It is possible to establish a normal accounting of goods in retail trade only by knowing the basics of accounting and using software tools. Without this, entrepreneurs risk getting fined during the next tax audit.
Retail Features
Regular retail is aimed at the satisfaction of the end customer. Being engaged in it, entrepreneurs are forced to organize the processes of arrival, sale, write-off and internal movement of products. In addition, retail has its own differences from the wholesale of goods, which must be taken into account when maintaining accounting and tax records.
What applies to retail?
You can get the concept of retail trade in article 492 of the Civil Code. It states that in retail, the seller sells to the buyer goods intended only for home, family or other non-business use. That is, the client acquires a thing without the purpose of reselling it or using it for the production of other products.
Retail payment can be made in cash or by bank card. If the money was transferred by bank transfer to a legal entity, then such a sale cannot be accounted for as a retail sale. This rule often limits the possibilities of entrepreneurs working on a patent and UTII.
It is in retail that the interaction of supply and demand is carried out, as a result of which manufacturers and wholesalers can assess the need of the end buyer for the product. Until customers evaluate the consumer properties of products, it is very difficult to predict its future sales.
As part of the work on a patent and UTII, retail trade has its own characteristics, which are reflected in articles 346.27 and 346.43 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. Most of these restrictions are related to the sale of excisable goods and products used for commercial purposes.
Retail accounting tasks
Classic accounting in retail trade helps to manage all the business processes that are typical for this area.
Its main tasks are:
- the correctness of registration of transactions with goods;
- control of the safety of products through inventory;
- operational monitoring of the state of stocks;
- identification of slow-moving goods;
- identification of persons financially responsible for the costs;
- pricing;
- systematization of assets and liabilities;
- description of business processes by accounting "postings";
- generation of reports on trade operations.
The systematic implementation of the tasks of commodity accounting in retail trade allows the entrepreneur to easily manage the business and maintain compliance with all legal requirements in this area.
Accounting principles for retail sales
Proper accounting of goods in retail trade should be carried out according to the following principles:
- continuity of accounting in time;
- accounting of absolutely all transactions;
- compliance with legal requirements;
- unity of accounting methods in accordance with the methodology chosen by the enterprise;
- conducting systematic inventories;
- distribution of liability among employees.
Compliance with the above principles is mandatory for the systematization and unification of trade operations.
The integral assistants of entrepreneurs help to achieve this - and.
Options for determining the cost of goods
The purchase price can be defined as the sum of the costs incurred in purchasing the product. The cost price in tax and accounting is determined somewhat differently, which is reflected in the table below.
A number of expenses for the purchase of goods cannot be included in its original price according to tax rules. Moreover, transportation costs are additionally distributed between sold and unsold goods according to the algorithm described in Article 320 of the Tax Code. According to it, direct monthly transport costs are calculated as follows:
- The transport costs for the delivery of goods in the current month are added to the costs related to the balance of products at the end of the previous month.
- To the amount of the purchase price of goods sold during the month, a similar indicator of unsold products at the end of the previous month is added.
- Divide the figure from point 1 by the figure from point 2, obtaining the average percentage of direct transportation costs.
- The part of the cost of unsold goods is determined by multiplying the percentage received in paragraph 3 by the amount of the purchase price of the products remaining at the end of the month.
When calculating retail income tax, only transportation costs for actually sold products are taken into account. For this purpose, the costs calculated in paragraph 4 of the above algorithm are deducted from the total amount of delivery costs.
The correct definition of the cost structure is very important. It allows not only to estimate the real costs of purchasing products, but also to comply with the requirements of the Tax Code. Indeed, if the calculation is incorrect, the inspectors will not only calculate all the due payments, but also write out a considerable fine.
Methods of conducting commodity accounting
The method of commodity accounting in a retail store is determined by the methodology fixed by the management of the enterprise. Entrepreneurs can choose one of two options specified in the law:
- Accounting for products at purchase prices.
- Accounting at the selling price, taking into account the markup on the goods.
The second method is more common in retail outlets, as it is easier to understand. But if the entrepreneur is a VAT payer, then to avoid confusion, it is easier to use accounting at the base cost.
For the correct determination of the added value and VAT for each item, a “Retail Price Register” is formed. It allows you to take into account the role of financial components in the final price of the goods. When revaluing products, an appropriate act and an inventory list are drawn up. They are documentary evidence of this business transaction.
Accounting for the purchase of goods
Carry out accounting entries for the posting of goods begin at the time they arrive at the warehouse or outlet. Each operation must be based on the primary document: TTN, invoice, acceptance certificate or other. Employees also need to know the rules for accepting goods in the store in order to protect themselves from possible errors. It is also important that the TSD has quality certificates.
Products at the point of sale usually come from local manufacturers or wholesalers. After acceptance, primary documents are entered into the accounting system for goods in retail trade, the postings in which are carried out automatically. Products are credited to account 41, although it may also include analytical sub-accounts: “Goods in stock”, “Goods in department No. 1”, “Goods in department No. 2”, etc.
