Presentation of abiotic environmental factors. Abiotic and biotic environmental factors. Ecological valency of the species

slide 6

warm-blooded animals

Slide 7

Light

Slide 8

Plants in relation to light

1. photophilous - have small leaves, strongly branching shoots, a lot of pigment. But increasing the intensity of light beyond the optimum inhibits photosynthesis, so it is difficult to get good crops in the tropics.

2. shade-loving

3. shade-tolerant.

Slide 9

light-loving plants

Slide 10

shade plants

slide 11

shade tolerant plants

slide 12

The photoperiod is the duration and intensity of the exposure of organisms to light.

slide 13

Diurnal Animals

Slide 14

Animals leading a nocturnal and twilight lifestyle

slide 15

Plant groups in relation to water

1. aquatic plants

2. near-water plants (terrestrial-aquatic)

3.land plants

4. plants of dry and very dry places -

5. succulents

slide 16

Aquatic and semi-aquatic plants

Slide 17

Land plants

Slide 18

Plants of dry and very dry places

Slide 19

Animal groups in relation to water

1. moisture-loving animals

2. intermediate group

3. dry-loving animals

Slide 20

Moisture-loving animals

slide 21

Intermediate group of animals

slide 22

Dry animals

slide 23

Adaptations of organisms to fluctuations in temperature, humidity and light:

1. warm-bloodedness of animals - maintaining a constant temperature by the body

2. hibernation - long sleep of animals in winter

3. anabiosis - a temporary state of the body, in which life processes are slow and there are no visible signs of life

4. frost resistance

5. dormant state - adaptability of perennial plants, which are characterized by the cessation of visible growth and vital activity

6. summer dormancy - an adaptive property of early flowering plants (tulip, saffron) of tropical regions, deserts, semi-deserts.

slide 24

Task number 1

smooth-blooded (i.e. with unstable body temperature).

Crocodile, cobra, lizard, turtle, carp, mouse, cat, steppe kestrel.

Slide 25

Task number 2

Of the listed animals, name warm-blooded (that is, with a constant body temperature).

Crocodile, cobra, lizard, turtle, carp, mouse, cat, steppe kestrel, polar bear.

slide 26

Task number 3

Choose from the proposed plants those that are light-loving, shade-loving and shade-tolerant.

Chamomile, spruce, medicinal dandelion, cornflower, meadow sage, steppe feather grass, bracken fern.

Slide 27

Task number 4

Select animals that are diurnal, nocturnal, and crepuscular.

Slide 28

Task number 5

Select plants related to different groups in relation to water.

Slide 29

Task number 6

Choose animals that belong to different groups with respect to water.

slide 30

View all slides

Abstract

�PAGE � �PAGE �12�

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS.

Biology lesson in grade 9

GOAL

TASKS

EQUIPMENT

LESSON new material.

PRESENTATION

DURING THE CLASSES:

Organizing time

Teacher: slide 1Environmental factors

new material

Teacher: three abiotic factors Slide 3.

TEMPERATURE. slide 4.

(student message).

Student 1:

Distinguish animal organisms:

Slide 5.

slide 6

Teacher:

LIGHT Slide 7.

ultraviolet radiation

wavelength over 0.3 µm -

(photosynthesis)

By in relation to plant light divided into: slide 8.

light-loving Slide 9

shade-loving e - have thin leaves, large, arranged horizontally, with fewer stomata. Slide 10

shade-tolerant- plants capable of living in conditions of good lighting, and in conditions of shading slide 11

Student 2: slide 12 - photoperiod.

plant movements phototropism.

Student 3:

slide 13

Animals, whose activity depends from time of day, happen - with Slide 14

Teacher:

HUMIDITY slide 15

By plants in relation to water share: slide 16

aquatic plants high humidity

water plants, land-water

land plantsSlide 17

live in places with insufficient moisture, can tolerate a short drought

succulents- juicy, accumulate water in the tissues of their body Slide 18

Relative to to water animals share: Slide 19

moisture-loving animalsSlide 20

intermediate groupslide 21

dry-loving animalsslide 22

Student 4:slide 23 Types of adaptations:

1. warm-bloodedness -

2. hibernation - lengthy

3. suspended animation -

4. frost resistance b - the ability of organisms to tolerate negative temperatures

5. resting state -

6. summer calm

Student 5:

active path

Passive path -

Student 6:

Teacher

Teacher

(Attachment 1)

1. TASK for cold-blooded (i.e. those with fluctuating body temperature) slide 24

Slide 25

slide 26

4. TASK Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

5. Lesson conclusions

Let's do conclusion,

Estimates. Thank you for the lesson!. slide 30

Attachment 1

1. EXERCISE: Name x of the following animals. sanguineous

2. TASK: Of the listed animals, name warm-blooded

3. TASK

light-loving- have small leaves, strongly branching shoots, a lot of pigment - cereals. But increasing the intensity of light beyond the optimum inhibits photosynthesis, so it is difficult to get good crops in the tropics.

shade-loving e - have thin leaves, large, arranged horizontally, with fewer stomata.

shade-tolerant- plants capable of living in conditions of good lighting, and in conditions of shading

4. TASK: Select diurnal, nocturnal, and crepuscular animals.

Owl, lizard, leopard, okapi, polar bear, bat, butterfly.

5. TASK plants in relation to water share:

1. aquatic plants high humidity

water plants, land-water

land plants

plants of dry and very dry places, live in places with insufficient moisture, can tolerate a short drought

succulents- juicy, accumulate water in the tissues of their body

Dandelion officinalis, caustic buttercup, sundew, cornflower, cactus, water lily, crassula

6. TASK to water animals share:

moisture-loving animals

dry-loving animals

Varan, seal, camel, penguins, giraffes, capybara, squirrel, clown fish, beaver.

