Working time for the contractor is divided into working hours (during which the worker performs one or another work provided or not provided for by the production task) and break times in work (during which the labor process is not carried out for various reasons). The structure of the working hours of the worker is shown in Figure 6.1.
So, working hours divided into two types of costs: production task execution time (T PROD) and working time not stipulated by the production task (T NON-PRODUCTION) - the time spent on the implementation of non-characteristic this employee operations that can be eliminated.
Production lead time includes the preparatory-final, operational and maintenance time of the workplace.
Preparatory and final time (T PZ)- this is the time spent on preparing yourself and your workplace for the performance of the production task, as well as on all actions to complete it. To this species working time costs include the time of obtaining a production task, tools, fixtures and technological documentation, familiarization with the work, receiving instructions on the procedure for carrying out work, adjusting equipment for the appropriate mode of operation, removing fixtures, tools, handing over the finished OTC products etc. Since a feature of this category of time costs is the fact that its value does not depend on the amount of work performed on a given task, then in large-scale and mass production per unit of production this time is insignificant in magnitude and is usually not taken into account when setting standards.
Operational time (T OPERATOR)- this is the time during which the worker performs the task (changes the properties of the object of labor); is repeated with each unit or a certain volume of products or works. During machine work it is divided into main (technological) and auxiliary.
Main (technological) time (T OSN),- this is the time spent directly on the quantitative and (or) qualitative change in the object of labor, its condition and position in space.
During auxiliary time(T VSP) actions necessary for the implementation of the main work are performed. It is repeated either with each processed unit of production, or with a certain volume of it. Auxiliary time includes the time for loading equipment with raw materials and semi-finished products, unloading and eating finished products, installation and fixing of the part, movement of objects of labor within the working area, equipment control, quality control of manufactured products, etc.
The time costs associated with caring for the workplace and maintaining equipment, tools and fixtures in working order during the shift are attributed to workplace service time (T OBSL). In machine and automated processes it includes the time of technical and organizational maintenance of the workplace.
By the time Maintenance workplace (T SERVICE TECHN) includes the time for servicing the workplace in connection with the performance of this operation or specific work (replacing a dull tool, adjusting and adjusting equipment during operation, cleaning up production waste, inspecting, cleaning, washing, lubricating equipment, etc.).
Organizational service time (T SERVICE ORG) - this is the time spent by the worker to maintain the workplace in working condition during the shift .. It does not depend on the characteristics of a particular operation and includes the time spent on accepting and handing over a shift, laying out at the beginning and cleaning at the end of a shift of tools, documentation and other necessary for work objects and materials, etc.
In some industries (coal, metallurgical, food, etc.), the time spent on servicing the workplace is not allocated, but refers to the preparatory and final time.
Working hours not provided for by the production task, - the time spent by the employee on the performance of casual and unproductive work. The performance of unproductive and casual work does not provide an increase in production or improve its quality and is not included in the piece time. These costs should be subject to special attention, since their reduction is a reserve for increasing labor productivity.
Chart time (T SL.WORK)- this is the time spent on the performance of work not provided for by the production assignment, but caused by production necessity (for example, transportation of finished products performed instead of an auxiliary worker, going for orders, technical documentation, raw materials, blanks, tools, searching for a master, adjuster, tool; performance is not auxiliary and repair work provided for by the task, etc.).
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Figure 6.1 - Classification of the costs of the contractor's working time
Non-productive work execution time (T NON-PRODUCT WORK)- this is the time spent on the performance of work not provided for by the production assignment and not caused by production necessity (for example, manufacturing and correcting a manufacturing defect, removing excess allowance from a workpiece, etc.)).
In addition to the above, depending on the nature of the employee's participation in the performance production operation , the operating time can be divided into:
- time self made (without the use of machines and mechanisms);
- time of machine-manual work performed by machines with the direct participation of an employee or by an employee using manual mechanisms;
- observation time for the operation of equipment (automated and instrumental work);
- transition time(for example, from one machine to another in multi-machine maintenance).
