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socialization Socialization of the individual - the process of its active inclusion in public life.
stages of socialization
ERIKSON'S CONTRIBUTION E. Erickson developed a psychosocial concept of personality development, where he showed a close relationship between personality development and the nature of the social environment in which it develops. He introduced the concept of "group identity", which is formed from the first days of a person's life.
“As the problem of socialization will be solved at the first stage, similarly, it will proceed at the last one. "(Erickson)" You can understand life only towards the end, but you have to live it first. (worldly wisdom)
Transitions from one age period of socialization to another are considered as critical, transitional ages, which is associated with the breakdown of former social relations with environment and the formation of new ones. During these periods, it should be taken into account that children: - are difficult to educate; - show stubbornness; - disobedience; - obstinacy; - negativism, etc.
Mechanisms of socialization
large small ones proceed outwardly calmly and are associated with the growth of the totality of knowledge, skills and abilities, the relative independence of the child. due to the restructuring of relations with the social environment. CRISES
Socialization theories Social learning theories (behaviorist) Psychoanalytic theories (identification) Cognitive theories (social comparison)
Violation of socialization Prosocial behavior is a person's behavior among other people, disinterestedly aimed at common good. Asocial behavior (deviant) - illegal, (entails administrative or criminal liability), or immoral (systematic drunkenness, drug addiction, money-grubbing, sexual promiscuity, and sometimes suicidal behavior is included).
Amoral antisocial behavior Depending on the ways of interaction of an individual with reality and violation of certain norms of society, deviant behavior is divided into five types (according to VD Mendelevich): Delinquent type of deviant behavior (crime, misdemeanor). Addictive (sexual interactions, workaholism, fanaticism). Pathocharacterological (psychopathy and character accentuations) Psychopathological (mental disorders and diseases). Based on hyper abilities (mathematical, musical, artistic and others).
Non-illegal deviant behavior
antisocial deviant behavior
1) Deviant behavior of a person is behavior that does not correspond to generally accepted or officially established social norms. 2) Deviant behavior and the personality that displays it causes a negative assessment from other people (condemnation, social sanctions). 3) Deviant behavior causes real damage to the person himself or to the people around him. Thus, deviant behavior is destructive or self-destructive. 4) Deviant behavior can be characterized as persistently repeated (repeated or prolonged). 5) Deviant behavior must be consistent with the general orientation of the individual. 6) Deviant behavior is considered within the medical norm. 7) Deviant behavior is accompanied by phenomena of social maladaptation. 8) Deviant behavior has a pronounced individual and age-gender identity. SIGNS OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR:
Aggression. - Suicide. - Abuse of substances that cause states of altered mental activity (alcoholism, drug addiction, smoking, etc.). - Violation of eating behavior (overeating, starvation). - Anomalies of sexual behavior (deviations, perversions, deviations of psychosocial development). - Overvalued psychological hobbies ("workaholism", "gambling", fanaticism, collecting). There are clinical forms of deviant behavior:
Overvalued pathopsychological hobbies (a kind of mania, litigation, etc.). - Characterological and pathocharacterological reactions (emancipation, grouping, etc.). - Communicative deviations (autization, hypersociability, conformism, phobic, narcissistic behavior). - Immoral, immoral behavior (greed, envy, adultery, vanity, etc.). - Unaesthetic behavior (deviation of speech style - stuttering, dyslalia, aphasia), deviation of gaze style, movements, etc.
Deviant behavior can be combined with enough good knowledge moral norms, which indicates the need for the formation of moral habits at a relatively early age. !!!
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Socialization is the process of mastering social roles, acquiring social status and accumulating social experience. The process of socialization begins at birth and continues throughout life. Life cycle a person is made up of certain age stages: - childhood - youth - maturity - old age
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Periods of socialization The period of childhood and adolescence constitutes the initial socialization; The period of maturity and old age - continued socialization.
