How to get the most out of your loudspeaker. Breeding pigs Breeding pig farms

In pig breeding, as in other branches of animal husbandry, the level and nature of the productivity of animals ultimately depend on their breed and breeding qualities. Therefore, systematic breeding work to improve the productive qualities of animals is an integral part of the entire production process on pig farms, and cost-effective industrial pig breeding is possible only when using strong, healthy animals with high genetic potential. The higher the genetic potential of animals on pig farms, the more efficient pork production will be.
High quality indicators of production in specialized pig-breeding enterprises of an industrial type can be maintained at the proper level only with a combination of three elements: high heritability of traits, that is, stable transmission of one's valuable qualities to offspring; full feeding, ensuring the manifestation of the hereditary inclinations of animals; optimal conditions of detention in which this heredity can fully manifest itself.
The main work on improving the breeds of pigs is carried out in breeding plants and reproducers. In large specialized pig farms with a complete production cycle, in addition to reproductive and fattening farms, breeding farms for growing replacement pigs are also being created.
On the breeding plants solve the following tasks:
- improve the breed by improving existing and creating new lines and families, which must be tested in the prescribed manner;
- check boars and queens for their own productivity and the quality of offspring (in an agreed manner in several subsidiaries); breeding young animals are raised for state stations for breeding work and artificial insemination and breeding farms of pig breeding complexes specializing in rearing replacement pigs;
- improve methods of breeding and selection of pigs.
On the breeding farms pig-breeding complexes for growing replacement pigs are mainly engaged in breeding animals coming from breeding farms while maintaining their productive qualities, as well as evaluating boars and queens for their own productivity, fattening and meat qualities of the offspring.
The main task of industrial reproductive farms is the production of piglets for fattening. In this regard, breeding work on such farms is reduced to the organization of the effective use of boars and queens in order to obtain from them for fattening as many crossbreeds of the best quality as possible.
The experience of large specialized farms shows that in conditions of limited exercise, pig-breeding complexes must be replenished with constitutionally strong animals capable of showing high productivity in industrial technology. In this regard, various technological regimes should be introduced on breeding and non-breeding farms.
Along with selection for increasing meatiness, the development of methods for testing pigs for the strength of the constitution, resistance to diseases, standardization of livestock for early maturity and payment for feed with products is also of great importance.
Genetic basis of pig breeding. The productivity of pigs is determined by numerous features that make up two large groups - morphological and physiological. The signs of the first group characterize the shape and structure of both individual organs and the whole organism, for example, the exterior, the constitution of the animal, meat and slaughter qualities. By physiological signs, one can judge the individual functions of the body: fertility, multiple pregnancy, large-fruitedness, milk production, viability of young animals, their growth energy, as well as the use of feed by animals.
The variability of the traits of the reproductive ability of pigs is weakly inherited and is determined mainly by environmental factors, while the fattening and especially the meat qualities of pigs are largely due to hereditary factors. Consequently, the main success in improving the reproductive qualities of pigs can be achieved by regulating environmental conditions (the level and usefulness of feeding, keeping conditions, breeding techniques, etc.).
In each individual case, the ratio between genetic factors and environmental conditions is not the same. Therefore, heritability coefficients for the same traits, but in different herds, can be different. This explains the fluctuations in the heritability coefficients of most economically useful traits. In each individual herd, it is advisable to determine the amount of heritability of traits and, on its basis, to predict the methods and efficiency of selection.
Methods of breeding pigs. In the practice of pig breeding, purebred breeding, crossing and hybridization are used.
The breeding of pigs by lines is based on the selection and selection of outstanding producers and their offspring to create a highly productive and hereditarily stable group of animals, distinguished by the qualities necessary for this stage of development of pig breeding.
Breeding herds of pigs consist of animals of 3-4 or more lines and families. Lines are divided into open, partially closed and completely closed.
Animals of factory open lines are bred, as a rule, by outbred mating. Breeding on open lines is one of the main methods used in breeding farms. When drawing up a selection plan, it is not necessary to use only those sows that come from boars from their assigned lines or belong to certain families.
Breeding pig farms often exchange producers and sows among themselves. For this reason, the pigs of a number of breeding farms are connected by a common origin. With this method of maintaining lines and families, the achievements of breeders of different breeding farms are more widely used, but difficulties arise in the creation and preservation of highly specialized properties of animals of individual lines and families.
Breeding of partially closed lines is limited to a certain range of farms. Sows in this case are mated only with the producers of their lines. Producers, if necessary, can be obtained from sows assigned to other lines. Animals of partially closed lines, as a rule, are bred with moderate inbreeding. With partially closed lines, it is easier to maintain a much greater specialization of animals, while leaving enough room for the breeder to work on the use of outstanding animals obtained in other lines.
In closed lines, sires and sows are used strictly within the line. This method is inevitably associated with the use of close inbreeding and, therefore, is very rare in the practice of breeding farms. The objective of this method of breeding is the accumulation in the line of animals that are distinguished by the desired productive qualities. This is most fully achieved by their careful selection, homogeneous group and individual selection, systematic assessment of the productivity and quality of the offspring of boars and sows used in farms, and targeted rearing of replacement young.
To maintain the factory type of pigs in the herd, characterized by certain breeding and productive qualities, it is enough to work with boars of 5-7 lines and the same number of families of sows. Long-term work with a small number of lines and families allows, on the one hand, a good study of the characteristics of each line and family and their combination with each other, and on the other hand, it makes it possible to create a stronger heredity with the required productivity indicators.
Lines should be drawn along two or three divergent related branches. To do this, several sons are left for the tribe - the founders or successors of the line, and subsequently they are mated with sows that are not related to animals of other branches. With the wide use of the described technique, the possibilities of selection are significantly increased and breeding of pigs along lines is facilitated without the use of close related matings.
In cases where, when breeding animals of one line or another, family ties become very close, representatives of the same line, but of a different related branch, not previously bred in the herd, are brought into the farm.
The transfer of young replacement boars, originating from the best animals of the herd, to other breeding farms and the return after 3-4 generations of their offspring, obtained and grown in other feed and climatic conditions, can significantly increase the viability of the offspring and the productivity of the herd in general.
Of great importance is the creation of specialized lines in breeds based on differentiated selection of animals in breeding herds for a small number of traits while maintaining an average level for other indicators. Animals created as a result of such selection are further tested for compatibility when crossing and combinations are identified that give the highest heterosis effect for the required traits. Testing animals of specialized lines and factory types for compatibility showed that a stable effect of heterosis can be obtained not only with interbreeding, but also with intrabreeding.
When developing a method of differentiated selection, it was found that boars and sows inherit certain traits in different ways. This pattern was the basis for the creation of the so-called paternal and maternal lines and factory types of pigs used for crossing. So, when creating paternal forms, the best results were obtained by breeding for early maturity, paying for feed with products, the meat qualities of the offspring and the reproductive ability of boars, and when creating maternal forms, breeding for multiple pregnancy, milkiness and reproductive ability, as well as large-fruitedness and evenness of piglets in the nest.
When improving existing and breeding new breeds, inbreeding accelerates the consolidation of the desirable qualities of animals in the offspring. M. F. Ivanov methodically substantiated and successfully applied inbreeding in the breeding of the Ukrainian steppe white breed of pigs. He pointed out that inbreeding makes it possible to fix the desired genotypes by obtaining more or less homozygous lines and families.
For breeding improvement of pigs, all types of interbreeding are used. Absorption crossbreeding has been widely used in pig breeding in our country for the mass improvement of animals of local unproductive breeds. The Large White was used as the main improvement breed. With the help of reproductive crossing, new breeds are created that combine the useful qualities of the original breeds. All domestic breeds of pigs were created by this method.
In pig breeding, hybridization is a system for the production of commercial young animals based on the use of breeds and specialized types and lines that have been tested for compatibility, selected for certain characteristics. Hybrid pigs are characterized by stable productivity, which is important in the mass production of pork.
Organization of breeding work in breeding farms. In breeding pig farms, the best part of the livestock of bred breeds is concentrated. Usually breeding farms sell only elite class breeding stock. The use in industrial pig breeding of the descendants of such animals with good feeding and maintenance ensures a steady increase in the productivity of pigs. In this case, mainly unrelated mating of animals in the degree IV-IV and beyond is used.
In breeding farms, factory lines and families are created, a certain factory type of animals is formed. In addition, these farms are engaged in the reproduction of livestock of this breed. When improving the herd, the best animals are widely used, tested for hereditary qualities by the method of control fattening and rearing. Of the main sows and boars, 25-30% of the most valuable animals are selected for the leading group of the herd. Usually, the productivity indicators of pigs in this group are 20-30% higher than the average indicators of herd animals. From pigs of the leading group, breeding young animals are obtained for repair, from the rest of the sows and boars (production breeding group) - breeding products for sale.
Breeding farms use natural insemination of pigs with their individual selection for mating. The main herd of sows and boars is renewed annually by about 20-25% to ensure the use of the best animals up to 5 years of age.
The duration of the breeding use of pigs depends on the usefulness of their feeding and living conditions, the strength of the constitution and individual characteristics. The higher the zootechnical culture in the farm, the longer the animals of the breeding herd are used, especially those with record productivity.
The number of checked sows is on average 75% of the main ones. This ensures selection and entry into the main herd after checking one out of three sows. Checked boars make up 80% of the main ones.
The herd is subdivided into genealogical and stud lines of boars and families of sows. With common characteristics characteristic of the breed, the lines of boars and families of sows should differ from each other in type and productivity, which determines the necessary diversity of the herd.
