slide 2
Global environmental crisis -
A reversible critical state of the OS that threatens the existence of living organisms.
slide 3
Global ecological catastrophe -
Irreversible destruction of the living shell of the Earth
slide 4
What are global issues?
problems arising as a result of the objective development of society, creating threats to all mankind and requiring the combined efforts of the entire world community for their solution
Slide 5
The global problems of humanity are problems that concern all of humanity. No state is able to cope with these problems.
slide 6
Features of global problems.
They have a planetary, global character and affect the interests of all peoples of the world. They threaten the degradation and death of all mankind. They need urgent and effective solutions. They require collective efforts of all states, joint actions of peoples.
Slide 7
Global problems:
the problem of ecology the preservation of the world the exploration of space and the oceans the food problem the problem of population the problem of overcoming backwardness the problem of raw materials.
Slide 8
Causes of global problems:
huge scale of human activity, radically changing nature, society, people's way of life. the inability of a person to rationally dispose of this mighty power.
Slide 9
Never has man had such an influence on his environment as now, never has this influence been so varied and so strong. The man of the present time is a geological force ... V.I. Vernadsky The complexities and contradictions of the social, economic and cultural development of mankind have given rise to modern environmental problems
Slide 10
They are global because they cover all the environments of the life of all mankind and reflect the contradictions between production and the environment. They cover the entire biosphere and near-Earth outer space.
slide 11
Nature has been changing under the influence of man since the first stages of the development of civilization, but environmental problems acquired a pervasive character in the 20th century, when mankind entered the era of scientific and technological revolution. Changes in the natural environment have acquired an avalanche-like character.
slide 12
slide 13
By the end of the 20th century, there was a serious threat of a shortage of raw materials for production. Over the 20th century, more than 50% of iron ore, 70-80% of oil, 40% of coal have been extracted from the bowels. Every 15 years, the extraction of raw materials doubles. Mining leads to land alienation. In Russia, the total area of land destroyed by mining is more than 1 million hectares. Large areas are occupied for the storage of dumps, of which more than 6 billion tons are annually raised. And the lowering of groundwater in the areas of deposits devalues thousands of hectares of fertile land.
Slide 14
With the advent of powerful technology, mining is increasingly being open way- career. Typical technogenic landscapes appear, characterized by an almost complete absence of soil cover, vegetation and microorganisms. Rocks containing gold are washed away by powerful jets of water, which leads to the creation of "man-made deserts".
slide 15
Only because of deflation and soil erosion annually 8-9 million hectares are withdrawn from the economic turnover. These processes are especially pronounced in the steppe regions.
slide 16
One of the manifestations of human life is a huge amount of waste. Our wasteful civilization is spending resources at an ever-increasing rate (on average, 1 American uses 1600 tons of raw materials extracted from the bowels in a lifetime). Water pollution Air pollution Soil pollution Earth surface pollution with debris
Slide 17
Impact of the urban ecosystem on the atmosphere
Increase in air temperature Air pollution Increase in air humidity Decrease in solar radiation Increase in fog Increase in precipitation
Slide 18
The presence of the atmosphere and especially its composition is one of the main conditions for the existence of life on Earth. A decrease in the thickness of the ozone layer that reflects UV light can have far-reaching consequences. Changes in the composition of the atmosphere can also occur under the influence of natural disasters (volcanic eruption), but the main changes occur under the influence of economic activity person.
Slide 19
Sources of artificial pollution are industrial, transport and household emissions. At high concentration gases, dust in humid air in industrial areas, a poisonous fog arises - smog Smog in London (December 5-9, 1952)
Slide 20
Emissions from thermal power plants, metallurgical plants and transport contain a large amount of SO2, which leads to acid rain (sulfur dioxide dissolves in atmospheric moisture), which inhibit vegetation, accelerate metal corrosion, and destroy buildings. Coniferous forest destroyed by acid rain is a typical picture of the degradation of forests around large industrial areas of Europe and North America. The damage from acid rain in Western Europe reaches 1.1 billion dollars annually, despite the most perfect cleaning of gas emissions.
slide 21
Among other gases, about 1 billion tons of freons enter the atmosphere (used in aerosols, refrigeration units), which, together with nitrous oxides ( supersonic aviation and rockets) in the upper atmosphere destroy the ozone layer. Already now in Northern Europe, Canada, Australia and South America the incidence of skin cancer has risen sharply.
slide 22
An increase in CO2 concentration causes a "greenhouse effect" leading to global warming climate. Over the past 30 years, the number of droughts has increased by 8-10 times; 5 times - the appearance of powerful cyclones (hurricanes). Until the 1980s, the average temperature on the planet was +15C, and by 2004 it had risen to +18C. Warming has accelerated the melting of glaciers and the rise in sea levels. There was a real threat of flooding of such countries as the Netherlands, Japan, South Korea, Singapore.
slide 23
In the areas of the greatest air pollution near large industrial cities, there is an increase in the frequency of respiratory diseases, sensory organs, and various allergic diseases by about 2-3 times. These regions have the highest mortality rate - 14.9 per 1,000 people. The frequency of congenital malformations of newborns has increased.
slide 24
Resources of fresh water suitable for drinking, irrigation, industrial supply, are limited throughout the world. The main reason is the pollution of waters by industrial, transport and municipal effluents. The rivers flowing through agricultural areas are saturated with fertilizers and pesticides. Dumping of untreated domestic sewage leads to the spread of infections. 80% of diseases and a third of deaths are associated with the consumption of polluted water
Slide 25
Space exploration, despite its enormous benefits, has posed a number of significant problems for humanity. Accumulation of technogenic waste (remains aircraft and satellites; in 2000, about 10 thousand tons, which is 200 times the mass of meteorite bodies) poses a real threat to active satellites and space stations. The launch of rockets always negatively affects the state of the atmosphere and leads to a sharp change in the weather over vast territories.
slide 26
The arms race, the accumulation of chemical and bacteriological weapons, military conflicts (even local ones) are a strong blow to the biosphere, because modern weapons are focused on the destruction of all living things. All this leads to severe environmental consequences.
Slide 27
Waste is very dangerous for the biosphere chemical industry, and accidents chemical facilities cause massive damage to people and animals and lead to infection of the entire surface layer of the biosphere (the accident in Bhopal in 1984 led to the death of 3 thousand people, 20 thousand went blind, and more than 200 thousand people had paralysis, etc. defeat). Hazardous chemical waste is often stockpiled in crushed stone pits, while containers of pesticides and laboratory waste are stored in warehouses and labeled as a commodity, not waste.
Slide 28
The most dangerous pollution environment- radioactive. Sources of radioactive contamination are atomic explosions, production nuclear fuel, operation of nuclear ships, medical and scientific equipment, accidents at nuclear power plants and enterprises (at Mayak in 1957, at Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986). An increase in permissible doses leads to the occurrence of malignant neoplasms, leukemia and genetic mutations. Sea disposal sites for radioactive substances
Slide 29
The development of oil and gas fields leads to severe pollution of the surface of the soil, water bodies and the death of plants and animals
slide 30
Industrial and domestic wastes pollute all environments of the biosphere. There are 1-1.5 tons of garbage per 1 city dweller per year. In order to create landfills (polygons) of household waste, up to 1 million hectares of their economic turnover are removed annually, and the burning of household waste leads to air pollution with toxic substances.
Slide 31
Ultra-high population growth creates new global environmental problems. In 1830 the world population was 1 billion people, in 1960 - 3 billion, and in 2000 - 6 billion people. Population growth occurs at the expense of the countries of the "third" world, where hunger, unemployment, poverty and unsanitary conditions turn these countries into a zone of increased mortality and political instability. Stages of human impact on nature
slide 32
The appearance of plants contributed to the accumulation of O2 in the atmosphere, shedding the ozone layer, which created a land surface suitable for life and evolution of animals. Modern human economic activity leads to such a change in environmental conditions that undermines the ability of wildlife to self-regulate. Deforestation threatens global changes in the biosphere. Especially dangerous is the death of tropical forests, where 60% of plant species are concentrated, many of which do not recover after cutting down.