Abiotic factors (inanimate nature)

1.temperature

3.humidity

4.salt concentration

5.pressure

8. movement of air masses

�PAGE � �PAGE �12�

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS.

ABIOTIC ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON LIVING ORGANISMS

Biology lesson in grade 9

Biology teacher the highest category MBOUSOSH No. 2

ZATO Bolshoy Kamen, Primorsky Krai

Kovrova Tatiana Vladimirovana

GOAL: reveal the features of abiotic environmental factors and consider their impact on living organisms.

TASKS: to acquaint students with environmental environmental factors; reveal the features of abiotic factors, consider the effect of temperature, light and moisture on living organisms; identify different groups of living organisms depending on the influence of different abiotic factors on them; perform a practical task to determine groups of organisms, depending on the abiotic factor.

EQUIPMENT: computer presentation, tasks in groups with pictures of plants and animals, practical task.

LESSON DURATION: 45 min

LESSON new material.

PRESENTATION

DURING THE CLASSES:

Organizing time

Knowledge update. Definition of lesson objectives.

Teacher: All living organisms that inhabit the Earth do not live in isolation, they are constantly influenced by environmental environmental factors. In the lesson, we will consider what environmental factors can be distinguished and how they affect living organisms. slide 1Environmental factors- these are individual properties or elements of the environment that directly or indirectly affect living organisms, at least during one of the stages of individual development. Environmental factors are diverse. There are several qualifications, depending on the approach. This is according to the impact on the vital activity of organisms, according to the degree of variability over time, according to the duration of action. Consider the classification of environmental factors based on their origin. (We look at the screen, which shows the scheme of environmental factors) Slide 2.

new material

Teacher: We will consider the impact of the first three abiotic factors environment, since their influence is more significant - these are temperature, light and humidity. Slide 3.

For example, in the May beetle, the larval stage takes place in the soil. It is influenced by abiotic environmental factors: soil, air, indirectly humidity, chemical composition soil - light does not affect at all.

For example, bacteria can survive in the most extreme conditions- they are found in geysers, hydrogen sulfide springs, very salty water, at the depths of the World Ocean, very deep in the soil, in the ice of Antarctica, on the highest peaks (even Everest 8848 m), in the bodies of living organisms.

TEMPERATURE. slide 4.

Most plant and animal species are adapted to a fairly narrow range of temperatures. Some organisms, especially those at rest or suspended animation, are able to withstand fairly low temperatures. Basically, organisms live at temperatures from 0 to +50 on the surface of the sand in the desert and up to -70 in some areas of Eastern Siberia. The average temperature range is from + 50 to - 50 in terrestrial habitats and from + 2 to + 27 - in the oceans. For example, microorganisms withstand cooling down to -200, certain types of bacteria and algae can live and multiply in hot springs at a temperature of + 80, +88. (We look at the presentation screen, which shows different groups of animals) (student message).

Student 1:

Distinguish animal organisms:

with a constant body temperature (warm-blooded)

with unstable body temperature (cold-blooded).

Organisms with unstable body temperature (fish, amphibians, reptiles)Slide 5.

Organisms that live in temperate latitudes and are subject to temperature fluctuations are less able to tolerate constant temperature. Sharp fluctuations - heat, frosts - are unfavorable for organisms. Animals have developed adaptations to deal with cooling and overheating. For example, with the onset of winter, plants and animals with unstable body temperature fall into a state of winter dormancy. Their metabolic rate is sharply reduced. In preparation for winter, a lot of fat and carbohydrates are stored in the tissues of animals, the amount of water in the fiber decreases, sugars and glycerin accumulate, which prevents freezing. Thus, the frost resistance of wintering organisms increases.

In the hot season, on the contrary, physiological mechanisms are activated that protect against overheating. In plants, the evaporation of moisture through the stomata increases, which leads to a decrease in leaf temperature. In animals, the evaporation of water through the respiratory system and skin increases.

Organisms with a constant body temperature. (birds, mammals)slide 6

These organisms underwent changes in the internal structure of organs, which contributed to their adaptation to a constant body temperature. This, for example -

4-chambered heart and the presence of one aortic arch, providing complete separation of arterial and venous blood flow, intensive metabolism due to the supply of tissues with arterial blood saturated with oxygen, feather or hairline of the body, contributing to the preservation of heat, well-developed nervous activity). All this allowed representatives of birds and mammals to remain active in case of sharp temperature changes and to master all habitats.

AT natural conditions the temperature is very rarely kept at a level favorable for life. Therefore, plants and animals have special adaptations that weaken sharp temperature fluctuations. Animals such as elephants have large auricles compared to their cold climate ancestor the mammoth. The auricle, in addition to the organ of hearing, performs the function of a thermostat. In plants, to protect against overheating, a wax coating appears, a dense cuticle.

Teacher:

LIGHT Slide 7.

Light provides all vital processes occurring on the Earth. For organisms, the wavelength of perceived radiation, its duration and intensity of exposure are important. For example, in plants, a decrease in length daylight hours and the intensity of lighting leads to autumn leaf fall. (We look at the multimedia screen, which demonstrates the scheme of the light component)

ultraviolet radiation

Visible infrared rays wavelength over 0.3 µm -

(primary source (causes mutations) 10% radiant energy. In

life on Earth) the main source of small amounts

wavelength 0.4-0.75 µm thermal energy needed (vitamin D)

45% of total quantity 45% of total quantity

radiant energy on earth radiant energy on earth

(photosynthesis)

By in relation to plant light divided into: slide 8.

light-loving- have small leaves, strongly branching shoots, a lot of pigment - cereals. But increasing the intensity of light beyond the optimum inhibits photosynthesis, so it is difficult to get good crops in the tropics. Slide 9

shade-loving e - have thin leaves, large, arranged horizontally, with fewer stomata. Slide 10

shade-tolerant- plants capable of living in conditions of good lighting, and in conditions of shading slide 11