It is advisable to increase the attention of animal breeding for a small number of traits. For example, one breeding farm selects mainly for the meat of carcasses, the other for early maturity and feed use, and the third for multiple pregnancies and maternal qualities of sows. At the same time, the remaining signs are maintained at the average level for the breed. Such selection enables each breeding farm to form its own factory type of pigs.
Breeding work with pigs in breeding farms is carried out in accordance with the plan of selection and breeding work to improve the herd, usually drawn up for 5 years in accordance with the long-term production plan of the economy.
The evaluation of pigs, which is carried out annually, allows you to analyze the state of the herd, monitor the progress of the selection and breeding plan and, if necessary, make appropriate adjustments. The success of the work largely depends on the ability to quickly and comprehensively process primary accounting data.
Breeding farms should supply high-yielding gilts and boars to commercial pig breeding for completing broodstock. Such animals can only be obtained by growing them in conditions close to the technology of industrial pig breeding. At the same time, in order to obtain constitutionally strong young animals, it is necessary to provide animals with active exercise, since it is an indispensable element of technology. Exercise is also used for boars and sows. This is best done on simulators or on specially designated runs. Exercise should be daily at a distance of 1.5-2 km for 1-1.5 hours or more. Boars are let out for walks in groups, taking into account their temper. The group maintenance of producers contributes to the development of a more relaxed behavior. When kept individually, boars become more aggressive.
Walking pregnant sows contribute to better intrauterine development of piglets, maintaining high productivity of the uterus during the sucking period. For exercise, groups are formed taking into account age (basic or tested uterus). In winter, the runs must be cleared of snow to prevent hypothermia of the udder when in contact with snow. Walking pregnant queens stop 7-10 days before farrowing.
For farrowing sows, machines are used in which transforming side walls are provided. Weaning piglets in breeding farms, as a rule, is carried out at the age of 42-60 days.
After weaning, young animals, taking into account their development, are grouped into separate premises for further assignment: their own repair of the herd, breeding young animals for sale, and young animals that do not meet the requirements of the “repair” and “breeding” categories, that is, intended for fattening. In accordance with this, animals receive a diet under a certain regime of maintenance and care.
Organization of breeding work in non-breeding farms. Breeding work in a non-breeding reproductive pig farm includes the formation of a herd of a certain structure, the selection and evaluation of replacement pigs, the selection of boars for purebred breeding and crossing, the organization of individual selection of animals for a breeding farm and their group selection in the industrial part of the herd. It is possible to increase the productivity of pigs in non-breeding farms by streamlining the breed composition of animals and dividing the herd into production groups.
On pig-breeding complexes, the broodstock should be completed only with animals of one breed, the most productive and adapted to the given conditions. Preference is given to purebred sows. Boars, on the other hand, must be of two breeds in order to be able to get crossbred young animals for fattening. Such a breed composition of the main livestock makes it possible to better organize the reproduction of young animals both for fattening and for repairing the herd.
The uterine composition of any non-breeding reproductive farm is divided into two parts: a breeding and industrial herd. They are kept on different farms or, as an exception, in different pigsties of the same farm. The joint maintenance of breeding and industrial broodstock is unacceptable, as this makes accounting difficult and practically excludes the possibility of conducting breeding work, and, consequently, increasing the productivity of animals.
The main purpose of the breeding farm sows is to produce young animals for herd repair, while the industrial herd supplies young animals for fattening.
Breeding farms for the production and rearing of replacement pigs for large pig breeding complexes should be designed for keeping up to 10% of the average annual number of sows of the farm, and those supplying replacement pigs to other pig farms - for keeping at least 20% of sows.
The sows of the breeding farm and the offspring obtained from them are provided with the best conditions for feeding and keeping. Serviced by experienced workers. Purebred sows of a planned breed for the acquisition of a breeding farm are imported from breeding farms. Their number should be approximately equal to the number of main sows of the industrial herd. Pigs must be in good health, well developed and have at least 12 teats. They are selected from aligned nests, in which there are no sick and lagging behind in the development of piglets. Repair pigs that have passed the selection are given individual numbers.
Their group is assigned to an experienced pig breeder for the entire growing period and they are provided with better feeding conditions. In the warm season, animals are kept on pasture in summer camps.
At 4-, 6-, and 9-month-olds, gilts are evaluated, and those that are stunted and have exterior defects are culled and transferred for fattening. Replacement gilts are inseminated or allowed to mate at 9-10 months of age with a live weight of at least 120 kg, using proven boars for this purpose. If the farm plans to raise an increased number of young animals, then more pigs are selected for the replacement group, for which the size of the broodstock on the breeding farm is increased accordingly.
Producer boars on both breeding and industrial farms, under any breeding methods, must be purebred, of high class, come from high-class producers, be distinguished by good health, strong constitution, and be typical of their breed. It is also necessary that the boars be checked for their own productivity, the quality of siblings or for offspring and are free from conformation defects (weak, soft back, strong interception behind the shoulder blades, pug-like, weak legs, crater nipples, etc.), and for development and productivity belonged to the elite class.
Replacement boars for breeding farms should be imported from breeding farms. On breeding farms, all boars, sows and replacement young animals are subjected to annual grading. With a decrease in productivity, sows and boars are transferred for fattening, and in their place (20-25%) young, proven and more productive animals are introduced into the main herd.
Based on the results of the evaluation, they draw up a plan for mating and farrowing, develop measures to improve the quality of the herd and increase its productivity (they plan to import pedigree boars, and if necessary, pigs).
When assigning sows to a boar on breeding farms of non-breeding farms, they adhere to the following basic principles: they do not allow related breeding; they use, as a rule, boars of a higher productivity class than sows (in any case, not lower), and take into account the results of previous farrowing to repeat successful combinations; young (repair) gilts are attached to proven boars, and young (repair) boars are attached to dams that have been tested for productivity. For successful breeding records, it is important that the animals have clear individual numbers.
It is advisable to adhere to the scheme of three-breed three-line crossing that is optimal for the given region. As new specialized lines are created and other highly productive combinations are identified, more complex crossbreeding schemes can be introduced using animals of four or more breeds and lines.
The possibility of using one or another pig hybridization scheme in non-breeding farms depends on the number of specialized breeds and lines bred in the network of breeding farms involved in their improvement and reproduction.
When organizing any crossing on the farm, special attention must be paid to the quality of the producers. The higher it is and the better the conditions for feeding and keeping, the more effective the results of crossing. For industrial crossing and hybridization, it is recommended to use well-developed boars of a strong constitution, tested for the quality of offspring, typical for their breed, not lower than class I. If there are no such boars, then it is better to resort to purebred breeding, using high-quality purebred boars-producers of the planned breed.
Acquisition of reproductive farms of large pig-breeding complexes with replacement young animals is one of the important and difficult tasks. The productivity indicators of broodstocks depend on the quality of replacement gilts. Replacing young animals should show their genetic capabilities when kept without walking under conditions of intensive exploitation of the herd.
In those cases when the complex receives replacement pigs from its own breeding reproducer, the reproduction rates of piglets are high. Breeding reproducers provide a rhythmic supply of replacement young animals to the complex. This young growth is better adapted to the conditions of industrial technology. In addition, the importation of animals to the complex is significantly reduced, and, consequently, the risk of introducing infectious diseases is reduced to a minimum.
Breeding reproducers in many ways contribute to the introduction of such progressive breeding methods as crossing and hybridization at the complexes, and make it possible to use the breeding stock more rationally.
Selection by origin is the initial and obligatory stage of breeding work in pig breeding. Animals are selected according to the pedigree, which includes four rows of ancestors. The offspring of animals whose ancestors were distinguished by desirable qualities is, as a rule, more valuable than the offspring of those animals that only themselves differ in these qualities. Evaluation by pedigree allows even before the birth of piglets to some extent to plan their breeding value.
Selection by constitution and conformation great importance is attached especially in the conditions of industrial technology, as well as in connection with the selection of breeds for meat productivity. In breeding herds, the selection of pigs according to their exterior and constitution is carried out throughout the entire period of their use. For breeding, animals are left with a strong, proportional physique with well-defined signs of the breed, devoid of shortcomings and defects in the exterior (general weakness, as well as coarseness or overdevelopment of the constitution, sagging back and lower back, interception behind the shoulder blades, weakness of the limbs, etc.).
When selecting for the productivity of sows take into account large-fruitfulness and evenness of the nest. Even sows of the same breed at different farrowings are characterized by a rather significant variability in productivity. The average large-fruited pigs of domestic breeds range from 1.1-1.3 kg. Along with large-fruited, it is necessary to pay attention to the evenness of the nest, since this greatly facilitates the cultivation and maintenance of animals.
Multiparity and milk production of sows are important features that affect the economy of the industry. As a result of in-depth selection work, the multiplicity of pigs of domestic breeds has been brought up to 10-12 piglets per farrow, and milk production - up to 50-55 kg. The normal growth and development of piglets largely depend on the milk production of mothers, therefore, great attention should also be paid to their milk production and use in breeding work all the factors that affect this indicator of productivity.
Further work on the selection and use of sows with high prolificacy should be directed to the mass selection of multiple sows, as well as to consolidating and increasing these indicators in elite and class breeding herds.
Selection for the quality of offspring is the final and very important step. As a result of the assessment of producers in terms of the quality of the offspring, the best boars in terms of fattening and meat qualities are identified, which are then widely used in the selection system.
