stick (mop handle, rolling pin), rubber mat or other insulating materials. Remember your own safety measures! If the heartbeat is preserved, and there is no breathing, start artificial ventilation of the lungs (mouth to mouth or mouth to nose). In the absence of a heartbeat - start an indirect heart massage in combination with artificial ventilation of the lungs (2 breaths for 15 shocks). As a rule, you can start the heart by delivering a strong blow to the middle of the sternum and continuing the external heart massage. An indicator of the correct massage of the heart will be pulse shocks on the carotid artery, constriction of the pupils and the appearance of spontaneous breathing.
Seizures. epileptic status. . An epileptic seizure can occur either suddenly or after warning signs. These can be various disturbances of perception (visual, sound, olfactory sensations), palpitations, intestinal peristalsis, speech and mental precursors, etc. The causes of epileptic seizures can be brain injuries, tumors, acute disorders of cerebral circulation, eclampsia of pregnant women. Losing consciousness, the patient falls and lets out a sharp cry. The head is thrown back, trismus develops, the arms are bent, the fingers are clenched into fists, the legs are unbent. The chest freezes in the position of maximum exhalation. Then twitching of arms, legs, tongue begins, which at this time bites, the head periodically turns to the sides. Foam is released from the mouth, involuntary urination, defecation occur. This continues for up to 2 minutes. After that, the patient calms down. His consciousness is absent, the muscles are relaxed, there are automatic movements. Breathing from convulsive becomes quiet, calm. There comes a deep sleep, after half an hour is replaced by a superficial, light, lasting up to several hours.
Help with epileptic convulsions: Outside the walls of the hospital Your help should be, first of all, in preventing injury to the patient. If you managed to notice the harbingers of a seizure, support the patient so that he does not fall on his back, from the full extent of his growth. Try to smoothly lower it to the floor, placing any soft object under your head (jacket, slippers, bag). At the next stage, you should try to unclench his teeth and insert between them (from the side) some solid object wrapped in a cloth (a spoon wrapped in a towel, a bandage folded in half, not unwound, etc.). This will prevent you from biting your tongue. After the end of the seizure, when the patient falls asleep, in no case do not wake him up, he should wake up on his own.
Sudden death. Signs and causes of sudden death: Sudden death is accompanied by the following undeniable signs: 1. Lack of consciousness. 2. Lack of spontaneous breathing. 3. Absence of pulsation in the central arteries (carotid, femoral). 4. Pupil dilation and lack of reaction to light. The causes of sudden death can be: 1. electric shock; 2. violations of the heart rhythm (with coronary heart disease, myocarditis, heart defects); 3. hemorrhage in the brain with aneurysms or atherosclerosis of blood vessels, especially against the background of high blood pressure; 4.massive blood loss due to rupture of an aneurysm of the aorta or other large vessels; 5.anaphylactic shock; 6.asphyxia, the entry of a foreign body into the trachea.
Help for sudden death: Resuscitation should begin immediately, and even better - without allowing a complete stop of cardiac activity and breathing. If the cause of death was asphyxia or drowning, free the oral cavity from objects interfering with breathing. Lay the patient on a hard, flat surface, loosen tight clothing. Stand on the side of the patient and put one palm on the lower third of the sternum - in the center. Place the other hand perpendicular to the back of the first. Start strong pushes with your hands at a frequency of 60 - 70 per minute. In this case, the sternum should be displaced by at least 4-6 cm towards the spine. The effectiveness of the massage is controlled by the passage of the pulse wave through the carotid artery. After 15 pressures, put your mouth through the handkerchief to the patient's mouth, tightly clasping his lips and pinching his nose, and make 2 vigorous exhalations. The patient's chest should rise. Then continue the heart massage. If you have an assistant, then he can perform a heart massage (4-5 shocks), and you can perform artificial ventilation of the lungs (2 exhalations). The effectiveness of resuscitation is confirmed by the appearance of independent contractions of the heart (pulse on the carotid artery) and constriction of the pupil. If breathing occurs, resuscitation can be stopped and the patient urgently hospitalized. In the absence of favorable signs, resuscitation is carried out for 30 minutes, after which the heart massage and ventilation of the lungs are stopped.
Dislocations and fractures. Dislocations are called persistent displacement of the articular parts of the articulating bones, accompanied by damage to the articular bag. Signs of dislocation are: 1. change in the shape of the joint; 2. uncharacteristic position of the limb; 3.pain; 4.spring fixation of the limb when trying to give it a physiological position; 5. dysfunction of the joint.
Help with dislocation: Since any, even a slight movement of a limb causes unbearable pain, first of all, you must fix the limb in the position in which it was, providing it with peace at the stage of hospitalization. For this, transport tires, special bandages or any available means are used. To immobilize the upper limb, you can use a scarf, the narrow ends of which are tied through the neck. In case of dislocation of the lower limb, tires or boards are placed under it and from the sides and the limb is bandaged to them. In case of dislocation of the fingers of the hand, the entire hand is immobilized to any flat solid surface. In the area of the joints between the tire and the limb, a layer of cotton wool is laid. In case of dislocation of the lower jaw, a sling-like bandage is brought under it (reminiscent of a bandage worn on the hand by the attendants), the ends of which are tied in a cross way at the back of the head.
