Monitoring (from the English monitoring - tracking, tracking) is a system of observations, assessment and forecast environment. The term "monitoring" appeared shortly before the Stockholm UN Conference on the Environment (June 5-16, 1972). circuit diagram monitoring was proposed by Academician Yu.A. Israel.
Bioecological monitoring Bioecological (biological, sanitary and hygienic, sanitary and toxicological) monitoring includes observations of: the state of the environment; the degree of pollution of natural objects with harmful substances; the impact of these pollutants on humans and biota as a whole (the totality of flora, fauna and microorganisms); for the presence in the environment of allergens, pathogenic microorganisms, dust; for the content in the atmosphere of oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, heavy metals; for the content of water bodies, the degree of their pollution, etc.
Geoecological monitoring Systemic geoecological (natural and economic) monitoring consists in observing: ecological systems(bogeocenoses); for the productivity of biogeocenoses; behind the dynamics of mineral reserves, water, land and plant resources;
Biospheric monitoring Global biospheric monitoring aims to: control the state of the environment on a global scale, observe global background changes in nature, predict possible changes in the biosphere and geographical envelope as a result of human activities.
Biospheric monitoring The objects of biospheric monitoring are: radiation balance, atmospheric transparency and its anthropogenic change, world balance and pollution of the World Ocean, large-scale changes in the biochemical cycles of elements and substances (CO 2, O 2, N, P, S, H 2 O, etc. .), energy exchange of the geographic shell with space, world migration of animals (including birds, insects) and plants, climate change on the planet.
Biosphere monitoring In order to conduct background observations around the world, a network of biosphere reserves is being created, on the territory of which it is prohibited production activity posing a danger to all living things. Currently, more than 230 biosphere reserves have been created in 62 countries of the world.
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General concepts on environmental monitoring The term "monitoring" itself first appeared in the recommendations of the special commission SCOPE (Scientific Committee on Environmental Problems) at UNESCO in 1971, and in 1972 the first proposals for a Global Environmental Monitoring System (Stockholm UN Conference on the Environment environment).
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General concepts of environmental monitoring The word "monitoring" comes from the Latin monitor - warning. Ecological monitoring is a system of regular long-term observations in space and time, which provides information about the state of the environment in order to assess the past, present and forecast environmental parameters that are important to humans.
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General concepts of environmental monitoring The tasks of monitoring are: quantitative and qualitative assessment the state of air, surface water, climate change, soil cover, flora and fauna, control of runoff and dust and gas emissions at industrial enterprises; making a forecast about the state of the environment; informing citizens about changes in the environment.
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General concepts of environmental monitoring The main functions of monitoring are quality control of individual components of the natural environment and identification of the main sources of pollution. Based on monitoring data, decisions are made to improve the environmental situation, build new treatment facilities at enterprises that pollute the land, atmosphere and water, change logging systems and plant new forests, introduce soil-protective crop rotations, etc.
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The monitoring system should include the following basic procedures: selection (determination) of the object of observation; examination of the selected object of observation; compiling an information model for the object of observation; measurement planning; assessment of the state of the object of observation and identification of its information model; forecasting changes in the state of the object of observation; presentation of information in a user-friendly form and bringing it to the consumer.
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The main objectives of environmental monitoring are to provide the environmental protection and environmental safety management system with timely and reliable information that allows: to assess the indicators of the state and functional integrity of ecosystems and the human environment; identify the reasons for changes in these indicators and evaluate the consequences of such changes, as well as determine corrective measures in cases where targets for environmental conditions are not achieved; create prerequisites for determining measures to correct emerging negative situations before damage is caused.
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Types and methods of monitoring 1. Biological (with the help of bioindicators - determination of biologically significant loads by the reaction of a living organism and their communities to them). As an indicator, the species that has a narrow amplitude of ecological tolerance in relation to any environmental factor is selected. Mostly these are plants, because they are not capable of active movement). 2. Remote (aviation, space). Monitoring or screening of the health status of the population is considered separately.
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Plant resistance to various pollutants is different. Lichens, conifers, wheat, cotton, lettuce, barley, and tobacco are very sensitive to low concentrations of sulfur dioxide in the air; resistant to exposure - corn, potatoes, rose. Lichens react especially sensitively: first the fruticose species disappear, then the leafy ones, and finally the scale species. Pine needles in zones of heavy pollution with sulfur dioxide acquire a dark red color, which spreads from the base of the needle to its tip; the needle dies and falls off, having existed for only one year. In cereals, due to exposure to sulfur dioxide, light brown or whitish stripes appear on the leaves on both sides of the central vein, which retains a green color.