Observation time, as noted, it is typical for automated and instrumental industries. It can be active and passive. Active surveillance time for the operation of the equipment - this is the time during which the worker closely monitors the operation of the equipment, the progress of the technological process, compliance with the specified parameters in order to ensure required quality products and equipment performance. During this time, the worker does not perform physical work, but his presence at the workplace is necessary. Time of passive observation for the operation of the equipment - this is the time during which there is no need for constant monitoring of the operation of the equipment or the technological process, but the worker does it due to the lack of other work. The time of passive observation of the operation of the equipment should be the subject of particularly careful study, since its reduction or use for other necessary work is a significant reserve for increasing labor productivity.
Considering the structure of working time costs in machine, automated, hardware processes in the operating time, it is also advisable to allocate overlapped and non-overlapped time.
Overlap time- the time for the worker to perform those elements of work that are carried out simultaneously with the machine or automatic operation of the equipment. Overlapping can be the main (active surveillance) and auxiliary time, as well as time related to other types of costs of working time. non-overlapping time - the time for performing auxiliary work and maintenance work at workplaces with the equipment stopped. Increasing the overlap time can also serve as a reserve for productivity growth.
As noted, working time includes break times. Allocate regulated and unregulated breaks.
Time of regulated breaks (T REGL.PER) work includes:
- downtime due to technology and organization production process (for example, the time of a break in the work of the driver during the slinging of the lifted load by the workers) - their elimination is practically impossible or economically impractical;
- breaks for rest and personal needs, associated with the need to prevent fatigue and maintain the normal performance of the employee, as well as necessary for personal hygiene.
Time of unscheduled breaks in work (T Irregular. PER)- this is the time of interruptions caused by a violation of the normal course of the production process or labor discipline. It includes:
- interruptions due to disruption of the normal course of the production process can be caused by organizational problems (lack of work, raw materials, materials, incompleteness of parts and blanks, waiting Vehicle and auxiliary workers, waiting for acceptance or control of finished products, etc.) and technical reasons (waiting for equipment repair, tool replacement, lack of electricity, gas, steam, water, etc.). Sometimes these types of unscheduled breaks are called breaks for organizational and technical reasons;
- breaks caused by violation of labor discipline, may be associated with being late for work or leaving it prematurely, unauthorized absences from the workplace, extraneous conversations, activities not related to work. They also include excessive (compared to the established regime and standards) rest time for employees.
When analyzing the cost of working time in order to identify and subsequently eliminate the loss of working time and their causes, all the working time of the performer is divided into productive costs and lost working time. The first group includes the time of work to fulfill the production task and the time of regulated breaks. These costs are the object of rationing and are included in the structure of the time norm. Loss of working time includes the time of performing unproductive work and the time of unscheduled breaks. These costs are subject to analysis in order to eliminate or minimize them.
Labor rationing is closely related to the classification of working time. Working time- this is the legally established duration of the working day, during which the participant in the production process must be at his workplace and qualitatively perform the functions assigned to him. It is classified from its costs and is divided into two groups: work time and break time.
Working hours is the period during which labor activities associated with the performance of work. It includes three elements: preparatory-final, operational and workplace maintenance time.
preparatory and final (t pz) is the time required to prepare for the execution of the production task, as well as to take actions related to its completion. This includes the time spent on receiving the task, conducting safety briefings, handing over the shift, etc. The preparatory and final time is spent once for the entire batch. It does not depend on the amount of raw materials (materials) in the batch. In single production, due to frequent changeovers of equipment, it reaches 15-20% of the total working time, and in mass production it is not taken into account.
Main work time(t o) is the time used for the direct impact of the tools on the object of labor. Most of the time is spent on a direct qualitative change in the object of labor (form, structure, physical and chemical properties and etc.).
Auxiliary work time(t c) is spent on activities related to the performance of auxiliary operations and work, and necessary to perform the main work. It is repeated in the manufacture of each unit of production. For example, it is required to bring raw materials, eat finished products, weigh them, etc.
The total duration of the main and auxiliary work is usually called operating time(t op).