Postings for different methods of commodity accounting are different. When calculating at selling prices, the trade margin on the credit of account 42 is reflected separately. Postings with VAT are made only if the entrepreneur is a payer of this tax. If there is a customized program for accounting for goods, all the necessary accounting operations are performed automatically, in accordance with the accounting policy of the enterprise.
Accounting for the sale of goods
Accounting in retail trade ends with the implementation of postings when selling products to the final consumer. The sale of goods occurs in most stores through the issuance of a fiscal receipt. This operation is reflected in the credit of account 90, in accordance with the scheme below.
Depending on the form of calculation, postings when accounting for goods in retail may differ. When paying for goods with a bank card, they will look a little different.
When selling on an advance payment, for example, postings will be carried out according to this scheme.
At the end of the day, the cashier makes a report. With the introduction of the new CCP, the need to fill out daily paper journals has disappeared. If the products are released not on the trading floor, but from the warehouse, then the buyer should be issued an invoice in addition to the check. It is drawn up in two copies and is the basis for the warehouse operation.
All documents on the receipt and sale of goods must be kept at the enterprise for at least 4 years. After that, they can be destroyed.
How calculate retail sales revenue
In a retail store, accounting allows you to find out the amount of net income received by the entrepreneur. In order not to pull money out of circulation beyond measure, it is necessary to clearly understand what part of the proceeds is profit. To do this, you need to determine the sum of the markups of all goods sold and subtract current costs from it.
Well, if the same percentage of wrapping is for all goods. However, this situation is quite rare even in clothing stores. After all, buyers are given discounts, and some of the goods have to be periodically marked down. Therefore, for the correct calculation of profit, it is easier to use the funds.
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Publication date: 01.12.2016
Full name in Russian:
Limited Liability Company "Insales Rus"
Abbreviated name in Russian:
Insales Rus LLC
Name in English:
InSales Rus Limited Liability Company (InSales Rus LLC)
Legal address:
125319, Moscow, st. Academician Ilyushin, 4, building 1, office 11
Mailing address:
107078, Moscow, st. Novoryazanskaya, 18, building 11-12, BC "Stendhal"
TIN: 7714843760 KPP: 771401001
Bank details:
For the most effective management of the enterprise, it is necessary to have correct economic information. Accounting at the enterprise will help to obtain all the necessary data.
If we are talking about a retail enterprise, then the main object of accounting are goods. Therefore, the accounting department is obliged to ensure the accounting of all incoming goods and the timely reflection in the accounting of all possible operations associated with their departure. Purposes of accounting for goods in retail trade:
- control over the safety of goods
- Timely reporting of gross revenue and inventory status.
Cloud system of trade accounting automation.
Increase work efficiency, reduce losses and increase profits!
Accounting tasks:
- ensuring liability for goods
- verification of the correctness of registration of commodity transactions
- identification of stale and slow-moving goods
- checking the timeliness of posting goods
- control of the correctness of the inventory
- revealing gross income
- pricing control.
Principles of accounting for goods in retail trade:
- unity of accounting indicators
- the possibility of obtaining accounting information as quickly as possible
- organization of accounting in strict accordance with the liability agreement
- unity of valuation upon receipt and write-off
- the organization itself chooses the optimal accounting scheme
- periodic scheduled and unscheduled inventories
- control over the activities of financially responsible persons (counter checks).
If a retail enterprise strictly monitors the implementation of the goals, objectives and principles of accounting for goods, all the tasks facing accounting will be solved efficiently and in a timely manner. Deficiencies in the organization of accounting can lead to the formation of conditions conducive to the theft of material assets.
Accounting for the receipt of goods in retail trade
Retail trade can receive goods directly from manufacturers or from wholesale trade organizations. Goods entering the retail network must necessarily have accompanying documents drawn up in the prescribed manner.
If the goods are delivered from the supplier to the retailer by road, a waybill is issued. This document consists of two sections: commodity and transport.
The product section is filled in by the supplier of the product and contains the following data:
- name / addresses / bank details of the supplier and recipient
- product and container data (article, net/gross weight, price, etc.)
- VAT amount.
The transport section is filled in during the delivery of the goods and contains the following data:
- vehicle number
- waybill number
- delivery date of the goods
- name and coordinates of the sender and recipient of the cargo
- loading/unloading point
- cargo information.
The bill of lading is issued in two copies. One of them remains with the materially responsible person on the part of the supplier, and the second is transferred to the materially responsible person of the recipient of the goods.
Goods can also be delivered from nonresident suppliers by other modes of transport (railway, air or water transport). Depending on the method of delivery, the list of documents may vary.
All goods sold through a retail network must be accompanied by the relevant documents from the manufacturing organization. These documents must confirm the quality of the product and its safety for the life and health of buyers with reference to the hygiene certificate.
In the case of imported goods, the document confirming the quality must contain a mark of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of the Russian Federation on passing the assessment in the manner prescribed by law. The sale of goods (food and food raw materials) without these documents is prohibited.
Goods entering retail trade are accounted for by financially responsible persons on the day of receipt upon their availability.
