Types of social mobility:
Intergenerational, when children reach a higher social position, or fall to a lower step than their parents. This is usually a long-term form of mobility.
Intragenerational- the same person changes his position several times throughout his life. It's called a social career. (The turner of the plant is the owner of the holding). This type of mobility is associated with short-term processes.
social mobility
Types of social mobility:
Vertical - moving from one stratum (estate, caste, class) to another. Depending on the direction, it may upward and downward mobility. ( promotion or dismissal).
Horizontal - the transition of an individual from one social group to another, located at the same level. (Change of citizenship, religion, family, place of residence, profession).
social mobility
Vertical and horizontal mobility is affected by:sex, age, birth rate, mortality rate, population density, etc.
The young and men are more mobile than the elderly and women. Overpopulated countries are more likely to experience the effects of emigration than migration (China). Where the birth rate is higher, the population is younger and therefore more mobile.
Pattern: the higher the status of a person, the fewer children he has. Therefore, the children of the rich cannot fill all the strata at the highest and middle levels, and there are chances that the strata will be filled by the poorer strata.
It may also be individual and group
mobility. A person can move independently or collectively. Moreover, with the consent or without the consent of the people (Komsomol recruitment, or the repatriation of small peoples, dispossession).
2.
Based on taking into account the ongoing changes in the social development of our country, when the static social structure becomes obsolete not only by years, but literally by months, it is impossible to give a complete picture of this process. Therefore, we will try to consider social changes as a trend.
From the point of view of social mobility, it can be stated that the beginning The 90s of the twentieth century, with the advent of capitalist relations, allowed a variety of representatives of social groups to quickly rise to the top ... Today, the vacancies have been filled and the upward movement has slowed down very much ...
Dynamics of the social structure of modern Russian society
For example, RBC specialists see a picture of social stratification in modern Russia in the following way:
A (Highest class) - Top managers (top managers) of enterprises, organizations and institutions with higher education and a large number of subordinates, highly qualified professionals with private practice.
B (upper middle class)– Middle managers with higher education of large organizations/companies, medium business entrepreneurs;
C1 (Middle middle class)- Highly qualified professionals managerial functions in the non-state sector of the economy, small entrepreneurs, middle managers with secondary or special education.
Dynamics of the social structure of modern Russian society
(lower middle class)- Qualified professionals budget organizations, wealthy pensioners, employees without higher education and skilled workers in foreign and joint companies;
D (Lower class) - Skilled workers and craftsmen in state-owned enterprises and employees in budgetary organizations, most pensioners, small traders without special or higher education;
E (Lower lower class)- unskilled and
auxiliary workers with secondary education, low-income pensioners.
Dynamics of the social structure of modern Russian society
According to the Romir-Monitoring holding, the largest all-Russian study on social stratification in recent years has identified 7 main strata:
"White collars", which include business people, senior managers, top managers large companies (7,2 %),
intelligentsia (14.6%),
"blue collar"- skilled workers with a high level of income (18.9%),
"grey collars"- unskilled workers with a low level of education and income (14.8%),
students (3.6%)
non-working (9.7%)
pensioners (31.2%).
Of these seven groups, according to the authors of the study, only five are socially significant (without students and unemployed). Experts believe that "this result refutes the opinion that society has not yet settled down, it is in a fever and, with the exception of a small layer, the bulk of the population is still looking for its place in life."
Dynamics of the social structure of modern Russian society
Let us dwell on another scheme of social structure in more detail:
The upper class was already formed by the middle. 90s. At this time, such social groups how:
Criminals (15% involved in Soviet time underground business)
Party and state nomenclature – 70%, caught in right time in the right place;
\u003d "Raznochintsy", i.e. representatives of different strata from workers to engineers of research institutes - 15%.
The Russian elite has capital, many of which are acquired outside the legal space. This layer has the ability to adopt appropriate laws and distribute the main wealth of the country. The sphere of entertainment is inaccessible to others. They differ in demonstrative luxury, but there is still no heredity.
Dynamics of the social structure of modern Russian society
The middle class is developing and there is a high level of mobility. This is the most economically active part of the population ... Its composition is determined by such features as income, education, lifestyle, social prestige. In developed countries, about 60% of the population.
The formation of a middle class usually leads to an easing of social tension in the country and a decrease in the lumpenization of the population. Today, the country's middle class includes about 16 million people. or 20-22% of the economically active population. The crisis of 1998 and 2009 hit the process of the formation of the middle class painfully.
Dynamics of the social structure of modern Russian society
Mainly composed of representatives mental labor: managers, employees of banks, insurance and other companies, part of the intelligentsia.