Slide 33
Throughout his life, man has had direct (exterminated) and indirect (destruction of habitats, deforestation, plowing fields, environmental pollution) impacts on animals. Over the past 400 years, 113 species of birds, 83 species of mammals and thousands of invertebrates have disappeared from the face of the Earth through the fault of man. The extinction of many species can lead to an imbalance in ecosystems. Free niches will be occupied by lower organisms capable of accelerating the process of degradation of living communities.
slide 34
Ways out of this situation:
Implement strict control of emissions of harmful substances. Reuse of waste. Recycling. Use filters, low-waste technologies. Rational and full use of resources. During oil production, associated gas is formed, which is burned in flares, or can be used as a raw material for the chemical industry. Extract everything valuable from the ore (Norilsk). Forest restoration. Sweden has solved this problem. In the last 100 years, the area of forests there has doubled as they planted 50 trees per inhabitant per year.
Slide 35
Disposal of radioactive waste. Use of non-traditional energy sources (sun, tides, wind). Transfer of cars to gas fuel and electric fuel. Regulation of population growth. China - "second child - tax". Europe - the allocation of funds for the child. Creation of a network of nature reserves and national parks. Change your attitude to nature from subjugation to cooperation, that is, to fulfill one of Barry Commoner's laws "Nature knows best"
slide 36
People obey the laws of nature, even when they act against them I.V. Goethe To solve global environmental problems requires comprehensive, ongoing international cooperation. Economic, legal and educational measures are needed. Man has two worlds: One, which created us, The other, which we have been creating from time immemorial, to the best of our ability. N. Zabolotsky
1. What are global problems?2.Main global problems:
2.1. Destruction of the natural environment.
2.2. Atmospheric pollution.
2.3. Soil pollution.
2.4. Water pollution.
3. The problem of the ozone layer.
4. The problem of acid precipitation.
5. The problem of the greenhouse effect.
6. The problem of overpopulation of the planet.
7. Energy problem.
8. Raw material problem.
9. Ways to solve environmental problems.
10. Conclusion.
What are global issues?
One of the definitions refers to the global "problems arisingas a result of the objective development of society, creating threats
to all mankind and requiring for their decision the united
efforts of the entire world community.
The correctness of this definition depends on what problems
be classified as global. If this is a narrow circle of higher, planetary
problems, it is quite true. If we add here
problems such as natural disasters (it is global only in
sense of the possibility of manifestation in the region), then this definition
turns out to be narrow, limiting, which is its meaning.
Yuri Gladkiy made an interesting attempt to classify global
problems, divided into three main groups:
1. Problems of a political and socio-economic nature.
2. Natural and economic problems
3. Problems social character.
Major global problems. Destruction of the natural environment.
At all stages of its development, man was closely connected with the outside world. But ever sincesince a highly industrialized society appeared, dangerous human intervention in
nature has sharply increased, the scope of this intervention has expanded, it has become
more diverse and now threatens to become a global danger to mankind. Consumption
non-renewable raw materials is increasing, more and more arable land is being taken out of
economies, as cities and factories are built on them. Man has more and more
interfere with the biosphere - that part of our planet in which life exists. Biosphere
The earth is currently exposed to increasing anthropogenic impact.
The most large-scale and significant is the chemical pollution of the environment.
substances of a chemical nature unusual for it. Among them are gaseous and
aerosol pollutants of industrial and household origin. Progresses and
accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Further development of this process will
reinforce the undesirable trend towards an increase in the average annual temperature by
planet. Causes concern among environmentalists and the ongoing pollution of the oceans
oil and oil products, which has already reached 1/5 of its total surface. Oil
pollution of this size can cause significant disruption of gas and water exchange
between the hydrosphere and the atmosphere. There is no doubt about the importance of chemical
soil pollution with pesticides and its increased acidity, leading to the decay
ecosystems. In general, all the considered factors that can be attributed
polluting effect, have a significant impact on the processes occurring in
biosphere.
Air pollution.
It is known that air pollution occurs mainly inas a result of the work of industry, transport, etc., which in
aggregates annually throw "to the wind" more than a billion
solid and gaseous particles.
The main air pollutants today
are carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide. It is now generally accepted that
the most polluting air industrial production.
Sources of pollution are thermal power plants, which, together with
emitting sulphurous smoke into the air and carbon dioxide;
metallurgical enterprises, especially non-ferrous metallurgy,
which emit nitrogen oxides, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine into the air,
fluorine, ammonia, phosphorus compounds, particles and compounds of mercury and
arsenic; chemical and cement plants. Harmful gases enter
air as a result of fuel combustion for industrial needs,
home heating, transport, incineration and recycling
household and industrial waste.
The most common air pollutants enter
it is mainly in two forms: either in the form of suspended particles, or in
the form of gases. Aerosols are solid or liquid particles suspended in
air. In the atmosphere, aerosol pollution is perceived in the form of smoke, fog,
haze or haze. About 1 cubic km enters the Earth's atmosphere annually. pulverized
artificial particles. A large number of dust particles are formed
also during production activities of people. Information about some sources
technogenic dust are given below:
PRODUCTION PROCESS DUST EMISSION, MMT/YEAR
1. Combustion of hard coal 93.60
2. Iron smelting 20.21
3. Copper smelting (without purification) 6.23
4. Smelting zinc 0.18
5. Smelting of tin (without cleaning) 0.004
6. Lead smelting 0.13
7. Cement production 53.37
The main sources of artificial aerosol air pollution are thermal power plants,
processing plants, metallurgical, cement, magnesite and carbon black plants.
Aerosol particles from these sources are distinguished by a wide variety of chemical
composition. Most often, they contain compounds of silicon, calcium and
carbon, less often - metal oxides: iron, magnesium, manganese, zinc, copper, nickel, lead,
antimony, bismuth, selenium, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, and
also asbestos. An even greater variety is organic dust, including
aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, acid salts. It is formed when burned
residual oil products, in the process of pyrolysis at oil refineries,
petrochemical and other similar enterprises. Source of dust and poisonous gases
serve as mass blasting. So, as a result of one medium-sized explosion
(250-300 tons explosives) about 2 thousand cubic meters are emitted into the atmosphere.
conditional carbon monoxide and more than 150 tons of dust.
Soil pollution.
The soil cover of the Earth is the most important component of the Earth's biosphere.It is the soil shell that determines many processes occurring in the biosphere.
Soil pollution is difficult to classify, in different sources their division is given differently. If we summarize and highlight the main thing, then the following picture is observed
soil pollution: garbage, emissions, dumps, sludge; heavy
metals; pesticides; mycotoxins; radioactive substances.
The most important importance of soils is the accumulation of organic matter, various
chemical elements and energy. The soil cover performs the functions
biological absorber, destroyer and neutralizer of various contaminants. If a
this link of the biosphere will be destroyed, then the existing functioning of the biosphere
irreversibly broken. That is why it is extremely important to study the global
biochemical significance of the soil cover, its current state and changes
under the influence of anthropogenic activity. One of the types of anthropogenic impact
is pesticide pollution.
Almost all pollutants that were originally released into the atmosphere, in
end up on the surface of land and water. Settling aerosols can
contain toxic heavy metals - lead, mercury, copper, vanadium, cobalt, nickel.
Usually they are inactive and accumulate in the soil. But they fall into the soil with the rains
also acids. When combined with it, metals can turn into soluble compounds,
available to plants. Substances also pass into soluble forms, constantly
present in the soil, which sometimes leads to the death of plants.
Water pollution.
The third, no less important than the sky above your head and the earth under your feet, factor in the existence of civilizationare the water resources of the planet.
Mankind uses mainly fresh water for its needs. Their volume is slightly
more than 2% of the hydrosphere, and the distribution water resources across the globe is extremely uneven.
In Europe and Asia, where 70% of the world's population lives, only 39% of river waters are concentrated. General
consumption of river waters is increasing from year to year in all parts of the world. It is known, for example, that from the beginning
current century, fresh water consumption has increased 6 times, and in the next few decades
will increase by at least 1.5 times.
The lack of water is exacerbated by the deterioration of its quality. Used in industry, agriculture
household and household waters are returned to water bodies in the form of poorly treated or untreated
drains.
Thus, pollution of the hydrosphere occurs primarily as a result of discharge into rivers, lakes and
seas of industrial, agricultural and domestic wastewater. According to scientists, at the end
of the twentieth century, to dilute these very wastewaters, 25 thousand km 3 of fresh water may be required, or
almost all really available resources of such stock! It is not difficult to guess that it is in this, and not in
The growth of direct water intake is the main reason for the aggravation of the problem of fresh water.