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There are three levels of territorial coverage of modern monitoring: local (bioecological, sanitary and hygienic); regional (geosystem, natural and economic); global (biosphere, background),
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And also it is possible to single out - - impact - is carried out in especially dangerous zones, directly adjacent to the sources of pollutants. - basic - this is monitoring the state of natural systems, which are practically not superimposed by anthropogenic impacts. For basic monitoring, territories remote from industrial regions, including biosphere reserves, are used.
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In the main structural elements of the environment, constant monitoring is carried out for the presence of the following most dangerous pollutants for natural ecosystems and humans: in the atmospheric air - oxides of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, suspended solids (aerosols), hydrocarbons, radionuclides, benzo (a) pyrene; in surface waters - oil products, phenols, phosphorus and nitrogen compounds, heavy metals, pesticides, mineral salts, and also the complex pH indicator is controlled; in biota - heavy metals, radionuclides, pesticides.
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The impact of harmful physical factors, such as radiation, noise, electromagnetic radiation fields, is monitored. First of all, the zones of influence of the corresponding large sources are controlled, namely nuclear power plants, airports, large industrial and transport centers, power plants and power lines, television and radio centers and repeaters.
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The main directions for the study of global monitoring in our country are the study of: global changes (due to pollution) that manifest themselves everywhere, for example, climate change; effects associated with the spread of pollution over long distances, including transboundary transport, for example, acidification of soils under the influence of emissions of sulfur compounds into the atmosphere; the results of anthropogenic impacts, which are characterized by a large inertia of the effect, for example, the effect of the accumulation of organochlorine pesticides.
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State environmental monitoring is carried out in order to meet the needs of the state, legal and individuals in reliable information about the true state of the environment in our country, necessary for: developing forecasts of socio-economic development and making appropriate decisions; targeted programs in the field of environmental protection and related activities; prevention and (or) reduction of adverse consequences of changes in the state of the OS. The results of environmental monitoring of the natural environment are included in the content of sectoral cadastres natural resources and use them to make environmentally significant economic and other decisions.
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Problems of monitoring In the process of carrying out all kinds of research, some problems and disadvantages arise: - Atmospheric air. It is not considered as a natural resource, so its components, with the exception of carbon dioxide, are not controlled. Meanwhile, there is a decrease in the oxygen content in the air, which disrupts the normal cellular respiration of living organisms; -water resources. Monitoring water resources carried out within the framework of the State Water Cadastre. But, despite the fact that accounting of water resources and monitoring of the water regime are carried out according to unified system, there are significant discrepancies in the values of the same indicators presented by different departments;
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Monitoring problems - land resources. Monitoring of land resources is carried out by state land management bodies. As a result of the redistribution of land, agricultural land is withdrawn from circulation and its quality deteriorates; -biological resources. In this case, only hunting and game animals are recorded. The problem of monitoring is that at present it is not possible to control all fishery reservoirs in the country. Works on the study and mapping of plant stocks are carried out research institutes and departments of relevant universities. However, stocks of herbs within the ranges have not been determined, information about the existing areas of their distribution is insufficient, and all this does not allow us to speak about the existence of monitoring in this area.
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Conclusion Conducting environmental monitoring makes it possible to quantify all those negative processes in nature that are caused by human activities. It also allows you to see the positive results of environmental measures and thereby understand "what is good and what is bad." The essence of nature management is not to put nature to its own advantage, but to determine what lifestyle to lead and in what forms to carry out activities in order to benefit nature by participating in the restoration of natural systems, in the improvement, harmonization of relations between man and the biosphere.
