production. The material factors of production are owned by individual citizens, capitalists and landowners. Production in factories and farms is organized by entrepreneurs and farmers, that is, individuals or associations of individuals who either own capital themselves or have borrowed or rented from the owners. characteristic feature capitalism is free enterprise. The goal of any entrepreneur, be it an industrialist or a farmer, is to make a profit.
Using the text, indicate any two characteristic features market economy reviewed by the author!
Capitalism, i.e. market economy is a system of social interaction and division of labor based on private ownership of the environment.production lines. The material factors of production are owned by individual citizens, capitalists and landowners. Production in factories and farms is organized by entrepreneurs and farmers, that is, individuals or associations of individuals who either own capital themselves or have borrowed or rented from the owners. The hallmark of capitalism is free enterprise. The goal of any entrepreneur, be it an industrialist or a farmer, is to make a profit.
The real masters in the capitalist system of the market economy are the consumers. By buying or not buying, they decide who should own the capital and run the businesses. They determine what should be produced, as well as how much and what quality. Their choice translates into profit or loss for the entrepreneur. They make the poor rich and the rich poor. These owners are not easy to get along with. They are full of whims and quirks, they are fickle and unpredictable. They do not put a penny on the previous merits. As soon as they are offered something that is more to their taste or cheaper, they leave the old suppliers. The main thing for them is their own well-being and satisfaction. They do not care about the financial costs of the capitalists, nor the fate of workers who lose their jobs, as consumers they stop buying what they bought before.
When we say that the production of a certain commodity A does not pay off, what do we mean? This indicates that consumers are no longer willing to pay manufacturers how many topics are needed to cover the necessary production costs, at the same time, the profits of other producers are higher than the costs of production. Consumer demands play an important role in the distribution of productive resources between different branches of the production of consumer goods. The consumers thus decide how much raw material and labor will be used to make A and how much the other good will require. It makes no sense, therefore, to oppose production for the sake of profit and production for the sake of consumption. The desire for profit forces the entrepreneur to supply consumers with those goods for which there is a demand in the first place. If the entrepreneur were not guided by the profit motive, he could produce more items And despite the preference of consumers to have something else. The desire for profit is the factor that forces the businessman to most effectively ensure the production of the goods most preferred by the consumers themselves.
Thus, the capitalist system of production is an economic democracy where every cent has a vote. The sovereign people is the consumer. Capitalists, entrepreneurs and farmers are the representatives of the people. If they do not correspond to the assigned task, if they are not able to produce at a minimum cost the goods demanded by consumers, they lose their posts. Their responsibility is to serve consumers. Profit and loss are the instruments by which consumers control all kinds of economic activity.
using the text, give three explanations for the author's idea that the owner of the market is the consumer
What is the labor market for?How do ask questions work in the labor market?
Why is it difficult to achieve equilibrium in the labor market?
What are the reasons for unemployment?
What are the features various kinds unemployment?
Why is unemployment an inevitable companion of a market economy?
How does the state regulate the employment of the population?
Specialty, qualification? What are the differences between labor and play in human life?
Please help me check if I did it right. 1. The social consequences of the scientific and technological revolution are discussed in the judgment:Thanks to scientific and technological progress, it is possible to increase labor productivity and quality
products
in the era of scientific and technological revolution, the subject of labor is qualitatively changing - materials that are processed in the production process
under the influence of the scientific and technological revolution, the professional structure of the working class is changing
2. Intensive economic growth is most characterized by:
involvement in the production process of additional factors of production: natural resources, work force
Using the achievements of scientific and technological progress
improving the quality of goods
3. Extensive economic growth is most characterized by:
+ involvement in the production process of additional factors of production: natural resources, labor
Using the achievements of scientific and technological progress
Increasing the number of products produced
4. Opponents of economic growth:
believe that economic growth is in conflict with universal human values
refer to the effects of environmental pollution
They think that economic growth causes people anxiety
5. The need for state intervention in the market economy is associated with:
ideology
the need to use resources efficiently
Uneven economic development
6. Social regulation of the market economy means:
Maintaining the poor
even distribution of income
higher taxes for the rich
7. Legal regulation market economy means:
issuing laws that strictly regulate the behavior of market participants
process
issuing laws aimed at protecting the interests of all participants market relations
