Korea Korea is a geographical area, a civilization and a state that was once united, but is now divided into North Korea and South Korea. Both Koreas are located on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. The Korean Peninsula borders China in the northwest, Russia in the northeast, and Japan across the sea strait in the southeast.
The Republic of Korea occupies the southern part of the Korean Peninsula, which protrudes 1100 kilometers from the main part of Asia. From the west, the peninsula is washed by the Yellow Sea, from the east by the Sea of Japan, and from the south by the Korea Strait and the East China Sea. The total area of the country is 38 square kilometers. The landscape is predominantly mountainous, the plains occupy only 30% of the territory. There are about 3,000 islands off the coast, mostly small and uninhabited. The largest island of Jeju. The climate is monsoonal, summers are hot and humid, winters are relatively cold and dry. The annual rainfall ranges from 1370 millimeters in Seoul to 1470 millimeters in Busan.
Independence date - August 15, 1945 (from Japan) Independence date Official language - Korean Official language Capital city - Seoul Capital City Largest city - Seoul Largest city Form of government - Presidential Republic Form of government President - Lee Myung-bak Prime Minister - Han Seung-soo Territory: Total km² % of water surface - 0.3% (107th in the world) Population Total pers. (2007) Density - 480 people/km² (25th in the world) Territory Population GDP Total $999.369 billion (2008) Per capita $ (14th in the world) GDP Currency - South Korean Won Currency
History of founding and development The history of South Korea begins with the Soviet-American agreement at the end of the summer of 1945 on the division of spheres of influence on the peninsula. Under this treaty, part of Korea south of the 38th parallel came under the jurisdiction of the United States, while the northern part came under the jurisdiction of Soviet Union. Since its founding, South Korea has come a long way in the development of its economy and culture. In the 1960s, the country was one of the poorest in the region, and now it is a developed industrial state. Since the 1990s, Korean music, TV series and cinema have become increasingly popular in other parts of the world.
Parliament of South Korea South Korea has a unicameral National Assembly (299 seats). 243 deputies are elected by a majoritarian system with a relative majority of votes in single-mandate constituencies, 46 by national party lists with a 5% barrier. The term of office is 4 years. Parliamentary elections began to be held from Until 1988, elections were held with significant restrictions on democratic freedoms by South Korean presidents Pak Chung-hee and, later, Chung Doo-hwan. In 1988 the first free parliamentary elections were held.
Administrative division South Korea is divided into 1 city of special status (tukpyolsi), 6 cities of direct subordination ("metropolitan cities") with the status equated to provinces (kwangyeoksi) and 9 provinces (to). They, in turn, are divided into a number of smaller entities, including: city (si), county (kun), district (ku), large area(eup), township (myeon), district (ton) and microdistrict (ri).
Natural resources South Korea mines hard coal, tungsten, graphite, molybdenum, lead. Hard coal tungsten graphite molybdenum lead Land use: arable land: 21% pasture: 1% forest land: 65% other: 13% (1993, estimate.) Irrigated land: km² ( 1993, estimate.)
Economy of South Korea Advantages: the world's largest ship manufacturer (45% market share). Stable budget surplus, as Korean exports dominated those of Japan due to the high exchange rate of the yen. Great demand in China for Korean goods, especially cars. Weak sides: High indebtedness and sensitivity to international capital movements. Since 1997, a growing labor movement. Strong competition from Japan.
Industry In the 1940s, the country's economy was based primarily on agriculture and light industry. Over the next few decades, the emphasis shifted towards light industry and the production of consumer goods, and in the 70s and 80s of the XX century towards heavy industry. In the 30 years since President Park Chung-hee announced the start of the first five-year plan in 1962, the country's economy has grown at a very high rate, and the very structure of the economy has changed dramatically.
Population Koreans make up the absolute majority of the country's population (excluding a small (100,000) Chinese minority, especially those who came to the country from outside of China, Hong Kong and Macau, that is, from Japan, Malaysia, India and the Philippines). Many workers from China, Philippines and Malaysia. AT major cities, especially in Seoul, there are foreigners involved in business and education. There is an American military contingent of people.