Synthetic accounting is maintained on the active account 41 "Goods" and sub-account 2 "Goods in retail trade". The receipt is reflected in the debit of the account, and the disposal is reflected in the credit. In this case, the debit balance is reflected in section 2 "Current assets". If goods are accounted for at sale prices, then the difference between the sale and purchase cost is reflected in account 42 "Trade margin".
Analytical accounting is maintained for each individual financially responsible person at sale or purchase prices. This type of accounting is maintained for each settlement and payment document of the supplier on account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”. Analytical accounting is carried out for each supplier. For debit entries are made on the basis of settlement documents, and for credit - on the basis of transport and commodity documents.
Accounting for the retail sale of goods
In retail trade, the sale of goods is formalized by issuing a KKM check and reflecting the daily revenue (revenue per shift) of each cashier-operator.
Synthetic accounting of retail sales is kept on account 90 "Sales". In this case, the debit reflects the cost, sales costs, excise and VAT. The credit reflects the sale value of the goods together with VAT.
Based on the cashier's report, transactions are generated daily that reflect the amount of revenue. At the end of the month, VAT is charged, and sales costs are written off.
Based on the cashier's report, transactions are generated daily that reflect the amount of proceeds from the sale of goods. Next, the cost of the goods is subtracted and, based on the data obtained, the gross income of the retail trade enterprise is determined.
Accounting can be kept at purchase or sale prices. Each of these methods has a number of features and nuances.
Accounting automation in retail trade
Recently, online services for automation have become popular, practicing the saas model of providing the program to the user. Their popularity is due to the fact that the software is rented. That is, the owner of the enterprise has the opportunity to choose a package of necessary functions and there is no need to buy a software package and a hardware platform for its further use.
The Class365 online program was created for entrepreneurs who seek to quickly and efficiently take their business to a new level, bypassing the tedious stages of implementing an automation program, high costs for purchasing a license, and training staff.
Automation of accounting with Class365 allows you to solve several problems at once:
- At any time, you can get comprehensive information about the goods sold for any period of time. This will allow you not to order too much and only purchase hot goods from suppliers.
- Automatic registration of purchases reduces the risk of theft of goods by employees of the enterprise.
- There is no need to take stock often.
- The speed of customer service is increasing. This allows you to reduce the number of employees and maintain sales volume.
- Automatic checkout of documents allows you to reduce errors to zero.
Class365 is a program for complex automation of: financial and trade accounting, an online store, a warehouse, customer service (CRM), so you do not have to install many applications for each direction, the Class365 web system will cope with all the tasks of your business!
Video review of the capabilities of the Klass365 system for trade accounting
Accounting rules apply to organizations of any field of activity, any form of ownership. However, each industry has its own characteristics of reflecting the state of funds and their sources, calculating taxes and compiling financial statements. What nuances should an accountant of a wholesale trade enterprise take into account? Is accounting different for enterprises applying different taxation systems? We will tell in the article about the accounting of wholesale trade at the enterprise.
Differences between wholesale and retail
Civil and tax legislation does not contain a specific definition of wholesale trade. This refers to the sale of goods in large quantities. The main document is the supply contract. Wholesale trade is carried out in a cashless manner.
Unlike wholesale, retail is the sale of goods in small lots for personal consumption. The buyer of the retail network purchases the goods not for commercial activities. At retail, goods are sold both for cash and by transfer. The basis for the sale is a contract of sale.
Accounting in wholesale trade organizations
Accounting in wholesale trade organizations should cover the following points:
- reflection of receipt of stocks;
- internal movement of goods and materials;
- sale of goods.
Receipt of inventory
When stocks are received at the wholesaler, the following entries are made:
When a wholesale trade organization receives inventory, it is necessary to include in their cost the costs associated with delivery, insurance of goods and materials, customs duties, services of intermediary organizations, payment for information and consulting services provided by third-party enterprises.
For these costs:
Dt 41 Kt 60.
Internal movement of goods in the warehouse
After the goods arrive at the warehouse of the wholesale organization, it can be transferred to other departments of the enterprise. The costs associated with such relocation are included in ordinary operating expenses. If services for moving cargo from one warehouse to another were performed by third-party carriers, then the costs of paying for their services are reflected in the entry:
Dt 44 Kt 60 - for the cost of services of a third-party carrier;
Dt 19 Kt 60 - VAT on carrier services.
Sale of goods in bulk
When selling goods in the accounting of a wholesale trade enterprise, the following entries are made:
Accounting for the sale of goods in a wholesale trade organization is kept on account 90. See also the article: → “”. Sub-accounts are opened for the account:
- 1 - to account for sales revenue;
- 2 - to account for the cost of goods sold;
- 3 - to account for VAT on sold goods and materials;
- 9 - to account for the financial result for the reporting period.
Differences in accounting from retail
In contrast to wholesale trade in retail, an enterprise has the right to take into account the goods both at the purchase price and at the selling price, subject to separate accounting for the margin. The selected accounting option must be recorded in the accounting policy of the legal entity.
A retail trade company must apply account 42 to account for the markup if the goods received are accounted for at the selling price:
Dt 41 Kt 42.