Two methods are used to evaluate producers by the quality of offspring: control fattening and control rearing. Young animals with a live weight of 30 kg are put on control fattening. Fattening is carried out at special stations until the young animals reach a live weight of 100 kg. To evaluate breeding boars-producers in terms of the quality of offspring, the control fattening method uses 4 piglets from at least 5 nests (at least 20 offspring in total), to evaluate queens - 4 piglets from one nest. From each nest take 2 boars and 2 gilts. Boars intended for control fattening are castrated at 6-7 weeks of age. The fattening and meat qualities of the offspring are evaluated according to the following indicators: the age of reaching a live weight of 100 kg, the cost of feed per 1 kg of growth, the thickness of the fat over the 6-7th thoracic vertebrae, the length of the carcass and the weight of the rear third of the carcass half. According to the results of the control fattening of offspring, the total class of sows and boars-producers is determined according to the scale given in the instructions for assessing pigs.
On average, with control fattening, young pigs of meat and meat-fat types reach a live weight of 100 kg at the age of 180 days and earlier with a daily gain of 700-800 g and the cost of 1 kg of gain is not more than 4 feed. units The thickness of the fat is usually about 30 mm, the area of \u200b\u200bthe "muscle eye" is 30-31 cm2.
The control rearing of young animals is used to evaluate replacement boars and gilts in terms of their own productivity. At the same time, the precocity and meat qualities of young animals are taken into account in vivo according to the thickness of the fat. Well-developed piglets with a live weight of 25-30 kg are selected for control cultivation. Cultivation is completed when the young growth reaches 100 kg. For the good development of replacement young animals, favorable conditions for feeding and keeping are created. In the spring-summer-autumn period, animals should receive green fodder and use active exercise.
Early maturity is determined by the length of time required to achieve a live weight of 100 kg, and meat quality - by the thickness of the lard over the 6-7th thoracic vertebra. The animals with the highest scores from the control rearing are kept for herd repair, and the rest are discarded.
Based on the results of the assessment, plans are made for the selection of animals in order to consolidate such qualities as early maturity, high payment for feed by products and improved meat qualities. The best sisters and brothers from the nests, who received a high score as a result of the control fattening, are left to repair the herd.
Genetic resistance of pigs to stress. Industrial pig breeding poses a number of complex issues for veterinary science, one of which is the problem of stress. The harsh conditions of intensive industrial pig breeding have caused various diseases and even death of animals, since industrial technological regimes are often incompatible with the healthy functioning of the body. Not every animal organism has time to create a so-called protective barrier, maintain balance and develop a set of appropriate adaptive reactions to new environmental conditions. When adaptation does not occur, a disease occurs - the stress syndrome of pigs (Porcine syndrome stress, PSS), accompanied by increased excitability, refusal of feed, leading to a decrease in productivity and safety of both young and adult livestock. With untimely diagnosis of the sensitivity of pigs to stress, the disease spreads rapidly in populations.
Stresses arising in the process of preparing pigs for slaughter adversely affect post-slaughter autolytic processes in meat. So, in stress-sensitive pigs under specific industrial conditions, a complex of special hormonal and biochemical changes in the body occurs, which is the cause of the formation of pale, watery and exudative meat - the PSE defect (Porcine syndrome exudative).
For the selection of stress-resistant animals, PCR technology is most widely used, as well as the halothane method, which makes it possible to determine the predisposition to stress in pigs aged 6-10 weeks. The animal is laid on its back on the table, an inhalation mask is put on the muzzle, through which an anesthetic mixture consisting of 4.5% fluoroethane and 95.5% air (3 l/min) is administered for 3 minutes. Sleep in piglets occurs after 1-1.5 minutes and lasts an average of 5-6 minutes. During anesthesia sleep, it is necessary to monitor the condition of the piglet. Piglets that are relaxed during sleep without signs of tension and muscle tremor are classified as stress-resistant (negative reaction to halothane). Piglets in which tension, cramps of the limbs are weak and last less than 1 minute, are considered doubtful, the rest are stress-sensitive.
As a result of studying the effect of stress sensitivity on the growth, livability, meat productivity of young animals and the reproductive qualities of adult animals, it was found that stress-sensitive pigs are inferior to stress-resistant ones in the following indicators:
- the safety of young animals during cultivation is lower by 10.7-35.0%, the average daily gain is by 3.2-18.7%;
- the fertility of queens is lower by 26.4%, fertility - by 5.1-12.5%, the safety of piglets and the average weight of the nest at 2 months of age is less by 9.5 and 2.16%;
- sperm concentration in boars is lower by 39.8%, sperm survival - by 22.4; the fertilizing capacity of sperm - by 13.6; the safety of their offspring up to 2 months of age - by 13.7%.
In terms of fattening qualities, stress-sensitive gilts during control fattening are not inferior to stress-resistant peers in terms of growth intensity, but under the conditions of an industrial complex they lag behind them by 13.3%. The indicators of meatiness of carcasses of stress-resistant pigs are higher (fat thickness is less by 1.8-3.8%, the area of \u200b\u200bthe "muscle eye" is larger by 3.1-4.5%), and the quality of meat is lower (water-holding capacity by 1.9-3.8%). 4.4%, color intensity by 0.16-0.19 units, in terms of pH, most carcasses had a PSE defect).
Thus, the economic indicators of stress-sensitive animals are significantly worse than those of stress-resistant ones. Therefore, producers and queens with such a defect must be culled.
Grading of pigs. A comprehensive assessment of the breeding and productive qualities of pigs (bonitation) is carried out annually to determine the class and further assignment of animals. Boars-producers, sows and replacement young animals are subjected to grading in breeding farms, reproducers, groups of commercial farms, as well as at artificial insemination stations and points. Based on the results of appraisal, each farm conducts an analysis of breeding work, develops a plan for selecting pairs for the reproduction of livestock and rearing young stock, and draws up documents for recording animals in the State Book of Pedigree Animals.
The instructions for grading pigs provide for determining four total classes: elite-record, elite, I (first) and II (second). First, the class of animals is established according to individual indicators (development, exterior, etc.), then, based on the data obtained, a total class is derived. The total class of sows is determined by live weight, conformation, productivity, multiple pregnancies, milk production and nest weight at 2 months of age. After the control fattening of the offspring, classiness is also taken into account for the age when the offspring reaches a live weight of 100 kg, feed costs per 1 kg of growth, fat thickness over the 6-7th thoracic vertebra, carcass length and weight of the rear third of the half carcass.
The total class of boars-producers is determined by its live weight, body length, exterior, productivity, live weight of offspring at the age of 2 or 4 months. After the farrowing of the boar's daughters, a class score for the multiple pregnancy and milk production of the daughters is added to the listed traits to determine the total class.
After the control fattening of the offspring of the boar, a class score is added to the indicated indicators for the age at which the offspring reaches a live weight of 100 kg, feed costs per 1 kg of growth, fat thickness over the 6-7th thoracic vertebrae, carcass length and weight of the rear third of the half carcass.
The total class of breeding and replacement young animals is determined by the total class of father and mother, as well as by class for live weight, body length and fat thickness, determined in vivo.
Selection. In pig breeding, two main forms of selection are used: homogeneous (homogeneous) and heterogeneous (heterogeneous).
At homogeneous selection select boars-producers and sows, similar in type of constitution and productivity. The purpose of such a selection is to hereditarily fix and strengthen the desirable traits of outstanding ancestors in the offspring, increase the number of highly productive animals in the herd and increase the stability of the inheritance of these traits in subsequent generations. Homogeneous selection should be considered as the main method of improving breeds in the chosen direction and achieving qualitative herd uniformity. It allows you to consolidate in the offspring those virtues that are characteristic of parents: to increase the number of animals that are highly productive and have a desirable constitutional type; to achieve in a number of generations an even greater development of selected traits and qualities.
However, by homogeneous selection it is impossible to eliminate the shortcomings in the herd. For this, a heterogeneous selection is used. At the same time, to obtain offspring, animals are selected that differ significantly in the type of constitution, direction and level of productivity.
Diverse selection makes it possible to improve certain qualities in the offspring, get rid of shortcomings, combine the valuable traits of the parents, obtain animals with new desirable traits of productivity or physique, and ultimately improve the breeding and productive qualities of the livestock. Such selection is used in breeding farms, but most widely - in commercial farms, where boars-producers, as a rule, surpass sows in their class and, above all, in the degree of severity of the main features.
The selection can be heterogeneous in terms of age, conformation-constitutional type, as well as environmental conditions in which the mated animals were raised. The factors determining the expediency of selection always remain the indicators of animal productivity and the possibility of their improvement with a given combination of parental pairs.
A characteristic feature of heterogeneous selection is a violation of the conservatism of heredity, an increase in the range of variability, as a result of which descendants with new qualities are obtained.
With a heterogeneous selection, animals with the same shortcomings should not be allowed to mate. To correct them, it is necessary to select a partner devoid of these vices. Diverse selection helps to increase the biological usefulness and viability of the offspring due to heterosis.
When breeding pigs, it is necessary to combine both selection methods, using them depending on the purpose of the work, the quality of the animals, etc.
Depending on the purpose and form of breeding work, the selection can be individual and group.
At individual selection a certain boar is assigned to each uterus. Such selection is based on a deep knowledge of individual conformation-constitutional and productive qualities, as well as the origin and results of the breeding use of each uterus. Individual selection is used in breeding farms, and it requires a strict account of the origin and productivity of each animal.
At group selection one or a group of boars is attached to a group of queens characterized by similar characteristics without substantiating each combination separately. Group selection is widely used in non-breeding farms for artificial insemination of pigs. This selection greatly facilitates the random campaign. It is especially expedient in the case when a non-breeding farm acquires boars and queens from different breeding farms and, therefore, there is no danger of related breeding.
Also used in pig production age selection, which takes into account the age of mated animals. Age has a significant impact on the quality of germ cells and the development of embryos. In mature sows, significantly more eggs are released than in young or old sows. In boars older than 5 years of age, the quantity and quality of sperm are reduced. Thus, the age of pigs determines the timing of their breeding use and must be taken into account when drawing up a selection plan.
For mating with old sows, sires of the same age should not be selected, and young boars should not be selected for young sows, since such selection is often accompanied by offspring of poorer quality.
The best results are obtained by mating full-aged individuals with each other or by selecting full-aged boars for old and young boars, and full-aged sows for old and young boars.
The selection is interconnected with the technique of breeding animals. In breeding pig breeding, manual mating is used, in non-breeding - artificial insemination. Of particular importance is the organization of artificial insemination when transferring pig breeding to an industrial basis, since in this case it is possible to use high-quality producers on a large breeding stock more efficiently.