Student 2: slide 12 Important role the duration and intensity of exposure to light plays a role in the regulation of the activity of living organisms and their development - photoperiod. In temperate latitudes, the cycle of development of animals and plants is timed to the seasons of the year, and the signal for preparing for temperature changes is the length of daylight, which, unlike other factors, always remains constant in a certain place and at a certain time. Photoperiodism is a trigger mechanism that includes physiological processes that lead to the growth and flowering of plants in spring, fruiting in summer, dropping leaves in autumn in plants. In animals, to the accumulation of fat by autumn, the reproduction of animals, their migration, the flight of birds and the onset of the dormant stage in insects.

plant movements related to the reaction to light, for example phototropism. Ecological importance - assimilating organs try to take a position in which the plant will receive the optimal amount of light. The leaves "turn away" from excess light, and in shade-tolerant species, on the contrary, "turn" towards it.

Student 3: Light for animals, including humans, is primarily informational. They need it for orientation in space. Even the simplest organisms have light-sensitive organelles in their cells. With their dance, the bees show their brothers the way of flight to the source of food. It has been established that the figures of the dance (figure eight) coincide with certain direction in relation to the Sun. The innate navigational orientation of birds, developed in the process of natural selection during a long evolution, has been proven. During spring and autumn migrations, birds are guided by the stars and the Sun. In the aquatic environment, bioluminescence is widespread - the ability of individuals (fish, cephalopods) glow to attract prey, individuals of the opposite sex, scare away enemies, etc. In animals and unicellular organisms, there is a movement towards the highest (positive) or lowest (negative) illumination to achieve the most suitable habitat. For example, moths fly into the light in search of a partner.

In addition to seasonal changes, there are also diurnal changes in the illumination regime, the change of day and night determines the daily rhythm of the physiological activity of organisms. An important adaptation that ensures the survival of an individual is a kind of "biological clock", the ability to sense time. slide 13

Animals, whose activity depends from time of day, happen - with daytime, nocturnal and twilight lifestyle.Slide 14

Teacher:

HUMIDITY slide 15

Water is a necessary component of the cell, therefore its quantity in certain habitats is a limiting factor for plants and animals and determines the nature of the flora and fauna of a given area.

Excess moisture in the soil leads to waterlogging of the soil and the appearance of marsh vegetation. Depending on soil moisture, the species composition of vegetation varies. Broad-leaved forests are replaced by small-leaved, then forest-steppe vegetation, then low-grass, and desert. Precipitation throughout the year may not fall evenly, living organisms have to endure long droughts. The intensity of the vegetation cover, as well as the intensive feeding of ungulates, depends on the rainy season.

Plants and animals have evolved adaptations to varying degrees of humidity. For example, in plants - a powerful root system is developed, the leaf cuticle is thickened, the leaf blade is reduced or turned into needles and spines. In saxaul, photosynthesis occurs in the green part of the stem. Plants stop growing during dry periods. Cacti store moisture in the expanded part of the stem, needles instead of leaves reduce evaporation. Plants - ephemera by the beginning of summer, after a short flowering, can shed their leaves, die off the ground parts and so survive the drought period. At the same time, bulbs and rhizomes are preserved until the next season.

Animals also developed adaptations that allow them to endure a lack of moisture. Small animals - rodents, snakes, turtles, arthropods - extract moisture from food. A fat-like substance, for example, in a camel, can become a source of water. In hot weather, some animals - rodents, turtles hibernate, which lasted several months. (We look at the presentation screen, which shows different groups of plants and animals)

By plants in relation to water share: slide 16

aquatic plants high humidity

water plants, land-water

land plantsSlide 17

plants of dry and very dry places, live in places with insufficient moisture, can tolerate a short drought

succulents- juicy, accumulate water in the tissues of their body Slide 18

Relative to to water animals share: Slide 19

moisture-loving animalsSlide 20

intermediate groupslide 21

dry-loving animalsslide 22

Student 4:slide 23 Plants and animals have evolved adaptations to fluctuations in temperature, humidity and light. Types of adaptations:

1. warm-bloodedness - maintaining a constant body temperature;

2. hibernation - prolonged sleep of animals in the winter season;

3. suspended animation - a temporary state of the body in which vital processes are slowed down to a minimum and there are no visible signs of life (observed in cold-blooded animals and in animals in winter and in a hot period of time);

4. frost resistance b - the ability of organisms to tolerate negative temperatures

5. resting state - the adaptive property of a perennial plant, which is characterized by the cessation of visible growth and vital activity, the death of ground shoots in herbaceous forms of plants and the fall of leaves in woody forms;

6. summer calm- adaptive property of early flowering plants (tulip, saffron) of tropical regions, deserts, semi-deserts;

Student 5: With all the variety of forms and mechanisms of adaptation of living organisms to the effects of adverse environmental factors, they can be grouped into three main ways: active, passive, and avoidance of adverse effects. All these paths take place in relation to any environmental factor, whether it be light, heat or humidity.

active path- strengthening of resistance, development of regulatory abilities that make it possible to go through the life cycle and give offspring, despite deviations from optimal environmental conditions. This path is characteristic of warm-blooded organisms, but also manifests itself in a number of higher plants(acceleration of the rate of growth and death of shoots, roots, rapid flowering).

Passive path - the subordination of the vital functions of the organism to external conditions. It consists in the economical use of energy resources with the deterioration of living conditions, increasing the stability of cells and tissues. It manifests itself in a decrease in the intensity of metabolic processes, a slowdown in the rate of growth and development, shedding of leaves in summer, and minimization of plants. It is expressed in plants and cold-blooded animals, in mammals and birds (only in some species that have the ability to hibernate).