The receipt of goods at purchase prices is reflected in the accounting in the same way as at a wholesale trade enterprise.
If the accounting of goods in retail is carried out at the selling price, then when selling it, in contrast to wholesale trade, an additional entry is made:
Dt 90 Kt 42 (reversal) - the trade margin has been written off.
Features of accounting for certain types of products in wholesale trade
Alcoholic products at wholesale points: postings
Alcoholic products in a wholesale trade organization are accounted for at their actual cost, which does not include VAT. Upon receipt of alcoholic products:
Dt 41 Kt 60.
Unlike VAT, excises on purchased goods are included in its cost. Excises are paid only by producers of alcohol. VAT on purchased goods:
Dt 19 Kt 60.
Example. Polyus LLC purchased 1,500 bottles of cognac from the manufacturer for a total amount of 468,696 rubles (including excise duty of 97,200 rubles, VAT of 71,496 rubles). The entire batch of cognac was sold in a day for 566,400 rubles (including VAT 86,400 rubles).
| Account correspondence | Sum | Contents of operation | |
| Debit | Credit | ||
| 41 | 60 | 397200 | For the cost of 1500 bottles of purchased cognac |
| 19 | 60 | 71496 | VAT on purchased goods |
| 68 | 19 | 71496 | VAT payable |
| 62 | 90/1 | 566400 | Proceeds from the sale of cognac |
| 90/3 | 68 | 86400 | VAT on cognac sold |
| 90/2 | 41 | 397200 | Written off cost of goods sold |
| 51 | 62 | 566400 | Received from the buyer for the sold cognac |
| 90/9 | 90 | 82800 | Earned profit from the sale of goods |
Fuels and lubricants and oil products - wholesale under license
For companies engaged in wholesale trade, subject to the storage of fuels and lubricants and oil products in their own tanks, it is necessary to obtain a license to carry out this type of activity. If the wholesale trade in fuels and lubricants and petroleum products is carried out on the condition that the storage of goods is carried out on contractual terms by a third-party organization, then obtaining such a license is not the responsibility of the wholesaler.
Most of the fuels and lubricants and oil products are excisable goods. For wholesale trade enterprises that have a license and certificate for operations with petroleum products, it is allowed to deduct excise tax on purchased goods. If the organization is not engaged in the storage of fuel and lubricants, does not have a certificate, then the excise tax is included in the price of the goods and is not taken into account for reimbursement.
Reflection on the accounts of operations in the wholesale trade of fuels and lubricants and oil products is carried out by standard correspondence of accounts.
The system of taxation of wholesale trade enterprises
A wholesaler may apply various taxation systems. If, during registration, the organization did not submit applications to the tax authorities for any taxation regime, then the general system is applied by default. OSNO has certain advantages and disadvantages for the wholesale trade enterprise.
OSNO benefits include:
- enterprises applying OSNO are VAT payers. Many buyers using the same system prefer to buy goods in such a way that VAT can be credited. This means that if the wholesaler switches to the simplified tax system, then, with a high degree of probability, he will have to reduce the price of the goods by 18% compared to competitors who are VAT payers;
- if at the end of the year a negative financial result is determined, then the loss in the declaration can be taken into account and not pay income tax.
For other companies - wholesalers, "simplified" is preferable. The advantages of this tax system include a low tax burden. Therefore, the simplified system is suitable for highly profitable activities. The simplified taxation system is not beneficial for organizations whose activities result in a loss, as well as those with high distribution costs.
When choosing the simplified tax system, it is necessary to correctly determine the tax base and rate. If the company is able to document most of its costs and the value of the goods, then it is more profitable to use the "income minus expenses" system. Otherwise, you can stop at the simplified tax system at a rate of 6% and the "income" base.
Wholesale trade enterprises cannot apply UTND. This mode is provided for retail trade under certain conditions.
Answers to current questions
Question number 1. How to reflect the exchange of goods between two trading organizations on the accounts?
In the exchange of goods, special attention should be paid to the correctness of their assessment. The price of goods under such an agreement should not differ from the market valuation of similar goods by more than 20%. When exchanging goods in the accounting of an enterprise engaged in wholesale trade:
| Account correspondence | Contents of operation | |
| Debit | Credit | |
| 41 | 60 | Goods received under an exchange agreement |
| 19 | 60 | VAT on purchased inventory |
| 90/2 | 41 | Write-off of the cost of goods sold under an exchange agreement |
| 90/2 | 44 | Write-off of other sales costs |
| 62 | 90/1 | Issued an invoice to the buyer (for the amount of proceeds) |
| 60 | 62 | Barter is shown (cost in accordance with the contract) |
| 90/3 | 68 | VAT on goods sold |
| 68 | 19 | VAT to offset |
| 90/9 | 99 | Financial result from wholesale trade |
Question number 2. The main activity of the company is wholesale trade. In the future, it is planned to sell some of the goods at retail, and some wholesale. The company applies the general system of taxation. How to correctly reflect on the invoices accounting for goods in wholesale and retail?