Currently, many rivers are heavily polluted - the Rhine, Danube, Seine, Ohio,
Volga, Dnieper, Dniester, etc. Pollution of the World Ocean is growing. And here an important role is played by
not only pollution by sewage, but also a large amount of water entering the seas and oceans
oil products. In general, the most polluted inland seas are the Mediterranean, North, Baltic,
Inner Japanese, Javanese, as well as Biscay, Persian and Mexican gulfs.
One of the main sanitary requirements imposed on the quality of water is the content in it
the required amount of oxygen. Harmful effect is exerted by all pollution, which, one way or another,
otherwise, they help to reduce the oxygen content in the water.
Increasing pollution of water bodies and drains is observed in all industrial countries.
Information on the content of certain organic substances in industrial wastewater
provided below:
POLLUTANTS AMOUNT IN GLOBAL FLOW
MMT/YEAR
1. Oil products 26,563
2. Phenols 0.460
3. Waste from the production of synthetic fibers 5,500
4. Plant organic residues 0.170
5. Total 33,273
The problem of the ozone layer.
The ecological problem of the ozone layer is no less complex in scientific terms. As you know, lifeThe Earth appeared only after the protective ozone layer of the planet was formed, covering it from
harsh ultraviolet radiation. For many centuries, nothing foreshadowed trouble. However, in recent
decades, intensive destruction of this layer was noticed.
The problem of the ozone layer arose in 1982 when a probe launched from a British station in
Antarctica, at an altitude of 25 - 30 kilometers found a sharp decrease in ozone. Since then over
Antarctica is constantly registering an ozone "hole" of changing shapes and sizes. According to the latest
according to 1992 data, it is equal to 23 million square kilometers, that is, an area equal to the entire
North America. Later, the same "hole" was discovered over the Canadian Arctic Archipelago,
over Svalbard, and then in different places of Eurasia, in particular over Voronezh.
The depletion of the ozone layer represents a much more dangerous reality for all life on Earth,
than the fall of some super-large meteorite, because ozone does not allow dangerous radiation up to
the surface of the earth. In the event of a decrease in ozone, humanity is threatened, at a minimum, with an outbreak of skin cancer and
eye diseases. In general, increasing the dose of ultraviolet rays can weaken the immune
human system, and at the same time reduce the yield of fields, reduce the already narrow food base
supply of the earth.
Most scientists believe that the reason for the formation of the so-called ozone holes in the atmosphere is freon,
or chlorofluorocarbons.
Applications of nitrogen fertilizers in agriculture; chlorination of drinking water, wide
the use of freons in refrigeration plants, for extinguishing fires, as solvents and in
aerosols has led to the fact that millions of tons of chlorofluoromethanes enter the lower atmosphere in
form of a colorless neutral gas. Spreading upwards, chlorofluoromethanes under the action of UV -
radiation breaks down into a number of compounds, of which chlorine oxide destroys ozone most intensively.
It has also been found that a lot of ozone is destroyed rocket engines modern aircraft,
flying at high altitudes, as well as when launching spacecraft and satellites.
To finally resolve the issue of the causes of ozone depletion, detailed
Scientific research. Another cycle of research is needed to develop the most rational
ways to artificially restore the previous ozone content in the stratosphere. Works in this
direction has already begun.
The problem of acid rain.
One of the most acute global problems of today and the foreseeable future isthe problem of increasing acidity of atmospheric precipitation and soil cover.
About 200 million solid particles (dust, soot,
and others), 200 million tons of sulfur dioxide (SO2), 700 million. tons of carbon monoxide, 150 mln. tons of oxides
nitrogen, which in total is more than 1 billion tons of harmful substances. Acid rain (or,
more correctly), acid precipitation, as the precipitation of harmful substances can
occur both in the form of rain, and in the form of snow, hail, cause environmental,
economic and aesthetic damage. As a result of acid precipitation
imbalance in ecosystems.
Areas of acidic soils do not know droughts, but their natural fertility is reduced and
unstable; they are quickly depleted and their yields are low; metal rust
constructions; buildings, structures, architectural monuments, etc. are destroyed. sulphur dioxide
adsorbed on leaves, penetrates inside and takes part in oxidative
processes. This entails genetic and species changes in plants.
Acid rain causes not only acidification of surface waters and upper
soil horizons. Acidity with downward flows of water extends to the entire
soil profile and causes significant acidification of groundwater. Acidic
rains are the result of human activities, accompanied by
emission of colossal amounts of oxides of sulfur, nitrogen, carbon. These oxides, acting in
atmosphere, are transported over long distances, interact with water and
are converted into solutions of a mixture of sulphurous, sulfuric, nitrogenous, nitrogenous and carbonic acid,
which fall in the form of "acid rain" on land, interacting with plants,
soils, waters. One of the causes of forest death in many regions of the world is acid
rain. To solve this problem, it is necessary to increase the volume of systematic
measurements of atmospheric pollutant compounds over large areas.
The problem of the greenhouse effect.
Until the middle of the XX century. climate fluctuations depended relatively little on man and hiseconomic activity. Over the past decades, this situation has been rather sharp.
has changed. As a result of anthropogenic activity, the
the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere, which leads to an increase in the greenhouse
effect and contributes to an increase in air temperature near the earth's surface.
The change in the average air temperature is directly related to the change in the area
snow and ice cover (polar sea ice, seasonal snow cover
continents, glaciers and continental glaciations of Antarctica and Greenland). Mode
ice depends on the arrival of solar radiation, air temperature in warm and cold
season. According to experts, the active melting of the Arctic sea ice
will begin with an increase in the average air temperature in the Northern Hemisphere by about
at 2°C.
Climate change affects precipitation patterns. Warming leads to an increase
evaporation from the surface of the oceans and, consequently, to an increase in precipitation,
falling on the earth's surface. Calculations on special models of climate theory
show that an increase in the mass of CO2 in the atmosphere increases the total value
evaporation and precipitation.
Climate change inevitably affects the level of the World Ocean. speak out
assumptions that the western part of the Antarctic ice sheet is unstable and may
collapse (with rapid warming) within a few decades, which will increase
ocean level by about 5 m and will lead to the flooding of significant areas of the earth
surfaces.
According to experts, the global average air temperature has increased over
century by 0.3-0.6 ° С, and the level of the World Ocean has risen by 10-20 cm. It is assumed that
that by the middle or by the end of the next century, the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere will increase
twice, and the resulting rate of increase in the average annual air temperature
will be about 0.2-0.3°C in 10 years. According to calculations, the most likely increase in the level
of the world ocean by 2030 will be 14-24 cm. It is expected that the ocean level will be
rise at the beginning of the 21st century. 5-10 times faster than in the last century.
The problem of overpopulation of the planet.
One of the reasons for the increase in the number of natural and especially techno-natural hazards, the increase in victimsand material loss is the growth of the human population on Earth.
According to historians, 10 thousand years ago, that is, at the beginning of the new Stone Age, the population of the Earth
was 5 million people, by the time the Roman Empire was formed -150 million people, in 1650 -
545 million. In 1840, it reached 1 billion people, and then began to increase especially rapidly.
rapidly, reaching 2 billion in 1930, 3 billion in 1960, 4 billion in 1975, and currently
There are already 6.5 billion people on Earth. In other words, to reach a population of 1 billion,
it took humanity at least half a million years, and then the growth of a billion people occurred in 90,
30, 15 and 12 years old. It can be seen that in recent decades the growth rate has slowed down, but growth is still ongoing, and this creates
serious global problem. F. Ramad believes, and not without reason, that “the population explosion of the 20th century in
perhaps surpasses scientific discoveries such as nuclear energy and cybernetics in its consequences.
According to the latest UN forecast, the global population by 2050 will be 8.9 billion people. AT
finite space growth cannot be infinite. The stabilization of the world population is one of the
the most important conditions for the transition to sustainable environmental and economic development.
An essential feature of the modern demographic picture of the world is that 90% of population growth
belongs to developing countries. To represent a real picture of the world, you need to know how it lives
the majority of humanity.
The direct link between poverty and population explosion is visible in global, continental and regional
scales. Africa - the continent in the most difficult, critical ecological and economic state - has
the highest population growth rates in the world, and unlike other continents, they are not declining there yet. So
a vicious circle is closing: poverty - rapid population growth - degradation of natural life support systems.
