slide 2
Production process
Chapter 3. Economics of the firm 2 16. Production Costs/Input Factors of production Output/Output Goods and services Enterprise Production Production is the transformation of factors of production into goods and services.
slide 3
production function
Chapter 3. Economics of the firm 3 16. Production (productionfunction) - the relationship between the number of factors of production used and the size of the output of goods and services.
slide 4
Duration of economic activity
Chapter 3. Economics of the company 4 16. Production short-term period - up to 1 year; medium term—from 1 to 5 years; long term - over 5 years.
Slide 5
Short-term and long-term periods
Chapter 3. Economics of the company 5 16. Production Short-term period (shortrun) - the period during which the amount of some factors of production change, while others remain unchanged. Long run (longrun) - the period during which the amount of all the factors of production used changes.
slide 6
Fixed and variable factors
Chapter 3. Economics of the company 6 16. Production Fixed factors (fixedfactors) -factors of production, the number of which does not change during the period under review. Variable factors (variablefactors) - factors, the number of which changes during the period under consideration.
Slide 7
short term
Chapter 3. Economics of the firm 7 16. Production Two factors of production: one (capital) is constant, the second (labor) is variable. The expansion of production depends on changes in the proportions between fixed and variable factors. The number of firms in the market remains unchanged.
Slide 8
Long term
Chapter 3. Economics of the firm 8 16. Production Both factors of production are variable. Returns to scale - if the amount of capital used increases, then the amount of labor used increases by the same amount. The number of firms in the market is changing - new firms appear, and some of the existing ones go bankrupt or cease to operate.
Slide 9
Average product of labor
Chapter 3. Economics of the company 9 16. Production (averageproductolabor) - the volume of production by one worker
slide 10
Labor productivity
Chapter 3. Economics of the company 10 16. Labor productivity can be defined either as output - the amount of product produced per unit of time, or as labor intensity - the amount of time spent on the production of a unit of output.
Slide 11
Factors affecting labor productivity
Chapter 3. Economics of the firm 11 16. Production General economic factors - type economic system and the overall level of economic development of the country. Intra-firm factors - increasing the technical equipment of production. Human Factors— growth in the level of personnel qualification, reduction in the share manual labor, motivation of employees to productive work, their physical and spiritual condition.
slide 12
marginal product of labor
Chapter 3. Economics of the company 12 16. Production (marginalproductoflabor) - the increase in production as a result of hiring an additional worker.
slide 13
Phases of production growth
Chapter 3. Economics of the company 13 16. Production Growth in production as a result of an increase in the number of employees with a constant amount of equipment occurs in three phases: Increasing and positive marginal product of labor (increasingandpositive). Decreasing but positive marginal product of labor (decreasingbutpositive). Decreasing and negative marginal product of labor (decreasingandnegative).
Slide 14
Diminishing returns in the short run
Chapter 3. Economics of the firm 14 16. Production Law of diminishing returns (lawofdiminishingreturns) - in short term when a certain output is reached, the marginal product of the variable factor decreases.
slide 15
Long term
Chapter 3. Economics of the company 15 16. Production Return to scale (returntoscale) - the impact of changes in the size of the factors of production used on the total product of production.
slide 16
Types of returns to scale
Chapter 3. The economics of the firm 16 16. Production Constant returns to scale (constantreturntoscale) - an increase in input factors of production by a certain amount leads to an increase in production by the same amount. Increasing returns to scale (increasingreturntoscale) - an increase in the input of factors of production by a certain amount leads to an increase in total production by more than the same amount. Decreasing return to scale - an increase in the inputs of production factors by a certain amount leads to an increase in production by less than the same amount. Slide 19
Conclusions (2)
Chapter 3. Economics of the company 19 16. Production Labor productivity - the amount of products produced per unit of time (production), or the amount of time spent on the production of a unit of output (labor intensity). Labor productivity depends on general economic, intra-company and human factors.
Slide 20
Conclusions (3)
Chapter 3. Economics of the company 20 16. Production Production in the short run is characterized by diminishing returns of the variable factor of production (labor). When a certain output is reached, the marginal product of the variable factor decreases. Production in the long run is characterized by different returns on the scale of the use of factors - constant, growing or declining.
