Copper is an element of the fourth period of the eleventh group of the corresponding table of elements. Copper in simple form- This is a plastic material of a transitional type of pink or golden hue.
Copper is one of the very first materials mastered by man, due to its low melting point and mass availability. This material closes the seven metals mastered in ancient times. Copper occurs in the form of nuggets more often than iron, silver or gold. The chemical name for copper is Cuprum, derived from the name of the island of Cyprus.
Copper Specific Gravity Table
Since copper is a complex material, calculate it specific gravity in the field alone is not possible. These calculations are carried out in special chemical laboratories. However, the average specific gravity of copper is known and is in the range from 8.63 to 8.8 g/cm3.
To calculate the weight of copper and to simplify the calculations, below is a table with the values of the specific gravity and such a parameter as the weight of copper, depending on the units of calculation.
copper properties
Copper is a ductile metal with a pink or golden hue. When interacting with air, it is covered with an oxide-type film of a red or yellowish tint, with a light blue-greenish color.
This type of material, along with cesium, gold and osmium, is a metal that has a clear type of color that differs from the silver or gray of other metals. Copper forms a face-centered cubic lattice.
This material has excellent electrical conductivity, ranking second in this parameter after silver, as well as heat conductivity. Copper has a high coefficient of thermal resistance, which is weakly dependent on temperature regime. Copper belongs to the group of diamagnets.
Copper is also used in the composition of alloys of zinc and brass, tin and bronze, nickel and cupronickel, as well as some others.
This element is not exposed to air in the absence of carbon dioxide and moisture. Copper is a weak reducing agent that does not react with dilute hydrochloric acid and water. It goes into a state of solution with non-oxidizing acids or ammonia hydrate with oxygen, potassium and cyanide. It oxidizes well when interacting with nitric and sulfuric acids, oxygen, chalcogens, non-metal oxides, aqua regia and halogens. When heated, it reacts with hydrogen halides.
Copper has been widely used since ancient times. Its distinctive properties are still among the best, which in turn makes copper one of the most widely used materials. Of the main areas of application, it is worth highlighting:
Brass sheet
Brass sheet
Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc that can be alloyed with other chemical elements. Two-component brass marked with the letter L and a number indicating the percentage of copper. The multicomponent composition is marked with the letter L, as well as letters and numbers that determine the type and amount of alloying additives. The material is characterized by high corrosion resistance, good thermal conductivity and ductility. Sheet brass is used in construction, machine and instrument making, electric power industry and chemical industry.
GOST 2208-2007: varieties of brass sheet
The production of brass sheets is regulated by GOST 2208-2007, which has been in force on the territory of the Russian Federation since July 1, 2008 (outdated versions are GOST 2208-91 and GOST 931-90).
The material can be:
- cold rolled. It is made from alloys of the brand L68, L90, L85, less often - L63.
- hot rolled. It is made from alloys of the L63, LS59-1, LMts58-2 and LO62-1 brands.
It is possible to produce sheets from brass of other grades (the composition is regulated in GOST 15527). In such cases, the mechanical properties and the content of chemical impurities are negotiated with the customer individually.
The following designations are used for marking products:
| Classification | Type, group | Letter, index |
| cross section | Rectangular | ETC |
| production method | hot rolling | G |
| cold rolling | D | |
| Accuracy | Normal | H |
| Increased | P | |
| Increased in width, normal in thickness | To | |
| Normal in width, increased in thickness | And | |
| Length | unmeasured | ND |
| State | solid | T |
| Soft | M | |
| semi-solid | P | |
| spring-hard | AND | |
| Extra hard | O | |
| additional characteristics | Depth of extrusion - normalized | GV |
| Antimagnetic properties | AM | |
| Width tolerance "+", thickness tolerance "±" | EN | |
| Width tolerance "−", thickness tolerance "±". Accuracy - normal | ESH | |
| Width tolerance "−", thickness tolerance "±". Accuracy - increased | EG | |
| Suitable for use in Food Industry | PS | |
| Strength requirements are regulated according to Brinell | HB | |
| Strength requirements are regulated according to Vickers | HV | |
| Tensile requirements are regulated | R |
* Missing data are replaced by the letter X.