The view that the rapidly growing population of developing countries is the main cause of the growing global
resource and environmental shortages, is as simple as it is wrong. The Swedish environmental scientist Rolf Edberg wrote:
"Two-thirds of the world's population is forced to be content with a standard of living that is 5-10% of
level in the richest countries. A Swede, a Swiss, an American consume 40 times more of the Earth's resources than
Somalis eat 75 times more meat products than Indians. One English journalist calculated that the English
a cat eats twice as much meat protein as the average African, this cat's food costs more than the average income
one billion people in poor countries. A more equitable distribution of earth's resources could
can be expressed in the fact that a well-to-do quarter of the world's population, if only out of the instinct of self-preservation, would give up direct excesses so that poor countries could get what they cannot live without.
Energy problem.
As we have seen, it is closely related to the ecologicalproblem. From the reasonable development of the Earth's energy in the strongest
environmental well-being also depends on the degree, because half of all
gases causing the "greenhouse effect" is created in
energy.
The fuel and energy balance of the planet consists mainly of
"pollutants" - oil (40.3%), coal (31.2%), gas (23.7%). In total
they account for the vast majority of energy use
- 95.2%. "Pure" types - hydropower and nuclear energy - give in
less than 5%, and for the "softest" (non-polluting) -
wind, solar, geothermal - account for fractions of a percent.
It is clear that the global task is to increase the share
"clean" and especially "soft" types of energy. First consider
the possibility of increasing the share of "soft" types of energy.
In the coming years, "soft" types of energy will not be able to significantly
change the fuel and energy balance of the Earth. It will take some
time until they economic indicators become close to
"traditional" types of energy. In addition, their environmental capacity
measured not only by the reduction of CO2 emissions, there are other
factors, in particular the territory alienated for their development. In addition to the gigantic area, which is necessary for the development of solar and
wind energy, we must also take into account the fact that their environmental "cleanliness" is taken
excluding metal, glass and other materials needed to create
such "clean" installations, and even in huge number.
Conditionally "clean" is also hydropower, which can be seen at least from
indicators of the table - large losses of the area of flooding in floodplains,
which are usually valuable agricultural land.
Hydro plants now provide 17% of all electricity in developed countries and 31% in developing countries, where the world's largest hydroelectric power plants have been built in recent years.
However, in addition to large expropriated areas, the development of hydropower
slowed down by the fact that the specific capital investment here is 2-3 times higher than
during the construction of nuclear power plants. In addition, the construction period of the HPP is much
longer than thermal stations. For all these reasons, hydropower is not
can provide rapid pressure relief to the environment.
Apparently, in these conditions, only nuclear energy can be a way out,
capable of sharply and quite short time reduce the "greenhouse effect".
The replacement of coal, oil and gas by nuclear power has already provided some reductions
emissions of CO2 and other "greenhouse gases". If those 16% of the world
production of electricity, which are now provided by nuclear power plants, produced
coal-fired thermal power plants, even those equipped with the most modern gas cleaners,
then an additional 1.6 billion tons of carbon dioxide would enter the atmosphere
gas, 1 million tons of nitrogen oxides, 2 million tons of sulfur oxides and 150 thousand
tons of heavy metals (lead, arsenic, mercury).
Raw material problem.
The issues of providing raw materials and energy are the most important and multifacetedglobal problem. The most important because in the age of scientific and technological revolution useful
fossils remain the fundamental basis for almost the rest of the economy, and
fuel is his circulatory system. Multifaceted because here
a whole knot of "sub-problems" is woven together:
* availability of resources on a global and regional scale;
* economic aspects problems (rising production costs, fluctuations in global
prices for raw materials and fuel, dependence on imports);
* geopolitical aspects of the problem (struggle for sources of raw materials and fuel;
* environmental aspects of the problem (damage from the mining
industry, energy supply issues, regeneration of raw materials, selection
energy strategies, etc.).
Resource use has increased dramatically in recent decades.
Only since 1950, the volume of mining has increased 3 times, ?
of all minerals mined in the 20th century were mined after 1960.
One of the key issues of any global models has been to ensure
resources and energy. And resources have become much of what until recently
was considered infinite, inexhaustible and "free" - territory, water,
oxygen…
Ways to solve environmental problems.
The main thing, however, is not in the completeness of the list of these problems, but in understanding the causes of their occurrence,nature and, most importantly, in identifying effective ways and means of resolving them.
The true prospect of a way out of the ecological crisis lies in the change in the production
human activity, his way of life, his consciousness. Scientific and technological progress creates
only "overloads" for nature; in the most advanced technologies, it provides means
prevent negative impacts, creates opportunities for environmentally friendly production.
There was not only an urgent need, but also an opportunity to change the essence of the technological
civilization, to give it a nature-preserving character.
One of the directions of such development is the creation of safe industries. Using Achievements
science, technological progress can be organized in such a way that production waste
did not pollute the environment, but re-entered the production cycle as a secondary raw material.
An example is given by nature itself: carbon dioxide emitted by animals is absorbed by plants,
which give off the oxygen needed for the respiration of animals.
A waste-free production is such a production in which all the raw materials, in the end,
turns into one product or another. Given that 98% of the feedstock is modern
industry turns into waste, then the need for the task of creating
waste-free production.
Calculations show that 80% of waste from heat and power, mining, coke
industries are suitable for business. At the same time, the products obtained from them are often superior in their
quality of products made from primary raw materials. For example, ash from thermal power plants,
used as an additive in the production of aerated concrete, approximately doubles
strength of building panels and blocks. Development is of great importance
natural restoration industries (forestry, water, fisheries), development and implementation
material-saving and energy saving technologies.
The environmental situation makes it necessary to assess the consequences of any activity
associated with interference with the natural environment. An environmental review is required for all
technical projects.
F. Joliot-Curie also warned: “We must not allow people to direct to their own
the destruction of those forces of nature that they were able to discover and conquer.
Time does not wait. Our task is to stimulate any initiative and
entrepreneurial spirit to create and implement the latest technologies contributing
solving any environmental problems. Contribute to the creation of a large number of control
bodies consisting of highly qualified specialists, on the basis of a clearly developed
legislation in accordance with international agreements on environmental issues. Constantly
to convey information to all states and peoples on ecology through radio, television and
press, thereby raising the ecological consciousness of people and contributing to their spiritual and moral revival in accordance with the requirements of the era.
Conclusion.
For thousands of years, man lived, worked, developed, but he did not even suspect that the day might come,when it becomes difficult, or maybe impossible, to breathe clean air, drink clean water, grow anything on the ground, as the air is polluted, the water is poisoned, the soil is contaminated with radiation or other
chemicals. But a lot has changed since then.
Mankind has come to understand that the further development of technological progress is impossible without
assessment of the impact of new technologies on the environmental situation. New connections created by man,
must be closed to ensure the invariance of those basic parameters of the planetary system
Earth that affect its ecological stability
The protection of nature is the task of our century, a problem that has become a social one. Over and over we hear about
dangers that threaten the environment, but still many of us consider them unpleasant, but
inevitable product of civilization and believe that we still have time to cope with all
emerging difficulties. However, human impact on the environment has taken on threatening
scale. To fundamentally improve the situation, purposeful and thoughtful actions will be needed.
Responsible and efficient environmental policy will only be possible if
if we accumulate reliable data on state of the art environment, sound knowledge about
important environmental factors, if he develops new methods for reducing and
prevention of harm caused to Nature by Man.
Nature, untouched by civilization, must remain a reserve, which over time, when a large
part of the globe will serve industrial, aesthetic and scientific purposes, will acquire
the increasing importance of the standard, criterion, in particular aesthetic, in the future, the appearance and
other currently unknown values of these zones. Therefore, a rational, scientifically based
approach to the practice of expanding areas of virgin nature, reserves, especially as
development of the scientific and technological revolution negative influences on natural aesthetically valuable
objects increases so much that cultural activities aimed at compensating
inflicted damage, sometimes does not cope with its tasks.
Therefore, there is a need, firstly, to create a system of environmental measures, and secondly,
scientific substantiation and inclusion in this system of criteria for the aesthetic evaluation of nature, thirdly,
system development environmental education, improvement of all kinds of artistic
creativity associated with nature.
Each person should be aware that Humanity is on the verge of death, and will we survive or not? merit
each of us.
The complexities and contradictions of the social, economic and cultural development of mankind have given rise to modern environmental problems. The complexities and contradictions of the social, economic and cultural development of mankind have given rise to modern environmental problems. They are global because they cover all the environments of the life of all mankind and reflect the contradictions between production and the environment. They cover the entire biosphere and near-Earth outer space. They are global because they cover all the environments of life for all mankind and reflect the contradictions between production and the environment. They cover the entire biosphere and near-Earth outer space.