Currently, there are specialized pig farms, including breeding, reproductive, fattening and state farms with a complete cycle of pork production.

The task of breeding plants is to constantly improve the breeding breed of pigs and supply breeding breeding farms and commercial reproducers with high-value breeding animals.

The task of breeding reproducers (breeding farms of complexes) includes the reproduction of pigs created in breeding farms and the provision of commercial reproducers with them. The most expedient principle that should be used is the one-way direction of the movement of replacement young animals from the breeding plant to the breeding reproducer, and from it to the use herd of the commercial economy.

Specialized commercial reproductive farms produce young animals for fattening with intensive use of the broodstock, grow piglets to a weight of 35-40 kg and sell them to fattening farms.

Reproductive state farms are large specialized farms. In them, it is possible to divide the entire broodstock into two production groups - breeding and user. The breeding group (farm) of the herd produces breeding gilts for the maintenance of the breeding stock of the user group. It is completed and repaired with purebred livestock of large white breed, imported from breeding farms. Only purebred breeding should be carried out here.

Further improvement of the breeding system consists in the creation of special farms instead of breeding groups - breeding reproducers and the elimination of self-repair of broodstock at the two final stages of the system: breeding reproducer - commercial reproducer.

In the user group of the commodity farm, interbreeding is used (uterus of a large white breed and boars of the Urzhum or Landrace breed) and the resulting crosses are sent for fattening. Three-breed crossing is also carried out, while the queens of the breeding group are inseminated with the sperm of boars of another breed, and the queens of the user group are completed and repaired with two-breed crossbred animals. Young animals for fattening are obtained by crossing two-breed queens with third-breed boars.

All reproductive state farms have been given the task of further increasing the production of early maturing young animals for fattening. Therefore, along with improving the feeding and living conditions of animals, purposeful breeding work is one of the main ways to increase the productivity of sows of reproductive herds, improve the quality of pig products and increase the efficiency of this industry.

A characteristic reproduction farm is the Budennovets state farm in the Moscow Region. In 1977, the state farm had 5,535 hectares of agricultural land (including 3,578 hectares of arable land). The production of piglets at the state farm reached 40 thousand heads. According to the conveyor technology plan, 130 sows are inseminated weekly, which makes it possible to receive farrowings from 100 queens and transfer 790 piglets for fattening.

State farm "Taldom" is one of the largest pig breeders in the Moscow region. Here, from year to year, the number of piglets grown, which enter the fattening farms of the region, is increased. In addition, the state farm also sells piglets to its workers and employees for fattening in personal subsidiary plots.

For the tenth year now, the state farm "Taldom" has been a farm for a non-exhibition display at the VDNKh of the USSR. Delegations of agricultural specialists from the Byelorussian and Kazakh SSRs, the Baltic republics, Siberia and the Far East come here. The creative team of state farm specialists is constantly searching for the best ways to raise piglets, maintains close contact with five agricultural institutes, boldly introduces the achievements of science and best practices into production.

The state farm has five workshops: a pig breeding workshop producing 60,000 piglets a year; dairy farming, numbering 2750 cows with an average milk yield of 3400 kg; crop production; mechanization and construction.

The pig breeding workshop has three production sites, where 20,000 pigs are kept at the same time. The commodity farm includes two production sites. Here, 40 thousand piglets are received during the year. On the breeding farm, 20 thousand piglets are grown, of which 2-3 thousand are breeding pigs. An average of 8.9 piglets is obtained per farrow, the weaned weight is 15.9 kg. The cost of 1 centner of weight gain is 161 rubles, labor costs are 14 man-hours, feed is 5.4 centners of feed. units The state farm transfers piglets to fattening farms at the age of 3.5-4 months with an average weight of 32 kg, 2 r. 80 k. for 1 kg. The profit from the production activities of the pig breeding shop is 1 million 380 thousand rubles. Practically over the past seven years, the state farm has increased the production of piglets by 1.5 times, and the receipt and transfer of young animals to fattening state farms have become uniform.

One of the main conditions for the successful implementation of the production program is a new organization of production, which has a significant impact on the intensity of the use of breeding stock, premises, technological equipment and, ultimately, on economic indicators.

Pig-breeding enterprises with a complete production cycle combine the technological processes of livestock reproduction and fattening of pigs. In doing so, the following principles are observed:

1. Maximum specialization and cooperation using the latest achievements in the field of feeding, breeding, genetics, physiology of pigs, mechanization and automation of production processes, combined into production lines for the production of pork.

2. Provision of enterprises with high-grade compound feeds of industrial production in accordance with the physiological needs of animals of various sex and age groups.

3. Special rearing of young stock for transfer to industrial complexes.

4. Training of highly qualified personnel, creation of working conditions equivalent to working conditions in industry, and maximum satisfaction of the domestic and cultural needs of all workers involved in production.

The organization of production at such enterprises is based on technological schemes of reproduction and fattening, which take into account the biological characteristics of pigs of each age group and provide for the intensive use of premises, equipment, mechanization and labor. The technological scheme should ensure uniformity, rhythm and a constant level of production of marketable pigs in large homogeneous lots.

Typical industrial-type enterprises are complexes with a complete production cycle with a capacity of 108 thousand fattening pigs per year. These complexes are designed to produce 108,000 marketable pigs, weighing 112 kg each, at the age of 222 days, during the year, which makes it possible to obtain 12,600 tons of pork. The livestock is divided into homogeneous groups depending on age and physiological state. The main production units are groups of queens, which are formed during insemination and kept during gestation and suckling period until piglets are weaned, as well as groups of piglets, which go through all stages of rearing and fattening.

The size of a pig farm - breeding, breeding or complete production cycle - largely depends on the size of the average annual number of sows. This indicator determines the possibility of obtaining the required number of animals. The most common capacities of enterprises with a typical technological process are the production of 12 thousand, 24 thousand, 54 thousand and 108 thousand fattening pigs per year.

The volume of pork production at these enterprises is determined not only by the number of fattened animals. If an enterprise specializes in the production of piglets, it should take into account the mass of weaned piglets that are sold, and, in addition, the mass of culled gilts and sows, which is an integral part of the annual production of this enterprise.