Avoidance of adverse environmental conditions is characteristic of all living beings. The passage of life cycles at the most favorable time of the year (active processes - during the growing season, in winter - a state of rest). For plants - the protection of the buds of renewal and young tissues with snow cover, litter; reflection of the sun's rays.

Student 6: Many small plants tolerate low winter temperatures, hibernating under snow, without any adaptive traits in the form of organ or cell changes. An example is the overwintering of small plants under a layer of litter and snow, lodging with the onset of frost of the branches of elfin cedar to the surface, taking a horizontal position, lies on the ground. In the spring, the reverse process occurs, but faster. The tortuosity of the trunks of stone birches is also interpreted by some researchers as an adaptation of the species to cold. "Wriggling", the tree trunk lingers for some time in a warmer surface layer. This takes place both in the European North and in the North of the Far East.

Animals also have several states of rest. Hibernation - summer - due to high temperatures and lack of water, winter - because of the cold. Metabolic processes do not always slow down in mammals during winter sleep - in brown and polar bears, cubs are born in winter. Anabiosis is a state of the body in which the vital processes are so frozen that there are no signs of life. The body becomes dehydrated and therefore can tolerate very low temperatures. Anabiosis is characteristic of spores, seeds, dried lichens, ants, protozoa.

All animals actively move to places with more favorable temperatures (in the heat - in the shade, on cold days - in the sun), crowd or disperse, during hibernation they curl into a ball, choose or create shelters with a certain climate, are active at certain times of the day.

Teacher: Historically adapting to abiotic environmental factors, entering into relationships with each other, plants, animals and microorganisms are distributed in space in various environments, forming a wide variety of ecosystems (biogeocenoses), eventually uniting into the Earth's biosphere.

4. Consolidation of acquired knowledge

Teacher: To consolidate the knowledge gained in the lesson, we will conduct practical work by groups. The class is divided into 6 groups, the guys of two desks form a group. Each group receives a worksheet.

PRACTICAL TASKS BY GROUPS:(Attachment 1)

slide 24

2. TASK: Of the listed animals, name the warm-blooded (that is, with a constant body temperature) Slide 25

3. TASK: choose from the proposed plants those that are light-loving, shade-loving and shade-tolerant. slide 26

Slide 27

5. TASK: select the plants belonging to different groups in relation to water. Slide 28

6. OBJECTIVE: Choose animals belonging to different groups in relation to water. Slide 29

After 3-4 minutes of preparation, each group of children gives an oral answer to their assignment.

5. Lesson conclusions

Let's do conclusion, on all living organisms, i.e. plants and animals are affected by abiotic environmental factors (factors of inanimate nature), especially temperature, light and moisture. Depending on the influence of factors of inanimate nature, plants and animals are divided into different groups and they develop adaptations to the influence of these abiotic factors.

Estimates. Thank you for the lesson!. slide 30

LIST OF USED LITERATURE:

Kamensky A.A. Kriksunov E.A. Pasechnik V.V. Biology. Introduction to general biology and ecology. - M., Bustard, 2005.

Fedoros E.I. Nechaeva G.A. Ecology in experiments: tutorial for students in grades 10-11 of educational institutions, - M., Ventana-Graf, 2007.

Fedoros E.I. Nechaeva G.A. Ecology in experiments: a workshop for students in grades 10-11 of educational institutions, - M., Ventana-Graf, 2007.

Attachment 1

1. EXERCISE: Name x of the following animals. sanguineous(i.e. with unstable body temperature). Crocodile, cobra, lizard, turtle, carp, mouse, cat, steppe kestrel.

2. TASK: Of the listed animals, name warm-blooded(i.e. with a constant body temperature). Crocodile, cobra, lizard, turtle, carp, mouse, cat, steppe kestrel, polar bear.

3. TASK: Choose from the proposed plants those that are light-loving, shade-loving and shade-tolerant. Chamomile, spruce, medicinal dandelion, cornflower, meadow sage, steppe feather grass, bracken fern.

light-loving- have small leaves, strongly branching shoots, a lot of pigment - cereals. But increasing the intensity of light beyond the optimum inhibits photosynthesis, so it is difficult to get good crops in the tropics.

shade-loving e - have thin leaves, large, arranged horizontally, with fewer stomata.

shade-tolerant- plants capable of living in conditions of good lighting, and in conditions of shading

4. TASK: Select diurnal, nocturnal, and crepuscular animals.

Owl, lizard, leopard, okapi, polar bear, bat, butterfly.

5. TASK: Select plants belonging to different groups with respect to water. By plants in relation to water share:

1. aquatic plants high humidity

water plants, land-water

land plants

plants of dry and very dry places, live in places with insufficient moisture, can tolerate a short drought

succulents- juicy, accumulate water in the tissues of their body

Dandelion officinalis, caustic buttercup, sundew, cornflower, cactus, water lily, crassula

6. TASK: Select animals belonging to different groups in relation to water. Relative to to water animals share:

moisture-loving animals

intermediate group (water-land group)

dry-loving animals

Varan, seal, camel, penguins, giraffes, capybara, squirrel, clown fish, beaver.

Environmental factors affecting the body

Abiotic factors (inanimate nature)

1.temperature

3.humidity

4.salt concentration

5.pressure

8. movement of air masses

Biotic factors (wildlife)

1. the influence of organisms or populations of the same species on each other

2. interaction of individuals or populations different types

Anthropogenic factors (associated with human impact on nature)

1. direct human impact on organisms and populations, ecological systems

2.human impact on the environment various kinds

MBOU secondary school No. 21

I.S. Davydova

Biology teacher

Dyachenko T.A.