Workplace service time(t about) is the time required to care for machines (aggregates) and maintain order and cleanliness in the workplace. It includes time for changing dull tools, sharpening them, adjusting the mechanism, as well as the time spent on cleaning and cleaning the workplace at the end of the shift.
should be highlighted and downtime(t nr) - the time spent on the release of marriage, the performance of unusual functions.
breaks are divided into the following types: for rest and personal needs (t exc); due to technology and organization of production (t pt); for organizational and technical reasons (t from); associated with violation of labor discipline (t nd).
Rest time and personal needs- this is the time used for rest in order to maintain normal performance. This includes breaks for personal hygiene and natural needs. Time for personal needs and technological breaks is given in accordance with practice - in the amount of 2-2.5% of the operational time.
Time of breaks due to technology and organization of production, is associated with the expectation of some process due to the different duration of the associated operations.
Breaks of an organizational and technical nature associated with a violation of the production process (due to breakdowns of units, lack of raw materials, material, tools, equipment, electricity, water, steam, etc.)
Breaks caused by violation of labor discipline(lateness, unauthorized absences from the workplace, premature departure, etc.) are downtime due to the fault of the performers.
The considered costs of working time are divided into normalized (t pz, t op, t about, t ex, t pt) and non-normalized (t nr, t nd, t from). The classification of working hours and breaks is given in Table. 13.1.
Table 13.1 - Classification of working hours
Classification of working time costs - this is a combination of working time costs into related groups that have common features in order to study the structure and develop an optimal balance of working time costs, identify irrational costs of working time, and determine a possible increase in labor productivity. For analysis and rationalization labor process, the development of labor cost standards, it is necessary to carefully study the costs of the contractor's working time and the time of using equipment.
Working time is one of the most important resources of an enterprise. The meaning of working time cost classification is as follows:
Establishment of the cost of working time, which is necessary to perform a given work and should be regulated;
Efficient use of the working time of the equipment and the performer.
Purposes of classification of working hours are as follows:
Studying the state of labor organization and the use of working time;
The most complete identification of time losses and their causes;
Establishing the degree of necessity and expediency of individual time costs when performing a given work, comparing actual time costs with standard values;
Study and analysis of the time of use of equipment in relation to the working time of the employee;
Designing a rational balance of working time;
Determining the time spent on the performance of a given work and its individual elements;
Comparison of the results of observations carried out both to establish technically justified norms of output and time, and to identify reserves for increasing labor productivity.
Time costs are classified based on their relation to the elements of the production process: the subject of labor, the worker and the equipment.
Working time- this is the period of time established by law during which the employee performs the functions stipulated by labor duties. The working time for the performer of work is divided into the time of work during which the worker performs this or that work provided or not provided for by the production task, and the time of breaks during which the worker does not work. The structure of the classification of the costs of the contractor's working time, shown in the figure, contains the division of time costs into categories and types. This classification is used to establish correct proportions and absolute dimensions of the constituent elements of the normalized time.
Working hours for the fulfillment of the production task consists of the following types of costs of working time:
1. Preparatory and closing time (T pz) is the time spent by the worker to prepare for the performance of the given work, and the actions associated with its completion. This includes the time: obtaining a production assignment, tools, fixtures and technological documentation; familiarization with the work, technological documentation, drawing; receiving instruction on the procedure for carrying out work; adjusting the equipment for the appropriate mode of operation; trial processing of the part on the machine; removal of fixtures, tools, delivery of finished products, technological documentation and drawings.
2. operational time (T op) is the time spent directly on the performance of a given work (operation), repeated with each unit or a certain volume of products or work. It is divided into main and auxiliary time.
2.1. regular time (T o) is the time spent by the worker on actions to qualitatively and quantitatively change the object of labor, its state and position in space.
2.2. Auxiliary time (T in) - this is the time spent by the worker on the actions that ensure the performance of the main work. It is repeated either with each processed unit of production, or with a certain volume of it. Auxiliary time includes: to load equipment with raw materials and semi-finished products; unloading and eating finished products; installation and fixing of parts; detachment and removal of the part; movement of individual mechanisms of equipment; rearrangement of the working tool, etc.