If the enterprise has a complete production cycle, then in addition to the mass of sold fattened gilts, the mass of culled replacement gilts and sows is also taken into account, which make up 3.4% of the livestock, or 5.6% of the sold mass.

In pig fattening plants, 100% of the annual production is generated from the mass of fattened pigs.

Indicative indicators for calculating the volume of annual production for reproductive state farms with a 75% marketability of production can be as follows: the sale of weaned piglets with an average weight of one head of 30 kg is 95.77%, queens weighing 160 kg - 2.82%, discarded replacement pigs weighing 115 kg - 1.44% of the total number of animals. The mass production of pigs in farms of this type should be distributed as follows: weaned piglets - 80.5%, culled queens - 14.3, culled gilts - 5.2%.

Thus, specialization leaves a peculiar imprint on the production of final and intermediate products, which must be taken into account in the mass production of pork.

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More than 30 breeds, breed groups and types of pigs are bred in our country. Pigs of domestic breeds have high precocity, good payment for feed by growth of live weight and satisfactory fattening qualities. Pigs of foreign breeds, as a rule, are distinguished by high meat qualities.

Pigs of large white, long-eared white, Kemerovo, large black, Breitovskaya, Livenskoy, etc. are distinguished by high growth energy. The Estonian bacon, Landrace, Latvian and Lithuanian white pigs give the highest meat yield in the carcass; and from foreign ones - Pietron, Duroc, Welsh, etc..

The breeding base of the pig breeding industry in Russia at the beginning of 2008 is represented by 16 breeds of pigs bred in 52 breeding plants, 114 breeding reproducers, and has 67,300 main and inspected sows, which is 4.5% of the total number of pigs in farms of all categories.

The number of breeding stock of specialized meat breeds of pigs at the beginning of 2008 was 11,400 heads, and their share in the total number of breeding breeding stock is only 0.7%, which hinders the implementation of breeding and genetic programs for industrial crossing and hybridization. The number of probonitated sows of meat breeds in breeding farms slightly increased and amounted to 6067 animals for Landrace, 3252 for Duroc, and 2163 for Yorkshire.

Currently, in the breed composition of the probonitated pig population in the Russian Federation, animals of large white breed predominate - 75.6%, then Landrace - 7.2, Duroc - 4.3, Yorkshire - 4.7 and early maturing meat (SM-1) - 4 ,5% .

In specialized breeding farms, the best animal breeds are concentrated, which are distinguished by high productive qualities and great breeding value. Here, purebred breeding is used, which makes it possible to obtain a livestock that is homogeneous in type and nature of productivity, to create certain factory types of animals and to maintain the constancy of the breed within certain limits of variability.

Lines of boars and families of queens, having common features characteristic of each group, differ from each other to a certain extent in type and productivity, thereby creating the necessary diversity of the herd.

Intra-line breeding reinforces the valuable qualities of lines, so it is the main method of breeding a herd. Intraline breeding makes it possible to widely use the most productive animals in each line, and in the herd - the optimal combinations of lines and families.

Characteristics of the Landrace breed

Landrace is a specialized bacon breed of pig. It was bred in Denmark at the beginning of the 20th century by crossing local improved lop-eared pigs with English breeds, mainly with large whites, and breeding crosses “in itself”. Animals with an elongated body, a straight back, well-developed dense hams, thin white skin, evenly covered with short soft bristles. High quality bacon. The main features of the breed:

High average daily weight gain;

Endurance, strength;

A large number of piglets in the litter;

· Negativity to the stress gene.

Denmark supplied pork to the European market, mainly to Germany and England, but the British preferred meat pork-bacon (I.P. Sheiko, V.S. Smirnov, 2005). For this reason, it became necessary to improve the pigs of the local breed group bred in the country, since they did not meet the requirements for the production of bacon (EA Arzumanyan, 1991,). Denmark in the first half of the nineteenth century. began to introduce pigs from Germany, England, Portugal, Spain, China, which influenced the improvement of local pigs.

The breed is one of the outstanding breeds of the world, recognized on all continents. It was formed under conditions of full feeding when the diets were saturated with proteins of animal origin (reverse) (A. I. Netesa, 2001). Another important factor in the formation of the breed was the hereditary assessment of pigs for the quality of offspring in control fattening, which has been carried out in Denmark since 1907, when the first control and testing station was built.

Evaluation by the quality of the offspring contributed to the improvement of the quality of breeding for the improvement of fattening and meat productivity, hereditary consolidation of the breed, the formation of the same type, genetically stable animals, steadfastly transmitting the qualities of the bacon breed by inheritance, both in purebred breeding and in crossbreeding.

In terms of numbers, Landrace is the second breed after the Large White - 3.16% (including German and Canadian) of the total population. In breeding farms for breeding the Landrace breed, 61.2% of queens were rated as elite, 37.6% as class I, and 1.2% as class II. 77.5% of boars-producers belong to the elite class (I. Dunin, V. Garay, N. Chernysheva et al., 2004).

The modern type of landrace is typically bacon medium and large pigs with a strongly stretched, narrow, but deep body expanding towards the back, on short legs (I.P. Sheiko, V.S. Smirnov, 2005). Their head is rather long, straight profile, with large ears hanging forward. The color is white or pinkish. The neck is of medium length, well developed and evenly passing into the region of the back and shoulder blades. The ribs are steep, but not very long (E. A. Arzumanyan, 1991). The back is strong, straight, slightly arched. The line of the abdomen is even, somewhat inclined towards the back, which, together with a well-developed posterior third of the body, when viewed from the side, gives the animals a trapezoid, fusiform shape. The loin is straight, wide, the sacrum is not drooping, the hams are well developed, descending to the hock. The legs are straight, well set, with strong pasterns and hocks. The skin is thin, elastic, covered with white soft shiny bristles.

Pigs of the Landrace breed have a delicate dense type of constitution: a relatively thin but strong skeleton. Tight, well-defined muscles and tendons. Pigs of this type are characterized by an intensive metabolism and the deposition of fat at a later age. Temperament alive.

Landrace pigs have been repeatedly used to improve existing breeds, in particular the famous Welsh breed - one of the oldest breeds in the UK. In recent years, improved by landrace. It has a bacon direction. Modern Welsh pigs are large, somewhat more compact and stronger in constitution than Landrace; quite highly productive, with well-developed meat forms; their head is slightly concave, with large ears; the body is long; suit is white.

Boars of the Landrace breed have an average live weight of 310-360 kg, body length 181-183 cm, chest girth 160-165 cm, live weight of sows 220-240 kg, body length 166-168 cm, chest girth 146-149 cm.

Reproductive qualities include multiple pregnancies, milk production, nest weight in two months.

The fattening qualities of pigs include precocity, average daily gain, feed costs per unit of live weight gain.

Early maturation (the age of reaching a live weight of 100 kg) of Landrace pigs is 180-189 days. The average daily gain is determined by dividing the total gain for the entire growing period by the number of days and averages 700-800 g. Feed consumption per 1 kg of live weight shows the amount of feed consumed per unit of gain. Feed costs per 1 kg average 3.8-3.9 feed units.

Meat productivity is determined by the amount of products obtained from pigs suitable for use as food. It is evaluated by slaughter weight, carcass weight and meat yield in the carcass.

The length of the carcass of Landrace pigs is on average 90-100 cm, the thickness of the fat is 15-25 mm, the area of \u200b\u200bthe “muscular eye” is 30-35 mm, the weight of the ham is 10-12 kg (V. D. Kabanov, 2001; V. I. Stepanov, G V. Maksimov, 1998).

Landrace pigs were first brought to Altai in 1961-1962. from the breeding farm "Krasny Bor" of the Novgorod region in the amount of 62 pigs and 13 boars to the state farm "Pospelikhinsky". From this farm, in 1966, 20 boars and 30 gilts belonging to seven lines of boars and eleven families of queens were transferred to the Belovsky state farm. In 1968, 80 pigs and 21 boars were additionally imported from the Krasny Bor breeding farm. This livestock was the main core of the herd of Landrace pigs at the Belovsky state farm (N. G. Sarychev, A. P. Kosarev, B. N. Sakhno, 2000; T. V. Lobanova, I. Yu. Popova, V. A. Trushnikov, 2000).

Theoretical foundations for the creation and improvement of lines and intrabreed types of pigs

The solution to the problems of selection work is achieved by using certain breeding methods. The most important of these is purebred breeding and crossbreeding.

The method of laying and breeding stud lines and intrabreed types, as structural units of the breed, was developed by leading specialists in domestic zootechnics P. N. Kuleshov, E. A. Bogdanov, M. F. Ivanov.

At the present stage, when breeding farm animals, breeding along lines is of great practical importance. It goes beyond the intrabreed method of breeding work and becomes an industry event - the main method of bringing breeding achievements in the breeding base of the industry to the production of marketable products.