2017

• 1.Environmental factors
• 2Classification of environmental factors
• 3 Abiotic factors, classification
• 4 Biotic factors
• 5 Anthropogenic factors
• 6 Effects of light on organisms
• 7 Water like environmental factor
• 8 Effect of temperature on organisms
• 9. Adaptability of organisms to abiotic factors
• 10. Intensity of action of abiotic factors

Ecology is a science that studies the relationship between living organisms and their environment. Environmental factors are individual factors of the environment.

abiotic

Environmental

factors

Anthropo-

genetic

biotically e

Abiotic factors are factors of inanimate nature.

abiotic

factors

Meteorological

(temperature,

humidity,

pressure)

Geophysical

(radiation,

radiation,

geomagnetism)

Chemical

(Components

water, air,

Biotic factors - the influence of living organisms

phytogenic e

Biotic

factors

microgenic

zoogenic

Anthropogenic factors - human influence on living organisms

Anthropogenic

Household

(immediate

satisfaction

needs

person)

man-made

(application of machines

and technical

equipment)

• Light is the most important abiotic factor that ensures all life processes on Earth.
• 1. What is photoperiodism and what is its significance?
• 2. What abiotic factor turned out to be the main regulator and signal of seasonal phenomena in the life of plants and animals in the process of evolution?
• 3. What rays are destructive to the living?
• 4. What rays warm the cold-blooded
• Animals?
• 5. What rays do plants use for
• photosynthesis?

Ultraviolet

Visible rays

infrared rays

• The value of humidity is due to the high content of water in the cells and tissues of the body and its role in metabolic processes.
• Determines the nature of flora and fauna in a given area
• An important limiting factor for organisms
• Changes the body's response to temperature fluctuations
• Presence in plants and animals of effective adaptations to adverse conditions of aridity

The effect of temperature on organisms

• The value of temperature is determined by the fact that the rate of chemical reactions of metabolism directly depends on it.
• 1. Finish the sentence:
• By ability to support
• body temperature living organs
• nisms are divided into 2
• groups:
• 1____ 2_______
• 2 . Describe the physiological
• mechanisms of plants and animals
• with fluctuating body temperature
• preventing them from cooling
• 3 . State the benefits of warm-blooded animals

Part of the earth's surface

Minimum temperature

Maximum temperature

sea ​​waters

fresh water

Amplitude

Adaptability of organisms to abiotic factors as a result of evolution

fitness scores

plants

Adaptations for the cold

animals

falling leaves

Cold resistance

Preservation of vegetative organs in the soil

Adaptations to

water scarcity

physiological rest

long roots

Evaporation reduction

water storage

Flight south

Thick coat

Hibernation

subcutaneous fat layer

physiological rest

water from food

fat storage

The degree of favorability of the factor

lower limit

Upper limit

The effect of abiotic environmental factors on living organisms

normal

life-worker

oppression

oppression

Factor Intensity

• 1. Ecology is
• A) science that studies plants, animals and their environment
• B) the science that studies the relationships between living organisms
• C) the science that studies the relationship between living organisms and their environment
• 2 Which of the following factors can be attributed to abiotic
• A) spring floods of rivers
• B) deforestation
• B) fertilizing the soil
• 3) Mark the sum of the factors that determine life :
• A) mineral salts, relief
• B) temperature, water, light
• B) human influence
• 4. Moulting of birds and flight to warm countries are connected With;
• A) a decrease in air temperature
• B) a change in air temperature
• B) change in the length of the day
• 5. What adaptations contribute to the survival of animals in arid conditions?
• A) suspended animation
• B) accumulation of fat
• C) the formation of metabolic water in the body as a result of oxidative reactions
• 6. Photoperiodism is the reaction of organisms to change
• A) air temperature
• B) air humidity
• B) the ratio of day and night
• 7. Name the organisms in which physiological processes are accelerated due to an increase in temperature environment
• A) sparrow B) cat C) flounder D) caterpillar

• 1. Textbook "General biology". Mamontov V.I., Zakharov N.I.
• 2. Directory "Biology in tables"
• 3. Handbook "Ecology in tables"

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Slides captions:

Habitat and environmental factors influencing living organisms OOSH №11 p. Praskoveya biology teacher: Kireeva T.M. biology lesson in grade 9

Lesson plan: Habitat (concept and definition) Types of habitats and adaptability of living organisms to them Ground-air Water Soil 3. Environmental factors Abiotic factors Biotic factors Anthropogenic factors 4. Conclusion, knowledge testing

Definition: Habitat - a set of conditions in which an organism lives. Habitat - the most favorable conditions habitat.

GROUND - AIR ENVIRONMENT

AQUATIC HABITAT

SOIL ENVIRONMENT

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS Abiotic (Light, water, temperature) Biotic (Other living organisms) Anthropogenic (Human influence) LIVING ORGANISMS

SAD STORY

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS Why do you think the story is called "A Sad Story?" How do people behave in a fairy tale? How will you behave in the forest? And on the other natural area? Give your examples negative impact human to living organisms. What can this lead to.

TASK In three columns, write words according to the habitat: carrot root fox, jellyfish, algae, spruce, mushroom, shark, mole, bear, penguin, worm, starfish, Maybug larva

ANSWER carrot root, mole, worm, Maybug larva fox, spruce, mushroom, bear, algae, shark, jellyfish penguin, starfish,

TASK Organize environmental factors into three columns: forest fire, chasing a hare, snowfall, atmospheric emissions, bear eating raspberries, scorching heat, sewage discharge into the river, plant pollination, rain

"Monitoring of the environment" - For automatic telephone exchanges (0.1-3 people per sq. km), the network density is an order of magnitude or more lower than the EU criteria. The full program of observations provides for 4 single sampling per day - at 1.00, 7.00, 13.00 and 19.00. 10. Placement of observation points - residential and industrial areas, areas of major highways. 6.2.1,2,3,4.