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ECOLOGICAL MONITORING Indeed, many and almost countless observations of changes and phenomena that occur in the air ... were made by nature testers and ... reported to the scientific world, so that one could rely on deliberate authenticity in predicting the weather ... M.V. Lomonosov. A word about the phenomena of air, from the electric force occurringslide 2
Literature Main: Degtev M.I., Kudryashova O.S. Ecological monitoring: Educational-methodical manual. Perm, 2007. Degtev M.I., Strelkov V.V., Degtev D.M. Environment and environmental monitoring. Ekaterinburg: UrO RAN, 2004. 330 p. Fundamentals of analytical chemistry. In 2 books: Tutorial. Book 1: General issues. Separation Methods / Ed. Yu.A.Zolotova. M.: graduate School. 2002. 351 p. Fundamentals of analytical chemistry. In 2 books: Textbook. Book 2: Methods chemical analysis/ Ed. Yu.A.Zolotova. M.: Higher school. 2002. 494 p. Additional: Degtev M.I. and others. Ecological monitoring: Textbook for universities. Perm, 1999. Degtev M.I. Separation and Concentration Methods: Textbook. Perm, 1998. GOST 17.2.3.07-86 Rules for air control in settlements. GOST 17.1.3.07-82 Nature protection. Hydrosphere. Rules for monitoring the quality of water, reservoirs and watercourses. GOST 17.4.4.02-84 Nature protection. Soils. Methods of sampling and preparation of samples for chemical, bacteriological, helminthological analysis. Degtev M.I., Toropov L.I. Analytical control of the content of pollutants in environmental objects. Perm, 2003. Monitoring and environmental control methods: Textbook: in 2 hours / Yu.A. Afanasiev, S.A. Fomin, V.V. Menshikov and others - M.: Publishing House of MNEPU, 2001.- 337p. Recommended: Bespamyatnov G.P., Krotov Yu.A. Maximum Permissible Concentrations chemical substances in the environment: Handbook. L.: Chemistry, 1985. 528 p. Muravieva S.I., Kaznina N.I., Prokhorova E.K. Handbook for the control of harmful substances in the air. Moscow: Chemistry, 1988. 320 p. Lurie Yu.Yu. Analytical chemistry of industrial wastewater. Moscow: Chemistry, 1984. Zolotov Yu.A. Environment - a challenge to analytical chemistry // Vestn. RAN. 1997. V. 67, No. 11. S. 1040-1041.
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Functions of environmental control verification of the implementation of laws, norms, rules, modes of operation of controlled objects. This is environmental management control - EUK measurement of the parameters of controlled objects. These are ecological and analytical control - EAK and technological and analytical control - TAK
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The main tasks of EAC and TAK Control of pollution sources: environmentally significant parameters technological processes, first of all, the control of organized emissions and discharges; leaks from technological equipment, gas emissions from chemicals, materials, products and other fugitive emissions and discharges. Control of the air environment and safety of people: pollutants in the air of working and residential areas; individual chemical dosimetric control.
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Basic operations of the EAK algorithm and SO sampling; analysis of selected samples; processing of test results; metrological support of measurements.
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Environmental monitoring is an information system for observing, assessing and forecasting changes in the state of the environment, created to highlight the anthropogenic component of these changes against the background of natural processes
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The environmental monitoring system accumulates, systematizes and analyzes information about the state of the environment; about the causes of observed and probable changes in the state (i.e., about the sources and factors of influence); on the admissibility of changes and loads on the environment as a whole; about the existing reserves of the biosphere.
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State report "On the state of the environment in the Russian Federation in 1995" Environmental monitoring in the Russian Federation is a complex of observations, assessments, forecasts carried out according to scientifically based programs, and recommendations and options developed on their basis. management decisions, necessary and sufficient to ensure the management of the state of the environment and environmental safety
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The main activities of monitoring monitoring of impact factors and the state of the environment; assessment of the actual state of the environment; forecast of the state of the environment and assessment of the predicted state.
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Environmental control - activities government agencies, businesses and citizens to comply with environmental standards and regulations. Distinguish between state, industrial and public environmental control
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RF Law "On the Protection of the Environment" Article 68. Tasks of environmental control. Environmental control sets as its tasks: monitoring the state of the environment and its change under the influence of economic and other activities; checking the implementation of plans and measures for nature protection, rational use natural resources, improvement of the natural environment, compliance with the requirements of environmental legislation and environmental quality standards. The environmental control system consists of public service monitoring the state of the environment, state, industrial, public control.
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Monitoring levels impact (study of strong impacts on a local scale -I); regional (manifestation of the problems of migration and transformation of pollutants, the combined impact of various factors specific to the economy of the region - R); background (on the basis of biosphere reserves, where any economic activity- F).
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The work was done by Zakozhurnikova Olesya Pupil of the 10th grade of the secondary school No. 13
Environmental monitoring
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The relevance of environmental monitoring
All over the world there is an increased public interest in the state of the natural environment. And this is understandable: we have entered the 21st century in a global ecological crisis. The deterioration of the ecological situation on the Earth as a whole and in many industrial countries in the second half of the 20th century led to a revision of environmental concepts of nature conservation, the search for new effective methods for assessing environmental pollution and the state of biota at all levels of its organization.
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Environmental monitoring and its purpose
Ecological monitoring is a system of regular long-term observations in space and time that provides information about the state of the environment in order to assess the past, present and future forecast of environmental parameters that are important to humans. The monitoring system itself does not include environmental quality management activities, but is a source of information necessary for making environmentally significant decisions.