3. Workplace service time (T obs) is the time spent by the worker
to take care of the workplace and maintain it in a condition that ensures productive work during the shift. In machine and automated production processes, it is divided into the time of technical and organizational maintenance.
3.1. Maintenance time (T tech) - this is the time spent on the care of the workplace, equipment and tools necessary for a specific task. It includes the time spent on sharpening and replacing worn tools, adjusting and adjusting equipment during operation, cleaning up production waste, etc.
3.2. Organizational service time (T org) is the time spent on maintaining the workplace in the required condition during the shift. It does not depend on the characteristics of a particular operation and includes the time spent: on eating and handing over a shift; layout at the beginning and cleaning at the end of the change of tools, documentation and other materials and items necessary for work; movement within the workplace of containers with blanks or finished goods; inspection, testing, cleaning, washing, lubricating equipment, etc.
4. In mechanized and automated production significant specific gravity in operational time takes time spent by a worker observing the operation of equipment . It can be active and passive.
4.1. Time of active monitoring of equipment operation (Та.н) is the time during which the worker closely monitors the operation of the equipment, the progress of the technological process, compliance with the specified parameters in order to ensure the required product quality and equipment serviceability. During this period, the worker does not perform physical work, but his presence at the workplace is necessary.
4.2. Time of passive monitoring of equipment operation (T p.n.) is the time during which there is no need to constantly monitor the operation of the equipment or the technological process, but the worker does it due to the lack of other work. This period should be the subject of particularly careful study, since its reduction or use to perform other necessary work is a significant reserve for increasing labor productivity.
5. When analyzing the cost of working time for equipment maintenance and calculating time standards, allocate overlapped and non-overlapping time .
5.1. Overlap time - this is the time for the worker to perform labor methods during the period of automatic operation of the equipment. Overlapping can be the main (active observation) and auxiliary time, as well as time related to other types of work time costs.
5.2. non-overlapping time - this is the time for performing auxiliary work and maintenance work at workplaces with the equipment stopped.
6. Working time also includes hours of work not provided for by the production task (T n.z) - the time spent by the employee on the performance of casual and non-productive work. It is not included in the time limit.
6.1.Chart run time (T s.r.) - this is the time spent on the performance of work not provided for by the production task, but caused by the production need (for example, transportation of finished products, performed instead of an auxiliary worker).
6.2. Unproductive work time (T n.r.) - this is the time spent on the performance of work not provided for by the production task and not caused by production necessity (correction of production defects).
Break times in work it is subdivided into the time of regulated and unregulated breaks.
Scheduled break times includes the time of breaks due to the technology and organization of the production process (T p.t), for example, a break in the work of the crane operator while the workers are slinging the load being lifted. This category also includes time for rest and personal needs (T otd).
Time of unscheduled work breaks- this is the time of interruptions caused by a violation of the normal course of the production process. It includes the time of interruptions caused by shortcomings in the organization of production (T p.n.n.): untimely filing for workplace materials, raw materials, equipment malfunction, power outages, etc., and the time of interruptions in work caused by violations of labor discipline (T p.n.d): being late for work, absenteeism from the workplace, early departure from work and etc.
20. Classification of the elements of the time spent using machines.
is the time during which the equipment is in operation, divided by the time it is in operation and the time it is not in operation. The classification structure of the equipment use time is shown in the figure.
Equipment operating time- this is the time during which the equipment is in operation, regardless of whether the main work is performed on it or not.
The components of this time are:
- equipment uptime- the time when the equipment is in operation and the main work for which it is intended is performed;
Time to complete work not provided for by the production task, includes time unproductive operation of equipment(fixing a marriage) char work associated with the manufacture of products that are not due to the task, caused by production needs, and idle work when the equipment is in operation, but the main work is not performed.