Education is at least secondary specialized, the standard of living is above the average in the region. More than half are employed in the public sector, another third work in private enterprises, in the education system (16%), the army and law enforcement agencies (13%), trade (11%), but only 1% in agriculture and forestry, housing and communal services - 2% , science - 3%. About a third do not work in their specialty.
Almost 20 million people are "office plankton", i.e. are engaged in directing or supporting the process of creating a product or service. In addition, about 11 million people. are members of law enforcement agencies (4.5 million people) or are officials in executive and legislative bodies.
social mobility. Social origin education nationality qualification Pitirim Sorokin Social mobility is any transition of an individual, group or social object, or value, from one social position to another, as a result of which the social position of an individual or group changes.
Social mobility Vertical mobility is a set of interactions that facilitate the transition of an individual from one social stratum to another. Horizontal mobility is the transition of an individual from one social position to another, which is at the same level.
1. Social mobility is necessary because serves as an integral part of culture in any modern industrialized society. 2. In the conditions of modern open society it depends on you what position you will occupy in society, in which social group you will be. 3. Through your own efforts, you will be able to change your social position, move from one rung of the social ladder to another. Social mobility Conclusions:
Depict graphically vertical () and horizontal () mobility in the following positions: A) change of profession: the worker became an engineer; B) moving from one city to another without changing the profession; C) advanced training within one profession (engineer - leading engineer); D) raising the level of education (a technician, having received a higher education, became the head of a shop); D) demotion. Social Mobility Quest
"Spheres of society" - The role of the modern civilized state: Unitary. Legislature. Parsons T. The concept of a social system. Spiritual realm. The political sphere of society: the form of government. The political sphere of society: forms of the territorial structure of the state. The division of power in the rule of law.
"The social sphere of life" - Marginals. Basic concepts. Typology of families. Interethnic relations. The social role of pichnost. Deviant (deviant) behavior. Types of stratification. social mobility. Theory of stratification. social control. The family as a social institution. Social adaptation. social lift. The social status of the individual.
"Socio-economic sphere" - Classification of income is made according to different criteria. Social policy of the state. Utilitarianism. The actual value of real income. Human Development Index. The decile coefficient is calculated as a ratio. Gini coefficient values. In implementation social policy states use two approaches.
"The social sphere of the life of society" - Theories of S. s. arose in opposition to the Marxist-Leninist theory of classes and class struggle. One of the main channels of marginalization is mass migration from the countryside to the city. Bourgeoisie? I (fr. Bourgeoisie) - class large owners widely used hired labor. There are high and low social mobility.
"Spheres of life of society" - Stages of social development. STAGES OF PUBLIC DEVELOPMENT (D.Bell, A.Turen). Features of the dynamics of the development of society. The spheres of public life are organically interconnected. Signs of society as an integral complex system. The concept of "society". Components of society. Conclusion: Spheres of social life. SPHERES OF LIFE OF SOCIETY (continued).
"The social sphere of society" - Basis. Philosophy science religion law art morality ideology. Yakovets Yu.V. History of Civilizations: Tutorial. Topic: 19. Conceptual apparatus of social philosophy. Social philosophy studies: Decision conditions global problems civilization. Civil society. Economic sphere. For example, antique, Chinese, German.
There are 12 presentations in total in the topic
Presentation on social studies on the topic "social mobility and stratification" Grade 11.
Teacher: Vovk Yury Nikolaevich
- Introduction.
- Essence of stratification processes.
- The concept of stratification.
- social differentiation.
- Scales of social stratification.
- Types of social stratification.
- The concept of social mobility.
- The main types of social mobility.
- Individual and group mobility.
- The value of social mobility.
- Indicators of social mobility of Russian society in different historical periods.
- Channels of social mobility.
- The concept of channels of social mobility.
- The main types of channels of social mobility.
- Indicators of social mobility.
- Marginality.
- Marginal type.
- Conclusion.
Introduction
The social structure of society is a part of the social system, which acts as a set of the most stable elements and their connections that ensure the functioning and reproduction of the system. It expresses the objective division of society into communities, classes, strata, groups, pointing to the different position of people in relation to each other. To describe the inequality of different social groups, there is a concept « social stratification». This concept was introduced into scientific circulation by a Russian-American sociologist and culturologist P.A. Sorokin. Term "stratification" came to sociology from geology, where it denotes the vertical arrangement of the Earth's layers.