The standard marking looks like this:
Cold-rolled sheet, increased accuracy in thickness and normal accuracy in width, hard, 1.00 mm thick, 200 mm wide, made of L63 brass, anti-magnetic:
Sheet DPRIT 1.00×200×2000 L63 AM GOST 2208-2007
Hot-rolled sheet 7.00 mm thick, 1500 mm wide, 3000 mm long, made of L63 grade brass:
Sheet GPRKH 7.00 × 1500 × 3000 L63 GOST 2208-2007
On the surface of cold-rolled and hot-rolled brass sheets, slight darkening, traces of scale and grease, roughness, and subtle net imprints of the rolls are allowed, if the deviations in thickness remain within the limits of the norm. Rolled products up to 6 mm thick must be evenly cut along the edge - without burrs and bruises. There may be slight undulation.
Brass sheet weight: self-calculation and tabular values GOST 2208-2007
To calculate the theoretical mass of brass rolled metal, it is necessary to multiply the specific gravity of the alloy (table value, g / cm³) by the length of the product (in meters), and then by its width (in meters) and thickness (in millimeters).
Specific gravity of brasses
For example, the weight of a sheet of brand L70 with a length of 2 m, a width of 1 m and a thickness of 12 mm will be: 8.61 × (2 × 1 × 12) = 206.64 kg.
In GOST 2208-2007, the theoretical mass of a “square” of metal is given, tied to the thickness of the sheet and the grade of the alloy. When calculating the weight, the density of brasses L85, L80 and L90 is considered to be 8.7 g / cm³, for other brands this figure is averaged to 8.5 g / cm³.
Typical sizes of brass sheets
Manufacturing technology directly affects the overall dimensions of brass sheets. For cold-rolled products, GOST 2208-2007 establishes the following standards:
- The thickness varies from 0.2 to 12 mm. Limit deviations are 0.02-0.7 mm. By agreement with the buyer, symmetrical deviations from ±0.018 to ±0.32 mm are allowed.
- The width varies from 100 to 1000 mm. Minus deviations are allowed within 3-10 mm, plus - within 2-10 mm (only with the approval of the customer).
- The length varies from 500 to 2000 mm. With a thickness of up to 3 mm, a plus error of up to 10 mm is allowed, with a thickness of 3 mm or more, the tolerance is plus 15 mm. Minus deviations are 10-20 mm (as agreed).
A similar standard has been drawn up for hot rolling:
- Thickness - 3 to 25 mm. Limit deviations vary from 0.4 to 2 mm, symmetrical - from ±0.25 to ±1.5 mm.
- Minimum width - 100 mm, maximum - 3000 mm. Deviation limit - minus 10-25 mm. It is possible to manufacture sheets without trimming in width, in this case the maximum positive deviations are limited to 75 mm on each side.
- The length is from 1000 to 6000 mm. The maximum possible tolerance is plus 30 mm. In the manufacture of sheets of non-standard lengths, deviations are agreed individually.
GOST 2208-2007 allows the production of plates without cutting. In such cases, the buyer receives blanks marked by size. The positive deviation in width can reach up to 75 mm in each direction, in length - up to 150 mm.
Products are shipped in batches of the same type, size, material condition, precision and manufacturing method. The quality document indicates the country of manufacture, trademark / name / legal address of the company, symbol according to GOST 2208-2007, net weight and batch number, test data (optional).
What associations does the word metal evoke in you? People with a narrow worldview will say that there is nothing special about this word, but for the majority it is associated primarily with reliability and, for some reason, with a hard blow) Now it’s even hard to imagine how humanity used to get by on such a hardy and almost indestructible substance . But since now all industries are closely connected with metal, namely products made from it, we need a company that will sell rolled metal at affordable prices. One of such useful and responsible companies is Metal rolling in St. Petersburg.
They are made from copper grades M1, M1R, M2, M2R, M3, M3R according to GOST 495-92, the chemical composition of which corresponds to GOST 859.
Among the huge range of product varieties, you can choose the most suitable one for yourself (copper sheet, reinforcing strands, corners, etc.) for you and buy to be sure of its strength, because it is strength that determines 100% of the quality of any metal.