All stocks intended for sale should be credited to account 41 on the sub-account opened to reflect stocks in wholesale trade. VAT is shown separately.
On account 41, goods and materials can be accounted for both at the purchase price and at the sale price (using account 42). The method of reflecting the cost of inventories must be fixed in the accounting policy. Retail and wholesale products must be considered separately. To do this, account 41 opens two sub-accounts:
- 1 - Goods in wholesale;
- 2 - Goods in retail.
If it is not known in advance which part of the stock will be sold in bulk and which in retail, it is advisable to receive them on subaccount 1 of account 41.
- Dt 41/1 Kt 60;
- Dt 19 Kt 60;
- Dt 68 Kt 19.
When transferring inventory at retail:
Dt 41/2 Kt 41/1.
At the same time, wiring is done:
Dt 41/2 Kt 42 - by the value of the trade margin.
When selling on account 90, you need to open two sub-accounts to reflect income from wholesale and retail trade.
Question number 3. When receiving goods and materials in a trading company, a shortage was detected. What documents do you need to issue this and how to reflect it on the accounts?
The shortage, which is detected during the acceptance of goods and materials, can be both within the limits of natural loss and beyond it. In the first case, the shortages are included in distribution costs. Otherwise, the cost of missing goods must be reimbursed by the supplier or transport company. To do this, the recipient of the goods presents a claim to the carrier or supplier. This is formalized by a commercial act or an act establishing a discrepancy. To account for shortages, account 94 must be used.
Question number 4. The company is engaged in wholesale trade, applies the general system of taxation. How to reflect the markup on the sold goods? Do I need to use account 42?
In wholesale trade, goods are taken into account at the purchase price. When they are sold, it is debited from account 41 to the debit of account 90. The credit of account 90 shows income from the sale of goods and materials. The markup in this case is the difference between the debit and credit turnovers of account 90. It is advisable to use account 42 in retail trade, when stocks are taken into account at selling prices.
Question number 5. What expenses should be included in the cost of the purchased goods?
The cost of the product should include all direct costs of its acquisition. These are the costs of delivery of goods and materials, customs and non-refundable tax payments, costs of consultations, intermediary services, and insurance payments.
Accounting in retail trade includes accounting for the receipt, sale and return of goods and other operations.
Retail trade - sale of goods individually or in small quantities for personal, non-commercial use by the end consumer. At retailers, goods can be accounted for both at purchase and sale prices.
If an enterprise keeps records of goods at sales prices, the cost of the balance of goods is reflected in the balance sheet at the actual cost, excluding the accrued trade margin attributable to the balance of goods.
Retail trade organizations that keep records of goods at selling prices deduct the balance on the credit of account 42 “Trade margin” from the line “Finished products and goods for resale”.
Since the retail price is the sum of the supplier's price and the trade margin, there must be a document in the primary accounting documentation that links these two prices to each other and is a documentary confirmation of the calculation of the retail price.
Such a document is the register of retail prices. In accordance with the Methodological recommendations for accounting and registration of the movement of goods, a change in retail commodity prices is made by order of the head of the enterprise and is drawn up by an inventory list-act. The inventory list-act must be certified by the signature of the head of the enterprise and the seal of the organization. The data of the inventory list - the act are recorded in the registers of retail prices containing information about the product that was revalued.
The accrual of the trade margin on the credited goods is reflected in the entry - Dt 41 "Goods" Kt 42 "Trade margin". The trade margin includes the income of the trade organization, VAT. At the same time, taxes are included in the trade margin only if the goods sold are subject to this tax.
Accounting for the receipt of goods
Accounting entries for the receipt of goods from suppliers1. Goods paid - Dt 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" Kt 50 "Cashier", 51 "Settlement accounts".
2. Goods received:
o For the purchase price of goods - Dt 41 "Goods" Kt 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors".
o Trade margin - Dt 41 “Goods Kt 42 “Trade margin”
3. The container for the goods was credited - Dt 41.3 “Containers for the goods and empty”, Kt 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”.
4. Transportation costs are reflected in the accounting - Dt 41 "Goods", 44 "Costs of sale" Kt 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors".
5. VAT on goods received - Dt 19 "Value Added Tax on Acquired Values" Kt 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors".
6. Identified upon acceptance of the goods shortage due to the fault of the supplier - Dt 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables" Kt 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors".
7. VAT was presented for reimbursement from the budget - Dt 68 “Calculations on taxes and fees” Kt 19 “Value added tax on acquired values”
Accounting for the sale of goods
The sale of goods is regulated by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, which reflects the need to conclude a contract for retail purchase and sale, supply, commission, barter, etc.
Accounting for the sale of goods - on account 90 "Sales".