In animal husbandry, it is often customary to refer to one or another line of individuals descending from the ancestor only along the direct male side of the pedigree for decades. However, many practitioners and researchers (V. P. Burkat, 1971; S. D. Ivanushkin, 1980; L. V. Timofeev, 1983; A. P. Soldatov, Kolyshkina N. S., 1983; V. A. Bekenev, 1987, 1997, etc.) provide data when the manufacturer is formally assigned to one line, but in fact his pedigree is saturated with the “blood” of another line, in other words, one nickname remains from linearity.

Meanwhile, in the scientific-methodical and educational-zootechnical literature, in terms of the meaning of factory lines, the duration of their existence, the nature of selection when breeding along lines and the role of crosses, a lot of obscure and contradictory has accumulated. In the practice of pedigree pig breeding, in connection with this, the usual outbreeding was predominantly used. The consequence of this is the lack of a clear factory structure in pig breeds, selection and compatibility of lines and the possibility of using this compatibility in the interests of increasing the productivity of pig breeding (Soldatov A.P. Kolyshkina N.S., 1983; Sheiko I.P., 1986; Chorin V.I. ., 1989; Mikheenkov V., 1999 and others).

Improving the factory structure of pig breeds is the primary task of breeding work in pig breeding, which can only be solved by improving the methodology and practice of breeding along the lines.

According to M.P. Libizov (1981), L.V. Timofeev (1983), F.F. Eisner (1986), S.F. Pavlova (1988), V.A. Bekenev (1989), Stackelberg E. R. (1991) and many others, the factory line should include animals, regardless of nicknames, sex and age, having a common origin from one or more ancestors, both through the male and female side of the pedigree, similar in heritability of productive, constitutional and exterior properties, the rate of reaction to the impact of environmental factors, giving homogeneous offspring and showing the same compatibility when mating with other lines and breeds. At the same time, it should have a sufficient number for intraline breeding without forced inbreeding. The new line must be superior to the existing line in one or more ways.

According to the regulation "On approbation of breeding achievements in animal husbandry" (1976), a factory line is a group of highly productive animals with a qualitative originality, leading from one or more outstanding ancestors in the breed, who steadfastly inherited the body type, biological and economically useful properties that support and develop in a line of purposeful breeding work in the direction of their improvement for three or more generations. The factory line includes all animals capable of meeting the requirements of the standard (type) of the line and the tasks of breeding work with it, which are connected with the ancestor both through his male and female descendants.

The factory line of pigs is a fairly large group of highly valuable boars and queens bred within the breeding plant, bred from outstanding ancestors, not related to other factory lines within four or more ancestors. In this case, pig lines must have a certain linear genotype capable of reproduction.

At the first stages, when creating lines, it is advisable to use restrictions on the number of groups of the most typical highly productive animals. When working with such initial groups, a selection technique is recommended based on the following principles: division of lines into 2-4 branches, discrete generational change, rotation of producers between branches. The most appropriate technique, both for paternal and maternal lines, is the division of lines into 3-4 branches. Such lines are capable of accumulating a sufficiently rich initial genetic potential when laying (Stepanov, Maksimov 1998, Bekenev V.A., 1997).

According to F. Pochernyaev (1979), L. Timofeev (1983), V. Kovalenko (1984), V. Kabanov, A. S. Terentyeva (1985) and others, three types of lines should be distinguished: factory, individual, special (inbred and outbred). The line should not be elevated to the rank of "micro breed". The unit of evolution and selection is the population.

The line is not a “micro breed”, but a structural unit of a population, represented by a group of individuals with a certain hereditary and productive group specificity, which is preserved or enhanced with a change in generations of organisms.

Lines are created in the process of long-term targeted selection work with individual animals and related groups. They must have some new positive qualities and serve as improvers in the herd.

Selection work with specific types and lines of the breeding herd is carried out using separate breeding of pigs for a limited number of economically useful traits and crossing paternal and maternal forms (V. Kozlovsky, Yu. Lebedev V. Medvedev, 1982).

According to Academician A.I. Ovsyannikov (1973), “breed is both an object of labor (useful herds) and a tool of labor (pedigree herds)”. He characterized three ways of breeding breeds, lines and types:

1) without interbreeding;

2) based on local groups of improved pigs;

3) experimental way.

Each of these paths has examples of their successful application.

When creating a new specialized meat breed, special attention was paid to the work on creating five zonal types. In each zonal type of a new breed, special attention is paid to different breeding traits, each with its own (Kabanov V. 2004).

An effective breeding method for breeding a new type within any breed while maintaining good reproductive qualities of queens is the further breeding of the original genotype with improved meat and fattening qualities “in itself”.

In recent years, large-scale work has been carried out in our country to develop specialized hybrid types, lines and breeds of pigs using the gene pool of several breeds. By summing up desirable traits and heterosis, a large improvement in productivity is obtained.

Basically, specialized factory types of animals are created by the method of preferential selection (according to a limited number of traits), both on an interbreed basis (introductory or reproductive crossing), and by the method of intrabreed selection.

Preferential selection of lines for a limited number of traits makes it possible to breed intensive types of pigs that give a high effect of heterosis in two, three, four breed-linear combinations in the hybridization system (Sheiko I.P., 2006).

In the Kirov region, a specialized type of pigs of domestic selection of the Landrace breed has been created (certificate No. 47770/11455). The goal of improving domestic landraces was: to meet the need for domestic pigs of paternal breeds capable of obtaining a pork yield per sow 15-20% more in the hybridization system than with purebred breeding. This work was carried out in the breeding farm "Red October" in the Kumensky district of the Kirov region. As a result, in the best combinations of boars and sows, the age of reaching 100 kg is 164 days, the average daily gain is 900 g, the cost of feed per 1 kg of gain is 2.8 feed. units, the thickness of the fat over the 6-7 thoracic vertebrae - 16 mm - the data of table 17.

Table 17 - Indicators of the best combinations of pairs of animals for control fattening

Father	Mother	Age at body weight 100 kg, days	Average daily live weight gain, g	Fat thickness, mm	Weight of the rear third of the half carcass, kg	Meat output in
Hambo 13791	Blamstio 17658	161	985	15	11,3	63,0
Hambo 13563	Askana 18928	165	922	15	11,0	63,0
Hambo 13847	Berta 18760	167	835	16	11,0	62,5
Hambo 13733	Berta 16954	154	949	18	11,0	63,0
Hambo 13413	Berta 15524	165	813	17	11,5	63,0
Start 13949	Berta 19146	168	802	16	11,5	63,2

Thus, the improvement of breeding work with meat breeds of pigs, in particular with the Landrace breed, is an urgent task for domestic pig breeding. Improving the breeding qualities of Landrace is necessary, both for intrabreeding by lines, families, breed groups, and in the future to obtain hybrid two- or more-pedigree pigs for use in fattening pig farms.

The aim of the study was to characterize different families of the Landrace breed in the conditions of the GPP im. Tsvetkov, Kaluga region.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved:

Evaluation of the conditions of feeding and maintenance of sows in the lactation period;

Evaluation of the reproductive qualities of sows of different families in terms of such indicators as multiple pregnancy and large pregnancy;

Evaluation of the results of rearing suckling piglets by taking into account the safety and weight of the nest at 21 and 60 days of age;

Calculation of the economic efficiency of the study.

Terms, definitions

« breeding pigs"- pigs of documented origin, used for the reproduction of a certain breed and registered in the prescribed manner.

Purebred breeding- breeding of breeding pigs of one breed in order to consolidate and typify the traits inherent in this breed and genetic improvement of these traits.

Purebred breeding takes place in breeding plants (nucleuses) at the top of the production pyramid.

Unlike purebred breeding of breeding pigs of one breed, breeding pigs of different breeds are crossed on breeding reproducers to obtain hybrid animals.

Hybrid- This is a cross between different groups of animals or breeds. In livestock production, hybrids are commonly produced because such animals have desirable characteristics not found in purebred parents or populations. The rearrangement of genetic material between populations or species is called hybridization.

Breeding pigs of Hypor genetics in the breeding program of Znamensky SGC LLC

The pyramidal structure of the production process involves the movement of genetic material from the top to the bottom in the form of living individuals, seeds or embryos. The best sires at the top of the genetic pyramid (nucleuses) produce optimal purebred breeding pigs. Those are delivered to breeding reproducers, where breeding pigs of different breeds are crossed. and their offspring (F-1 parent hybrid gilts) are sent to end-users who benefit from genetic enhancement occurring at the top of the pyramid. In the optimal case, each previous level of the pyramid produces animals that are ideal from the point of view of customers (the lower level). The desired result is to obtain animals that would satisfy the needs of the end user. Thus, the end consumer is the person whose interests should be primarily taken into account when setting the goals of the breeding program.