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The Republic of Korea
Prepared by a student of grade 11 MBOU secondary school No. 4 Art. Krylovskaya Dybka Polina
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Geographical position
The Republic of Korea is a country in East Asia located on the Korean Peninsula. The capital is Seoul. unofficial name countries - South Korea.
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The landscape is predominantly mountainous, the plains occupy only 30% of the territory. There are about 3,000 islands off the coast, mostly small and uninhabited. The largest island is Jeju Island. The climate is monsoonal, summers are hot and humid, winters are relatively cold and dry. The annual rainfall ranges from 1370 millimeters in Seoul to 1460 millimeters in Busan.
o.Jejudo
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History of the Republic of Korea
The history of South Korea begins with the Soviet-American agreement at the end of the summer of 1945 on the division of spheres of influence on the peninsula. Under this agreement, part of Korea south of the 38th parallel came under the jurisdiction of the United States, while the northern part - under the jurisdiction of the Soviet Union.
In the history of the country, periods of democratic and authoritarian control. The civil governments in the country are numbered from Syngman Rhee's First Republic to the current Sixth Republic. The First Republic, democratic at the beginning, became increasingly autocratic until its end in 1960. The Second Republic was based on democratic principles, but was overthrown in less than a year, after which a military government appeared in the country. The Third, Fourth, and Fifth Republics were nominally democratic, but they are thought to have been extensions of military rule. With the establishment of the Sixth Republic, the government of the country again returned to democratic lines.
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Since its founding, South Korea has come a long way in the development of its education, economy and culture. In the 1960s, the country was one of the poorest in the region, while now it is a developed industrial state. Since the 1990s, Korean popular music, television series and cinema have become increasingly popular elsewhere in the world, especially in Southeast Asia, a phenomenon known as the "Korean Wave".
The series "Strings of the Soul"
EXO group at the closing of the Summer Universiade in Russia
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The president
The head of state in South Korea is the president. The current president, Park Geun-hye, the first female president representing the Senuri Party, was elected in 2012.
Park Geun-hye in Washington
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Parliament of the Republic of Korea
Unicameral National Assembly (299 seats). 245 deputies are elected by the majority system with a relative majority of votes in single-mandate constituencies, 54 - by national party lists with a 5% barrier. The term of deputy powers is 4 years. Parliamentary elections began to be held in 1948. From 1972 to 1988 there was a dictatorial system in the country and the elections were actually fictitious. Since 1998, South Korea has become a democratic country, parliamentary elections are held every five years.
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Administrative division
South Korea is divided into 9 provinces, 6 cities of direct subordination with the status equivalent to provinces, 1 city of special status They, in turn, are divided into a number of smaller entities, including: city, county, urban municipal district, township, parish, district and village
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Yin-yang in blue on the bottom and red on the top on a white background. Between the yin-yang and the corners of the flag are four black trigrams, which consist of yin - broken stripes and yang - solid stripes.
White is the national color of Korea. Black color means vigilance, steadfastness, justice and chastity. The central emblem of Yin-yang reflects the views of the Universe as a whole. Yin-yang - the synthesis of the Great Beginning - is called taegyk in Korean, so the flag was called Taegykki. At the corners are trigrams, which also consist of yin - broken strips and yang solid strips. The trigrams mean from the top left corner clockwise: sky, south, summer and air Moon, west, autumn and water Earth, north, winter and earth Sun, east, spring and fire.
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Emblem of South Korea
It was approved in 1963. Consists of the traditional Korean symbol, which is also featured on the national flag, surrounded by five stylized petals and a ribbon that reads "Republic of Korea" (대한민국). Yin and Yang represent peace and harmony. These five petals are significant and are associated with the national flower of Korea (the Rose of Sharon).
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Economy of the Republic of Korea
Advantages: The world's largest ship manufacturer (45% market share). Great demand in China for Korean goods, especially cars.
Weaknesses: High debt and sensitivity to international capital movements. The public sector burdens the economy.