Nature has been changing under the influence of man since the first stages of the development of civilization, but environmental problems acquired a pervasive character in the 20th century, when mankind entered the era of scientific and technological revolution. Changes in the natural environment have acquired an avalanche-like character. Nature has changed under the influence of man from the first stages of the development of civilization, but environmental problems have become pervasive in the 20th century, when mankind entered the era of scientific and technological revolution. Changes in the natural environment have acquired an avalanche-like character.
The first problem is the problem of air pollution. A lot of air pollution began with the start of work. industrial enterprises. Sources of artificial pollution are industrial, transport and domestic emissions. With a high concentration of gases, dust in humid air in industrial areas, a poisonous fog arises - smog. All this can have far-reaching consequences.
An increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide causes a "greenhouse effect" leading to global warming. The number of droughts has increased 10 times over the past 30 years. Until the 1980s, the average temperature on the planet was +15C, and by 2004 it had risen to +18C. An increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide causes a "greenhouse effect" leading to global warming. The number of droughts has increased 10 times over the past 30 years. Until the 1980s, the average temperature on the planet was +15C, and by 2004 it had risen to +18C. Warming has accelerated the melting of glaciers and the rise in sea levels. What is the danger in connection with global warming? The process has already been launched, and even if the emission of gases into the atmosphere stabilizes, the changes will continue for several millennia. And this will inevitably lead to natural disasters. Warming has accelerated the melting of glaciers and the rise in sea levels. What is the danger in connection with global warming? The process has already been launched, and even if the emission of gases into the atmosphere stabilizes, the changes will continue for several millennia. And this will inevitably lead to natural disasters.
The second problem is the problem of pollution of the oceans. Oil is extracted in large quantities in order to increase their well-being, thereby not caring that nature is dying, the thin atmospheric layer of the biosphere is being destroyed. Because of oil, many representatives of different birds and animals die every year.
The most dangerous pollution of the environment is radioactive. Sources of radioactive contamination are atomic explosions, accidents at nuclear power plants. An increase in permissible doses leads to the occurrence of cancer, leukemia and genetic mutations. The most dangerous environmental pollution is radioactive. Sources of radioactive contamination are atomic explosions, accidents at nuclear power plants. Increasing the allowable doses leads to the occurrence of cancer, leukemia and genetic mutations. The largest man-made disaster in the twentieth century occurred in April 1986 at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Wherein total number more than 9 million people were injured, 29 of them died from acute radiation sickness. The largest man-made disaster in the twentieth century occurred in April 1986 at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. At the same time, the total number of victims exceeded 9 million people, 29 of them died from acute radiation sickness.
Throughout his life, man has had direct and indirect effects on the animal. Over the past 400 years, 113 species of birds, 83 species of mammals and thousands of invertebrates have disappeared from the face of the Earth. For every 60 minutes, about three species of flora and fauna disappear on the planet. The appearance of plants contributed to the accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere. Modern activities human leads to a change in environmental conditions. Deforestation threatens global changes in the biosphere.
POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS rational use natural resources; establish systematic control over the use by enterprises and organizations of lands, waters, forests, subsoil and other natural resources; increase attention to the issues of preventing pollution and salinization of soils, surface and groundwater; pay great attention to the preservation of the water protection and protective functions of forests, the conservation and reproduction of flora and fauna, and the prevention of air pollution; intensify the fight against industrial and domestic noise.
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Global environmental problems Teacher of physics and mathematics Murnaeva L.V.
Contents 1. What are global problems? 2. Main global problems: 2.1. Destruction of the natural environment. 2.2. Atmospheric pollution. 2.3. Soil pollution. 2.4. Water pollution. 3. The problem of the ozone layer. 4. The problem of acid precipitation. 5. The problem of the greenhouse effect. 6. The problem of overpopulation of the planet. 7. Energy problem. 8. Raw material problem. 9. Ways to solve environmental problems. 10. Conclusion.
What are global issues? One of the definitions refers to the global "problems arising as a result of the objective development of society, creating threats to all mankind and requiring the combined efforts of the entire world community for their solution." The correctness of this definition depends on which problems are classified as global. If this is a narrow circle of higher, planetary problems, then it is fully consistent with the truth. If we add here such problems as natural disasters (it is global only in the sense of the possibility of manifestation in the region), then this definition turns out to be narrow, limiting, which is its meaning. Yuri Gladkiy made an interesting attempt to classify global problems, singling out three main groups: 1. Problems of a political and socio-economic nature. 2. Problems of a natural and economic nature 3. Problems of a social nature.
Major global problems. Destruction of the natural environment. At all stages of its development, man was closely connected with the outside world. But since the emergence of a highly industrialized society, the dangerous human intervention in nature has increased dramatically, the scope of this intervention has expanded, it has become more diverse and now threatens to become a global danger to humanity. The consumption of non-renewable raw materials is increasing, more and more arable land is being withdrawn from the economy, as cities and factories are built on them. Man has to intervene more and more in the biosphere - that part of our planet in which life exists. The Earth's biosphere is currently undergoing increasing anthropogenic impact. The most large-scale and significant is the chemical pollution of the environment by substances of a chemical nature unusual for it. Among them are gaseous and aerosol pollutants of industrial and household origin. The accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is also progressing. Further development of this process will strengthen the undesirable trend towards an increase in the average annual temperature on the planet. Environmentalists are also alarmed by the ongoing pollution of the World Ocean with oil and oil products, which has already reached 1/5 of its total surface. Oil pollution of this size can cause significant disruption of gas and water exchange between the hydrosphere and the atmosphere. There is no doubt about the importance of chemical contamination of the soil with pesticides and its increased acidity, leading to the collapse of the ecosystem. In general, all the considered factors, which can be attributed to the polluting effect, have a significant impact on the processes occurring in the biosphere.
Air pollution. It is known that atmospheric pollution occurs mainly as a result of the work of industry, transport, etc., which together annually emit more than a billion solid and gaseous particles “to the wind”. The main air pollutants today are carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide. It is now generally accepted that industrial production pollutes the air the most. Sources of pollution - thermal power plants, which, together with smoke, emit sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide into the air; metallurgical enterprises, especially non-ferrous metallurgy, which emit nitrogen oxides, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, fluorine, ammonia, phosphorus compounds, particles and compounds of mercury and arsenic into the air; chemical and cement plants. Harmful gases enter the air as a result of fuel combustion for industrial needs, home heating, transport, combustion and processing of household and industrial waste. The most common atmospheric pollutants enter it mainly in two forms: either in the form of suspended particles or in the form of gases.
Aerosols are solid or liquid particles suspended in the air. In the atmosphere, aerosol pollution is perceived in the form of smoke, fog, mist or haze. About 1 cubic km enters the Earth's atmosphere annually. dust particles of artificial origin. A large number of dust particles are also formed during the production activities of people. Information about some sources of technogenic dust is given below: INDUSTRIAL PROCESS EMISSION OF DUST, MMT/YEAR 1. Combustion of hard coal 93.60 2. Iron smelting 20.21 3. Copper smelting (without purification) 6.23 4. Zinc smelting 0 ,18 5. Tin smelting (without purification) 0.004 6. Lead smelting 0.13 7. Cement production 53.37 The main sources of artificial aerosol air pollution are thermal power plants, processing plants, metallurgical, cement, magnesite and carbon black plants. Aerosol particles from these sources are very diverse. chemical composition. Most often, compounds of silicon, calcium and carbon are found in their composition, less often - oxides of metals: iron, magnesium, manganese, zinc, copper, nickel, lead, antimony, bismuth, selenium, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, as well as asbestos. An even greater variety is characteristic of organic dust, including aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, acid salts. It is formed during the combustion of residual petroleum products, during the pyrolysis process at oil refineries, petrochemical and other similar enterprises. The source of dust and poisonous gases is mass blasting. So, as a result of one medium-sized explosion (250-300 tons of explosives), about 2 thousand cubic meters are released into the atmosphere. conditional carbon monoxide and more than 150 tons of dust.
