Emergency chemical hazardous substance
- A chemical substance whose exposure to a person can cause acute and chronic diseases or even lead to his death
Ways of receipt of AHOV into the human body
Through the eyes
Through the nose
Through the mouth
Through the skin
Largest consumers
- Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy (chlorine, ammonia, hydrochloric acid, etc.)
- Pulp and paper industry (chlorine, ammonia, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrochloric acid)
- Engineering and defense industry (chlorine, ammonia, hydrochloric acid, hydrogen fluoride)
- Utilities (chlorine, ammonia)
- Medical industry (ammonia, chlorine, phosgene, acrylic acid nitrile, hydrochloric acid)
- Agriculture (ammonia, chloropicrin, sulfur dioxide)
- this is an object, in the event of an accident at which or during its destruction, massive damage to people, animals and plants can occur
- metallurgical plant
- Machine building plant
- confectionery factory
- Brewery
- Distillery
- meat processing plant
- dairy
- Refrigeration plant
- Utilities
- Water treatment plants
chemical accident(HA)
- This is an accident at an HOO, accompanied by a spill or release of hazardous chemicals that can lead to death or chemical contamination of people, food, food raw materials and feed, agricultural animals and plants, or chemical contamination of the natural environment.
Classification
1 group
Substances with predominantly
suffocating action
2 group
Substances predominantly
general toxic action
3 group
Substances with asphyxiant and
general poisonous action
4 group
Neutropic action
Substances that have
suffocating and neutropic action
5 group
6 group
metabolic poisons
Characteristics of AHOV used in production
AMMONIA
CHLORINE
1.Colorless gas, with a sharp suffocating smell of ammonia
2.Lighter than air
1. Greenish-yellow gas, with a sharp suffocating odor bleach
2. Heavier than air
3.Application:
- Nitric acid
- liquid fertilizers
-soda
-ammonia
-when mirrors are silvered
-as a refrigerant in refrigeration units
4. Signs of poisoning:
- Irritating to respiratory organs, eyes, skin
- Cardiopalmus
- Runny nose
- Cough
- Sharp pain in the eyes
- Nausea
- Delirium
3.Application:
- water chlorination
- to obtain plastic
-solvents
-disinfectants, bleaching agents, detergents
- glycerine production
4. Signs of poisoning:
- Sharp chest pain
- Dry cough
- Vomit
- Movement coordination disorder
- shortness of breath
- Cutting in the eyes
- tearing
5.Protection:
-GP of all types
- Cotton-gauze bandage soaked in a 2% solution of baking soda
6.Medical help:
- put on a gas mask
- Move out of the danger zone
- Transport in the prone position
5.Protection:
-GP of all types
- Cotton-gauze bandage soaked in 5% citric acid solution
6.Medical help:
- put on a gas mask
- Move out of the danger zone
- Wash the skin with water, apply a bandage for burns
- Give artificial respiration if breathing stops
- wash your eyes
- Let warm water vapor inhale
- High level of core wear production assets
- imperfections ovation production technology
- Negligence of industrial personnel
- Absence modern systems protection
- Natural disasters
- AHOV environmental contamination
- Mass destruction of people
- Chemical contamination of the surface layer of the atmosphere
- Contamination of water sources, soil, vegetation
- This is the area where the toxic product was spilled.
Zone of chemical contamination
- This is a territory or water area within which hazardous chemicals are distributed.