Equipment break time- this is the time during which the equipment is inactive for one reason or another. It is divided by time:
- scheduled downtime, associated with the performance of preparatory and final work and maintenance of equipment, with the performance of manual work that requires stopping the machine, which is provided for by the technology and organization of production or is associated with rest and personal needs of the employee;
- unscheduled breaks related to organizational and technical reasons (untimely supply of raw materials, materials and energy), unscheduled repairs of equipment due to a malfunction, violation of labor discipline by workers (lateness, absences in the process of work, premature completion of work).
Equipment use time can be divided into the following types:
- normalized time, which includes the time of productive work; idle work; downtime in connection with the performance of preparatory and final work, downtime in connection with the performance of manual work requiring the machine to be stopped; downtime due to technology and organization of production; downtime associated with rest and personal needs of the employee;
- irregular time, which includes unproductive and random operation of equipment; downtime associated with violation of labor discipline.
For the purposes of study and analysis, the costs of working time are classified, i.e. subdivided into groups according to certain features. An analysis of the time spent by an employee allows you to establish the degree of his workload, determine the content and nature of the time spent in the performance of production tasks.
The classification of working time costs on the basis of its use is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2 - Classification of working hours
Working time is the length of the working day established by law, working week. Working hours are divided into working hours and breaks depending on the purpose.
Work time is the part of the working day during which activities related to the performance of work are performed.
Break time is a part of the working day during which the labor process is not carried out for various reasons and the employee is idle.
The operating time, in turn, includes two types of costs:
The time directly involved in the performance of the given work (time for the performance of the production task), - Trz;
Time of work not determined by the production task (performing operations that are not characteristic of this worker: walking for a tool, correcting defective products, etc.) - Tz.
The production task execution time is divided into preparatory - final, operational and workplace maintenance time.
Preparatory - final time (TPZ) is spent by the worker on preparing himself and his workplace for the performance of the production task, as well as on all actions to complete it. The value of this time does not depend on the amount of work, but only on the type of production and the level of labor organization. In single and small-scale production (there are frequent changeovers of equipment), this time is 12 - 15% of the working time, in large-scale production- 3 - 5%, and in mass - 1-3%. The preparatory and final time includes the time to receive orders, drawings, fixtures, tools, equipment adjustment, washing and steaming of apparatus, receiving and handing over shifts, and handing over finished products.
Operational (TOP) is the time during which the worker performs a given operation. This time is divided into the main TO (technological) - a change in the shape, properties and quality of objects of labor and auxiliary (Tvsp) - actions that contribute to these changes (installation and removal of a part, starting and stopping equipment, eliminating a broken thread, changing a shuttle, loading raw materials and unloading of the finished product, etc.).
Workplace maintenance (TORM) - time for activities related to the care of the workplace and maintaining equipment, tools and fixtures in working order during the shift. In machine and automated processes, it is divided into technical time (Tto) and organizational time (Too) for servicing the workplace. TTO - maintenance of the workplace in connection with the implementation of this operation (replacing a dull tool, adjusting equipment, bringing the solution to the required concentration, etc.). TOO - actions for caring for the workplace (layout and cleaning of tools, cleaning and lubricating equipment, cleaning the workplace at the end of the shift. In some industries (in coal, metallurgical, food, etc.) Torm is not allocated, but refers to Tpz.
When analyzing the cost of working time, it is necessary to allocate manual time (Tvsp), overlapped and not overlapped by machine time. The labor rate includes manual time, not overlapped by machine time (performing auxiliary operations and other types of work with the equipment stopped).
Break times are divided into the following types:
Breaks for rest and personal needs (Toln);
Breaks of an organizational and technical nature (Tpot);
Breaks due to violation of labor discipline (Tndt).
Breaks for rest and personal needs are used by workers for rest in order to prevent fatigue, as well as for personal hygiene. These also include time for industrial gymnastics. The duration of the breaks depends on the working conditions.
Breaks of an organizational and technical nature may be due to the established technology and organization of production (Tpt), as well as violations of the normal course of the production process (Tpnt).