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South Korea's economy as of 2008 is 13th in the world in terms of gross domestic product and 15th in the world in terms of nominal GDP. GDP per capita rose from US$100 in 1963 to over US$20,000 in the year 2005. In the 1940s, the country's economy was based primarily on agriculture and light industry. Over the next few decades, the emphasis shifted towards light industry and the production of consumer goods, and in the 70s and 80s of the XX century - towards heavy industry. The explosive economic growth of the 1980s slowed down towards the end of the decade. By that time, economic growth had slowed to 6.5% per year, and with growth wages population increased and inflation. As in other highly developed countries, by the beginning of the 90s, the service sector became dominant in the country's economy, and now it accounts for two-thirds of the total GDP.
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Ferrous metallurgy South Korea is the 6th largest metallurgical power in the world. The main producer of the metal is the POSCO corporation (steel smelting is 26 million tons per year). The main centers are the seaside cities of Pohang and Gwangyang. Iron ore and coking coal are imported. The scale of non-ferrous metallurgy is more modest.
The automotive industry accounts for 9.4% of the total value added, 8.3% of all exports and employs 7.4% of the country's entire labor force. South Korea is the world's fifth largest car manufacturer. 5 main enterprises producing automotive products- Hyundai Motor, Kia Motors, GM Daewoo Auto & Technology, SsangYong Motor Company and Re.nault Samsung Motors
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Shipbuilding Shipbuilding includes the construction, repair and conversion of all types of ships and vessels. one of the key industries of the Company: Samsung Heavy Industries, Hyundai Heavy Industries, Daewoo Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering In 2005, South Korea received orders for the construction of 339 ships In 2004, Korea's share in the volume of new orders was 36% - 441 ships
Textile industry is export-oriented South Korea is the world's fifth largest exporter of textile products after China, Italy, Germany and the United States. In terms of production, the country is in seventh place.
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High-tech manufacturing Consumer electronics products are divided into 3 categories: audio devices, video devices, and Appliances. Major companies in the industry - LG, Samsung and Daewoo Electronics.
The semiconductor industry produces integrated circuits and semiconductor devices such as diodes and transistors. South Korea is the world's leading manufacturer of memory chips. Most of the exports go to developed countries: the United States, Japan, the European Union and the countries of Southeast Asia.
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Transport in South Korea
Transport in South Korea is a system of transport communications of the country, such as railways and roads, air and sea routes. total length railways- 6,240 kilometers (of which 525 kilometers are electrified). The six largest cities in South Korea - Seoul, Busan, Daegu, Incheon, Gwangju and Daejeon have subways. Seoul Subway - the oldest in the country (opened in 1974.) Total length highways- 97,252 km, of which 74,641 km are paved. The main ports of the country: Jinhae, Incheon, Kunsan, Masan, Mokpo, Pohang, Busan, Donghae, Ulsan, Yeosu, Sokcho. South Korea's main carriers are Korean Air and Asiana Airlines. Both provide air transportation services both domestically and internationally. Seoul is served by two airports: Incheon and Gimpo Airport. International flights are handled mainly by Incheon Airport, while Gimpo handles mostly domestic flights. Other major airports are located in Busan and Jeju. There are 108 airports in the country.
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Republic of Korea: natural and geographical environment
- State on Far East, in the southern part of the Korean peninsula, as well as on the islands of the Yellow Sea and the Korea Strait.
- The capital is Seoul.
- Area: 99,646 km².
- The landscape is predominantly mountainous, the plains occupy only 30% of the territory.
- There are about 3,000 islands off the coast, mostly small and uninhabited. The largest island is Jeju Island.
- The climate is monsoon, summers are hot and humid, winters are relatively cold and dry. The annual rainfall ranges from 1370 millimeters in Seoul to 1470 millimeters in Busan.
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Republic of Korea:population
Population 48 million 500 thousand people.
- 84% - city dwellers
The vast majority are ethnic Koreans.
Permanently residing foreign citizens make up 1% of the population.
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Republic of Korea: natural resources
South Korea is quite rich in natural resources. The country has reserves of coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, copper, manganese, nickel, tungsten, molybdenum, gold, silver, graphite, kaolin, talc, limestone, monazite and thorium.