Issuance of laws aimed at limiting monopolies
8. At what stage of the economic cycle is there a sharp decline in demand for goods and services?
Depression
+Crisis
revival
9. Which of the following characteristics corresponds to the stage of revival?
The output of the quantity of goods reaches the pre-crisis state
+ The output of the number of goods exceeds pre-crisis level
Unemployment and inflation are on the rise
10. Which of the characteristics most accurately reflects the essence of the overproduction crisis?
The crisis leads to people's uncertainty about the future
The crisis is characterized as a negative phenomenon in the economy
+ Crisis is a natural stage of development, an imbalance in the economy
11. economic function states:
ensuring the defense of the country
protection of law and order
+ support for the disabled and pensioners
12. Challenge Central Bank in the regulation of the monetary sphere of the state:
+ fighting inflation
distribution of the state budget
financing big deals
13. Will benefit from higher inflation:
military personnel on a fixed income
+ debtors who borrowed money at a fixed percentage
fixed-interest lenders
14. Emission is:
undesirable phenomenon in the economy
The process of issuing banknotes to regulate the amount of money supply
The process of issuing banknotes, inevitably leading to inflation
Work- it is an expedient activity of people aimed at creating material and cultural values. Labor is the basis and an indispensable condition for the life of people. Influencing environment By changing and adapting it to their needs, people not only ensure their existence, but also create conditions for the development and progress of society.
Labor and Ra bot - the concepts are not equivalent, not identical. Labor is a social phenomenon, it is inherent only in man. Just as a person's life is impossible outside of society, so there can be no labor without a person and outside of society. Work is a physical concept, it can be performed by a person, an animal, or a machine. Labor is measured by working time, work by kilograms.
Mandatory elements of labor are labor and means of production.
Work force is a combination of physical and spiritual abilities of a person that are used by it in the labor process. The labor force is the main productive force of society. Means of production consist of objects of labor and means of labor. Objects of labor- these are products of nature, in the process of work they undergo one or another change and turn into consumer value. If the objects of labor form the material basis of the product, then they are called basic materials, and if they contribute to the labor process itself or add new properties to the main material, then they are called auxiliary materials. The objects of labor in a broad sense include everything that is sought, mined, processed, formed, i.e. material resources, scientific knowledge, etc.
Means of labor- these are the tools of production, with the help of which a person acts on the objects of labor and modifies them. The means of labor include tools and a workplace.
labor process is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. The main forms of its manifestation are the costs of human energy, the interaction of an employee with the means of production (objects and means of labor) and the production interaction of workers with each other both horizontally (relationships of complicity in a single labor process) and vertically (relationships between a leader and a subordinate) . The role of labor in the development of man and society is manifested in the fact that in the process of work not only material and spiritual values are created to meet the needs of people, but also the workers themselves develop, who acquire skills, reveal their abilities, replenish and enrich knowledge. The creative nature of labor finds its expression in the emergence of new ideas, progressive technologies, in more advanced and highly productive tools of labor, new types of products, materials, energy, which, in turn, lead to the development of needs.
Thus, in the process of labor activity, not only goods and services are produced, cultural values etc., but appear. New needs with requirements for their further satisfaction (Fig. 1).
At all times, work has been and remains the most important factor of production type of human activity.
Activity- this is the internal (mental) and external (physical) activity of a person, regulated by a conscious goal.
Labor activity is leading, main activity person. Since during a life at any moment a person can be in one of two states - activity or inactivity, activity acts as an active process, and inactivity - as a passive one.