Specifications of Copper Sheet
Each metal alloy has its own individual characteristics that determine their application and service life. Having decided on the appointment, you feel free to choose the right one for yourself, taking into account all the features. For example, a copper sheet is very convenient to use, but titanium sheets are distinguished by good strength and require a good ability to use it.
copper sheet weight
Almost every product that leaves the factory has a standard weight for easy transportation and packaging. Just imagine what would happen if each metal was produced in an arbitrary size. It would make your life very difficult.
| Theoretical weight of copper sheets M1-M3, GOST 495-92, kg. |
|||||||
| Thickness | Teretichskaya weight of 1m sheet |
Thickness | Teretichskaya weight of 1m sheet |
||||
| sheet, mm | The size sheet, mm |
sheet, mm | The size sheet, mm |
||||
| 1000x1000 | 600x1500 | 1000x2000 | 1000x1000 | 600x1500 | 1000x2000 | ||
| 0.4 | 3,56 | 3,2 | 7,12 | 4,5 | 40,05 | 36,06 | 80,1 |
| 0.5 | 4,45 | 4,01 | 8,9 | 5 | 44.50 | 40.05 | 89.00 |
| 0.6 | 5,34 | 4,81 | 10,68 | 5,5 | 48,95 | 44,06 | 97,9 |
| 0,7 | 6,23 | 5,61 | 12,46 | 6 | 53,4 | 48,06 | 106,8 |
| 0,8 | 7,12 | 6,41 | 14,24 | 6,5 | 57,85 | 52.07 | 115,7 |
| 0,9 | 8,01 | 7,21 | 16,02 | 7 | 62,3 | 56,07 | 124,6 |
| 1 | 8,9 | 8,01 | 17,8 | 7,5 | 66,75 | 60,08 | 133,5 |
| 1,1 | 9,79 | 8,81 | 19,58 | 8 | 71,2 | 64,08 | 142,4 |
| 1,2 | 10,68 | 9,61 | 21,36 | 9 | 80,1 | 72,09 | 160,2 |
| 1,3 | 11,57 | 10,41 | 23,14 | 10 | 89 | 80,1 | 178 |
| 1,4 | 12,02 | 10,81 | 24,03 | 11 | 97,9 | 88,11 | 195,8 |
| 1,4 | 12,4 | 11,21 | 24,92 | 12 | 106,8 | 96,12 | 213,6 |
| 1,5 | 13,35 | 12,02 | 26,7 | 13 | 115 | 104,13 | 231,4 |
| 1,6 | 14,24 | 12,82 | 12,82 | 14 | 124,6 | 112,14 | 249,2 |
| 1,7 | 14,69 | 13,22 | 29,37 | 15 | 133,5 | 120,15 | 267 |
| 1,8 | 16,02 | 14,42 | 32,04 | 16 | 142,4 | 128,16 | 248,8 |
| 2 | 17,8 | 16,02 | 35,6 | 17 | 151,3 | 136,17 | 302,6 |
| 2,2 | 19,58 | 17,62 | 39,16 | 18 | 160,2 | 144,18 | 320,4 |
| 2,3 | 20,03 | 18,02 | 40,05 | 19 | 169,1 | 152,19 | 338,2 |
| 2,5 | 22,25 | 20,03 | 44,5 | 20 | 178 | 160,2 | 356 |
| 2,8 | 24,48 | 22,03 | 48,95 | 21 | 186,9 | 168,21 | 373,8 |
| 30 | 26,7 | 24,03 | 53,4 | 22 | 195,8 | 176,22 | 391,6 |
| 3,5 | 31,15 | 28,04 | 62,3 | 24 | 213,6 | 193,24 | 427,2 |
| 4 | 35,6 | 32,04 | 71,2 | 25 | 222,5 | 200,25 | 445 |
copper sheet dimensions
Dimensions must also comply with the standard established by certain authorities. Under the order, you can get such goods as a copper sheet with a certain size, specified when ordering.
Hot-rolled sheets are produced: from 600 to 3000 mm wide; length from 1000 to 6000mm.