Accounting for the sale of goods at purchase prices
5. Identified financial result - Dt 90.9 "Profit (loss) from sales" Kt 99 "Profit and Loss" - profit
Accounting for the sale of goods at sales prices
1. Accrued debt to buyers - Dt 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers" Kt 90.1 "Revenue".
2. Written off the cost of goods - Dt 90.2 "Cost of sales" Kt 41 "Goods".
3. VAT calculated - Dt 90.3 "Value Added Tax" Kt 68 "Calculations on taxes and fees".
4. Selling expenses written off - Dt 90.2 "Cost of sales" Kt 44 "Sales expenses".
5. Margin - Dt 90.2 "Cost of sales" Kt 42 "Trade margin" - red reversal
6. Identified financial result - Dt 90.9 "Profit (loss) from sales" Kt 99 "Profit and Loss" - profit
Since the goods are recorded in the accounting at the price that the buyer pays for their purchase, the actual write-off of the goods to account 90 “Sales” is made at the sale price. That is, the revenue received from buyers will be equal to the amount debited from the credit of account 41 “Goods”, subaccount 2 “Goods in retail trade” to the debit of account 90. 2 “Cost of sales”.
To determine the financial result, it is necessary to write off not the selling price of the goods, but the difference between the retail price and the purchase price, i.e. reverse the amount of the trade margin reflected in account 42 “Trade margin”. This difference, which is gross income, is called in retail implemented overlay.
After the reversal of the amount of the trade margin relating to the goods sold, a credit balance is formed on account 90 “Sales”, which represents the gross income from the sale of goods.
the realized overlay (gross income) can be defined in several ways, namely:
1) by total turnover;
2) according to the range of goods;
3) by average percentage;
4) according to the assortment of the rest of the goods.
Calculation of gross income (VD) for total turnover (T)
This method is used by retailers in the event that all goods sold by the organization have the same percentage of the trade margin (surcharge).
The following formula is used to determine the gross income from trade turnover:
VD \u003d T x PH,T- total turnover (total revenue with VAT);
RN- estimated trade margin (surcharge), defined as
PH \u003d TH: (100% + TH);
TN- the size of the trade margin (surcharge) established by the organization.
Calculation of gross income by product range
This method is used when different trade margins are established for different groups of goods.
VD \u003d (T1 x RN1 + T2 x RN2 + T3 x RNz + ... + Tp x RNp) / 100,
T 1..Tp- commodity turnover by groups of goods;
RN 1..RNp- Estimated trade margin for groups of goods.
Calculation of gross income by average percentage
This is the method most commonly used by retailers.
To determine gross income in this way, the formula is used:
VD \u003d (T x P) / 100,T- turnover;
P- the average percentage of gross income, which is calculated
in the following way:
P \u003d (Hn + Np + HB) / (T + Ok) x 100%,
Hn- the value of the trade margin on the balance of goods at the beginning of the reporting period (the balance of account 42 "Trade margin" at the beginning of the month);
Np- trade margin on goods received during the reporting period (turnover on the credit of account 42 "Trade margin" for the month);
Hb- trade margin on retired goods (debit turnover on account 42 "Trade margin" for the month). Retired goods should be understood as documentary disposal of goods (return to suppliers, write-off of damaged goods, etc.);
OK- the balance of goods at the end of the reporting period (the balance of account 41 "Goods" at the end of the month).
Calculation of gross income for the assortment of the rest of the goods
This method is used very rarely, since it requires information on the amounts of the accrued and realized margin for each item of goods. If a trade organization has the ability to track the accounting of movement for a particular product, then it is easier for it to organize accounting for goods at purchase prices.
Gross income when using this method is determined by the formula:
VD \u003d Nn + Np - Nv - Nk,Hn- trade margin on the balance of goods at the beginning of the reporting period (the balance of account 42 "Trade margin" at the beginning of the month);
Np- trade margin on goods received for the reporting period (credit turnover on account 42);
Hb- trade margin on retired goods (debit turnover on account 42);
Hk- trade margin on the balance of goods at the end of the reporting period (account balance 42).
Accounting for the sale of goods under a retail sale contract
As a rule, small businesses use the cash method when determining revenue, since goods are released and sold at the same time, there is no need to use transit account 45 “Goods shipped”.
The following entries are made in the account:
1. Revenue for goods received at the cash desk - Dt 50 "Cashier" Kt 90.1 "Revenue".
2. Written off goods sold - Dt 90.2 "Cost of sales" Kt 41.2 "Goods in retail trade".
3. If the goods are accounted for at selling prices, then it is necessary to write off the trade margin for the goods sold - Dt 90.2 "Cost" Kt 42 "Trade margin" - red reversal
The amount of goods sold will be determined:
R \u003d He + P - Ok,P - sold goods;
He and Ok - the remainder at the beginning and end of the period;
P - the arrival of goods for the period.
Accounting for commodity losses
During the transportation, storage and sale of goods, losses occur:
1. Normalized - associated with a change in the physical and chemical properties of the goods (breakage of glassware, shrinkage, shaking, damage).
2. Irregular - are mainly the result of ownerlessness and negligence (waste, theft).
When taking into account normalized losses, trade organizations use the norms of natural loss. In order to evenly include losses within the limits of natural loss, an organization can create an appropriate reserve (for trade organizations that have warehouses, vegetable and food bases, refrigerators, cold storage plants):
1. Accrual of a reserve for the write-off of natural loss: monthly - Dt 44 “Sales Expenses” Kt 96 “Reserves for future expenses”.