The main ways to protect the population from hazardous chemicals
- Funds personal protection respiratory system (cotton-gauze bandage, respirator, gas mask)
- Use of protective structures (shelters)
- Temporary shelter of the population in residential and public buildings
- Evacuation of the population from areas of possible infection
Protective structures
asylum
Separately-
standing
Embedded
Evacuation of the population
On foot
Transport
Combined
Preparing the population for protection from hazardous chemicals
Creation of a system and establishment of a procedure for notifying the population
Accumulation of protective equipment and determination of the procedure for providing them with people
early action
Preparation of shelters, residential and public buildings for protection from hazardous chemicals
Definition of evacuation areas
Training of civil defense authorities
Seal the ventilation holes with thick material or paper
close entrance doors and windows
Room sealing
Seal the doors with damp material (wet sheets, blankets)
Seal leaks in window openings from the inside with adhesive tape
- Turn on the radio or TV to listen to information and recommendations
- Wear respiratory and skin protection
- Close windows and vents
- Turn off gas, electricity
- Take the necessary things and documents
- Take food (3-day supply)
- Take cover in the nearest shelter or leave the area of the accident
Turn on the radio or TV listen to the information
Close windows and doors tightly
If there are no shelters and personal protective equipment
Perform room sealing
Close entrance doors with a thick cloth
What to do when leaving the infection zone
Remove outer clothing
Take a shower with soap
Rinse your eyes thoroughly
Rinse your mouth
- Move fast, but don't run or kick up dust
- Do not lean against buildings or touch surrounding objects
- Do not step on drops of liquid or powdery placers of unknown substances that meet in the dust
- Do not remove personal protective equipment
- Do not eat or drink water
A chemically hazardous facility (CHO) is an enterprise of the national economy, in the event of an accident or destruction of which mass destruction of people, animals and plants with potent toxic substances (AHOV) can occur. They are used in industry and other industries; when released (caught), they can lead to air contamination with damaging concentrations. Statistics: In the Russian Federation, there are many chemically hazardous economic facilities that have significant quantities AOKhV, the total stock of which reaches 700 thousand tons. The total area of the territory of Russia, where chemical contamination can occur, is about 300 thousand square meters. km with a population of about 59 million people
The largest consumers Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy (chlorine, ammonia, hydrochloric acid, etc.) Pulp and paper industry (chlorine, ammonia, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrochloric acid) Engineering and defense industry (chlorine, ammonia, hydrochloric acid, hydrogen fluoride ) Utilities (chlorine, ammonia) Medical industry (ammonia, chlorine, phosgene, acrylic nitrile, hydrochloric acid) Agriculture (ammonia, chloropicrin, sulfur dioxide)
A zone of chemical contamination is a territory contaminated with potent substances within limits dangerous to human life. The focus of destruction is the territory within which, as a result of an accident at a chemically hazardous facility, mass injuries of people, animals, and plants occurred. Toxicity - the property of substances to cause poisoning (intoxication) of the body. It is characterized by a dose of a substance that causes one or another degree of poisoning. Toxodose - a quantitative characteristic of the danger of AHOV, corresponding certain level damage when it affects a living organism. For inhalation and for skin-resorbital lesions, it is determined differently. Concentration - a quantitative characteristic of a cloud of contaminated air, measured in g / m 3 or mg / l.
Causes of accidents at chemically hazardous facilities (CHO): Violation of established norms and rules for the placement of newly built and reconstructed chemically hazardous facilities; use of outdated technologies and equipment; insufficiently high level of labor and production discipline among service personnel: gross violations labor protection rules in the organization and carrying out loading and unloading and repair work, during transportation and use of hazardous chemicals in the production process; non-compliance with the rules for operating equipment and erroneous actions of personnel; failure of technological and electrical equipment in areas where hazardous chemicals are used; violations of the technological regime; errors in the design and construction of AHOV warehouses.
Emergencies at the HOO are divided into: technological lines As a rule, a small amount of toxic chemical products is used, which leads to the fact that in case of accidents in the workshops of the enterprise, in most cases, local contamination of air, equipment, and territory takes place. In such cases, it is mainly production personnel. Accidents in the workshops of the enterprise A significantly larger amount of hazardous chemicals in terms of volume is stored in warehouses, therefore, when large-capacity containers are destroyed (damaged), hazardous chemicals spread outside the facility, leading to mass injury to personnel and the population. degree of danger, since the scale of transportation of these substances is very large. For example: on railways The Russian Federation finds more than 700 tanks of liquid chlorine daily. According to the data for the years, out of 17 registered accidents with hazardous chemicals, 12 occurred on the railways. Transport accidents
According to the experience of liquidation of accidents, the following hazardous chemicals resulted in the most serious consequences with the death of people: ammonia chlorine carbon monoxide ethylene oxide hydrogen chloride hydrogen sulfide anhydride hydrogen cyanide Among these substances, chlorine and ammonia are in the first place among the deaths of people. In recent years, the production and consumption of liquid ammonia in industrial enterprises has increased significantly.
Classification of accidents at chemically hazardous facilities B chemical industries accidents are divided into two categories: accidents resulting from explosions that cause destruction technological scheme, engineering structures, as a result of which the production of products has been completely or partially stopped and special allocations from higher organizations are required for restoration. accidents as a result of which the main or auxiliary technical equipment, engineering structures are damaged, as a result of which the production of products is completely or partially stopped and the restoration of production requires spending more than the standard amount for a planned overhaul, but does not require special appropriations from higher authorities.