GOST 495-92
All products of the steel industry are manufactured in accordance with the laws and standards established by the state and comply with all the necessary technologies for the production of high-quality metal.
Steel grade.
The basis for determining the grade of steel is the chemical composition. Each metal has its own unique brand. And even a hard copper sheet and a soft copper sheet contain differences.
Order copper sheet and you can consult on metal rolling by calling the numbers listed at the top and bottom of the site, call!
Calculation of the specific gravity of copper
As you know, over the past hundreds of years, progress has stepped far enough, which, in turn, has allowed the development of many industries around the world. Metallurgical production did not stand aside either, since science gave this industry a lot of technologies, calculation methods, including the ability to measure the specific gravity of metals.
Since different copper alloys are different in their composition, as well as in physical and chemical properties, this makes it possible to select the necessary alloy for each product or part. To calculate the weight required for the production of rolled products, it is necessary to know the specific gravity of the corresponding brand.
Formula for measuring the specific gravity of a metal
Specific gravity is the ratio of the weight P of a homogeneous metal from a certain alloy to the volume of this alloy. The specific gravity is denoted by the symbol γ and in no case should it be confused with density. Although the density and specific gravity values for both copper and other metals are very often the same, it is worth remembering that this is indeed not the case in all conditions.
Thus, to calculate the specific gravity of copper, the formula γ = P / V is used
And to calculate the weight of a certain size of rolled copper, its cross-sectional area is multiplied by the specific gravity and by the length.
Specific Gravity Units
To measure the specific gravity of copper and other alloys, the following units of measure can be used:
in the CGS system - 1 dyne / cm 3,
in the SI system - 1 n / m 3,
in the MKSS system - 1 kg / m 3.
These units are interconnected by a certain ratio, which looks like this:
0.1 dyne / cm 3 \u003d 1 n / m3 \u003d 0.102 kg / m 3.
Methods for calculating the specific gravity of copper
1. Using a special on our website,
2. Calculation using formulas, the cross-sectional area of rolled products, and then multiplying by the specific gravity of the brand and by the length.
Example 1: calculate the weight copper sheets 4 mm thick, size 1000x2000 mm in the amount of 24 pieces made of copper alloy M2
Let's calculate the volume of one sheet V \u003d 4 1000 2000 \u003d 8000000 mm 3 \u003d 8000 cm 3
Knowing that the specific gravity of 1 cm 3 copper grade M3 \u003d 8.94 g / cm 3
Let's calculate the weight of one rolled sheet M = 8.94 8000 = 71520 gr = 71.52 kg
Total mass of all rolled products M = 71.52 24 = 1716.48 kg
Example 2: calculate the weight of a copper bar D 32 mm with a total length of 100 meters from a copper-nickel alloy MNZh5-1
The cross-sectional area of a bar with a diameter of 32 mm S \u003d πR 2 means S \u003d 3.1415 16 2 \u003d 803.84 mm 2 \u003d 8.03 cm 2
We determine the weight of the entire rolled product, knowing that the specific gravity of the copper-nickel alloy MNZh5-1 \u003d 8.7 g / cm 3
Total M \u003d 8.0384 8.7 10000 \u003d 699340.80 grams \u003d 699.34 kg
Example 3: we calculate the weight of a copper square with a side of 20 mm and a length of 7.4 meters from a copper heat-resistant alloy BrNKhK
Let's find the volume of rolled products V \u003d 2 2 740 \u003d 2960 cm 3
Copper is one of the very first metals that man mastered. In nature, it is found as nuggets of large size. Since time immemorial, it has been used as an alloy with tin, called bronze, to make weapons, household items and jewelry. Such an active use of metal is due to the ease of processing.
Physical and mechanical properties of copper
Copper is a red-pink metal with a golden tint, which occupies the 29th place in the table of chemical elements and has a density of 8.93 kg / m 3. The specific gravity of copper is 8.93 g / cm 3, the boiling point is 2657, and the melting point is 1083 degrees Celsius.
This metal has high ductility, softness and ductility. With a high viscosity, it is perfectly forged. Copper belongs to rather heavy and strong metals. In its pure form, it conducts heat and electricity well (second only to silver).