Soil pollution. The soil cover of the Earth is the most important component of the Earth's biosphere. It is the soil shell that determines many processes occurring in the biosphere. Soil pollution is difficult to classify; in different sources, their division is given in different ways. If we generalize and highlight the main thing, then the following picture of soil pollution is observed: garbage, emissions, dumps, sedimentary rocks; heavy metals; pesticides; mycotoxins; radioactive substances. The most important significance of soils is the accumulation of organic matter, various chemical elements, and energy. The soil cover functions as a biological absorber, destroyer and neutralizer of various contaminants. If this link of the biosphere is destroyed, then the existing functioning of the biosphere will be irreversibly disrupted. That is why it is extremely important to study the global biochemical significance of the soil cover, its current state and changes under the influence of anthropogenic activity. One of the types of anthropogenic impact is pesticide pollution. Almost all pollutants that are initially released into the atmosphere end up on land and water. Settling aerosols may contain toxic heavy metals - lead, mercury, copper, vanadium, cobalt, nickel. Usually they are inactive and accumulate in the soil. But acids also get into the soil with rain. By combining with it, metals can turn into soluble compounds available to plants. Substances that are constantly present in the soil also pass into soluble forms, which sometimes leads to the death of plants.
Water pollution. The third factor, no less important than the sky above your head and the earth under your feet, is the factor of the existence of civilization - the water resources of the planet. Mankind uses mainly fresh water for its needs. Their volume is slightly more than 2% of the hydrosphere, and the distribution of water resources across the globe is extremely uneven. In Europe and Asia, where 70% of the world's population lives, only 39% of river waters are concentrated. The total consumption of river waters is increasing from year to year in all regions of the world. It is known, for example, that since the beginning of this century, fresh water consumption has increased 6 times, and in the next few decades it will increase by at least 1.5 times. The lack of water is exacerbated by the deterioration of its quality. The waters used in industry, agriculture and everyday life are returned to water bodies in the form of poorly treated or generally untreated effluents. Thus, pollution of the hydrosphere occurs primarily as a result of the discharge of industrial, agricultural and domestic wastewater into rivers, lakes and seas. According to the calculations of scientists, at the end of the 20th century, 25 thousand km 3 of fresh water, or almost all the actually available resources of such a runoff, may be required to dilute these wastewaters! It is not difficult to guess that this, and not the growth of direct water intake, is the main reason for the aggravation of the problem of fresh water. Currently, many rivers are heavily polluted - the Rhine, Danube, Seine, Ohio, Volga, Dnieper, Dniester, etc. Pollution of the World Ocean is growing. And here a significant role is played not only by sewage pollution, but also by the ingress of a large amount of oil products into the waters of the seas and oceans. In general, the most polluted inland seas are the Mediterranean, North, Baltic, Inland Japan, Java, as well as the Biscay, Persian and Mexican Gulfs. One of the main sanitary requirements for water quality is the content of the required amount of oxygen in it. Harmful effects have all the pollution, which, one way or another, contribute to the reduction of oxygen in the water. Increasing pollution of water bodies and drains is observed in all industrial countries. Information on the content of some organic substances in industrial wastewater is provided below: POLLUTANTS AMOUNT IN THE WORLD FLOW MN.T/YEAR 1. Petroleum products 26.563 2. Phenols 0.460 3. Wastes from the production of synthetic fibers 5.500 4. Plant organic residues 0.170 5. Total 33.273
The problem of the ozone layer. The ecological problem of the ozone layer is no less complex in scientific terms. As you know, life on Earth appeared only after the protective ozone layer of the planet was formed, covering it from cruel ultraviolet radiation. For many centuries, nothing foreshadowed trouble. However, in recent decades, intensive destruction of this layer has been noticed. The problem of the ozone layer arose in 1982, when a probe launched from a British station in Antarctica detected a sharp decrease in ozone at an altitude of 25 to 30 kilometers. Since then, an ozone "hole" of varying shapes and sizes has been recorded over Antarctica all the time. According to the latest data for 1992, it is equal to 23 million square kilometers, that is, an area equal to the whole of North America. Later, the same "hole" was discovered over the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, over Svalbard, and then in different places of Eurasia, in particular over Voronezh. The depletion of the ozone layer is a much more dangerous reality for all life on Earth than the fall of some super-large meteorite, because ozone does not allow dangerous radiation to reach the Earth's surface. In the event of a decrease in ozone, humanity is threatened, at a minimum, with an outbreak of skin cancer and eye diseases. In general, an increase in the dose of ultraviolet rays can weaken the human immune system, and at the same time reduce the yield of fields, reduce the already narrow base of the Earth's food supply. Most scientists consider freons, or chlorofluorocarbons, to be the cause of the formation of the so-called ozone holes in the atmosphere. Applications of nitrogen fertilizers in agriculture; chlorination of drinking water, the widespread use of freons in refrigeration plants, for extinguishing fires, as solvents and in aerosols, has led to the fact that millions of tons of chlorofluoromethanes enter the lower atmosphere in the form of a colorless neutral gas. Spreading upwards, chlorofluoromethanes under the action of UV radiation decompose into a number of compounds, of which chlorine oxide most intensively destroys ozone. It has also been found that a lot of ozone is destroyed by the rocket engines of modern aircraft flying at high altitudes, as well as during launches of spacecraft and satellites. Detailed scientific studies are needed to finally resolve the issue of the causes of ozone depletion. Another cycle of research is needed to develop the most rational ways to artificially restore the previous ozone content in the stratosphere. Work in this direction has already begun.
The problem of acid rain. One of the most acute global problems of today and the foreseeable future is the problem of increasing acidity of precipitation and soil cover. Every year, about 200 million solid particles (dust, soot, etc.), 200 million tons of sulfur dioxide (SO2), 700 million tons of sulfur dioxide are released into the Earth's atmosphere. tons of carbon monoxide, 150 mln. tons of nitrogen oxides, which in total is more than 1 billion tons of harmful substances. Acid rain (or, more correctly), acid precipitation, since the fallout of harmful substances can occur both in the form of rain and in the form of snow, hail, causes environmental, economic and aesthetic damage. As a result of acid precipitation, the balance in ecosystems is disturbed. Areas of acidic soils do not know droughts, but their natural fertility is reduced and unstable; they are quickly depleted and their yields are low; metal structures rust; buildings, structures, architectural monuments, etc. are destroyed. Sulfur dioxide is adsorbed on the leaves, penetrates inside and takes part in oxidative processes. This entails genetic and species changes in plants. Acid rain causes not only acidification of surface waters and upper soil horizons. Acidity with downward water flows extends to the entire soil profile and causes significant acidification of groundwater. Acid rain occurs as a result of human activities, accompanied by the emission of colossal amounts of oxides of sulfur, nitrogen, carbon. These oxides, entering the atmosphere, are transported over long distances, interact with water and turn into solutions of a mixture of sulfurous, sulfuric, nitrous, nitric and carbonic acids, which fall in the form of "acid rain" on land, interacting with plants, soils, waters. One of the causes of forest death in many regions of the world is acid rain. To solve this problem, it is necessary to increase the volume of systematic measurements of atmospheric pollutant compounds over large areas.
The problem of the greenhouse effect. Until the middle of the XX century. climate fluctuations depended relatively little on man and his economic activity. Over the past decades, this situation has changed quite dramatically. As a result of anthropogenic activities, the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere is steadily increasing, which leads to an increase in the greenhouse effect and contributes to an increase in air temperature near the earth's surface. The change in the average air temperature is directly related to the change in the area of snow and ice covers (polar sea ice, seasonal snow cover of the continents, glaciers and continental glaciations of Antarctica and Greenland). The ice regime depends on the arrival of solar radiation, air temperature in the warm and cold seasons. According to experts, the active melting of the Arctic sea ice will begin with an increase in the average air temperature in the Northern Hemisphere by about 2°C. Climate change affects precipitation patterns. Warming leads to an increase in evaporation from the surface of the oceans and, consequently, to an increase in the amount of precipitation that falls on the earth's surface. Calculations based on special climate theory models show that an increase in the mass of CO2 in the atmosphere increases the total amount of evaporation and precipitation. Climate change inevitably affects the level of the World Ocean. It has been suggested that the western part of the Antarctic ice sheet is unstable and could collapse (with rapid warming) within a few decades, which would raise the ocean level by about 5 m and lead to the flooding of large areas of the earth's surface. According to experts, the global average air temperature has increased by 0.3-0.6 ° C over the century, and the level of the World Ocean has risen by 10-20 cm. It is assumed that by the middle or by the end of the next century, the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere will double, and the resulting the increase in the average annual air temperature will be about 0.2-0.3°C in 10 years. According to calculations, the most probable rise in the level of the World Ocean by 2030 will be 14-24 cm. It is expected that the level of the ocean will rise at the beginning of the 21st century. 5-10 times faster than in the last century.