The main criteria that distinguish labor from non-labor activities are:
link to wealth creation, i.e. creation and growth of material, spiritual, household goods. Activities that are not related to creation are not labor. For example, walks, travel, games as a form of relaxation, eating, medical procedures. Such activity is associated with the consumption of goods for the restoration of working capacity, development, reproduction of life;
purposefulness of activity. Aimless activity has nothing to do with work, because it is a waste of human energy and does not give positive results;
legitimacy of activity. Work includes only prohibited activities, and prohibited, criminal activities cannot be labor, as they are aimed at misappropriation of the results of someone else's labor and are prosecuted by law;
demand for activities. If a person spent time and effort on the manufacture of a product, turned out to be useless to anyone, then such an activity cannot be considered labor.
Goals of work may be production consumer goods and the services or facilities needed to produce them.
In the process of labor, a person is influenced by a large number of external production and non-production factors that affect its performance and health. The combination of these factors is called working conditions.
Under working conditions is understood as a set of elements of the production environment that affect the functional state of a person, his performance, health, all aspects of its development, and above all, the attitude to work and its efficiency. Working conditions are formed in the process of production and are determined by the type and level of equipment, technology and organization of production.
A person spends a significant part of his time at work, doing one or another type of labor activity. The social aspects of labor are manifested in the fact that people, influencing the natural environment, ensure their existence, and also create conditions for their further development and the progress of society. The role of labor in the development of man and society lies in the fact that in the process of labor not only material and spiritual values \u200b\u200bare created to meet the needs of people, but also the workers themselves develop, who reveal their abilities, replenish and enrich knowledge, acquire new skills.
In addition, it is important to remember that in the process of labor, people, interacting with each other, enter into certain social relations - labor Relations.
The social relations that we spoke about above are ultimately relations about the conditions for the formation and development of the individual, social communities. They are manifested in the position of individual groups of workers in the labor process. For example, in a work collective, employees follow certain rules, adapt due to objective necessity, and thus enter into labor relations, regardless of who their colleagues are, who is the leader, what style of activity he has. But later, each worker inevitably manifests himself in his own way in his relations with other workers, with the manager, in relation to work, to the order of distribution of work, etc.
What determines the nature of labor relations? First of all, from the ability of people to satisfy their basic needs and interests in the process of work. Among them, the following can be distinguished: the need for self-esteem (a person conscientiously fulfills his duties for the sake of a positive opinion of himself); the need for self-expression (a creative attitude to work determines its high quality; work allows you to get new ideas and knowledge, to show individuality); the need for activity (through labor activity the desire to maintain health is realized); the need to create the necessary material conditions for procreation (value orientation to the well-being of the family and loved ones, raising their status in society); the need for stability (work is perceived as a way to maintain an existing lifestyle, material well-being); the need for communication (the ability to communicate in labor activity as an end in itself). Consider what other needs may determine labor motivation person.
Needs realized by employees stimulate their behavior. In this case, as mentioned before, they take a specific form - the form of interest in certain types of activities, objects and subjects. Interest is directed to those social relations on which the satisfaction of the needs of the worker depends. If needs show what a person needs for his normal life, then interest answers the question of how to act in order to satisfy this need.
There are material and non-material interests. The first include interests in monetary and material means of satisfying needs. It is they who determine the desire of employees for an appropriate level of remuneration, bonuses, benefits and compensation for unfavorable working conditions, working conditions, convenient shift work schedules, housing opportunities, good medical care etc. The latter may include interests in knowledge, science, art, communication, culture, social and political activities, etc.
So, the possibility of satisfying the basic needs and interests of a person in the process of work is key factor, which determines the possibilities of personal development, the focus of labor skills, the realization of creative, physical and other abilities of a person. It affects the attitude to work and job satisfaction, the degree of interest in work, the level of productivity and quality of work, its culture.