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Blessed is he who was young from his youth, Blessed is he who matured in time, Who gradually endured the cold of life Over the years managed to endure ... AS Pushkin In the course of socialization, a person turns from a biological being into a social one. The social environment plays a decisive role in this process. Socialization makes it possible to communicate through learned roles. Socialization ensures the preservation of society itself: it instills in new citizens generally accepted values, patterns of behavior.
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Socialization is the process of human development, the formation of a personality in interaction with the outside world. Socialization is experienced by each of us throughout life. Socialization is understood as a process of mastering social roles and cultural norms by a person, accumulation life experience. Sometimes socialization is understood as preparation for adult life, as training and education at school, teaching a subject.
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Primary Socialization Family Primary socialization is very important for the child, as it is the basis for the rest of the socialization process. The family is of the greatest importance in primary socialization, from where the child draws ideas about society, about its values and norms.
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Secondary socialization Kindergarten, school Secondary socialization takes place outside the home. Its basis is a place where children have to act in accordance with new rules and in a new environment. In the process of secondary socialization, the individual no longer joins a small group, but a large one. Of course, the changes that occur in the process of secondary socialization are less than those that occur in the process of primary.
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Early socialization Early socialization is a "rehearsal" of future social relations. For example, relationships with classmates can serve as a "rehearsal" for relationships with future work colleagues.
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Resocialization Resocialization is the process of eliminating previously established patterns of behavior and acquiring new ones. In this process, a person experiences a sharp break with his past, and also feels the need to study and be exposed to values that are radically different from those prevailing before. Resocialization occurs throughout a person's life.
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"stages" of socialization: childhood, youth, maturity, old age. "The years of youth are the most difficult years," the German philosopher I. Kant wrote back in the 18th century. Difficulties of adolescence: psychological changes (attraction to the opposite sex, aggressiveness increases, inclination to unbridled risk, etc.); propensity for innovation and creativity; non-recognition of authorities; emphasized desire for independence and self-reliance; a parallel system of values is being formed: parents are peers; behavior changes (from almost complete obedience to covert or overt disobedience to parents); the contradiction between the increased orientation towards independence and the increased dependence on the opinions and behavior of peers.
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Maybe these are problems only of modern teenagers and young people? When were these words written? This youth is corrupt to the core. Young people are vicious and negligent. They will never be like the youth of old. Younger generation today will not be able to preserve our culture. "(Inscription on a Babylonian vessel, about 3 thousand years BC). "Young obstinate, without obedience and respect for the elders. Truth has been rejected, customs are not recognized. Nobody understands them, and they don't want to be understood. They bring death to the world. "(Inscription on the tomb of the pharaoh, about 3.5 thousand years BC). Adolescence is an exam for everyone (the teenager himself, parents, teachers). It is impossible to quickly and easily solve all the problems of this age: be patient...
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The importance of the teenage stage The formation of the foundation of the personality - the worldview - is coming to an end; Awareness of one's "I" occurs as an understanding of one's place in life; there is a constant search for moral guidelines. economically dependent, require social protection, do not act as participants in legal relations, are not owners, producers. They are only consumers; although psychophysically they are already ripe for making important decisions. Lack of life experience forces you to make many mistakes. But the main thing is not their quantity, but their quality: crime, drugs, recklessness, alcohol, sexual promiscuity... This is an attempt to play the role of adults.
The essence of socialization consists in a combination of adaptation and isolation of a person in the conditions of a particular society. Adaptation (social adaptation) is the process and result of the individual becoming a social being. Isolation is the process of autonomization of a person in society, the need for a person to have his own views, attachments, the ability to independently resolve issues related to his life, and so on.