"Environmental Development" - Pollution of soil, water and air. In Russia - from 20 to 400 1.1 billion people on Earth are deprived of access to clean water. Is the growth due to the increase in hydrocarbon production so sustainable? Does society believe in claims of loyalty to nature? The results of the survey "What is ecology?". What does the UNDP environmental program do?

"The impact of environmental factors on the body" - Partially or completely indifferent to the body. All adaptations of organisms to existence in various conditions have developed historically. environmental factors. Abiotic and biotic environmental factors. The limit of tolerance. Environmental factors act not individually, but as a whole complex. They have a negative impact.

"Environmental Protection" - Department of Chemical Technology of Materials and Products of Sorption Technology (Nanoporous Materials). International Atomic Energy Agency. The term of study is 5.5 years. Constantly modernized scientific and technical base, relations with domestic and foreign companies. In accordance with curriculum The following disciplines are read at the department:

"Ecological factors of the environment" - Hygrophilic (moisture-loving) - marsh marigold, creeping buttercup, wood lice, mosquitoes, dragonflies. In relation to light, the following types of plants are distinguished: Sometimes a close relationship that benefits both participants is denoted by the term symbiosis. The passive form is understood as the use of a resource necessary for both species.

There are 11 presentations in total in the topic

The habitat is that part of nature that surrounds a living organism and with which it directly interacts. Living organisms have mastered 4 main habitats: water, land-air, soil and the environment of the living organisms themselves. The adaptation of organisms to the environment is called adaptation. The ability to adapt is one of the main properties of life in general, as it provides the very possibility of its existence, the ability of organisms to survive and reproduce. Adaptations appear in different levels: from the biochemistry of cells and the behavior of individual organisms to the structure and functioning of communities and ecological systems. Adaptations arise and change during the evolution of species.

Environmental factors Individual properties or elements of the environment that affect organisms are called environmental factors. Environmental factors are diverse. They may be necessary or, conversely, harmful to living beings, promote or hinder survival and reproduction. Environmental factors have a different nature and specificity of action. Environmental factors are divided into abiotic, biotic and anthropogenic.

Abiotic factors Abiotic factors - temperature, light, radiation, pressure, air humidity, salt composition of water, wind, currents, terrain - these are all properties of inanimate nature that directly or indirectly affect living organisms.

Biotic factors Biotic factors are forms of influence of living beings on each other. Each organism constantly experiences the direct or indirect influence of other creatures, enters into contact with representatives of its own species and other species - plants, animals, microorganisms, depends on them and itself has an impact on them. The surrounding organic world is an integral part of the environment of every living being.

Anthropogenic factors Anthropogenic factors are forms of activity of human society that lead to a change in nature as a habitat for other species or directly affect their lives. In the course of human history, the development of first hunting, and then Agriculture, industry, transport has greatly changed the nature of our planet. The significance of anthropogenic impacts on the entire living world of the Earth continues to grow rapidly.

Changes in environmental factors Changes in environmental factors over time can be: 1) regular-periodic, changing the strength of the impact due to the time of day or season of the year, or the rhythm of the tides in the ocean; 2) irregular, without a clear periodicity, for example, without changes in weather conditions in different years, catastrophic phenomena - storms, downpours, landslides, etc.; 3) directed over known, sometimes long periods of time, for example, during a cooling or warming of the climate, overgrowing of water bodies, constant grazing in the same area, etc.

Environmental environmental factors have various effects on living organisms, i.e. can influence as: - irritants causing adaptive changes in physiological and biochemical functions; -limiters, causing the impossibility of existence in these conditions; - modifiers that cause anatomical and morphological changes in organisms; -signals indicating changes in other environmental factors.

General laws The law of optimum: each factor has certain limits of positive influence on organisms. The result of the action of a variable factor depends primarily on the strength of its manifestation. Both insufficient and excessive action of the factor negatively affects the life of individuals. The favorable force of influence is called the zone of optimum of the ecological factor or simply the optimum for organisms of a given species. The stronger the deviations from the optimum, the more pronounced the inhibitory effect of this factor on organisms (pessimum zone). The maximum and minimum tolerated values ​​of the factor are critical points, beyond which existence is no longer possible, death occurs. The limits of endurance between critical points are called the ecological valency of living beings in relation to a specific environmental factor. Representatives of different species differ greatly from each other both in the position of the optimum and in ecological valency.

J. Liebig's law of minimum (1873): a) endurance of an organism is determined by a weak link in the chain of its ecological needs; b) all environmental conditions necessary to maintain life have an equal role (the law of equivalence of all life conditions), any factor can limit the possibility of the existence of an organism.

General laws The law of limiting factors, or the law of F. Blechman (1909): environmental factors that have a maximum value under specific conditions, especially complicate (limit) the possibility of the existence of a species in these conditions. W. Shelford's law of tolerance (1913): the limiting factor of an organism's life can be both a minimum and a maximum of environmental impact, the range between which determines the magnitude of the organism's endurance to this factor.

General patterns Ambiguity of the effect of the factor on different functions. Each factor affects different functions of the body in different ways. The optimum for some processes may be the pessimum for others. Rule of interaction of factors. Its essence lies in the fact that some factors can enhance or mitigate the force of other factors. For example, an excess of heat can be somewhat mitigated by low air humidity, a lack of light for plant photosynthesis can be compensated by an increased content of carbon dioxide in the air, etc. It does not, however, follow that the factors can be interchanged. They are not interchangeable.