Pollution of a section of the sea and coast caused by an oil tanker accident serves as an example of the relationship between 1) civilization and culture 2) technology and technology 3) society and nature 4) rights and morals Significant interactions of people that cause certain emotions are called 1) mutual concessions 2) creative activity 3) spheres of public life 4) interpersonal relationships Irina prepares for the exam in chemistry: she reads a textbook, reference literature, solves problems, and performs tests. In case of difficulty, she turns to the teacher for advice. One of the results of this activity is 1) an exam 2) a textbook 3) chemistry 4) an excellent mark Are the following judgments about the development of society correct? A. The development of society is connected with the presence or absence of natural resources. B. The development of society is largely determined by the creative potential of people. 1) only A is correct 2) only B is correct 3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect whether the following judgments about patriotism? A. Patriotism involves love and respect for the historical traditions of one's country. B. Patriotism presupposes good knowledge National history and culture. 1) only A is correct 3) both judgments are correct 2) only B is correct 4) both judgments are incorrect Any product intended for sale or exchange on the market is called 1) money 2) resource 3) price 4) commodity South Africa. For a whole year, she set aside a certain part of her salary for the subsequent purchase of a tourist voucher. What function of money does given example? 1) a means of payment 3) a measure of value 2) a means of exchange 4) a means of accumulation In country Z there is commodity production and money circulation. Which Additional Information will allow us to conclude that the economy of country Z is of a command (planned) nature? 1) The country has a fixed exchange rate. 2) Most workers work for industrial enterprises. 3) The state determines the volume and structure of manufactured products. 4) Factors of production are privately owned. Are the following statements about the market mechanism correct? A. The market mechanism is based on freedom entrepreneurial activity. B. An important element of the market mechanism is the competition of producers of goods and services. 1) only A is correct 3) both judgments are correct 2) only B is correct 4) both judgments are incorrect K.'s family has a tradition: to gather in the evening and talk about all the problems. What role of the family in a person's life does this example illustrate? 1) The family provides emotional support. 2) The family carries out primary socialization. 3) The family takes care of maintaining a healthy lifestyle. 4) The family provides economic support to its members. Are the following statements about social conflict correct? BUT. Social conflicts help each of the participants to reveal their goals and expectations. B. The resolution of a conflict often involves a transition to mutually beneficial cooperation between the parties. 1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect Democratic order of election of bodies state power distinguishes 1) providing an additional vote to veterans of labor 2) the presence of a property qualification for voters 3) providing candidates with information about the sources of their income 4) nominating one, the most worthy candidate in elections Supreme power in state Z is inherited. What additional information would allow us to conclude that the states
In the process of labor, people enter into certain social relations, interacting with each other. Social interactions in the sphere of work are a form of social relations realized in the exchange of activities and mutual action. The objective basis for the interaction of people is the commonality or divergence of their interests, close or distant goals, views. The mediators of the interaction of people in the sphere of labor, its intermediate links are tools and objects of labor, material and spiritual benefits. The constant interaction of separate individuals or communities in the process of labor activity in certain social conditions forms specific social relations.
Social relations are relations between members of social communities and these communities about their social status, lifestyle and way of life, ultimately, about the conditions for the formation and development of personality, social communities. They are manifested in the position of individual groups of workers in the labor process, communication links between them, i.e. in the mutual exchange of information to influence the behavior and performance of others, as well as to assess their own position, which affects the formation of the interests and behavior of these groups.
These relations are inextricably linked with labor relations and are conditioned by them from the very beginning. For example, workers get used to the labor organization, adapt due to objective needs and thus enter into labor relations, regardless of who will work nearby, who is the leader, what style of activity he has. However, then each worker manifests himself in his own way in his relationship with each other, with the manager, in relation to work, to the order of distribution of work, etc. Consequently, on the basis of objective relations, relations of a socio-psychological nature begin to take shape, characterized by a certain emotional mood, the nature of people's communication and relationships in a labor organization, and the atmosphere in it.
Thus, social and labor relations make it possible to determine social significance, role, place, social status of an individual and a group. They are the link between the worker and the master, the leader and a group of subordinates, certain groups of workers and their individual members. Not a single group of workers, not a single member of a labor organization can exist outside of such relations, outside of mutual obligations in relation to each other, outside of interactions.
