- Agriculture- second leading industry material production
- More than 1 billion economically active people are employed in world agriculture.
Industry Significance
Provides the world's population with food, helps to preserve the vitality of a person who is directly involved in the creation of material wealth
Significance and composition of the industry
- Agriculture is the oldest and most dependent on natural conditions branch of the economy
- Agriculture is the way of life of most of the world's population
- According to the level of development of the agro-industrial complex and employment in it, one can judge the level of development of the country
- However, in terms of growth rates, global agriculture is inferior to most other large industries, and it is precisely in recent times these rates have slowed even more.
The composition of the APK:
rural
economy
animal husbandry
crop production
2nd link of the agro-industrial complex
Machine manufacturing,
blank,
equipment,
processing,
fertilizer,
and product sales.
pesticides,
Lightweight and food
compound feed
industry,
public
food
1 APC link
3 link agro-industrial complex
- The largest producers of agricultural products: China - more than 11% of world production; USA - about 10%; India - 7%; Brazil - 6%.
- In terms of agricultural production per capita, the leaders are: Greece, Switzerland, Denmark, Finland, Norway.
Figures and facts
Main types of agriculture
- a) intensive farming with crop rotation;
- b) intensive animal husbandry with forage harvesting;
- c) gardening and horticulture.
Commercial agriculture
- a ) plow and hoe farming;
Traditional consumer agriculture
- b) pasture, nomadic, semi-nomadic animal husbandry;
- c) gathering, hunting, fishing.
The concept of the "green revolution"
- In the 60-70s. 20th century a new concept has entered the international lexicon - "green revolution", primarily for developing countries.
- This is a complex, multicomponent concept, which in itself general plan can be interpreted as the use of the achievements of genetics, selection.
"Green revolution"
in developing countries includes
three main components:
breeding new varieties crops.
The second component of the Green Revolution is irrigation
The third component of the Green Revolution is
proper industrialization of agriculture,
Livestock. Breeding large cattle.
- leading countries 1. New Zealand 2. Northern Europe 3. Russia 4. Argentina 5. Brazil 6. Mexico 7. USA (southern states)
- leading countries
- 1.New Zealand
- 2. Northern Europe
- 3. Russia
- 4. Argentina
- 5. Brazil
- 6. Mexico
- 7. USA (southern states)
Pig breeding.
- ½ of the world's pig population is in Asia.
- Leaders: China, Japan, South Korea, Ukraine, Germany, France, Italy, Poland, USA
Leading countries:
- Australia
- New Zealand
- Argentina
- India
- Great Britain
- Spain
- Turkey
- China
meat exporting countries
Beef-
Germany, France, USA, Netherlands, Hungary, Denmark, New Zealand
Pork exporting countries
- China, Netherlands, Belgium
- Denmark, USA, Canada, Hungary
Mutton exporting countries
- New Zealand
- Australia
- Great Britain
Tuna. USA
red tuna
LESSON OUTLINE 1. Agriculture is the second leading branch of material production. Agriculture Agriculture 2. The concept of the "green revolution". green revolutiongreen revolution 3. Crop production. Cereal crops are the basis of world agriculture. crop production
Agriculture is diverse - there are 50 different types of agriculture in the world. Two main groups 1) Commercial agriculture: a) intensive farming a) intensive farming b) intensive livestock farming b) intensive livestock farming 2) Traditional consumer agriculture: a) plow and hoe farming a) plow and hoe farming b) pasture, nomadic, semi-nomadic animal husbandry b) pasture, nomadic, semi-nomadic animal husbandry c) gathering, hunting, fishing c) gathering, hunting, fishing
Economically developed countries - rural high-value farming. Changes in agricultural production under the influence of scientific and technological revolution Intensification of agriculture Deepening the specialization of scientific and technological revolution Increased gap in the priorities of the development of the agro-industrial complex: 1) For "well-fed" regions - the struggle for product quality; 2) For "hungry" regions - for quantity.