Metal chemical properties
Chemical characteristics, as well as mechanical, magnetic and physical properties, such as ductility, viscosity, specific gravity of copper, are of current importance. The metal has low chemical activity. With low humidity and normal temperature it has high corrosion resistance. When heated, it oxidizes to form oxides. In a humid environment containing carbon dioxide, the copper surface is covered with a greenish film containing metal oxide and carbonate. Copper reacts with halogens to form salts at room temperature. Easily interacts with sulfur and selenium. Perfectly soluble in nitric and heated concentrated sulfuric acid. Without access to oxygen, it does not react with dilute sulfuric and hydrochloric acid.
Copper Density
The value of this value, contained in a special table, is 8.93 * 10 3 kg / m3. The specific gravity of copper is an equally important value that characterizes the metal. It is, as already mentioned, 8.93 g/cm 3 .
It turns out that the values of the density and specific gravity parameters for given metal coincide, which is not typical for other materials. It depends on the weight of the product made from it. To calculate the mass of a future part, they usually use specific gravity, not density.
Specific gravity of metal
This value, like density, is an important indicator of various materials, which is determined from the available tables. According to the value of the specific gravity of copper and its alloys, it is possible to select the appropriate metals for the manufacture of products with specified parameters. Such calculations are usually carried out at the design stage. Specific gravity as a physical quantity is calculated by the ratio of the weight of a substance to its volume. Do not confuse this value with density, as mass with weight. Knowing the specific gravity of copper or alloy, you can always calculate the mass of the product from this material.
Main copper alloys used in industry
By technological process manufacturing, copper alloys are divided into cast and wrought, and depending on chemical composition- on bronze and brass. The last base is copper and zinc, and other elements can be added. Bronzes are an alloy of copper (specific gravity 8.93 g/cm3) with other metals. The choice of alloying component depends on the specific use of the product.
- Tin bronze. During production, hardening and aging are used to increase ductility and strength.
- Aluminum bronze. It has anti-corrosion properties, excellent deformability.
- Lead alloy. It has excellent anti-friction properties.
- Brass. It may consist of two or more components.
- Copper-nickel alloy containing zinc. By properties and appearance reminiscent of Melchior.
- An alloy of copper and iron. Its main difference is high porosity.
Specific gravity of electrical copper
This is how it is obtained after cleaning from impurities. The smallest content of any metals in it significantly reduces its electrical conductivity. So, for example, the content of 0.02% aluminum reduces the conductivity to 10%, despite the fact that this metal conducts electricity well. The most important characteristics of the material are:
- specific gravity of copper;
- electrical resistance;
- melting temperature.
For the needs of electrical engineering use technically pure metal, which contains from 0.02 to 0.04% oxygen, and products with high current conductivity are made from special, oxygen-free copper. For electrical products (transformer windings, wires, cable cores, electrical tires), different grades of metal are used.
The use of copper and its alloys in the national economy
High strength, specific gravity of copper, excellent electrical conductivity, good machinability - all this allows it to be used in many areas of production:
- Construction - perfectly combined with brick, wood, glass, stone. It has a long service life, is not afraid of corrosion.
- Electrotechnical - wires, cables, electrodes, tires.
- Chemical - make parts for equipment and tools.
- Metallurgical - production of alloys. The most popular is brass. It is harder than copper, well forged, has viscosity. Various shapes are stamped from it and rolled into thin sheets.
- Artistic - copper coinage, bronze statues.
- Household - use for the manufacture of dishes, pipes.
copper ores
AT natural conditions copper is most often found in compounds, but also comes across in the form of nuggets. Minerals that are its main sources include:
- Cuprite is a mineral of the oxide group.
- Malachite - known as an ornamental stone, contains copper carbonate. Russian malachite - carbonic copper greens is very popular.
- Azurite is a blue-colored mineral, often combined with malachite, and has a high hardness.
- Copper pyrite and copper luster - contain copper sulfide.
- Covellin - refers to sulfide rocks, was originally discovered near Vesuvius.
Copper ores are mined mainly open way. They may contain 0.4-1.0% copper. Chile is the world leader in its production, followed by the United States of America, Russia, Canada, Kazakhstan.