In pig production, the end consumer is the commercial pork producer. In most cases, the commercial manufacturer is not the last link in the production chain. It is also necessary to take into account the interests of the processor (slaughterhouse), trade and the consumer. Commercial pork producers are considered end-users because their demands affect the entire production process. They need animals that are physically and reproductively strong, healthy and adapted to environmental conditions. In addition, a commercial producer is interested in obtaining an animal that satisfies trade organizations and the end consumer with its characteristics.

For its breeding program, Znamensky SGC LLC uses breeding pigs from a global genetic company Hypor.

Breeding pigs of Hypor genetics

Characteristics of breeds:

Maternal line C (Large White breed)

Large white uses the EuriBLUP method, it allows you to determine the breeding value of these animals. Breeding pigs of the Large White breed carry Meishan genes. When the line was developed in 1990, 8% of the Meishan genes were added to the French and English Large White breeds. This made it possible to combine high fecundity and avoid the shortcomings of the Meishan breed conformation. The development of the line was completed 20 years ago.

Litter size.
Preservation of the litter until weaning.
Age at first mating.
maternal qualities.
Growing weight gain.
The thickness of the spine.
The thickness of the muscle layer.
physical fortress.
Birth weight.
Weaning weight.
Absence of the halothane gene.
Some exterior features.

Maternal line D (Landrace)

When breeding pigs of the Landrace maternal line, the EuriBLUP method is used - it allows you to determine the breeding value of these animals. The line originates from Norwegian, Danish, Dutch and English Landrace. The development of the line was completed 30 years ago, and since then the line has been developing as a mother line.

The main directions of selection in the breed:

Litter size.
The number of live born piglets.
Preservation of the litter until weaning.
Age at first mating.
The number of piglets weaned from a sow in her lifetime.
Interval between weaning and insemination.
maternal qualities.
Growing weight gain.
The thickness of the spine.
The thickness of the muscle layer.
physical fortress.
Birth weight.
Weaning weight.
Absence of the halothane gene.
Some exterior features.

Paternal line DUR Duroc (Magnus)

Breeding pigs of the Duroc breed (Magnus) are descended from Canadian and American animals of the Duroc breed. Duroc is bred to serve the high quality segment. The breeding of this breed is beneficial for those market segments for which the quality of meat is at the forefront: marbling, water-holding capacity, meat color. Duroc pigs are used to produce high quality hams.

The main directions of selection:

Industry leader in terms of growth rate.
Vitality and physical strength.
High average daily weight gain and high slaughter weight.
Carcass quality.
Appearance, uniformity of appearance within a population.
Quality of meat (marbling, color, water-holding capacity).
The thickness of the spine.
The thickness of the muscle layer.
The percentage of meat in the carcass.
Some exterior features.
Absence of the halothane gene.

Paternal line H16 Pietrain (Maxter)

Pietrain (Maxter) is one of the leading terminal boars of the Pietrain breed in Europe. Distinctive characteristics of the breed are low feed conversion, fast growth, high population uniformity, lean carcass, absence of the stress gene (HAL). This boar is ideal for producing animals with a high yield of lean meat.

The main directions of selection in the breed:

Absence of the halothane gene.
Physical strength and endurance.
Uniformity within a population.
Growing weight gain.
The thickness of the spine.
The thickness of the muscle layer.
The percentage of meat in the carcass.
Consumption and feed conversion.
Some exterior features.

Fundamentals of a breeding pig breeding program

The Hypor breeding program - ZSGZ is based on a three-breed system. Pigs of Duroc (Magnus), Pietrain (Maxter), Landrace and Large White breeds are purebred animals, F1 pig and fattening stock are hybrid animals.

The F1 hybrid pig is a combination of the Landrace and Large White breeds. A Large White sow can be crossed with a Landrace boar (the opposite situation is also allowed). Hybrid gilts and F1 sows are used to produce fattening stock. The F1 offspring are fattened and slaughtered, they are not used for the production of fattening pigs. It turns out that breeding and production livestock are completely separated from each other. Crossbreeds cannot be part of purebred populations.

The production strategy is an interbreeding system. The end product is fattening pigs. They do not become parents for the next generation of animals. Genetic improvement is achieved by selection and crossbreeding exclusively among breeding purebred animals. Subsequently, these improvements are transferred to the finishing stock. The three-breed system of crossing in pig breeding always involves the use of two maternal and one paternal lines. The two main arguments in favor of interbreeding are heterosis and breeding complementarity (complementarity). Heterosis is a phenomenon in which hybrid offspring perform better than purebred parent lines. Breeding complementarity is an interbreeding strategy that uses parental lines that differ from each other in various parameters. As a result of crossing, you can get an animal that has the desired characteristics of both lines.

That is why the breeding program of Znamensky SGC LLC aims to accelerate genetic improvements at the level of nuclei (top of the pyramid) and provide better genetics to the lower parts of the pyramid (reproduction and commercial fattening).

The distribution of advanced genetics is carried out through the sale of breeding pigs of the mother lines - Large White and Landrace, F1 hybrid pigs, terminal purebred boars, synthetic boars and their semen.

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To improve the breeding qualities of animals, farms engaged in commercial pig breeding use mainly hybridization. In this case, piglets inherit the best genes of their parents: fertility, safety and high meat yield, says Alexander Podgursky, senior consultant at an international company PIC in Russia (genetics, sale of breeding pigs). To get the highest quality hybrid, as a rule, three or four, and sometimes five breeds are crossed. To achieve better performance, directional separate selection is used: they work separately with maternal and paternal lines, he explains.

Maternal breeds, for example, Large White and Landrace, are valued for high prolificacy (12 piglets) and high milk yield (over 60 kg), which are passed on to offspring. However, geneticists continue breeding work aimed at reducing the thickness of the back fat (from 3-4 cm to 2 cm or less) and increasing the productivity of sows, notes Podgursky. Paternal lines, according to him, give meat qualities to hybrids: a large ham and a wide back with a thick muscle going to carbonate. “In paternal meat breeds, it is 1.5 times larger in cross-sectional width than in maternal breeds - 40-45 square meters. cm,” the senior consultant is pleased. At the same time, such breeds have low maternal performance: they bring only 7-8 piglets per farrow, they are poorly fed, ”he compares.

Hybrids without fat

Among the foreign leading companies in the sale of breeding pigs, the respondents " Agrotechnics and technologies» experts call the company operating in more than 30 countries of the world PIC, as well as Dutch Topigs and Hypor and Danish DanBred. Among domestic breeding farms, there are "Anniversary"(Tyumen region), "Hybrid" (Samara region), "Lazarevskoe" (Tula region), "Zavolzhskoe" (Tver region), etc.

In Russia, hybridization began to be used much later than in the West: already 45 years ago, the company PIC crossed Large White and Landrace in Europe to improve the maternal qualities of breeds, recalls Podgursky. Much has been lost in the Russian pig industry due to inattention to genetics, he regrets. For example, the high fat content that distinguishes our pigs (fat can be over 4 cm thick) has not been reduced. “Of course, maternal lines initially have more fat,” the specialist does not deny. “However, with the same 100 kg, the Russian Large White has 3 cm of dorsal fat, and the European one has 2 cm.”

Since the formation of fat takes 3.5 times more feed than the formation of meat, Russian pigs cannot compete with foreign ones due to the high cost of "food", Podgursky is sure. “In England, the conversion is 2.9 kg of feed per 1 kg of gain, in Denmark and Holland - 2.7-2.8 kg, in Russia, on average, it turns out more than 6 kg, which is 2.5 times more than it should be. !” lamented the senior consultant. He sees the reason for this in an unbalanced diet and in the weak genetic potential of domestic breeds.

Petr Prokhorenko, director of the GNU All-Russian Research Institute of Genetics and Breeding of Agricultural Animals (VNIIGRZH, St. Petersburg) of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, agrees with the fact that imported breeds are more popular in our country today - Landrace, Yorkshire, Petren. “Our main broodstock has always been Large White, but it is very greasy (fat thickness 3-4 cm). Domestic producers constantly call me, asking what to do with pork? After all, the consumer wants good lean meat, but no one needs bacon - the times when everything was swept off the shelves are over, ”he recalls. Unfortunately, domestic pig genetics is in a deplorable state: breeding farms have been destroyed, control fattening stations - the main tool of breeders - have been completely eliminated, Prokhorenko complains. According to the director, in order to get out of the crisis, it is necessary to completely change the selection work and start selecting in favor of meat qualities. “The West has always conducted selection “for the meat type”, trying to reduce the thickness of the fat, while in the Soviet Union they did not pay attention to excess fat,” agrees with Prokhorenko the livestock specialist of the Krasnodarskoye breeding farm (Krasnodar Territory) Alexander Konyushenko. As a result, today many farms are faced with difficulties: meat processing plants do not want to buy fatty pork, preferring to take meat with a bacon thickness of no more than 2 cm for a high price, he confirms. “But the Russian standard for Large White, and the elite class, is 3 cm! exclaims the livestock specialist. “The truth is that the Early Ripening Meat (SM) is slightly smaller - 2.4-2.6 cm.”