As you can see, in practice there is a variety social and labor relations. They, as well as various social phenomena and processes in the conditions of the existing market, are studied by the sociology of labor. Therefore, the sociology of labor is the study of the functioning and social aspects of the market in the world of work. If we try to narrow this concept, we can say that the sociology of labor is the behavior of employers and employees in response to the action of economic and social incentives to work. his. In sociological theory, the emphasis is on incentives that regulate labor behavior, which are not impersonal in nature and refer to workers, wide groups of people.
The subject of the sociology of labor is the structure and mechanism of social and labor relations, as well as social processes and phenomena in the world of work.
The purpose of the sociology of labor is the study of social processes and the development of recommendations for their regulation and management, forecasting and planning, aimed at creating optimal conditions for the functioning of society, a team, a group, an individual in the world of work and, on this basis, achieving the most complete implementation and optimal combination their interests.
The tasks of the sociology of labor are:
study and optimization social structure society, labor organization (collective);
analysis of the labor market as a regulator of optimal and rational mobility labor resources;
finding ways to optimally realize the labor potential of a modern worker;
the optimal combination of moral and material incentives and the improvement of attitudes towards work in market conditions;
amplification social control and the fight against various kinds of deviations from generally accepted moral principles and norms in the sphere of work;
studying the causes and developing a system of measures to prevent and resolve labor conflicts;
creating a system social guarantees protecting workers in society, labor organization, etc.
In other words, the tasks of the sociology of labor are reduced to the development of methods and techniques for using social factors in the interests of solving the most important socio-economic problems of society and the individual, which include the creation of a system of social guarantees, maintaining and strengthening the social protection of citizens in order to accelerate the social reorientation of the economy.
For the collection and analysis of information in the sociology of labor are widely used sociological methods which appear in:
achieved knowledge about the subject of research (understanding the essence of labor and relations in the sphere of labor);
the process of fact gathering methods;
way to make a conclusion, i.e. formulate conclusions about causal relationships between phenomena.
It should be noted that studies conducted within the framework of the sociology of labor provide the necessary and sufficiently reliable information for the formation social policy, development of science-based programs for socio-economic development labor organizations(collectives), to solve social problems and contradictions that constantly accompany labor activity and employees. Thus, the sociology of labor is called upon, on the one hand, to expand knowledge about the really existing reality, on the other hand, to promote the establishment of new connections and processes taking place in the sphere of labor.
The labor sciences of a sociological profile exist within sociology as a whole, but are not necessarily constituent parts of the sociology of labor. They are sociological not only in terms of methods, but also in terms of the subject of research. Their common feature is the study of the social aspects of social labor. The emergence of disciplines within the sociology of labor has become possible due to the fact that this science analyzes social labor at the macro and micro levels. The first concerns the institutional aspect of work, and the second - motivational and behavioral.
Economic sociology belongs to young branches of knowledge. Its subject is value orientations, needs, interests and behavior of large social groups(demographic, vocational, etc.) at the macro and micro levels under conditions market conditions. How are the reduction and employment of the administrative apparatus, unskilled workers, engineers, doctors, etc. taking place? How does the assessment of remuneration (moral and material) work change in various social groups, in the areas of individual and collective labor, state, private and cooperative production? These and other questions are called upon and answered by economic sociology. The subject of the study of the sociology of labor is precisely the circle of its scientific problems in intersection with other sociological disciplines.
Labor economics studies the mechanism of action of economic laws in the sphere of labor, the forms of their manifestation in public organization labor. Economics is interested in the process of value creation itself. For her, labor costs are important at all stages. production cycle, while the sociology of labor considers the labor interactions of workers and the labor relations that arise between them. For example, in stimulating labor, the economy is interested in wages. In this case, the tariff system is studied, wage, the relationship between them. Sociology of labor, paying due attention to the problem financial incentives, considers, first of all, the totality of motives for work, such incentives as the content of labor, its organization and conditions, the degree of independence in work, the nature of relationships in the team, etc.