Traditional consumer agriculture is represented by hundreds of millions of small and tiny farms that grow consumer crops that provide the "cheapest" calories. Slash-and-burn agriculture persists in this sector. Slash-and-burn economy is associated with hunting and gathering. Slash-and-burn agriculture persists in this sector. Slash-and-burn economy is associated with hunting and gathering. In terms of agricultural intensification, the South lags far behind (hoeing) In terms of agricultural intensification, the South lags far behind (hoeing)
Attention! It is interesting! The world tractor fleet is one million machines, developing countries account for more than 1/10. The world tractor fleet is one million machines, developing countries account for more than 1/10. There are more tractors in the USA than in all developing countries combined. There are more tractors in the USA than in all developing countries combined. The average grain yield in developing countries is c/ha. The average grain yield in developing countries is c/ha. In the economically developed countries of the West, the average yield per ha. In the economically developed countries of the West, the average yield per ha. In developing countries, labor productivity in agriculture is several times lower than in economically developed countries. In developing countries, labor productivity in agriculture is several times lower than in economically developed countries. The value of agricultural production in the world in 1995. It amounted to about 1.4 trillion dollars. The value of agricultural production in the world in 1995. It amounted to about 1.4 trillion dollars. China - more than 11% of world production; China - more than 11% of world production; USA - about 10%; USA - about 10%; India - 7%; India - 7%; Brazil - 6%. Brazil - 6%. In terms of agricultural production per capita, the leaders were: Greece; Switzerland; Denmark; Finland; Norway. In terms of agricultural production per capita, the leaders were: Greece; Switzerland; Denmark; Finland; Norway.
Commercial agriculture in developing countries - Commercial agriculture in developing countries is a well-organized plantations and farms that occupy the best land and use cheap labor force, machines, fertilizers, artificial irrigation. The production of these countries is focused mainly on foreign market, and they represent a "state within a state". The production of these countries is mainly oriented to the foreign market, and they represent a "state within a state". Typical plantation crops are tea, rubber, bananas, coffee, cocoa, cane, oil palms. Typical plantation crops are tea, rubber, bananas, coffee, cocoa, cane, oil palms.
The concept of the "green revolution" "Green revolution" - the transformation of agriculture on the basis of modern agricultural technology. "Green Revolution" - the transformation of agriculture based on modern agricultural technology. Three main components: 1. Breeding of new early maturing varieties of grain crops. 2. Expansion of irrigation. 3. Widespread use of modern technology, fertilizers and other chemicals. Progressive Consequences of the Green Revolution: Progressive Consequences of the Green Revolution: 1. As a result, some of the developing countries began to meet their grain needs through own production. 2. Grain yield increased by 2-3 times. 3. Increased demand for machinery and fertilizers. QUESTIONS: Why did the "green revolution" not justify the hopes placed on it? What are her problems?
Attention! It is interesting! Mexico is the birthplace of the Green Revolution. here in the 1960s. new high-yielding varieties of wheat were developed. Then they became widespread in India, Pakistan. Mexico is the birthplace of the Green Revolution. here in the 1960s. new high-yielding varieties of wheat were developed. Then they became widespread in India, Pakistan. In the Philippines, it was possible to develop varieties of "miracle rice" that provide a large sprouting yield. In the Philippines, it was possible to develop varieties of "miracle rice" that provide a large sprouting yield. CONCLUSION. The "Green Revolution" once again demonstrated that the backwardness of agriculture in developing countries is due not so much to natural as socio-economic reasons.
Crop production Cereal crops are the basis of world agriculture. Cereal crops are the basis of world agriculture. Cereal crops occupy ½ of the entire cultivated area in the world. Cereal crops occupy ½ of the entire cultivated area in the world. World grain production is growing and has already reached 2 billion tons per year. World grain production is growing and has already reached 2 billion tons per year. The structure of the gross harvest of grain crops
Attention! It is interesting! In April - July, wheat is harvested in the southern regions of the United States, in the Mediterranean, China, and India; In April - July, wheat is harvested in the southern regions of the United States, in the Mediterranean, China, and India; In July - August - in other regions of the USA, in a small part of Europe; In July - August - in other regions of the USA, in a small part of Europe; In September - in Canada, in Northern Europe; In September - in Canada, in Northern Europe; In December - March - in Argentina, Australia, New Zealand. In December - March - in Argentina, Australia, New Zealand.