General patterns The rule of limiting factors: a factor that is in deficiency or excess (near critical points) negatively affects organisms and, in addition, limits the possibility of manifestation of the strength of other factors, including those at the optimum. For example, if the soil contains in abundance all but one of the chemical elements necessary for a plant, then the growth and development of the plant will be determined by the one that is in short supply. All other elements do not show their effect. Limiting factors usually determine the boundaries of the distribution of species (populations), their ranges. The productivity of organisms and communities depends on them. Therefore, it is extremely important to timely identify factors of minimal and excessive significance, to exclude the possibility of their manifestation (for example, for plants - by balanced fertilization).

General regularities A person by his activity often violates almost all of the listed regularities of the action of factors. This is especially true for limiting factors (destruction of habitats, violation of the regime of water and mineral nutrition of plants, etc.).

General laws The law of energy maximization, or Odum's law: the survival of one system in competition with others is determined by best organization energy entering it and using its maximum amount in the most efficient way. This law is also true for information. Thus, the best chance for self-preservation has a system that is most conducive to the receipt, production and efficient use of energy and information. Any natural system can develop only through the use of the material, energy and informational capabilities of the environment. Absolutely isolated development is impossible.

General patterns The rule of limiting factors: a factor that is in deficiency or excess (near critical points) negatively affects organisms and, in addition, limits the possibility of manifestation of the strength of other factors, including those at the optimum. For example, if the soil contains in abundance all but one of the chemical elements necessary for a plant, then the growth and development of the plant will be determined by the one that is in short supply. All other elements do not show their effect. Limiting factors usually determine the boundaries of the distribution of species (populations), their ranges. The productivity of organisms and communities depends on them. Therefore, it is extremely important to timely identify factors of minimal and excessive significance, to exclude the possibility of their manifestation (for example, for plants - by balanced fertilization).

Consequences of the rule of limiting factors a) absolutely waste-free production is impossible, therefore it is important to create low-waste production with low resource intensity both at the input and at the output (thrift and low emissions). The ideal today is the creation of a cyclical production (the waste of one production serves as a raw material for another, etc.) and the organization of a reasonable disposal of inevitable residues, the neutralization of non-removable energy waste;

Consequences of the rule of limiting factors b) any developed biotic system, using and modifying the environment of life, poses a potential threat to less organized systems. Therefore, the re-emergence of life is impossible in the biosphere - it will be destroyed by existing organisms. Therefore, influencing the environment, a person must neutralize these impacts, since they can be destructive to nature and the person himself.

General laws The law of limited natural resources. One percent rule. Since the planet Earth is a natural limited whole, infinite parts cannot exist on it, so everything Natural resources The lands are finite. Energy resources can be attributed to inexhaustible resources, believing that the energy of the Sun provides an almost eternal source of useful energy. The error here lies in the fact that such reasoning does not take into account the limitations imposed by the energy of the biosphere itself. According to the one percent rule, a change in the energy of a natural system within 1% takes it out of equilibrium. All large-scale phenomena on the Earth's surface (powerful cyclones, volcanic eruptions, the process of global photosynthesis) have a total energy that does not exceed 1% of the energy of solar radiation incident on the Earth's surface. The artificial introduction of energy into the biosphere in our time has reached values ​​close to the limit (differing from them by no more than one mathematical order - 10 times).

Light regime Solar radiation. All living organisms need energy from outside to carry out life processes. Its main source is solar radiation, which accounts for about 99.9% of the total energy balance of the Earth. If we take solar energy reaching the Earth as 100%, then approximately 19% of it is absorbed when passing through the atmosphere, 33% is reflected back into outer space, and 47% reaches the earth's surface in the form of direct and diffuse radiation. Direct solar radiation is a continuum of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths from 0.1 to nm. The ultraviolet part of the spectrum accounts for from 1 to 5%, the visible - from 16 to 45% and the infrared - from 49 to 84% of the radiation flux incident on the Earth. The distribution of energy over the spectrum essentially depends on the mass of the atmosphere and changes at different altitudes of the Sun. The amount of scattered radiation (reflected rays) increases with a decrease in the height of the Sun and an increase in the turbidity of the atmosphere. The spectral composition of the radiation of a cloudless sky is characterized by a maximum energy in nm.

Light regime The action of different parts of the spectrum of solar radiation on living organisms. Among the ultraviolet rays (UFL), only long-wavelength rays (nm) reach the Earth's surface, and short-wavelength rays, destructive to all living things, are almost completely absorbed at an altitude of about km by the ozone screen - a thin layer of the atmosphere containing O 3 molecules. Long-wavelength UV rays with high photon energy , have high chemical activity. Large doses are harmful to organisms, while small doses are necessary for many species. In the nm range, UFL have a powerful bactericidal effect and cause in animals the formation of anti-rachitic vitamin D from sterols; at a wavelength of nm - a person has a tan, which is a protective reaction of the skin. Infrared rays with a wavelength of more than 750 nm have a thermal effect.

Light regime Visible radiation carries approximately 50% of the total energy. With the area of ​​visible radiation perceived by the human eye, the physiological radiation (FR) (wavelength nm) almost coincides, within which the area of ​​photosynthetically active radiation PAR (nm) is isolated. The FR region can be conditionally divided into a number of zones: ultraviolet (less than 400 nm), blue-violet (nm), yellow-green (nm), orange-red (nm) and far red (more than 700 nm).

Temperature conditions Temperature reflects the average kinetic speed of atoms and molecules in any system. The temperature of the organisms and, consequently, the rate of all chemical reactions that make up the metabolism depends on the ambient temperature. Therefore, the boundaries of the existence of life are the temperatures at which the normal structure and functioning of proteins is possible, on average from 0 to +50 °C. However, a number of organisms have specialized enzyme systems and are adapted to active existence at body temperatures that go beyond these limits.