The problem of overpopulation of the planet. One of the reasons for the increase in the number of natural and especially techno-natural hazards, the increase in victims and material losses is the growth of the human population on Earth. According to historians, 10 thousand years ago, that is, at the beginning of the new Stone Age, the population of the Earth was 5 million people, by the time the Roman Empire was formed - 150 million people, in 1650 - 545 million. In 1840, it reached 1 billion people, and then began to increase at an especially rapid pace, reaching 2 billion in 1930, 3 billion in 1960, 4 billion in 1975, and now there are already 6.5 billion on Earth. human. In other words, it took at least half a million years for humanity to reach a population of 1 billion, and then the growth per billion people occurred over 90, 30, 15 and 12 years. It can be seen that in recent decades the growth rate has slowed down, but growth is still ongoing, and this creates a serious global problem. F. Ramad believes, and not without reason, that "the population explosion of the 20th century in its consequences may surpass such scientific discoveries as nuclear energy and cybernetics." According to the latest UN forecast, the global population by 2050 will be 8.9 billion people. In a finite space, growth cannot be infinite. Stabilization of the world population is one of the most important conditions for the transition to sustainable environmental and economic development. An essential feature of the modern demographic picture of the world is that 90% of population growth occurs in developing countries. In order to present a real picture of the world, one must know how this majority of humanity lives. The direct link between poverty and the population explosion is visible on global, continental and regional scales. Africa, the continent in the most difficult ecological and economic crisis, has the highest population growth rates in the world, and, unlike other continents, they are not declining there yet. This is how a vicious circle closes: poverty - rapid population growth - degradation of natural life support systems. The notion that the rapidly growing population of developing countries is the main cause of growing global resource and environmental shortages is as simple as it is false. Swedish environmental scientist Rolf Edberg wrote: "Two-thirds of the world's population is forced to be content with a standard of living that is 5-10% of the level in the richest countries. A Swede, a Swiss, an American consume 40 times more of the Earth's resources than a Somali, eat 75 times more meat products than an Indian. An English journalist calculated that the English cat eats twice as much meat protein as the average African, and that the cat's food costs more than the average income of one billion people in poor countries. A more equitable distribution of earth's resources could first of all be expressed in the fact that a well-to-do quarter of the planet's population - if only from the instinct of self-preservation - would refuse direct excesses so that poor countries could get what they cannot live without.
Energy problem. As we have seen, it is closely related to the environmental problem. Ecological well-being also depends to the greatest extent on the reasonable development of the Earth's energy, because half of all gases that cause the "greenhouse effect" are created in the energy sector. The fuel and energy balance of the planet consists mainly of "pollutants" - oil (40.3%), coal (31.2%), gas (23.7%). In total, they account for the vast majority of the use of energy resources - 95.2%. "Clean" types - hydropower and nuclear energy - give less than 5% in total, and the "softest" (non-polluting) types - wind, solar, geothermal - account for fractions of a percent. It is clear that the global task is to increase the share of "clean" and especially "soft" types of energy. First, let's consider the possibility of increasing the share of "soft" types of energy. In the coming years, "soft" types of energy will not be able to significantly change the fuel and energy balance of the Earth. It will take some time until their economic indicators become close to "traditional" types of energy. In addition, their ecological capacity is measured not only by the reduction of CO2 emissions, there are other factors, in particular, the territory alienated for their development.
In addition to the gigantic area that is necessary for the development of solar and wind energy, one must also take into account the fact that their ecological "cleanliness" is taken without taking into account metal, glass and other materials necessary to create such "clean" installations, and even in huge quantities. Conditionally "clean" is also hydropower, which can be seen at least from the indicators of the table - large losses of flooded area in floodplains, which are usually valuable agricultural lands. Hydroelectric power plants now provide 17% of all electricity in developed countries and 31% in developing countries, where the world's largest hydroelectric power plants have been built in recent years. However, in addition to large expropriated areas, the development of hydropower was hampered by the fact that the specific capital investment here is 2-3 times higher than in the construction of nuclear power plants. In addition, the period of construction of hydroelectric power stations is much longer than thermal stations. For all these reasons, hydropower cannot provide a quick reduction in pressure on the environment. Apparently, under these conditions, only nuclear energy can be a way out, able to sharply and in a fairly short time to weaken the "greenhouse effect". The replacement of coal, oil and gas by nuclear power has already resulted in some reductions in emissions of CO2 and other "greenhouse gases". If those 16% of the world's electricity production that NPPs now provide were produced by coal-fired thermal power plants, even those equipped with the most modern gas scrubbers, then an additional 1.6 billion tons of carbon dioxide, 1 million tons of nitrogen oxides, 2 million tons of sulfur oxides and 150 thousand tons of heavy metals (lead, arsenic, mercury).
Raw material problem. The issues of providing raw materials and energy are the most important and multifaceted global problem. The most important because, even in the age of scientific and technological revolution, minerals remain the fundamental basis for almost the rest of the economy, and fuel is its circulatory system. It is multifaceted because a whole knot of "subproblems" is intertwined here: * availability of resources on a global and regional scale; * economic aspects of the problem (higher production costs, fluctuations in world prices for raw materials and fuel, dependence on imports); * geopolitical aspects of the problem (the struggle for sources of raw materials and fuel; * environmental aspects of the problem (damage from the mining industry itself, energy supply issues, regeneration of raw materials, choice of energy strategies, and so on). The scale of resource use has increased dramatically in recent decades. Only since 1950 the volume of mineral extraction increased 3 times, - all the minerals extracted in the 20th century were mined after 1960. One of the key issues of any global models was the provision of resources and energy. "free" - territory, water, oxygen ...
Ways to solve environmental problems. The main thing, however, is not in the completeness of the list of these problems, but in understanding the causes of their occurrence, nature and, most importantly, in identifying effective ways and means to resolve them. The true prospect of a way out of the ecological crisis is in changing the production activity of a person, his way of life, his consciousness. Scientific and technological progress creates not only "overloads" for nature; in the most advanced technologies, it provides a means to prevent negative impacts, creates opportunities for environmentally friendly production. There was not only an urgent need, but also the opportunity to change the essence of technological civilization, to give it an environmental character. One of the directions of such development is the creation of safe industries. Using the achievements of science, technological progress can be organized in such a way that production waste does not pollute the environment, but re-enters the production cycle as a secondary raw material. Nature itself provides an example: the carbon dioxide emitted by animals is absorbed by plants, which release oxygen, which is necessary for the respiration of animals. A waste-free production is one in which all raw materials eventually turn into one or another product. If we take into account that modern industry converts 98% of the feedstock into waste, then the need for the task of creating waste-free production becomes clear. Calculations show that 80% of the waste from the heat and power, mining, and coke industries are suitable for use. At the same time, the products obtained from them are often superior in quality to products made from primary raw materials. For example, ash from thermal power plants, used as an additive in the production of aerated concrete, approximately doubles the strength of building panels and blocks. Of great importance is the development of nature restoration industries (forestry, water, fisheries), the development and implementation of material-saving and energy-saving technologies. The ecological situation makes it necessary to assess the consequences of any activity related to interference with the natural environment. An environmental review of all technical projects is required. Even F. Joliot-Curie warned: “We must not allow people to direct those forces of nature that they have managed to discover and conquer to their own destruction.” Time does not wait. Our task is to stimulate by all available methods any initiative and entrepreneurship aimed at the creation and implementation of the latest technologies that contribute to the solution of any environmental problems. Contribute to the creation of a large number of control bodies, consisting of highly qualified specialists, on the basis of clearly developed legislation in accordance with international agreements on environmental issues. To constantly convey information to all states and peoples on ecology through radio, television and the press, thereby raising the ecological consciousness of people and contributing to their spiritual and moral revival in accordance with the requirements of the era.