Characteristics accidents at chemical facilities sudden occurrence of emergencies rapid spread of damaging factors (especially in emergencies with a chemical environment of the first and second types) the danger of severe mass injury to people and farm animals that have fallen into the contamination zone the need for emergency rescue and other urgent work in a short time.
The following chemical protection measures are carried out in advance: systems for monitoring the chemical situation in the areas of chemically hazardous facilities and local chemical hazard warning systems are created and operated; action plans are being developed to prevent and eliminate a chemical accident; personal respiratory and skin protection equipment, chemical reconnaissance devices, degassing agents are accumulated, stored and maintained in readiness; are maintained in readiness to use shelters that protect people from hazardous chemicals; measures are being taken to protect food, food raw materials, fodder, water sources from contamination with hazardous chemicals; preparations are being made for actions in the conditions of chemical accidents of emergency rescue units and personnel of the HOO; the readiness of the forces and means of subsystems and units of the RSChS, on the territory of which chemically hazardous facilities are located, is ensured for the elimination of the consequences of chemical accidents. systems for monitoring the chemical situation in the areas of chemically hazardous facilities and local systems for warning about chemical hazards are created and operated; action plans are being developed to prevent and eliminate a chemical accident; personal respiratory and skin protection equipment, chemical reconnaissance devices, degassing agents are accumulated, stored and maintained in readiness; are maintained in readiness to use shelters that protect people from hazardous chemicals; measures are being taken to protect food, food raw materials, fodder, water sources from contamination with hazardous chemicals; preparations are being made for actions in the conditions of chemical accidents of emergency rescue units and personnel of the HOO; the readiness of the forces and means of subsystems and units of the RSChS, on the territory of which chemically hazardous facilities are located, is ensured for the elimination of the consequences of chemical accidents.
Actions in response to a signal in case of a chemical accident The safety of the population is ensured by timely notification, the use of individual and collective protective equipment, temporary shelter of people in residential and industrial buildings, and evacuation of the population from areas of possible contamination. The safety of the population is ensured by timely notification, the use of individual and collective protective equipment, temporary shelter of people in residential and industrial buildings, and evacuation of the population from areas of possible infection.
Sometimes it becomes necessary to move around the infected area. In this case, the following rules must be observed: Do not drink or eat while driving. After leaving the zone of infection, sanitization should be carried out. Do not remove personal protective equipment, if toxic substances are found on the skin, clothing and protective equipment, remove them with a swab of paper or rags; Do not touch local objects, do not raise dust or step on liquid spills and placers of powders;
Actions after a chemical accident Avoid any physical activity, take plenty of fluids and seek medical attention immediately. If you are directly exposed to hazardous chemicals, then at the first opportunity, remove contaminated clothing and throw it away, take a shower (at least 15 minutes), rinse your eyes with a 1% solution of boric acid, wet clean the room and consult a doctor
Chemical accident A chemical accident is a violation
technological processes on the
production, damage
pipelines, tanks, storages,
Vehicle leading to
release of emergency chemically hazardous
substances (AHOV) into the atmosphere in
hazardous quantities
for the life and health of people,
functioning of the biosphere.
Classification of chemical accidents
Chemical accidents are classified as follows:accidents with the release or threat of release of emergency chemically hazardous substances
(AHOV) during their production, processing and storage;
accidents on transport with the release or threat of the release of AHOV;
the formation and distribution of hazardous chemicals in the process of chemical reactions,
started as a result of an accident;
accidents with chemical munitions.
Chemically hazardous facility
Chemically dangerous object isobject, in the event of an accident on which or
upon its destruction may occur
mass destruction of people,
animals and plants dangerous
chemicals.
Such objects include:
Chemical industry,
petrochemical
industry,
Petrochemical and similar
factories and enterprises.
Degrees of chemical hazard
degree of chemicalfacility hazards
set based on
proportion of the population falling
into the zone of possible chemical
infection in an accident
chemically hazardous facility, from
total population.
Causes of accidents at HOO
Violation of the established norms and rules for the placement of newly built andreconstructed chemically hazardous facilities;
use of outdated technologies and equipment;
insufficiently high level of labor and production discipline among
service personnel;
violations of the technological regime; design errors and
construction of hazardous waste warehouses;
gross violations of labor protection rules in the organization and conduct of
loading and unloading and repair work, during transportation and
use of hazardous chemicals in the production process.