Tpt - removal of workers from the explosion zone, breaks between unloading and loading a thermal furnace, etc. All these breaks are regulated and included in the labor standard.
Tpnt - delays in the supply of raw materials, semi-finished products, lack of energy, blanks, waiting for transport, etc. These interruptions in work are essentially downtime for various organizational and technical reasons that depend on production.
In the practice of technical regulation of labor, the time during which a given work is performed is divided into separate elements. For this purpose, a unified classification of working time is used, which serves as the basis for studying and analyzing its structure, determining the duration of the implementation of elements of the labor process, identifying reserves for increasing labor productivity, and setting standards. The classification of working time costs is shown in Figure 13. Working time is understood as a part of the calendar time during which the employee, in accordance with the internal regulations of the enterprise, is obliged to be at the workplace and perform labor duties in a quality manner. Its duration rate is a regulated amount of working time that a worker (employee) needs to work out within a certain calendar time (working day, shift, week).
Working time subdivided into work time - the period during which the employee performs useful labor movements and activities, and the time of breaks when the work process is not performed. The time of work includes the time spent both on the fulfillment of the production task (its preparation and direct execution), and on work not provided for by the task - the time of random and unproductive work, the implementation of which does not give an increase in production or improve its quality, as in the main technological process, as well as random jobs. The time of work to fulfill the production task, in turn, is divided into preparatory and final, operational and time for servicing the workplace.
Preparatory and closing time is spent by the performer on preparing for the performance of a given work and on actions related to its completion. This, for example, is the time for cleaning and cleaning, control and inspection, fastening, refueling, lubricating and other operations, testing equipment at idle. It is installed, as a rule, for the entire work shift. It does not depend on the amount of work performed on this side.
Operational- this is the time directly spent by the performer to perform the operations for which the workplace is intended. It is divided into the main one, spent on qualitative and quantitative changes in the object of labor - its size, properties, composition, quantity, shape or position in space, and auxiliary - on creating conditions for the performance of the main work.
Workplace service time- the time for the contractor to maintain the workplace in a state that ensures productive work - includes maintenance time spent, for example, on tool sharpening and its replacement, readjustment, repair, equipment lubrication in the process of work, and organizational maintenance time - to maintain the workplace in cleanliness and order, for the supply of objects of labor and cleaning of finished products during the work shift.
Figure 13 - Classification of working hours
Breaks for rest and personal needs, as well as due to the technology and organization of the production process, form the time of regulated breaks, and those caused by a violation of the normal course of the production process and labor discipline - the time of unregulated breaks.
The time of breaks established by the technology and organization of production processes depends on the specific conditions for their implementation, for example, periodic downtime of a car driver during loading and unloading. The time of unregulated (removable) breaks includes breaks caused by a violation of the normal course of the production process and a violation of labor discipline. The former include breaks in work for organizational and technical reasons, which are the result of poor organization of labor, for example, due to untimely submission of materials to the workplace, due to malfunctions of machinery and equipment, etc.; to the second - breaks due to violation of the rules of the labor process by the workers, being late for work, unauthorized absences from the workplace and premature departure from work, etc.
All types of working hours are divided into standardized and non-standardized. The technical norm includes only the normalized costs of working time and in the amount that allows the most productive performance this work. Regulated breaks are included in the norm in strictly necessary sizes, unregulated - are completely excluded and must be eliminated proper organization labor and strengthening labor discipline.
When analyzing the cost of working time, it is customary to determine the utilization rate of working time - the ratio of shift operating time (actual or standard) to the duration of the work shift (actual or standard). An indicator of the use of working time is also a coefficient determined by the ratio of useful time spent - the amount of preparatory and final, operational, maintenance of the workplace and time for breaks for rest and personal needs - to the normal length of the working day (shift).
The classification of working time costs allows to carry out its system analysis, identify losses and outline measures to improve its use by eliminating organizational and technical problems, improving technological processes and strengthening labor discipline. With the help of indicators (coefficients) of the use of working time, its structure is assessed, and internal reserves for increasing labor productivity are quantitatively disclosed.