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The relevance of public monitoring of the natural environment
In the Russian Federation, monitoring functions are performed by various departments that are not related to each other. This leads to duplication of efforts, reduces the effectiveness of the entire monitoring system and makes it difficult to access necessary information both for citizens and government organizations. Therefore, in 1993, it was decided to create a Unified state system environmental monitoring (EGSEM), which should combine the capabilities and efforts of numerous services to solve the problems of integrated monitoring, assessment and forecasting of the state of the environment in Russian Federation.
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Currently, work on the creation of the EGSEM is at the project stage.
This makes the problem of monitoring the quality of the natural environment quite relevant. Under these conditions, every person should be able to study the state of the natural environment, therefore, to research work must join with early age, developing the skills to assess the quality of the environment and thereby laying the seeds for the future of public, people's monitoring.
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Purpose and hypothesis of the work
The purpose of the work is to get acquainted with bioindication as an accessible and reliable method of monitoring, to learn how to use this method to assess the quality of the environment of one's life. I assume that the determination of the state of the natural environment with the help of indicator organisms, despite the availability of the method, is a rather complicated study.
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Object and subject of work
The object of the educational search is the method of monitoring and assessing the state of the natural environment using indicator organisms. Subject of study: a population of indicator plants - young pines growing on the ecological path in the area of "School Hill".
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Stages, tasks, methods and predicted result of the work:
Stage I - search and selection of scientific information on the topic "Bioindication - an accessible and reliable method of environmental monitoring of the natural environment (September - October 2009); Stage II - writing an abstract on the topic: "Bioidification as a set of methods for searching for information about an ecosystem", defining the research problem (November 2009 - December 2009); Stage III - the choice of the object and subject of the study, the study of the methodology integrated assessment natural environment on coniferous trees, acquaintance with the results of similar practical work in previous years (January - February 2010); Stage IV - implementation of own observations in nature (April - May 2010); Stage V - registration of the results of the work on the topic "Assessment of the state of the pine population on the "School Hill" (May 2010); Stage VI - preparation of a presentation on the topic of work, placement of some materials practical research on the school website (June 2010).
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"Bioidification as a set of methods for searching for information about an ecosystem" (abstract part)
The abstract contains four chapters that reveal the role of environmental monitoring as a multi-purpose information system for the state, society and individual. The main part of the abstract is devoted to explaining the essence of biomonitoring, its methods, advantages and disadvantages. In addition, in this part of the work, you can get acquainted with the variety of indicator organisms as objects of monitoring.
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Having completed the abstract, I was convinced that in a comprehensive - target system of environmental monitoring, bioindication plays important role, since in specific environmental conditions this method is the most accessible and reliable. A community, by the speed of development, structure and well-being of which one can judge the general state of the environment, including its natural and artificial changes, is called an indicator community.
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Live indicators
Bioindicators are living organisms, by the presence, condition and behavior of which one can judge the degree of changes in the environment, including the presence of pollutants. For research, the lowest and higher plants, microorganisms, different kinds animals (mink, otter, rodents, etc.). Lichens and mosses are especially sensitive indicators of air pollution.
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used as indicator organisms.
Bacteria Algae, mosses, ferns Invertebrates (ciliates, crustaceans, mollusks). By wild plants, one can judge the nature and condition of the soil, because the habitat of plants is determined by such soil properties as moisture capacity, structure, density, temperature, oxygen content, nutrients, heavy metals and salts.
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Benefits of bioindication
Live indicators have significant advantages, sometimes eliminating the use of expensive and time-consuming physical and chemical methods to determine the degree of contamination. external environment. They summarize all, without exception, biologically important data on pollutants, indicate the rate of ongoing changes, the ways and places of accumulation of various kinds of toxicants in ecosystems, and also make it possible to judge the degree of harmfulness of certain substances to wildlife and humans. While the instruments of measuring stations determine only those substances for which they are intended.
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Bioindication methods
To assess the significance of environmental factors on living organisms, there are many methods of bioindication. Scientists have developed such methods as: comparison of populations with universal standards; comparison of the magnitude of the impact of the factor with the average values of this parameter for the area under consideration; assessment of the degree of contamination by the composition of bionts; biotesting or the use of biological test objects under controlled conditions to identify and evaluate the action of factors.
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Conclusions on the abstract
Emphasizing the importance of bioindication studies, it should be noted that bioindication involves the identification of already existing or ongoing environmental pollution by the functional characteristics of individuals and the ecological characteristics of communities of organisms. Gradual changes in the species composition are formed as a result of long-term poisoning of ecosystems, and they become apparent in the case of far-reaching changes. The species composition of indicator organisms serves as a final characteristic of the toxicological properties of the environment for a certain period of time and does not give its assessment at the time of the study.