Actions in case of an accident at the HOO
In the event of an accident at a chemically hazardous facility, people in its vicinitymust:
wear respiratory and skin protection equipment;
close windows and vents;
turn off sources of electricity, water supply and gas;
take documents, necessary things and, having warned the neighbors, leave the area
accidents.
Rules for moving around the infected area
Sometimes it becomes necessary to move around the infected area. Atit must follow the following rules:
do not touch local objects, do not raise dust and do not step on
spills of liquids and placers of powders;
do not remove personal protective equipment if poisonous
substances on the skin, clothing and protective equipment, remove them with a swab of paper
or rags;
Do not drink or eat while driving. Leaving the area of infection, you should
carry out sanitization.
Chemical protection of the population
Chemical protection of the population ismeasures aimed at reducing
force or complete exclusion of impact
dangerous chemicals on people
(approximate population and workers
XOO), mitigation
accidents at facilities using
production of chemicals.
Chemical protection measures
detection of the occurrence of a chemical accident and timelyincident notification;
study of the chemical situation at the site of the accident and
distribution of dangerous substances;
protection by means of individual respiratory and skin protection;
evacuation of the population from the infected zone;
protection of the population from exposure to hazardous chemicals by sheltering in shelters;
the use of antidotes, treatment of the skin;
sanitary treatment of the population and members of emergency services;
Consequences of accidents at chemically hazardous facilities
The chemical can enter the body through inhalation (through the organsbreath), resorptively (through the skin, mucous) and orally (gastrointestinal
tract).
Acute chronic poisoning is manifested in the human body. It's connected with
high rate of penetration of the substance into the blood, increased pulmonary ventilation
and an increase in the strength of blood flow in the lungs during difficult work.
To determine the environmental consequences of accidents at chemical facilities,
the processes of distribution of harmful substances in the environment, their migration rate
in different conditions. Accidents can lead to serious disturbances in ecosystems. summary of other presentations
"First aid for skeletal injuries" - Sprains and ruptures of ligaments, tendons, muscles. 1. What types of skeletal damage do you know? In case of violation of the integrity of the skin, a sterile bandage is applied. A) exit of the head of the bone from the articular cavity B) displacement of the bones C) severe pain and swelling. Types of damage. Bruising recommendations for pain relief. Dislocation. with an open fracture, apply a sterile bandage to the wound. Injuries are damage to organs and parts of the body of various origins.
"Volcanism and earthquakes" - Feature -. The reason is the internal energy of the Earth. Earthquake map. What areas experience the most intense uplifts? Volcanism. For the last 300 years. Why is Altai higher than the Urals, although it was formed earlier? Eruption. Erupted over 30 times. Set seismically active regions of Russia. Where and why are there active volcanoes in Russia? Forming a relief. Show calculation results. Map the results of the research.
"Chemical Accidents" - Objects Food Industry. Chemical accident at a Hungarian plant, 2010. Accidents with the release of emergency chemically hazardous substances. Pulp and paper industry. 8th grade. Machine-building and defense industry. Dairies. Communal economy. Wounds on the body. Chemically dangerous objects. Enterprises of the chemical industry. Locations of storage of AHOV.
"OBZH Grade 8" - Didactic goals of the project: To teach how to use the Power - Point program. How to save yourself in a fire? subject: OBJ Participants: Grade 8. Preparing a presentation of the report (cab. To teach how to select material in different sources. What are the main causes of fires? What causes fires and explosions in Russia? Develop skills for independent work in a group. Essential Question: Learn the Rules safe behavior during fires and explosions.
"Accidents at hydraulic structures" - Presentation by a student of grades 8-3 Evgeny Kosenko. - Breakthroughs of dams (dams, sluices, dams, etc.) leading to breakthrough floods; The main hydraulic structures include; dams, water intake and drainage facilities, dams. The main types of accidents: The consequences of hydrodynamic accidents are: The main causes of the destruction of hydraulic structures.
"Fires 8 class" - Basic. Lack of control Deviations from the technological mode. Secondary. So let's avoid such disasters. In industry: Causes of fires. What are the causes of fires and explosions? Damaging factors of fires. Short circuit in electrical wiring. The consequences are very dire. “I fired up the stove, and I went on the porch myself.” At enterprises: Damage to production tanks, equipment and pipelines.