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Republic of Korea: economy
South Korea produces 32% of all mobile phones peace
In 2009, for the first time in half a century of development of its nuclear industry, South Korea becomes the third exporter of experimental nuclear reactors after Argentina and Russia. The cost of the future contract for the supply of a nuclear reactor to Jordan will be 200 billion won.
The world's largest shipbuilder (45% market share). Great demand in China for Korean goods, especially cars.
South Korea's economy as of 2009 is 13th in the world in terms of gross domestic product. Gross national product per capita rose from $100 in 1963 to over $20,000 in 2005.
- 32% of world production
- 45% of world production
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Republic of Korea: GDP
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Republic of Korea: employment
The structure of employment in the Republic of Korea has undergone noticeable changes since the early 1960s. the country began to industrialize. In 1960 63% labor resources countries were employed in agriculture, forestry and fishing industries. However, by 2009, the share of those employed in these industries had dropped sharply to 7.9%. And the share of people employed in the service sector, on the contrary, increased from 28.3% in 1960 to 73.5% in 2009.
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Republic of Korea: budget
The main items of expenditure of the state budget:
- education - 21.1%
- defense - 16.8%
- social security - 10.5%
- transport and communications - 9.0%
- maintenance of public order - 5.9%
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Republic of Korea:industry
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Republic of Korea: agriculture
Main crops: rice, corn, potatoes, soybeans.
In animal husbandry: pig breeding, poultry farming.
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Republic of Korea: service sector
The service sector is primarily Insurance companies, enterprises Catering serving Korean cuisine, hotels, laundries, saunas, medical and sports facilities, entertainment enterprises, retail etc.
The service sector has become dominant in the country's economy, and now it accounts for two-thirds of the total GDP.
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Republic of Korea: appropriations
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Republic of Korea: international cooperation
Membership in international organizations- UN, APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum), Asian Development Bank, EBRD, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Interpol, OSCE (partner), UNESCO, World trade Organization, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, etc.
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Republic of Korea: international economic integration
The Republic of Korea takes an active part in international economic integration. This can be evidenced by membership in such organizations as the WTO, the World Bank, the EBRD and others; country's import and export figures.
But South Korea does not intend to stop there: the European Union has agreed to conclude a free trade agreement with South Korea. This will be the first such agreement between the EU and Asian countries. Belgian Foreign Minister Stephen Vanakere hailed the agreement as "the most ambitious in history". According to him, it is "very big step to the opening of Asian markets for European companies".
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Republic of Korea: international trade
- Export - $355.1 billion (2009)
- Export partners: China 21.5%, USA 10.9%, Japan 6.6%.
- Import - $313.4 billion (2009)
- Import partners: China 17.7%, Japan 14%, USA 8.9%, Saudi Arabia 7.8%.
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Republic of Korea: financial system
The foundations of the modern financial system in South Korea were laid in the early 1950s when a series of normative documents governing the activities of the banking system.
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Republic of Korea: political and legal environment
The Constitution of South Korea is the fundamental law of the country. It was adopted on July 17, 1948, and revised for the last time in 1987. Constitution Day on July 17 is considered a national holiday, but is not a day off.
According to Article 119, the goals of the government are to ensure sustainable and balanced economic growth, "proper distribution of income" and prevention of "misuse of economic power." Article 125 defines foreign trade as a strategic area of the economy controlled by the state.
The constitution also provides for the right to work, existence minimum size remuneration and provision of acceptable working conditions. Workers are allowed to form trade unions and independent associations.
South Korea, according to the Constitution, is a democratic state that provides the population with civil rights and freedoms. Citizens cannot be punished, forced to work except in cases statutory. Those arrested and detained, as well as members of their families, have the right to know the reason for their detention.
Official language: Korean.
The head of state is a popularly elected president who heads the State Council.
Parliament - unicameral National Assembly (273 deputies).
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Republic of Korea: culture
Korea has an ancient, rich culture. Architecture has a long history. The oldest and most remarkable of the monuments of Korean architecture is Seoul's Gyeongbokgung Palace ("Palace of Sunshine and Happiness"), built in 1394.
Korean Holidays
- March 1 - Independence Movement Day
- July 17 - Constitution Day
- August 15 - Liberation Day
- October 3 - State Formation Day
The Korean martial art of taekwondo has spread all over the world.