Society is in constant motion and development, changing. Change people who perform certain social roles occupying certain status positions. Accordingly, individuals as the main elements of the social structure of society are also in constant motion. For descriptions of this movement of the individual through the social structure of society, there are social mobility theory . So in 1927 Pitirim Sorokin introduced the concept of sociology into sociology social mobility .
Pitirim Aleksandrovich Sorokin
(1889-11968)
The essence of stratification processes
Formation of ideas about social stratification was a direct consequence of the development of a structural approach in sociology in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries, starting with O. Comte, K. Marx, G. Spencer and up to E. Durkheim and T. Parsons. Within the framework of this approach, the idea was formed that all relations in society, whether they are intergroup or interpersonal interactions or stable ties, have ranking character , that is, the individuals, groups, communities connected by them are often part of different in his rank level social systems. At the same time, such ranking is stable, and the connections, accordingly, acquire an institutional character.
Theory social stratification allowed in to a large extent to deepen understanding of a number of key problems of social knowledge. At the same time, the theory of social stratification has been repeatedly successfully used to study and describe societies that differ in their cultural traditions, in terms of socio-economic and political development, which confirms its undeniable cognitive and general theoretical value.
The concept of stratification
P. Sorokin defines social stratification in the following way: « social stratification - this is the differentiation of a given set of people (population) into classes in a hierarchical rank. It finds expression in the existence of higher and lower strata. Its basis and essence lies in the uneven distribution of rights and privileges, responsibilities and obligations, the presence or absence of social values, power and influence".
In this way, social stratification is a system of social inequality, consisting of hierarchically arranged social strata (strata).
Under stratum (from Latin stratum - layer, flooring) in sociology is understood real, empirically fixed community, social stratum, a group of people united by some common social sign(property, professional, level of education, power, prestige, etc.). All people belonging to a particular stratum occupy approximately the same position and have common status features.
Social differentiation
To describe social heterogeneity, in addition to the concept "social stratification" a broader concept applies. "social differentiation" , which implies any - and not just rank - social differences. So, people who are fond of collecting insects are united by this common feature, but this feature has nothing to do with the process of social stratification (stratification).
Social differentiation (from Latin differentia - difference) is the division of society into various social groups that occupy different positions in it.
Collecting, say, butterflies can be representatives of any social groups and strata, representatives different professions, which does not affect the social hierarchy.
Scales of social stratification
Different sociologists explain the causes of social inequality and, consequently, social stratification in different ways. Yes, according to Marxist school of sociology , the inequality is based on property relations, nature, degree and form of ownership of the means of production . According to functionalists (K. Davis, W. Moore), the distribution of individuals according to social strata depends on their importance professional activity and contribution which they contribute by their labor to the achievement of the goals of society. Supporters exchange theories (J. Homans) believe that inequality in society arises due to unequal exchange of results of human activity .
In modern sociology, it is customary to distinguish the following main criteria of social stratification :
- income - the amount of cash receipts for certain period(month year);
- wealth - accumulated income, i.е. the amount of cash or embodied money (in the second case, they act in the form of movable or immovable property);
- power - the ability and ability to exercise one's will, to exert a decisive influence on the activities of other people through various means (authority, law, violence, etc.);
- education - a set of knowledge, skills and abilities acquired in the learning process.;
- prestige - public assessment of the attractiveness, significance of a particular profession, position, a certain type of occupation.
Types of social stratification
Throughout the history of mankind, four types of stratification have been distinguished.
System name
Characteristic
Slavery
Type of society
The form of the most rigid fixing of people in the lower strata.
caste
class
Caste - a social group, membership in which a person owes solely to his birth.
A system that involves a life-long assignment of a person to a certain stratum on an ethnic-religious or economic basis.
closed society
estate - social a group that has fixed custom or legal law and inherited rights and obligations.
A system that assumes the legal assignment of a person to a particular stratum.
class
Class - a large social group that is formed and functions on the basis of fundamental social interests.
An open system that does not imply a legal or any other way of fixing an individual to a certain stratum.
open society
The concept of social mobility
social mobility (from French mobile - mobile) is the movement of groups or individuals in the social structure of society, a change in their status.
Myself P. Sorokin defined social mobility as any transition of an individual or a social object (value) from one social position to another.
vertical movement up (upward mobility) or down (downward) on the socio-economic scale, associated with a change in place in the social hierarchy
Individual moving up, down or horizontally occurs in each person independently of others
group movement happens collectively
Main types of social mobility
Horizontal migration or change of position at the same socio-economic level, i.e. no status change
Social mobility is
Individual and group mobility
Individual and group mobility is a kind vertical mobility.