Only these two breeds are bred on the farm (the total number is 4.12 thousand heads), without interbreeding. For commodity farms, in order to survive in the competition, Konyushenko recommends the use of two-breed crossing. “If a Large White is covered with a Landrace, Yorkshire or Petren boar, the effect of heterosis will appear in the first generation - the superiority of offspring over parents in productivity, which will be 25-30% more,” he says. But now there is no domestic breed capable of adequately competing with imported ones, according to the estimates of the livestock breeding farm.

However, Vasily Fiskevich, deputy director for production at the Ladozhskoye OPH (Krasnodar Territory), does not agree with this. The farm breeds breeding pigs SM-1 (livestock 14 thousand) and are proud of their products. “This is the best breed in Russia! Fiskevich says. - The thickness of their fat is not more than 2.2 cm, the fattening period up to 100 kg occurs in 6.5-7 months, the feed conversion is 4.3-4.5, the average daily gain in the 0-2 group is 260-265 g, in group 2-4 - 460-465 g, and for fattening - 650-780 g. Fiskevich finds it difficult to name a good foreign breed: observing neighboring farms that have bought "foreigners", he sees a large case in European breeds. “Our SM-1 can compete with all Western breeds, because it easily adapts to any conditions,” he says. - When we transported our pigs (in cattle trucks at a temperature of -25 ° C) to the Rossoshansky meat processing plant, there was not a single head of waste! And this despite the fact that the distance to the enterprise was 650 km,” the Deputy Director for Production is proud. Pigs of this breed are completely unpretentious, says Fiskevich. For example, the Rossoshansky Meat Processing Plant, having decided to build its own fattener for 60 thousand heads, chose SM-1 precisely for this quality.

At the same time, the Suvorov farm (Krasnodar Territory), where 600 sows are kept (the total number of sows is 6.5 thousand), refused to work with the SM-1. Noting the undoubted advantage of this breed - high resistance to any conditions, the general director of the company Alexander Pelikh still calls it "unfinished". According to him, the minus of SM-1 lies in the “high greasiness” - 3-4 cm, as well as a large feed conversion. “Despite the fact that now the price of pork is growing (with a cost of 33-35 rubles/kg, it used to be sold for 40-45 rubles/kg, and now it goes for about 52 rubles/kg without VAT), we are not sure in the stability of the market, Pelikh fears. - If the price was “mothballed”, we would grow SM-1. But there may be a “collapse”, so we have made a choice towards the highest quality, which will provide us with a consistently high price level.”

Now the farm uses three-breed crossing: Large white is covered with Landrace, and the resulting hybrid is covered with Petren. With a fattening period of 160-180 days, the feed conversion is 2.78, the meat yield is 71-73%, but the meat on the bone is “only 51%, and this is a big minus,” the general director is upset. This year, Suvorov is preparing to switch to a new meat hybrid: they will work with the Tempo boar from the Dutch company Topigs, for which 200 heads of this breed will be brought in in the fall. Kama bacon". According to Pelikh's calculations, the yield of meat with the new hybrid will be 78%, feed conversion will decrease to 2.5, the fattening period will not exceed 150 days, and the price for such pork will be 55-58 rubles/kg of live weight. In addition, fertility from 22.7 piglets per sow per year will have to increase to 28 pigs. “All these indicators are very important, because the cost of compound feed has increased by 100% over the year (today it is 10 rubles / kg), so we see a way out in this new breed,” concludes Pelikh.

In "Mordovsky bacon" (Mordovia), which is part of the agricultural holding " Talina”, grow pigs of the Landrace, Duroc and Large White breeds, as well as their hybrids (number - 64 thousand heads, of which 6.3 thousand sows). The average daily gains on suckling piglets are 220-225 g, on rearing - 500-520 g, on fattening - 650 g, says the PR manager of the agricultural holding " Talina» Olga Levina. For one farrowing, an average of 9.8 live piglets are obtained here. Young animals are handed over for slaughter at the age of 190 days. Feed conversion is 3.8 kg, the total amount of pork sold per year is 10.7 thousand tons, or over 1.7 thousand kg per 1 sow, adds Levina. According to her, the farm chose these breeds for a number of reasons. “Large White sows allow you to get a large number of large viable piglets (about 11 heads), have excellent maternal qualities,” explains the PR manager. — Covering a Large white boar with a Landrace boar, we get a two-breed queen, which, in addition to good maternal qualities, also has good meat forms. And from crossing this two-pedigree pig and Duroc, a commercial hybrid is obtained, which has good meat quality, high leanness (fat thickness less than 3 cm) and strong limbs, which is very important in the industrial cultivation of pigs.

The price of breeding pigs

The boom in the construction of large pig-breeding enterprises for 100 thousand heads is connected precisely with the importation of foreign breeds, to which farms are switching in order to obtain high-quality meat at minimal cost, argues Podgursky from PIC. “The collapse of prices in the meat market, when during 2006 the price of pork almost doubled, has led to the fact that now only those farms survive that can afford to spend about 3 kg of feed per 1 kg of growth at a cost of pork of 32-35 rubles ./kg,” states the senior consultant.

However, foreign breeding material is also not cheap, he notes. For example, a parent pig from the company PIC will cost the farm 260 euros, about 120-130 euros will have to be spent on veterinary tests and transport costs, Podgursky gives an example. A boar costs 1.2 thousand euros, to which the same expenses for veterinary medicine and transportation will have to be added. “But the return on the use of these animals is quite high,” the specialist reassures. “We calculated that the cost of meat boars will pay off six times during the year. Of course, it cannot be considered in isolation from other factors, such as equipment and construction of the complex. But by purchasing foreign breeding material, the farms will return the money spent in a year only by saving on feed.”

As an example, Podgursky cites the experience of Omsk Bacon, where he worked as a general director for 14 years. “In 1994, Omsk Bacon signed a contract with PIC for the supply of hybrids, and today they save 119 million rubles per year on feed,” the specialist exclaims. According to him, the hybridization program cost the company 2.7 million pounds, or about 135 million rubles. “It turns out that all expenses paid off in almost a year,” Podgursky calculates. “And add here the improvement in the quality of meat, which can be sold at a higher price.”

According to Konyushenko from Krasnodar, many farms in their region breed imported pigs, which, according to his pessimistic forecasts, may eventually lead to the degeneration of domestic breeds. He considers a significant drawback of European pigs that only two previous generations are indicated in the pedigrees, while their breeding farm sells animals with pedigrees where there are data on four generations. But the lack of information about the relatives of mumps increases the risk of inbreeding, the livestock specialist warns. At the same time, he adds that the price of an “overseas” pig can reach 100 thousand rubles, while “Krasnodarskoye” sells animals for 100 rubles / kg of live weight, i.e. a 100-kilogram boar will cost the farm only 10 thousand rubles.

Pedigree pigs are sold at the same price in Ladoga. The cost of production on the farm is not very high - 28 rubles. 62 kopecks/kg of live weight. “At planned accounting prices, this year we have laid down 3 rubles per kg for grain,” Fiskevich explains. “But now grain is getting more expensive, you will have to buy it at 5 rubles, as a result, the cost of production will rise to 32-34 rubles per kg,” he complains. At the same time, the deputy director is confident that SM-1, grown on the farm, will be in great demand next year. “Now, due to the high price of grain, the number of pigs is sharply decreasing everywhere, but we are not going to reduce the number of livestock, and therefore we are counting on good demand,” Fiskevich shares his plans.

In "Suvorov" pigs were bought for 310 euros (plus delivery), as a result, the price was an average of 12 thousand rubles. Per head. “This is normal,” Pelikh is sure. - If you take it abroad, you will have to pay 28-30 thousand rubles. for the animal."

Until recently, the renewal of the broodstock at Mordovskiy Bakon was carried out by acquiring boars from domestic farms, says Levina, but, according to the company's specialists, there are now very few farms in Russia that sell really high-quality breeding stock with a high biosafety status. “Companies in Western Europe and North America have been breeding at the genetic level for more than 30-40 years, and their breeding material has much better productivity indicators than domestic breeds. The fat thickness of foreign pigs is 1.6-1.8 cm, multiple pregnancy is 12.5 heads, weight at the age of 160 days is 105 kg, the average daily gain in fattening is 900 g or more, leanness is 54%,” Levina states. .

The backwardness of our country in this matter occurred due to the collapse of agriculture in the post-perestroika period, they are sure in Mordovian Bacon. In addition, in the USSR, genetics also practically did not develop, being in oblivion for many years, the company's specialists believe. “Now our research institutes cannot do a decent job of creating new breeds of pigs, both due to a lack of funding and a lack of young creative scientists who can break the rigidity of fundamental science, which still uses the techniques and methods of selection of 30, and even 40 years ago,” Levina regrets. That is why the farm buys breeding material in the UK from Rattlerow Slegers (a boar costs 2 thousand euros, sows - 0.7-2 thousand euros, depending on the origin).