The process of socialization of the individual can be divided into two stages: 1) primary socialization - takes place in the childhood and adolescence of an individual's life (family, preschool and school institutions, as well as groups of equals - companies of friends and peers); 2) secondary socialization is the development of the individual in subsequent years of life (social institutions, including the education system, means mass media, labor collectives)
Normative and regulatory function that forms and regulates the life of a person in society through the impact on him of special social institutions that determine the lifestyle of this society in a temporary context; - a personality-transformative function that individualizes a person through the formation of a need-motivational sphere, ideals and attitudes of a person in the system of social relations; - value-orientation function, which forms the system of values that determine the way of life of a person; Functions of socialization
Communication and information, bringing a person into relationships with other people, groups of people, a system that saturates a person with information in order to form his lifestyle; - a procreative function that generates a willingness to act in a certain way; - a creative function, in the process of implementation of which the desire to create is born, to find a way out of non-standard situations, to discover and transform the world around oneself; - a compensatory function that makes up for the deficiency of the necessary physical, mental and intellectual properties and qualities of a person.
Socialization and its agents Socialization is the process of mastering a certain system of knowledge, norms, values and social roles by an individual
social group association of people who share a common social sign, based on their participation in some activity associated with a system of relations that are regulated by formal or informal social institutions. social group
According to the functions performed, they distinguish between normative and comparative reference groups, by the fact of membership in the group of the presence group and ideal, in accordance with the agreement or denial of the norms and values of the group by the individual, positive and negative reference groups. The normative reference group acts as a source of norms that regulate the behavior of an individual, a guideline for a number of problems that are significant for him. In turn, the comparative reference group is a standard for the individual in assessing himself and others. The same reference group can act both as a normative and as a comparative one. The presence group is the reference group of which the individual is a member. Group classification
An ideal reference group is a group whose opinion an individual is guided by in his behavior, in assessments of important events for him, in subjective attitudes towards other people, but for some reason he is not a part of it. Such a group is especially attractive to him. The ideal reference group can be both real in the social environment and fictional (in this case, the standard of subjective assessments, life ideals of the individual are literary heroes, historical figures of the distant past, etc.). If the social norms and value orientations of the positive reference group are fully consistent with the ideas about the norms and values of the individual, then the value system of the negative reference group, with the same degree of significance and importance of the assessments and opinions of this group, is alien to the individual and opposite to his values. Therefore, in his behavior, he tries to get a negative assessment, "disapproval" of his actions and positions from this group. Group classification
Sigmund Freud's theory of socialization Z. Freud's theory of socialization is based on the position that the biological motives of an individual are contrary to the norms of culture, and socialization is the process of curbing these motives. Civilization, with its numerous moral prohibitions, harms the normal development of the human personality, is the source of its neuroses.
Sigmund Freud's theory of socialization Human activity is a biological process in which the continuous need to maintain homeostatic balance manifests itself in the form of drives that force the body to mobilize its activity in a certain direction, at a conscious level. At the age of 3-6 years, the child is faced with a conflict between his own motives and the rules imposed by the environment. This conflict, originating in ambivalent experiences in relation to parents, is called the Oedipus complex, where the child is in a situation of both desire and fear in relation to parents. All major models social interaction formed at this stage. The further process of socialization is a fragile compromise between natural and cultural.
Erik Erickson's Theory of Socialization Socialization is a path to identity that begins at birth and ends at death. There are 8 stages in the formation of self-identity, each of which is characterized by a specific developmental task, or crisis, that must be resolved in order for a person to move on to the next stage.
Life cycle according to E. Erickson 1. Trust and distrust up to a year. The degree of trust that a child imbues with the world around him, with other people and with himself, depends on the care shown to him. 2. Independence and indecision (autonomy and shame) from 1 year to 3 years. Formation in the child of the feeling that he owns himself, that is, he has a feeling of confidence and independence. 3. Enterprise and guilt from four to five years. The preschooler begins to invent activities for himself, and not just respond to the actions of others or imitate them. 4. Skill and inferiority. (Creativity and inferiority complex) from 6 to 16 years. When children are encouraged to finish what they start, praised for the results, the child develops skill and creativity. 5. Personal identity and confusion of the roles of years. There is a feeling of a holistic awareness of oneself and one's place in life, self-determination occurs, an “I” identity is formed. 6. Intimacy and loneliness from the end of adolescence to the beginning of middle age. Intimacy is the ability to care for another person and share all that is significant with them without fear of losing yourself in the process. 7. General humanity and self-absorption. (Productivity and stagnation) mature age. The ability to be interested in the fate of people outside the family circle, to think about the life of future generations, the forms of the future society and the structure of the future world. 8. Wholeness and hopelessness. period of old age until death. The feeling of wholeness, meaningfulness of life arises in someone who, looking back at the past, feels satisfaction.