2. Use of the reserve - Dt 96 “Reserves for future expenses” Kt 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables”.
3. In the absence of a reserve, the shortage is written off to distribution costs - Dt 44 “Sale costs”, Kt 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables”.
Curtains of containers - the difference between the actual container from under the goods and its mass according to the stencil. Losses from the curtain of containers occur in retail trade (sales of kvass, butter). Accounting for commodity losses - in general.
Revaluation of goods when accounting for purchase prices
When goods are accounted for at purchase prices in organizations, the revaluation is not reflected, the markdown within the trade margin is not reflected, and the markdown, which is greater than the markup, is reflected.
In this case, the markdown of goods is reflected - Dt 91 “Other income and expenses”, Kt 41 “Goods”.
If VAT on this product was reimbursed from the budget, it is necessary to restore the amount of VAT related to the amount of the markdown - D-t 68 "Calculations on taxes and fees" K-t 19 "Value added tax on acquired valuables" - red reversal, this amount VAT must be written off to the financial result - Dt 91 “Other income and expenses” Kt 19 “Value added tax on acquired valuables”.
Revaluation of goods when accounting for sales prices
When goods in organizations are accounted for at selling prices and use the cost method, they conduct an inventory of the revaluation of goods. It is drawn up with an inventory list - an act. It indicates the name of the product, its article number, grade, quantity, old and new price, the amount of markdown or revaluation.
When using the natural cost method, no inventory is carried out, since an increase or decrease in prices is a change in the trade margin. The results are displayed:
1. Revaluation - Dt 41 "Goods" Kt 42 "Trade margin".
2. Markdown within the trade margin - Dt 41 “Goods” Kt 42 “Trade margin” - red side
3. The markdown is greater than the markup - Dt 41 "Goods" Kt 42 "Trade margin" - red reversal
Dt 91 "Other income and expenses" Kt 41 "Goods"
4. VAT recovered from the budget for the amount - for markdown - Dt 68 "Calculations on taxes and fees" Kt 19 "Value added tax on acquired valuables" - red reversal
Dt 91 "Other income and expenses" Kt 19 "Value added tax on acquired valuables".
Goods inventory
Inventory - identification of the actual availability of property, comparison of the actual availability of property with accounting data, verification of the completeness of the reflection in the accounting of liabilities.
Mandatory inventory:
1. When transferring property for rent.
2. When compiling annual financial statements.
3. When changing the materially responsible person.
4. When establishing the facts of theft.
5. In case of emergency.
6. Upon liquidation of the organization.
The document of registration of the inventory is a collation sheet, compiled for inventory items, when a deviation from the accounting data is detected.
Inventory surplus or shortage results:
1. A surplus of goods was detected - Dt 41 "Goods" Kt 91 "Other income and expenses".
2. When accounting for sales prices, a trade margin is charged on the surplus - Dt 41 "Goods" Kt 42 "Trade margin".
3. A shortage of goods was detected - Dt 44 “Sales Expenses” Kt 41 “Goods”.
4. Expenses for distribution costs are written off - Dt 44 "Expenses for the sale" Kt 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables".
5. The lack of excess natural loss is attributed to the financially responsible person - Dt 73.2 "Calculations for compensation for material damage" Kt 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables".
6. The difference between the purchase and sale value is reflected - Dt 73.2 "Calculations for compensation for material damage" Kt 98 "Deferred income".
7. The shortage is brought to the cash desk - Dt 50 "Cashier" Kt 73.2 "Calculations for compensation for material damage."
8. Shortage recovered from wages - Dt 70 “Settlements with personnel for wages” Kt 73.2 “Calculations for compensation for material damage”.
9. The resulting difference between the purchase and sale value was written off - Dt 98 “Deferred income”, Kt 91 “Other income and expenses”.
10. If the shortage is due to emergencies, then it is written off - Dt 99 "Profits and losses" Kt 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables".
11. The shortage of goods that do not belong is reflected in the entry - Kt 004 "Goods accepted for commission", and for the amount payable to the issuer - Dt 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables" Kt 76 "Settlements with different debtors and creditors."
Unified forms of primary accounting documentation for accounting for trade transactions were approved by the Decree of the State Committee of the Russian Federation on Statistics dated December 25, 1998 No. 132, www.consultant.ru .
You can keep accounting in trade using the 1C: Enterprise program.
The obligation to keep accounting records by any Russian organization does not depend on the type of its economic activity. However, accounting in trade, construction or the service sector has its own characteristics. In this article, we will consider what an accountant of a trading company, both retail and wholesale, should know and be able to do.
Many features of accounting directly depend on the economic sphere in which the organization operates. Accounting in trade is no exception, it is considered one of the most complex branches of accounting and requires quite specific knowledge from accountants, for example, in the field of determining margins. After all, trade was originally a type of activity in which goods are bought at one price and sold at another. A commodity is any asset purchased for resale. It can even be real estate or expensive equipment, it all depends on the direction of the company. In PBU 5/01, goods are classified as inventories.