Conclusion. For thousands of years, man lived, worked, developed, but he did not even suspect that the day might come when it would become difficult, or maybe impossible, to breathe clean air, drink clean water, grow anything on earth, since the air is polluted. , water - poisoned, soil - contaminated with radiation or other chemicals. But a lot has changed since then. Mankind has come to understand that the further development of technological progress is impossible without assessing the impact of new technologies on the ecological situation. New connections created by man must be closed in order to ensure the invariance of those basic parameters of the planet Earth system that affect its ecological stability. Nature protection is the task of our century, a problem that has become a social one. Again and again we hear about the dangers that threaten the environment, but still many of us consider them an unpleasant, but inevitable product of civilization and believe that we will still have time to cope with all the difficulties that have come to light. However, the impact of man on the environment has assumed alarming proportions. To fundamentally improve the situation, purposeful and thoughtful actions will be needed. A responsible and efficient policy towards the environment will be possible only if we accumulate reliable data on the current state of the environment, substantiated knowledge about the interaction of important environmental factors, if we develop new methods to reduce and prevent the harm caused to Nature by Man. Nature, untouched by civilization, should remain a reserve, which over time, when most of the globe will serve industrial, aesthetic and scientific purposes, will become increasingly important as a standard, criterion, in particular aesthetic, in the future, other unknown values may also appear. these zones. Therefore, a rational, scientifically based approach is needed to the practice of expanding areas of virgin nature, reserves, especially since as the scientific and technological revolution develops, the volume of negative influences on natural aesthetically valuable objects increases so much that cultural activities aimed at compensating for the damage caused sometimes cannot cope. with your tasks. Therefore, there is a need, firstly, to create a system of environmental measures, secondly, scientific justification and inclusion of criteria for the aesthetic assessment of nature in this system, thirdly, the development of a system of environmental education, the improvement of all types of artistic creativity associated with nature. Each person should be aware that Humanity is on the verge of death, and will we survive or not? the merit of each of us.
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Ecology... Ecology... This word today, unfortunately, almost does not touch many people, and this is terrible: after all, humanity is half a step away from the most serious universal ecological disaster. The situation is so serious that unprecedented, previously unpracticed ideas, efforts and material means are needed to prevent a catastrophe.
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It became clear that science, technology and industry cannot create a paradise on Earth. What is created by man on Earth is not a paradise, but a “technical world”, to which he adapts to a lesser extent. Cars, airplanes, washing machines, plastic buckets and canned pets - these benefits come from many true values, authentic livelihoods - fertile soil, clean water, sustainable climate. It became clear that science, technology and industry cannot create a paradise on Earth. What is created by man on Earth is not a paradise, but a “technical world”, to which he adapts to a lesser extent. Cars, airplanes, washing machines, plastic pails and canned pets - these benefits come from many true values, authentic livelihoods - fertile soil, clean water, a sustainable climate.
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The population of the Earth is growing incredibly, and each person needs food, clothes, a roof over his head. The annual population growth is 88 million people, and 1.5 billion people are deprived of clean water - more than a quarter of the population. In 1987 alone, 8 million hectares of the Amazonian forest burned down. The burning of Brazilian forests cost the world 1/4 of all the carbon released into the atmosphere. The area of land annually converted into a desert is 6 million hectares. The population of the Earth is growing incredibly, and each person needs food, clothing, a roof over his head. The annual population growth is 88 million people, and 1.5 billion people are deprived of clean water - more than a quarter of the population. In 1987 alone, 8 million hectares of the Amazonian forest burned down. The burning of Brazilian forests cost the world 1/4 of all the carbon released into the atmosphere. The area of land annually converted into desert is 6 million hectares
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In order to clear the narrow strip of the West German shelf of the North Sea from dirt, it will be necessary to spend 10 billion dollars, this is as much as is spent on military spending by the FRG in 40 days. And one more comparison: the cost of one nuclear test is $ 12 million, and for this money it would be possible to install 80 thousand hand pumps that give residents of arid countries access to drinking water. In order to clear the narrow strip of the West German shelf of the North Sea from dirt, it will be necessary to spend 10 billion dollars, this is as much as is spent on military spending by the FRG in 40 days. And one more comparison: the cost of one nuclear test is 12 million dollars, and for this money it would be possible to install 80,000 hand pumps that give residents of arid countries access to drinking water.
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. At the same time, the United States, the CIS countries and China provide the most carbon, accounting for 50% of emissions in total. Brazil also comes to the fore. If the increase in fuel production continues at the same pace, then by 2012 about 10 billion tons of carbon will be emitted into the atmosphere. . At the same time, the United States, the CIS countries and China provide the most carbon, accounting for 50% of emissions in total. Brazil also comes to the fore. If the increase in fuel production continues at the same pace, then by 2012 about 10 billion tons of carbon will be emitted into the atmosphere.
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Also recently, intensive destruction of the ozone layer, which protects the Earth from ultraviolet radiation, has been noticed. Over Antarctica and over Antarctica appeared ozone holes and they are increasing in size, which threatens humanity with an outbreak of skin cancer and eye diseases. Also, an increase in the dose of ultraviolet rays can weaken the human immune system, and at the same time reduce the yield of fields, thereby reducing the food supply of the Earth. Also recently, intensive destruction of the ozone layer, which protects the Earth from ultraviolet radiation, has been noticed. Ozone holes have appeared over Antarctica and over Antarctica and they are increasing in size, which threatens humanity with an outbreak of skin cancer and eye diseases. Also, an increase in the dose of ultraviolet rays can weaken the human immune system, and at the same time reduce the yield of fields, thereby reducing the food supply of the Earth.
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The phenomenon of regular formation of holes over the Arctic is explained by the fact that ozone is especially easily destroyed at low temperatures. Scientists come to the conclusion that the timetable for the implementation of international agreements to combat ozone-depleting substances should be reviewed in the direction of acceleration. The phenomenon of regular formation of holes over the Arctic is explained by the fact that ozone is especially easily destroyed at low temperatures. Scientists come to the conclusion that the timetable for the implementation of international agreements to combat ozone-depleting substances should be reviewed in the direction of acceleration.
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The content in the atmosphere of the main "killers" of ozone - chlorofluorocarbons, or freons (they are mainly used in aerosol sprinklers, refrigeration units, air conditioners, in the production of some solvents), is growing rapidly, and yet their active life in the upper atmosphere is from 60- 100 years. The content in the atmosphere of the main "killers" of ozone - chlorofluorocarbons, or freons (they are mainly used in aerosol sprinklers, refrigeration units, air conditioners, in the production of some solvents), is growing rapidly, and yet their active life in the upper atmosphere is from 60- 100 years.
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According to international agreements, industrialized countries had to completely stop the production of freons, as well as carbon tetrachloride, which also destroys the ozone layer. According to international agreements, industrialized countries had to completely stop the production of freons, as well as carbon tetrachloride, which also destroys the ozone layer.
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Along with the above problems, there is also the problem of pollution, clogging and depletion of surface or groundwater, this can lead to significant harm to the animal and plant world, fish stocks, forestry or agriculture and is an environmental crime. Along with the above problems, there is also the problem of pollution, clogging and depletion of surface or groundwater, this can lead to significant harm to the animal and plant world, fish stocks, forestry or agriculture and is an environmental crime.
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Since fresh water is vital for drinking, sanitary and hygienic purposes, Agriculture, industry, fishing, recreation and other human activities, it is of particular importance for the normal life of nature. Since fresh water is vital for drinking, sanitary purposes, agriculture, industry, fishing, recreation and other human activities, it is of particular importance for the normal life of nature.
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In many parts of the world, there is a general shortage, gradual destruction and increasing pollution of fresh water sources. Causes of these phenomena include: In many parts of the world there is a general shortage, gradual destruction and increasing pollution of fresh water sources. The causes of these phenomena include: - untreated sewage and industrial waste; - loss of natural catchment areas; - disappearance of forests; - Poor agricultural practices that allow pesticides and other chemicals to be washed into the water.
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How to stop the ecological crisis? How to bring the satisfaction of the needs of mankind in line with the conditions of preserving the environment? There are no easy answers here. One thing is clear: it is necessary to arm yourself with ecological knowledge, form an ecological worldview, find strength, find means, find reason in order to get along with nature. How to stop the ecological crisis? How to bring the satisfaction of the needs of mankind in line with the conditions of preserving the environment? There are no easy answers here. One thing is clear: it is necessary to arm yourself with ecological knowledge, form an ecological worldview, find strength, find means, find reason in order to get along with nature.
- carry out reclamation (restoration) of lands; - carry out reclamation (restoration) of lands; - rational use of lands, carry out measures to protect them from wind and water erosion, waterlogging, drainage and pollution; - engage in the protection and reproduction of flora and fauna; leave vast protected areas;