Jean Piaget's theory of socialization Socialization is the process of adaptation to the social environment, the ability to be aware of one's "I", to compare the points of view of other people and one's own. This requires a well-formed intellectual apparatus and moral principles. It causes the child's transition from an egocentric position (a feature of children's thinking, his ideas about the world, an individual position, which consists in the inability to understand and take into account other points of view and positions) to an objective one.
Jean Piaget's theory of socialization Social life begins to play a progressive role when cooperative relations develop, when the child masters the norms of behavior and thinking, such a turning point in development occurs at 7-8 years. Until this period, the interaction of the subject with the outside world is subject to the laws of biological adaptation. External influence the subject is affected by two complementary processes: assimilation - the inclusion of external elements in the developing or completed structures of the organism, while new elements lose their specific features; and accommodation adaptation of previously formed reactions of the subject with the transition to new ways of responding. As the development of reality, these processes become more coordinated. Thus, social factors are added to biological factors at a certain and rather high level of development, thanks to which logical norms are developed in the child. Assimilation ceases to be egocentric, that is, the child becomes able to assimilate experience, and the interaction of the logical mind and experience itself is sufficient for further intellectual development.
Charles Cooley's theory of socialization At the heart of the formation of personality lies the multiple interaction of people with the world around them. In the process of such interactions, people create their “mirror self”, which consists of three elements: how others perceive us, from our point of view; how those others react to what they see from our point of view; how we act in response to the perceived reactions of others. This theory focuses on the interpretation of the thoughts and feelings of other people by a particular person.
The theory of socialization by George Mead Mead developed Cooley's ideas and developed a theory that explains the essence of the process of perception by an individual of other personalities and develops the concept of a generalized other, to a certain extent supplementing and developing the theory of the "mirror self". In accordance with this concept, the generalized other represents the universal values and standards of behavior of a certain group, which form the individual self-image of the members of this group. An individual in the process of communication, as it were, takes the place of other individuals and sees himself as a different person. He evaluates his actions and appearance in accordance with the presented assessments of his generalized other, as if looking at himself from the outside.
George Mead's Theory of Socialization J. Mead distinguished three stages in the process of teaching a child to play adult roles. The first preparatory stage (at the age of 1 to 3 years), during which the child imitates the behavior of adults without any understanding of the meaning of this activity who they are portraying, but the performance of the role is still unstable. The third final stage (at 4-5 years and more), in which role-playing behavior becomes collected and purposeful, and the ability to feel the roles of other actors is manifested. The stages of accepting the role of the other, others, the generalized other are all stages of the transformation of a physiological organism into a reflexive social individual. The origin of the ego is thus wholly social.
Moscow State University for the Humanities M. A. Sholokhova Faculty of Ecology and Natural Sciences Presentation on the topic: The processes of socialization Completed by 3rd year students of the correspondence department of the direction "Biology" Alexandrova K., Safina A., Demyanovskaya A., Ulyanova M. Moscow 2015
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Every second new people are born in society, who still do not know anything: neither the rules, nor the norms, nor the laws according to which their parents live. They need to be taught everything so that they become independent members of society, active participants in its life, capable of educating a new generation.
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The process of assimilation by an individual of social norms, cultural property and patterns of behavior of the society to which he belongs is called socialization. It includes the transfer and mastery of knowledge, skills, values, ideals, norms and rules of social behavior. Socialization is a set of agents and institutions that form, guide, stimulate, limit the formation of a person's personality. The process of socialization covers all strata of society. Within its framework, the assimilation of new norms and values to replace the old ones is called resocialization, and the loss of social behavior skills by a person is called desocialization. Deviation in socialization is commonly called deviation.