Wholesale and retail
Trade, and hence accounting in it, traditionally has two areas:
- retail.
The difference between them lies in the volume of products sold. Retail sales involve small lots or single items, most often intended for the personal needs of the population. Wholesale trade operates in large lots. Of course, there is a difference in accounting. Indeed, in retail, the parties to the transaction, as a rule, are the organization-seller and the individual-buyer, and in wholesale trade, products are bought by other legal entities or individual entrepreneurs. In the first case, cash payment is practiced, and in the second, non-cash. All this must be taken into account when conducting accounting.
Main account for inventory accounting
All goods intended for resale, according to the norms of PBU 5/01, should be accounted for on account 41 “Goods”. This account usually has several more sub-accounts, which each company can define and apply independently. It is necessary to take into account goods and materials at once on several grounds:
- name (nomenclature);
- quantity;
- place of storage;
- financially responsible persons.
Cost price - the purchase price of goods and materials, together with delivery costs, duties, agency fees and similar expenses (clause 6 PBU 5/01). Plays an important role in accounting.
Accounting in wholesale trade
Consideration of the practical application of accounting standards by trade organizations will begin with the wholesale. It uses slightly fewer accounts than retail, although wholesale itself involves large volumes. Let's follow the postings of the consignment of goods from the moment it enters the company to the sale to the buyer. And find out what features accounting has in wholesale trade.
So, let's imagine that our Vesna LLC (operating on a common taxation system with VAT) purchased a batch of garden tools from another company for 150,000 rubles. The price includes VAT in the amount of 22,881.36 rubles. In addition, a car was hired to deliver the goods for 10,000 rubles without VAT. Let's move on to bookkeeping. So, when posting this batch, the accountant will make the following entries:
There was already a buyer for this batch, so the organization sold it, as they say, “from wheels”, or in transit. But there could be another option, when the goods arrived at the company's warehouse. The party was sold for 180,000 rubles, including VAT. The cost price consists of the purchase price and overhead costs (in this example, we will not take into account the costs of administration, household needs, utilities and other things that need to be taken into account in the case of trading from a warehouse). In fact, when selling, we need to write off products, charge VAT and write off the cost. Accounting entries will be as follows:
Unfortunately, it happens that during storage or sale, defective products were detected. Suppose that its cost was 15,000 rubles, or 10% of the cost of the batch, with a natural attrition rate of 7%. It cannot be sold, but it must be reflected in accounting. There is a write-off of marriage in trade; the wires will look like this:
If the persons responsible for what happened, for example, the storekeeper, were identified, the losses can be attributed to them. The main thing is that the procedure prescribed by law is observed. In this case, the accountant will make the following entry:
Dt 73 Kt 94 15,000 - losses due to marriage are attributed to the guilty person.
Accounting in retail
Accounting in retail is a little more complicated than wholesale, because by virtue of the Order of the Ministry of Finance dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n, it is necessary to use account 42 “Trade margin” in work. This is due to the fact that if goods are accounted for at sales prices, it is necessary to allocate an extra charge, as well as possible discounts. The markup is formed by postings that look like this:
On account 42, it is imperative to organize analytical accounting in order to be able to distinguish between markups on goods in retail organizations and on goods already sold to customers. The shipped markup is usually reversed as follows:
Dt 90, sub-account "Cost of sales" Kt 42.
In addition, in retail it is necessary to take into account selling expenses. The relevant accounting entries are as follows:
At the end of the month, the accountant must withdraw the profit based on the results of the sale and reflect it in the following way:
Dt 90, sub-account "Profit / loss from sales" Kt 99.
Accounting entries in retail trade with UTII differ from those given above only in the absence of VAT, and hence the need to allocate it. The use of account 42 is mandatory.
commission trading
It happens that an organization does not sell its goods, but goods and materials received for sale under a commission agreement. In this case, accounting in trade has a number of features that are imposed by commission trading. The posting of the commission agent will be completely different. For clarity, we have displayed the most basic accounting entries in the table:
| Operation | Account debit | Account credit |
|---|---|---|
| Admission to the commission | 004 "Goods on commission" | |
| Commission realization | 50, 57, 62 | |
| Write-off of realized commission values | 004 | |
| Costs associated with a commission sale that are not reimbursed by the committent | 44 | 60, 10, 70, 69, etc. |
| Costs associated with a commission sale, reimbursed by the committent | 76, sub-account "Settlements with the committent" | |
| Commission remuneration | 76, sub-account "Settlements with the committent" | 90, sub-account "Revenue" |
| VAT on revenue under a commission agreement | 90, sub-account "VAT" | 68 |
| Write-off of expenses related to commission sales | 90, sub-account "Sales costs" | 44 |
| Profit from the sale of goods at the end of the month | 90, sub-account "Profit / loss from sales" | 99 |
| Transfer of funds to the committent (minus the remuneration of the commission agent and reimbursable expenses) | 76 | 51 |
Please note that the primary document for posting in accounting is a consignment note (form No. TORG-12). And account 004, which is used to post goods and materials on commission, is off-balance. The account is kept in the prices specified in the acceptance certificate by the committing organization.