Korean cinema is famous, in which such directors as Kim Gidok, Park Chang Wook and others work.
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Republic of Korea: education
Koreans traditionally attach great importance to education as the main way of self-realization of the individual, as well as a means of achieving social status. Schools in their modern form appeared in the country in the 1880s. After the creation of the Republic of Korea in 1948, the government of the country began to form modern system education. In 1953, compulsory primary six-year education was introduced. Today, the Republic of Korea has achieved one of the highest literacy rates in the world. It is well known that the high level of education of the population of the Republic of Korea has been a major factor in the rapid economic growth that the country has been able to achieve over the past thirty years.
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Republic of Korea: religion
The main religions are traditional Buddhism and relatively recently introduced Christianity. Both of these currents were strongly influenced by Confucianism, as well as shamanism, which was the main religion of the common people of Korea. Christians make up 27.3% of the population and Buddhists 25.3%. Followers of other religions make up about 2.5% of the religious population.
About 45% of the country's inhabitants are not adherents of any religion.
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Republic of Korea sports
There are some traditional sports in South Korea, martial arts such as Taekwondo, Hapkido and Pun Ryu Song Do predominate among them. However, sports from Western countries are developed more seriously. The most popular sports are mountain climbing, football, baseball, basketball, swimming, athletics and boxing, and figure skating.
South Korea is considered the birthplace of esports - video game sports. The Starcraft game has gained immense popularity in the country, becoming an element of national culture.
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Republic of Korea: results
The Republic of Korea has rapidly integrated into world economy since the beginning of the 1997 crisis, the Government has proposed new model development, which includes raising the quality of business practices to world standards, developing labor resources and technologies, and improving the efficiency of institutional structures.
The length and extent of the economic recovery will depend largely on the pace of corporate restructuring, how well Korean families can adjust to declining job security, and investor confidence in the Republic of Korea. The country's government remains firmly committed to reform and intends to continue restructuring the financial and corporate sectors, while implementing flexible macroeconomic policies that promote economic growth.
The aim of the Republic of Korea is to solve problems rooted in the past and create economic system corresponding to the developed economy of the 21st century.
Until the 20th century, the main products Agriculture country was rice, but now the range of products has expanded significantly and includes many types of fruits, vegetables, livestock products and forestry products. South Korea's main agricultural product is rice: about 80%. Production of other cereals (primarily barley and wheat) in 2001 amounted to 271 thousand tons. Soybeans and potatoes in the same year produced 140 thousand tons. Animal husbandry is the second largest income sector of agriculture after rice. In 2001, the number of large cattle amounted to 1,954 thousand heads, the number of pigs reached 8.7 million heads, the number of chickens was 102 million. The timber industry began to develop in the country since the 1960s. Forests cover 6.4 million hectares of the country. Some products are exported - mushrooms and chestnut fruits. Fishing is an important part of the South Korean economy. About 140 thousand people work in this sector. There are about 96 thousand fishing vessels in the country. The volume of production in monetary terms amounted to 3.6 billion dollars in 2000. The main consumers of the South Korean fishing industry are Russia, China, Japan and the USA.
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Slide text: Republic of Korea (South Korea)
Slide text: Territory The state with a total area of 98.5 thousand square kilometers is located in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula in northeast Asia. It borders North Korea in the north. In the east it is washed by the Sea of Japan, in the south and southeast by the Korea Strait, in the west by the Yellow Sea. The territory of the country is mostly mountainous. The main rivers of the country are Nekhtongan and Khangan.
Slide text: Seoul is the capital of the Republic of Korea (10.7 million people).
Slide text: State structure Korea is a parliamentary republic. The head of state is the president. Elected by popular vote. multi-party political system. The current constitution of the Republic of Korea was adopted by national referendum on October 27, 1987. The Republic of Korea is divided into 9 provinces, 6 metropolitan cities and 1 city of special status (Seoul). The national flower of Korea is Mugunghwa. The symbolic meaning of the flower comes from the name of the root "mugun" - immortality. This word accurately expresses the resilience and conviction of the Korean nation.