Individual mobility occurs when an individual member of society changes his social position. He leaves his old status niche or stratum and moves into a new state. To the factors individual mobility sociologists refer social background , the level of education , physical and mental capacity , external data , place of residence , advantageous marriage , specific actions(e.g., criminal offense, heroic deed).
group mobility is especially often observed in conditions of a change in the very system of stratification of a given society, when the social significance large social groups. The reasons for this mobility may be social revolutions , interstate and civil wars , political upheavals , foreign interventions , change of political regimes and etc.
Along with this, there are also intergenerational , intragenerational , organized and structural mobility.
The Importance of Social Mobility
Mobility indicators characterize changes in social distribution in social groups. This analysis allows monitoring of long-term social processes, establish patterns of social career implementation in various social groups and communities. For example, which social strata are most or least affected by upward or downward mobility? An objective answer to this question makes it possible to reveal the ways of social stimulation in certain social groups, the features of the social environment that determine the desire (or lack of it) for social growth. For example, intragenerational mobility describes changes in the status distribution within a certain age group, “generation”, which makes it possible to track the overall dynamics of the inclusion or distribution of this group in social system. For example, information about what part of today's youth is studying or has studied at universities, what part would like to be trained can be very important. Such information makes it possible to monitor many relevant social processes. Knowing common features social mobility in a given generation can be objectively assessed social development specific individual or small group within that generation.
Indicators of social mobility of Russian society in different historical periods
For good example values of social mobility, let's consider its indicators, which characterize the changes in the social groups of our country during the twentieth century. To do this, let's take five age cohorts, whose representatives began their independent labor path in different decades. These cohorts are characterized by deep internal differences, since the dissimilarity of the social conditions of life and the spiritual atmosphere in which socialization took place, the entry into an independent life of representatives of each of them is too great. All this was reflected in the movement from one social group to another. It has been established that the most active mobility from one social group to another occurred in the 1950s-1970s: about 30% of the respondents moved from collective farmers to workers, 37% from workers to employees and specialists, and 26% from collective farmers to employees and specialists. %. People who started their career before the 1950s (the first cohort) turned out to be three times more mobile than those who started it in the 1980s. (fifth cohort). But by the 1980s. the educational level reached its limit, and the representatives of the fifth cohort (moreover, both workers, and collective farmers, and employees with specialists) turned out to be the most inactive in terms of raising their education.
Channels of social mobility
In the process of social mobility, there is a constant redistribution of individuals within the framework of the social structure in accordance with the principles existing in this system. social differentiation. How, within the framework of the social structure of society, does social mobility, that is, the movement of individuals along this very social structure?
In modern society, whose social structure is highly complex and institutionalized, most social movements are associated with certain social institutions. That is, most statuses exist and have meaning only within the framework of specific social institutions. This gives rise to the idea of social institutions as a kind of social spaces within which most of the changes in status occur. Such spaces are called canals (or elevators) social mobility .
The concept of channels of social mobility
In a strict sense, under channel of social mobility refers to such social structures, mechanisms, methods that can be used to implement social mobility. Of primary importance are political authorities , political parties , public organizations , economic structures , professional labor organizations and unions , army , church , education system , family and clan ties.
Main types of social mobility channels
Own
Indicators of social mobility
To quantify the processes of social mobility, one usually uses indicators her speed and intensity. Combining the indicators of speed and intensity of mobility, we get the total index of mobility. It allows you to define and compare the processes of mobility occurring in different societies.
Index
His essence
Mobility speed
vertical social distance or the number of strata - economic, professional or political - that an individual goes through in his movement up or down in a certain period of time
Mobility intensity
the number of individuals who change social positions in a vertical or horizontal direction in a given period of time
Marginality
It should be noted that the processes of social mobility can be accompanied by marginalization and lumpenization society. Under marginality refers to an intermediate, “borderline” state of a social subject. Marginal (from lat. marginalis - located on the edge) when moving from one social group to another, it retains the old system of values, connections, habits and cannot learn new ones (migrants, unemployed).
lumpen , trying in the process of social mobility to move from the old group to the new one, finds himself outside the group altogether, breaks social ties and eventually loses basic human qualities - the ability to work and the need for it (beggars, homeless people).