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The process of socialization consists of several stages, stages:
Stage of adaptation (birth - adolescence). Identification stage. Integration stage. labor stage. Post-labor stage (old age).
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Stages of the process of personality socialization according to Erickson:
Stage of infancy (from 0 to 1.5 years). Stage of early childhood (from 1.5 to 4 years). Childhood stage (4 to 6 years). Stage associated with primary school age (6 to 11 years). Adolescence stage (from 11 to 20 years). Youth stage (from 21 to 25 years). Maturity stage (from 25 to 55/60 years). Stage of old age (over 55/60 years). At each stage of socialization, a person is influenced by certain factors, the ratio of which at different stages is different.
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Primary and secondary socialization. Agents of socialization.
These are specific people responsible for teaching cultural norms and social values. Individuals, groups, as well as social institutions through which socialization occurs are called agents of socialization.
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Primary socialization covers the period from birth to the formation of a mature personality. The agents of the primary socialization of the individual are the immediate environment that has a direct impact on it: Family Parents Friends Peers School (teachers) Sports (coaches) Etc. In modern times, such agents of primary socialization as the media and the Internet are gaining power.
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Secondary socialization is the process of development of a socially mature personality, mainly associated with mastering a profession. Secondary socialization is carried out by people connected by formal business relations, heads of institutions of organizations, official representatives of the state and its bodies. mass media
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Parameters affecting the relationship between family members, their life together, child development:
1. Demographic parameter. 2. The socio-cultural parameter. 3. The socio-economic parameter. 4. Technical and hygienic parameter.
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The implementation of the process of socialization occurs on the basis of four hierarchically arranged structures. The influence of these structures is superimposed on each other. The first structure is a microsystem. The second structure is the mesosystem. The third structure is the exosystem. The fourth structure is macrosystems. Thus, socialization is one of the main social mechanisms that ensure the preservation, reproduction and development of any society.
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social control
It is the most important result of socialization and consists in regulating his behavior, which leads to the subordination of the individual to the group in which he is integrated. Such submission is expressed in meaningful or spontaneous adherence to the norms prescribed by the group. social control can be: formal informal
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Deviant behavior
When the ideals of a society are incommensurable with the real possibilities of achieving them, individuals may use other means to achieve their goal. This choice is associated with deviant behavior, i.e. one that does not match social norm. T Thus, some individuals, in pursuit of illusory success, wealth and power, choose socially forbidden or illegal means and become either delinquents or criminals. Another type of violation of norms is open disobedience and protest, demonstrative rejection of values accepted by society. Thus, deviation is the result of the inability or unwillingness of individuals to adapt to society and its requirements, in other words, indicates a complete or relative failure of socialization in this particular case.
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social status
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social prestige
The concept of status is usually associated with the concept of prestige. Social prestige is a public assessment of the significance of the position that a person occupies in the social structure. The higher the prestige of a person's social position, the higher his social status is estimated. For example: an education received in a good educational institution is considered prestigious; a high position; a certain place of residence (capital, city center). E If they talk about the high importance not of a social position, but of a particular person and his personal qualities, in this case they mean not prestige, but authority.
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In general, there are five factors that influence the process of socialization:
biological heredity; physical environment; culture, social environment; group experience; individual experience.
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Conclusion
Socialization is a complex, vital process. It largely depends on him how the individual will be able to realize his inclinations, abilities, take place as a person. The process of socialization of a person continues throughout his life, but it proceeds especially intensively in young years. It is then that the foundation of the spiritual development of the individual is created, which increases the importance of the quality of education, increases the responsibility of society, which sets a certain system of coordinates for the educational process, which includes the formation of a worldview based on universal and spiritual values, the development of creative thinking, the development of high social activity, purposefulness, needs and the ability to work in a team, the desire for something new and the ability to find the best solution to life's problems in non-standard situations;
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the need for constant self-education and the formation of professional qualities the ability to independently make decisions respect for laws, moral values social responsibility, civic courage, develops a sense of inner freedom and self-esteem education of the national identity of a citizen
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