Humidity The flow of all biochemical processes in cells and the normal functioning of the body as a whole are possible only with sufficient water supply - necessary condition life. Moisture deficiency is one of the most significant features of the land-air environment of life. The whole evolution of terrestrial organisms was under the sign of adaptation to the extraction and conservation of moisture. The modes of environmental humidity on land are very diverse - from the complete and constant saturation of air with water vapor in some areas of the tropics to their almost complete absence in the dry air of deserts. The daily and seasonal variability of the content of water vapor in the atmosphere is also great. The water supply of terrestrial organisms also depends on the precipitation regime, the presence of reservoirs, soil moisture reserves, the proximity of groundwater, etc. This has led to the development of many adaptations in terrestrial organisms to various water supply regimes.

Air as an ecological factor Air density. The low air density determines its low lifting force and insignificant bearing capacity. The inhabitants of the air must have their own support system that supports the body: plants - a variety of mechanical tissues, animals - a solid or much less often hydrostatic skeleton. In addition, all the inhabitants of the air environment are closely connected with the surface of the earth, which serves them for attachment and support. Life in suspension in the air is impossible.

Air density True, many microorganisms and animals, spores, seeds and pollen of plants are regularly present in the air and are carried by air currents, many animals are capable of active flight, but in all these species the main function of their life cycle- reproduction - is carried out on the surface of the Earth. For most of them, being in the air is associated only with resettlement or the search for prey.

Air Density Low air density results in low resistance to movement. Therefore, many terrestrial animals used this property of the air environment in the course of evolution, acquiring the ability to fly. 75% of the species of all terrestrial animals are capable of active flight, mainly insects and birds, but flyers are also found among mammals and reptiles. Land animals fly mainly with the help of muscular effort, but some can also glide due to air currents.

Air as an ecological factor Gas composition of air. Except physical properties The air environment for the existence of terrestrial organisms is extremely important for its chemical features. The gas composition of air in the surface layer of the atmosphere is quite homogeneous in terms of the content of the main components (nitrogen - 75.5, oxygen - 23.2, argon - 1.28, carbon dioxide - 0.046%) due to the high diffusive ability of gases and constant mixing by convection and wind streams. Oxygen, due to its constantly high content in the air, is not a factor limiting life in the terrestrial environment.

The gas composition of the air The low content of carbon dioxide inhibits the process of photosynthesis. Under indoor conditions, the rate of photosynthesis can be increased by increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide; this is used in the practice of greenhouses and greenhouses. However, an excessive amount of CO 2 leads to poisoning of plants. Air nitrogen for most inhabitants of the terrestrial environment is an inert gas, but a number of microorganisms (nodule bacteria, nitrogen bacteria, clostridia, blue-green algae, etc.) have the ability to bind it and involve it in the biological cycle.

The gas composition of the air Local impurities entering the air can also significantly affect living organisms. This is especially true for toxic gaseous substances - methane, sulfur oxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine compounds, as well as particles of dust, soot, etc., polluting the air in industrial areas. The main modern source of chemical and physical pollution of the atmosphere is anthropogenic: the work of various industrial enterprises and transport, soil erosion, etc.

Air as an ecological factor Oxygen regime of water. In oxygen-saturated water, its content does not exceed 10 ml per 1 liter, which is 21 times lower than in the atmosphere. Therefore, the conditions for breathing the inhabitants of the aquatic environment are much more complicated. Oxygen enters the water mainly as a product of photosynthesis carried out by algae and by diffusion from the air. Therefore, the upper layers of the water column, as a rule, are richer in this gas than the lower ones. With an increase in temperature and salinity of water, the concentration of oxygen in it decreases. In layers more populated by animals and bacteria, a sharp deficiency of O 2 can be created due to its increased consumption. For example, in the World Ocean, depths rich in life from 50 to 1000 m are characterized by a sharp deterioration in aeration: it is several times lower than in surface waters inhabited by phytoplankton. Near the bottom of water bodies, conditions can be close to anaerobic. Soil features. The soil is a loose, thin surface layer of land in contact with the air. The soil is not just a solid body, like most rocks of the lithosphere, but a complex three-phase system in which solid particles are surrounded by air and water. It is permeated with cavities filled with a mixture of gases and aqueous solutions, and therefore extremely diverse conditions are formed in it, favorable for the life of many micro- and macro-organisms.

Features of the soil In the soil, temperature fluctuations are smoothed compared to the surface layer of air, and the presence of groundwater and the penetration of precipitation create moisture reserves and provide a moisture regime intermediate between the aquatic and terrestrial environments. The soil concentrates reserves of organic and mineral substances supplied by dying vegetation and animal corpses. All this determines the high saturation of the soil with life. The root systems of terrestrial plants are concentrated in the soil

Soil features On average, there are more than 100 billion cells of protozoa, millions of invertebrate rotifers and tardigrades, tens of millions of nematodes - roundworms, tens and hundreds of thousands of ticks and primary wingless insects, thousands of other arthropods, tens and hundreds of earthworms, mollusks per 1 m 2 of the soil layer. and other invertebrates. 1 cm 2 of soil contains tens and hundreds of millions of bacteria, microscopic fungi and other microorganisms. In the illuminated surface layers, hundreds of thousands of photosynthetic cells of green, yellow-green, diatoms and blue-green algae live in every gram.

Soil as an Intermediate Environment According to a number of ecological features, soil is an intermediate medium between aquatic and terrestrial. The soil is brought closer to the aquatic environment by its temperature regime, the reduced oxygen content in the soil air, its saturation with water vapor and the presence of water in other forms, the presence of salts and organic substances in soil solutions, and the ability to move in three dimensions. The soil is brought closer to the air environment by the presence of soil air, the threat of desiccation in the upper horizons, rather sharp changes temperature regime surface layers.

V. I. Vernadsky attributed the soil to the "bio-inert" bodies of nature, emphasizing its saturation with life and its inseparable connection with it.