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Assessment of the state of the pine population on the "School Hill" (practical study)
The practical part of the work substantiates the relevance of local phytomonitoring in the recreational area of the village of Cheremukhovo, introduces the methodology and results of a visual assessment of the quality of the natural environment by the indicator plant - pine.
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The relevance of local phytomonitoring in the recreational area of the village of Cheremukhovo
One of the alarming phenomena of recent years in the life of the forest is the drying up of tree crops. This the new kind destruction of forest ecosystems is called "environmental stress". The reason for the "ecological stress" of trees is a whole complex of natural and anthropogenic conditions. Trees that have undergone "environmental stress" are in crisis. This crisis manifests itself in them in anomalies and disorders of growth and development. The ecosystem begins to degrade and eventually dies. The degradation of forests in various regions of the world has led to the expansion and deepening of bioindicative studies. The purpose of these observations is to identify the causes of forest drying out according to the indicator manifestations of trees.
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"School Hill" - a place for educational research
"School Hill" is one of the most attractive objects located on the ecological path in the recreational area of our village. For many years, the hill has been a favorite vacation spot for schoolchildren both in winter and summer. From the top of this hill you can see the whole village, at a glance. It was from here that school graduates remembered the image of their small homeland for the rest of their lives. For more than 8 years "School Hill" has been a place for educational excursions and exploration of the nature of the native land.
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The purpose of my practical work
Evaluation of the population of pines growing on the territory of the "School Hill" and identifying the dynamics of the state of trees for 7 years, as an indicator of the ecological well-being (ill-being) of the natural environment.
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Stages, tasks and methods of practical work
Stage 1 (March 2010) - familiarization with the methods of visual assessment of the state of a coniferous tree, traditionally used on ecological excursions; Stage 2 (April and June 2010) – approbation of methods for phytotesting of pine as an indicator plant; Stage 3 (May 2010) - generalization of the results of bioindication of pines on the territory of the "School Hill", performed by students of grade 11A; Stage 4 (June 2010) – comparative analysis the results of phytotesting of the pine population in dynamics over the past 7 years and the formulation of conclusions
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Result #1. A brief description of the methods for assessing the condition of coniferous trees.
During excursions along the ecological trail, we study pine populations at different sites using the “Visual examination of the condition of indicator plants” method. The author of this technique is Vinokurova NF. Its essence lies in the fact that pine plants are sensitive to both atmospheric and soil pollutants.
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Visible signs of plant damage are not only drying and necrosis of pine needles, but also other signs:
crown thinning due to premature dropping of needles; dryness and lifelessness of the bark; red-brown dry top; the appearance of resin on the branches and trunks in the foliar region of the crown; tortuosity of a woody stem.
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To determine the severity of the "environmental stress" that woody vegetation suffers, we use a scale of visual assessment
The scale is compiled in accordance with the requirements sanitary regulations in the forests of the Russian Federation. The author of the methodology “Assessment of environmental pollution according to the state of pine needles” is V. I. Erokhin (1987). The peculiarity of this technique is that for the study, pine needles of the previous year are used, taken in different places (from different young trees of the trial site).
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Phytotesting algorithm:
We select several young pines and examine their needles on the shoots of the previous year. We count the needles of one or two such shoots. We tear off the needles with signs of drying out from these shoots. We examine them for drying out of the needles, using the rating scale: Grade 1 - no dry areas; Grade 2 - the tips of the needles have dried up; Grade 3 - a third of the length of the needles has shrunk; Grade 4 - the entire needle is yellow or most of it is dry.
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Needle drying classes
Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4
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Needle necrosis classes
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We draw a conclusion about the state of immunity of pine trees and the degree of pollution of the natural environment in a particular area, comparing the data obtained with the average values. The described methods of bioindication of pine complement each other in the most optimal way, allow assessing the state of plant immunity and the quality of the environment.
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1. Visual assessment of pine populations on different sampling sites ecological trail allowed to determine the area of "School Hill" as the most disadvantaged
The visible signs of this trouble are the following damage to trees: Many trees have thinned their crowns (under young pines we observe prematurely shed green, but dry needles). On young branches, dryness and lifelessness of the bark is diagnosed by changing its color. Some plants are characterized by a red-brown dry top (red-brown needle necrosis led to the development of pine side branches). Resin appeared on the trunks in the foliated area of the crown. This feature is most pronounced in this population of pines. The tortuosity of the woody stem in some older pines is a sign of a viral disease they suffered in the past.