Variety of marginals
Characteristic
Ethnomarginals
Arise as a result of migration to a foreign ethnic environment
Economic marginals
Generated by the loss of work and material well-being
Religious outcasts
Persons standing outside traditional faiths
Sociomarginals
Appear in connection with the incompleteness of social displacement
Political outcasts
Arise as a result of the loss of generally accepted norms and values of political culture
Biomarginals
Persons whose health has ceased to be a matter of public concern
Conclusion
Thus, at the core social stratification lies the natural and social inequality between people, which manifests itself in their social life and has a hierarchical character. It shows that strata exist in different conditions and people have different opportunities to meet their needs. Inequality- the source of stratification in society.
social mobility is an important tool analysis of society dynamics, changes in its social parameters. Processes social mobility can take many forms and even be contradictory. But at the same time, for a complex society, the free movement of individuals in social space is the only way to develop, otherwise it can expect social tension and conflicts in all spheres of public life.
slide 2
The concept of social mobility:
In a stratification system, individuals or groups can move from one level (layer) to another. This process is called social mobility.
slide 3
Social inequality implies differences in the distribution of benefits and responsibilities, and social stratification - a structured system of inequality, social mobility is manifested in the movement of individuals or groups from one social status to another.
slide 4
social mobility
According to the definition of P. Sorokin, "social mobility is understood as any transition of an individual, or a social object, or a value created or modified through activity, from one social position to another."
Slide 5
Reasons for social mobility
First, societies change, and social change alters the division of labor, creating new statuses and undermining old ones. Second, while the elite may monopolize educational opportunities, they cannot control the natural distribution of talent and ability. Therefore, the upper strata are inevitably replenished with talented people from the lower strata.
slide 6
Forms of social mobility:
Horizontal mobility is the transition of an individual or a social object from one social position to another, lying on the same level Vertical mobility is a set of interactions that contribute to the transition of an individual or a social object from one social stratum to another
Slide 7
Vertical mobility is a change in the position of an individual, which causes an increase and decrease in his social status. If an auto mechanic becomes a plant manager, this is a manifestation upward mobility, but if the auto mechanic becomes a scavenger, such movement will be an indicator of downward mobility. If an auto mechanic gets a job as a mechanic, such movement will indicate horizontal mobility.
Slide 8
Horizontal mobility - change social position, which does not lead to an increase or decrease in social status. - this is the transition of an individual or a social object from one social position to another, lying on the same level
Slide 9
Sociologists also distinguish between intergenerational and intragenerational mobility. Intergenerational mobility is determined by comparing the social status of parents and their children at a certain point in the career of both (for example, by the rank of their profession at approximately the same age). Research shows that a significant portion, perhaps even the majority, of the Russian population moves at least slightly up or down the class hierarchy in every generation.
slide 10
Intragenerational mobility involves comparing the social status of an individual over a long period of time. Research results show that many Russians have changed occupations during their lives. However, the mobility of the majority was limited. Short distance travel is the rule, long distance travel is the exception.
slide 11
Factors affecting social mobility:
the impact of slow change, such as the movement of individuals or groups from poor agrarian regions to richer, urban ones. On the scale of human history, an important factor vertical mobility international migration served, for example, migration in the 19th century. representatives of the working class and peasantry from Europe to the United States; Western European colonial expansion, which brought benefits to some segments of the population and enslavement to others.
slide 12
Consequences of social mobility:
The social consequences of mobility, especially vertical mobility, are difficult to measure. Some scholars are of the opinion that large-scale mobility, both upward and downward, leads to the destruction of the class structure and makes society more homogeneous.
slide 13
Others contend that individuals who try to increase or maintain their status quo are actually reinforcing the class system, since they should be interested in deepening class distinctions. Still others suggest that class differences can be reduced, not through individual mobility, but through the achievement of social and economic equality for all members of society.
Slide 14
A positive consequence of mobility is a more complete disclosure of individual talents. This is facilitated by the established system of education in modern industrial countries. But a high level of vertical mobility leads to individual and social anomie.
slide 15
Anomie is a concept introduced to explain deviant behavior (suicide, apathy and disappointment) and expressing a historically determined process of destruction of the basic elements of culture, primarily in the aspect of ethical norms. With a rather sharp change in social ideals and morality, certain social groups cease to feel their involvement in this society, they are alienated, new social norms and values are rejected by the members of these groups.
slide 16
During the period of anomie, the individual feels isolated from society and experiences anxiety; in the context of the whole society, there is a weakening or disappearance of generally accepted beliefs and standards of behavior. Many scholars are convinced that the class system of Western industrial societies has undergone fundamental changes due to the creation of an effective social security system after the end of World War II.
Slide 17
increased social mobility due to rising living standards. It is believed that increased mobility has reduced class differences to a minimum, so that modern Western countries are developing towards a relatively classless (or middle class) society. But other analysts argue that a new upper class is now emerging, a new elite made up of production organizers and managers from both the public and private sectors of the economy.
Slide 18
The lecture is over
Thank you for your attention
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