The main rice exporting countries are Thailand, India, Pakistan, Italy. Corn - "was born" in Mexico, from where, after the discovery of the New World, it was brought to other parts of the world. The crops of this crop coincide with the crops of wheat. The United States remains the main producer (the US corn belt is located south of the Great Lakes; Iowa is especially famous for its corn production), as well as China and Brazil.
The main exporting countries of corn are the USA, France and Argentina. Corn - "was born" in Mexico, from where, after the discovery of the New World, it was brought to other parts of the world. The crops of this crop coincide with the crops of wheat. The United States remains the main producer (the US corn belt is located south of the Great Lakes; Iowa is especially famous for its corn production), as well as China and Brazil.
Final task export goods Main exporting countries Wheat USA, Canada, Australia, France Corn USA, France, Argentina Rice Thailand, USA, India, Pakistan, Italy Sugarcane Brazil, Cuba, Australia, Mauritania Tea India, China, Sri Lanka Coffee Brazil, Colombia Cocoa Cote d, Ivoire, Liberia, Ghana, Togo Cotton China, USA, India, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Brazil, Australia Bananas Brazil, Costa Rica, Colombia, Ecuador Rubber Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, India, Sri Lanka, Philippines Tobacco USA , China, India, Brazil, Cuba Export commodities Main exporting countries Wheat Maize Rice Sugarcane Tea Coffee Cocoa Cotton Bananas Rubber Tobacco
What is agriculture? Agriculture is a branch of the economy aimed at providing the population with food (food, food) and obtaining raw materials for a number of industries. The industry is one of the most important, represented in almost all countries. World agriculture employs about 1.1 billion economically active population (EAP). The problems of agriculture are directly or indirectly related to such sciences as agronomy, animal husbandry, land reclamation, plant growing, forestry, etc.
The emergence and development of agriculture The emergence of agriculture is associated with the Neolithic revolution, which is a transition from an appropriating economy (hunting, gathering and fishing) to a producing economy (agriculture and animal husbandry). This led to the creation of cultivated plants and the domestication (domestication) of animals. N. I. Vavilov singled out 8 centers of origin of cultivated plants, and his students and followers 4 centers of animal domestication. Plants and animals that appeared in these centers then spread to most of the land.
The role of agriculture in the economy The role of agriculture in the economy of a country or region shows its structure and level of development. As indicators of the role of agriculture, the share of those employed in agriculture among the economically active population is used, as well as specific gravity agriculture in the structure of GDP. These figures are quite high in most developing countries, where more than half of EAN is employed in agriculture. Agriculture there follows an extensive path of development, that is, an increase in production is achieved by expanding the area under crops, increasing the number of livestock, and increasing the number of people employed in agriculture. In such countries, whose economies are of the agrarian type, the indicators of mechanization, chemicalization, melioration, etc. are low. The agriculture of the developed countries of Europe and North America, which have entered the post-industrial stage, has reached the highest level. In agriculture, 2-6% of EAN are employed there. In these countries, the “green revolution” took place as early as the middle of the 20th century, agriculture is characterized by a scientifically based organization, increased productivity, the use of new technologies, agricultural machinery systems, pesticides and mineral fertilizers, the use of genetic engineering and biotechnology, robotics and electronics, that is, it is developing on an intensive path. Similar progressive changes are also taking place in industrial countries, but the level of intensification in them is still much lower, and the share of people employed in agriculture is higher than in post-industrial ones. At the same time, in developed countries there is a crisis of food overproduction, and in agrarian countries, on the contrary, one of the most acute problems is the food problem (the problem of malnutrition and hunger).