Slide text: Population Population - 48.7 million people. 26th in the world. Population density 476 people. per 1 sq. km. 3rd place in the world. The majority of the population living in the country are Koreans (99%). By religion, the population is divided into Buddhists (40%), Confucians (20%), Protestants (17%) and Catholics. 99% of the population are Koreans. The official language is Korean. Koreans are warm and hospitable, and also very hardworking. The able-bodied population is more than 55%, 52% is employed in the service sector, 27% of the able-bodied population is employed in industry, and 21% is employed in agriculture.
Slide text: Nature The climate is temperate, monsoon, subtropical in the south. Animal world: among the representatives of the animal world of the country, one can note the tiger, leopard, bear, lynx, the number of which in recent times decreased sharply due to deforestation and poaching. Flora: the country is dominated by mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests with a predominance of pine, spruce, maple, poplar, elm, Korean fir. To the south they give way to evergreen subtropical forests. Coastal areas are characterized by laurel, evergreen oak, bamboo thickets.
Slide text: Natural resources South Korea is a relatively resource-poor country. Its energy resources include small reserves of coal, uranium and water resources. South Korea produces coal, tungsten, graphite, molybdenum, and lead. Land use: arable land: 21% pasture: 1% forested: 65% other: 13% Irrigated land: 13,350 km²
Slide text: Economy A country with a highly developed economy, 12th in the world in terms of GDP. Science-intensive engineering and electronics are developed. South Korea is the world leader in shipbuilding and the semiconductor industry, holds the second place among mobile phone manufacturers, fifth in the number of cars produced and sixth in the global steel industry.
Slide text: Industry The largest industries are electronics, shipbuilding, automotive, construction, textile and semiconductor industries. South Korea - the world's fifth largest car manufacturer share is 5.4% of world production.
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Slide text: Agriculture Until the 20th century, the country's main agricultural product was rice, but now the range of products has expanded significantly and includes many types of fruits, vegetables, livestock products and forestry products. South Korea's main agricultural product is rice: about 80% of South Korean farms cultivate this cereal. Animal husbandry is the second largest income sector of agriculture after rice. Fishing is an important part of the South Korean economy.
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Slide text: Culture Korea has an ancient, rich culture. Korean architecture has a long history. The culture of Korea is so rich and strong that throughout the history of the country it has also influenced neighboring countries. and not only) countries, people learn more about the culture of Korea, watch Korean films and TV series, listen to Korean music.
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Slide text: Korean architecture has a long history. The oldest and most remarkable of the monuments of Korean architecture is Seoul's Gyeongbokgung Palace ("Palace of Sunshine and Happiness"), built in 1394.
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Slide text: Sports originating in Korea Taekwondo, a popular martial art, has Korean roots. Taekwondo means punching and kicking techniques. The art of taekwondo is many centuries old - it originates in the 1st century BC. BC. Taekwondo is now a martial art taught to military personnel. Taekkyon is a traditional martial art that originated in Korea during the Goguryeo period in the 4th century. It uses strikes with the open hand and soles of the feet, punches are prohibited. The movements are smoother than in taekwondo. Hapkido is another martial art in Korea. Appeared during the Three Kingdoms period, in its modern form it is similar to Japanese aikido.
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Slide text: eSports South Korea is considered the ancestor of eSports - computer video game competitions. The Starcraft game has gained immense popularity in the country, becoming an element of national culture.
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Slide text: Tourism There are good opportunities for tourism development in South Korea. Beautiful nature, historical heritage, mountains and sea make it attractive for tourists. By right the most popular view tourism in the country - mountain tourism. About 70% of the country's territory is covered with mountains, in which there are many ski resorts
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Slide text: Korean cuisine Korean cuisine is quite spicy, uses spices and a lot of red pepper. The widespread use of pepper is explained by the fact that South Korea is a country with a warm, humid climate, and pepper simply helps to keep food longer. In Korea, dog meat is very actively consumed. As in the cuisines of neighboring eastern peoples, the main food of Koreans is rice. Korean cuisine has a lot in common with the other two most significant oriental cuisines - Chinese and Japanese.