Fractures. Fractures are called damage to the bone with a violation of its integrity. Fractures can be closed (without damage to the skin) and open (with damage to the skin). Bone fractures are also possible. The signs of a fracture are: 1. deformation of the limb at the site of the fracture; 2. impossibility of limb movement; 3. limb shortening; 4. crackling of bone fragments under the skin; 5. pain during axial tapping (along the bone); 6. with a fracture of the pelvic bones - the inability to tear off the leg from the surface on which the patient lies. The main signs of bruises and fractures - pain, swelling, hematoma, impossibility of movement - coincide. You should be guided by the sensation of crunching in the area of the fracture and pain during axial load. The last symptom is checked with a slight tapping along the axis of the limb. In this case, there is a sharp pain at the site of the fracture.
Help with fractures: In closed fractures, just like in dislocations, it is necessary to ensure the immobilization of the limb and rest. Use assistive devices. In case of fractures of the hip and shoulder bones, tires are applied, capturing three joints (ankle, knee, femoral and wrist, elbow and shoulder). In other cases, two joints are fixed - above and below the fracture site. In no case should you try to match the bone fragments - this can cause bleeding. With open fractures, you will have two tasks: to stop the bleeding and immobilize the limb. If you see that blood is pouring out in a pulsating stream (arterial bleeding), a tourniquet should be applied above the bleeding site. After stopping the bleeding, apply an aseptic (sterile) bandage to the wound area and immobilize. If the blood is poured out in a uniform stream, apply a pressure aseptic bandage and immobilize.
Sunstroke. Sunstroke - overheating as a result of prolonged exposure to the sun and direct exposure to sunlight on the head. Signs of sunstroke: Increased body temperature. Redness of the skin. Increased perspiration. Increased heart rate and respiration. Headache, weakness. Noise in ears. Nausea, vomiting. loss of consciousness, convulsions. Often skin burns
Help with sunstroke: The victim should immediately lie down with his head elevated in a shady place or a cool room. The victim must be removed from clothing, laid down and wrapped in wet sheets or towels. Place an ice or cold water bladder or cold compress on the victim's head. When overheating, it is important first of all to cool the head, since in this case the central nervous system is especially affected. You can not immerse the victim in cold water, as reflex cardiac arrest is possible. Cooling should be carried out gradually, avoiding large temperature differences. Give the victim a plentiful cold drink (water, tea, coffee, juice). In the presence of burns, it is necessary to lubricate the affected skin with petroleum jelly, do not open the blisters, apply a dry sterile bandage and contact a medical institution.
Heatstroke. Heat stroke is a pathological condition caused by a general sharp overheating of the body as a result of exposure to external thermal factors. Causes - a violation of thermoregulation that occurs under the influence of excess heat from the environment. Overheating of the body is facilitated by conditions that impede heat transfer: High humidity and stillness of the air. Physical stress. Enhanced nutrition. Prolonged wearing of clothing made of synthetic, leather or rubberized fabric in conditions of elevated ambient temperature. Insufficient fluid intake. The symptoms of heat stroke are exactly the same as those of sunstroke.
Drowning. Drowning is a death or terminal condition resulting from the penetration of water (less often other liquids and bulk materials) into the lungs and airways. Causes of Drowning Drowning occurs for a variety of reasons. Often people drown, neglecting elementary precautions (do not swim behind the buoys, do not swim while intoxicated, do not swim in questionable reservoirs, do not swim in a storm). When drowning, the fear factor plays a big role. So, often those who do not know how to swim, who accidentally find themselves in the water at great depths, begin to randomly paddle with their arms and legs, shouting "Save me, I'm drowning!". Thus, they release air from the lungs and inevitably sink into the water. Drowning can also occur among diving enthusiasts. Sometimes it is even more dangerous than simple drowning, especially if you dive alone. Often the drowning of scuba divers is accompanied by the so-called "Decompression sickness".
Help with drowning:
Types of drownings. There are several types of drowning: true ("aspiration", "wet"), false ("asphyctic", "dry", "spastic"), syncope ("reflex") and mixed. "Wet" drowning - occurs when a large amount of liquid enters the airways and lungs. As a rule, this happens to those people who are fighting to the last for life. It occurs on average in 20% of cases. "Dry" drowning occurs when there is a spasm of the glottis and, as a result, fluid does not penetrate into the lungs. It occurs on average in 35% of cases. Syncopal drowning occurs with reflex cardiac arrest due to vasospasm. In this case, the victim, as a rule, immediately goes to the bottom. It occurs on average in 10% of cases. The mixed type of drowning is characterized by the presence of signs of both "wet" and "dry" types. It occurs on average in 20% of cases. The proverb “The salvation of the drowning is the work of the drowning themselves” is not without meaning. In a critical situation, the most important thing is not to get confused. When you get into the water, you need to soberly assess the situation, calm down and swim to the shore.
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