The structure of agriculture (Crop production.) Agriculture is part of the agro-industrial complex and includes the following main sectors: Crop production. The industry is divided into sub-sectors according to the type of plants grown: grain crops (wheat, barley, rye, oats, rice, corn, buckwheat, sorghum, etc.); legumes (peas, beans, lentils, soybeans, etc.); fodder crops (forage grasses, silage crops, fodder root crops, fodder melons); industrial crops a) food crops (sugar cane, sugar beet, starch crops, medicinal plants); b) textile crops (cotton, flax, jute, hemp); c) rubber plants (hevea); vegetable and melon crops: a) potatoes, b) leafy crops (cabbage, lettuce, spinach, dill, leaf parsley, etc.); c) fruit crops (tomato, cucumber, pumpkin, zucchini, squash, eggplant, pepper); d) bulb crops (onion and garlic); e) root vegetables (carrots, red beets, parsnips, parsley, celery, turnips, radishes, radishes, etc.); f) gourds (watermelon, melon, pumpkin, etc.) citrus crops (orange, grapefruit, tangerine, lemon, bergamot, etc.); tonic crops (narcotic crops, tea, coffee, cocoa); oil and essential oil crops: a) oil crops (sunflower, castor oil, mustard, rape, sesame, camelina (plants), hemp, flax, coconut palm, oil palm, olive tree); b) essential oil crops (coriander, anise, cumin, etc.); viticulture; gardening; mushroom growing; grassland obtaining suitable pastures and fodder for animal husbandry.
Animal husbandry and fisheries Animal husbandry and fisheries cattle breeding (cattle breeding); sheep breeding; goat breeding; rabbit breeding; horse breeding; beekeeping; hop growing; fur farming; fish farming; mariculture reindeer herding; poultry farming; pig breeding; camel breeding; sericulture; 3. Fishing.
Environmental problems agriculture Agriculture creates a greater impact on the natural environment than any other sector of the national economy. The reason for this is that agriculture requires huge areas. As a result, the landscapes of entire continents are changing. A subtropical forest grew on the Great Plain of China, passing in the north into the Ussuri taiga, and in the south into the jungles of Indochina. In Europe, the agricultural landscape has replaced broad-leaved forests; in Ukraine, fields have been replaced by steppes. Agricultural landscapes have proved unstable, leading to a number of local and regional environmental disasters. Thus, improper reclamation caused soil salinization and the loss of most of the cultivated lands of Mesopotamia, deep plowing led to dust storms in Kazakhstan and America, overgrazing and agriculture led to desertification in the Sahel zone in Africa. Agriculture has the greatest impact on the natural environment. Its impact factors are as follows: reduction of natural vegetation to farmland, plowing of land; processing (loosening) of the soil, especially with the use of a moldboard plow; the use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides; land reclamation. And the impact on the soils themselves is the strongest: the destruction of soil ecosystems; loss of humus; destruction of the structure and compaction of the soil; water and wind erosion of soils; There are certain farming methods and technologies that mitigate or completely eliminate negative factors, for example, precision farming technologies
Animal husbandry affects nature less. Its impact factors are as follows: overgrazing - that is, livestock grazing in quantities exceeding the ability of pastures to recover; unprocessed waste of livestock complexes. General disturbances caused by agricultural activities include: pollution of surface waters (rivers, lakes, seas) and degradation of aquatic ecosystems during eutrophication; groundwater pollution; deforestation and degradation of forest ecosystems (deforestation); violation of the water regime in large areas (during drainage or irrigation); desertification as a result of complex disturbance of soils and vegetation; the destruction of the natural habitats of many species of living organisms and, as a result, the extinction and disappearance of rare and other species. In the second half of the 20th century, another problem became relevant: a decrease in the content of vitamins and microelements in crop production and the accumulation of harmful substances (nitrates, pesticides, hormones, antibiotics, etc.) in both crop and livestock products. The reason is soil degradation, which leads to a decrease in the level of trace elements and the intensification of production, especially in animal husbandry.