View all slides
slide 1
slide 2
Manufacturing: Economically, the process of creating different types economic product. The concept of production characterizes a specifically human type of exchange of substances with nature, or, more precisely, the process of active transformation of natural resources by people in order to create the necessary material conditions for their existence and development. One of the possible activities of an organization or individual aimed at creating an end product or service. A structured combination of factors of production with the aim of achieving an end product or service. Manufacturing enterprise also called "production". Modern social production includes not only material production, but also the intangible sphere - the production of intangible goods and services (new scientific discoveries, technical inventions, public education, culture, art, healthcare, household service, management, financing and lending, sports, etc.). The development of non-material production and the service sector depends to a decisive extent on the production of material goods - its technical equipment and output.
slide 3
Production can be divided into the following areas (categories): Defense production - production of means of defense (protection) from enemies Agricultural production (and its branches - forestry, cattle breeding, fish farming, etc.) - breeding of animal and plant products with the help of natural forces of nature; industrial production(mining and manufacturing industry) - processing of raw materials into a form suitable for human consumption;
slide 4
Transfer of the manufactured product from producers to consumers: logistics and trade
slide 5
slide 6
Slide 7
Spiritual production: new scientific discoveries, technical inventions, culture, art
Slide 8
A firm is a unit of business activity, legally registered and realizing its own interests through the production and sale of goods and services using various factors of production. The concepts of "firm" and "enterprise" are identical if the enterprise is independent legal entity pursuing their economic interests.
slide 9
The simplest, oldest and most common form economic organization- individual (private) company. In Russian law, it is now referred to as economic company with a single member. The creator of such a company is its sole and sovereign owner. No one can tell him what he should do, and he is not obliged to share his net profit with anyone. Sole proprietorships are usually small in size because they cannot assemble those cash, without which it is impossible to create big business. Such firms operate most often in the field of trade and services, where the firm's capital can be relatively small.
slide 10
Partnership B full partnership its members: - are engaged entrepreneurial activity on behalf of the partnership; - are liable for its obligations with their property; - manage the activities of the partnership by common agreement; - distribute profits and losses among themselves in proportion to the share of each in the general (share) capital of the partnership (for example, a member of the partnership who contributed 20% of the share capital during its creation has the right to receive 20% of net profit in the future); - in case of partnership debts, each is fully responsible, and not in proportion to their share in the authorized capital.
Production is the basis of the economy.
Lesson plan:
- What is production?
- Products and service.
- factors of production.
- Division of labor and specialization.
Production is the process of creating economic goods to meet the needs of people.
- A branch of the economy is a set of enterprises and organizations that produce homogeneous products or services.
MPs include:
NS includes:
- industry
- Agriculture
- water, forestry
- construction
- freight transport
- trade
- catering
- logistics.
- housing and communal services
- passenger transport
- healthcare
- connection between the non-manufacturing sphere
- physical Culture
- culture
- the science
- art
- education
- Banking services
- insurance, etc.
Goods and services. What do these words have in common and what is their difference?
The service sector is becoming a major industry social production.
- The division of labor is the division of the production process into a number of separate operations, stages performed by different workers.
Give examples
- Specialization is the concentration of activities in relatively narrow areas, production operations or types of products.
Give examples
Types of production
Production of goods or services?
Tailoring
Resources, professions of people
Car repair
Holding a weightlifting competition
Release of calculators
Painting a portrait
Watering the streets
Creating a book
Growing cucumbers and tomatoes
Foreign language teaching
To use the preview of presentations, create an account for yourself ( account) Google and sign in: https://accounts.google.com
Slides captions:
Production - the basis of the economy Work saves us from three great evils: boredom, vice, need. François Voltaire
The material needs of people are satisfied through the acquisition of various economic benefits.
Classification of economic goods short-term long-term present goods future direct indirect interchangeable complementary
Production is the process of creating economic goods (goods and services) to meet the needs of people.
Historical types of production Natural production arose historically first. consumer and producer, as a rule, coincide. Commodity production is associated with the division of labor and specialization within production. leads to an increase in exchange processes not only in the form of donation, but also in the form of trade
Purpose and results of production A product is the result of economic activity embodied in things and services. properties: use value, that is, the ability to be useful, the right people, and exchange value, that is, the ability to exchange for other goods. All goods, depending on the purpose, are divided into two groups: means of production (machines, work buildings, equipment); consumer goods (food, clothing). Services - economic activity bringing satisfaction of personal needs of the population and society as a whole.
The difference between a good and a service A service does not have a material form A good is first produced and then consumed, A service is usually consumed directly at the time of its production.
Factors of production Economic resources are all that is used in the process of production of goods and services. (factors of production) Natural resources (land, minerals, water, forests) Labor resources (people with their ability to produce goods and services) Capital (money capital, means of production i.e. real capital) Informational resources(knowledge necessary for economic activity)
"Three whales" of production labor force (labor) objects of labor (land) means of labor
Labor Labor is a combination of a person's physical and intellectual abilities, that is, the labor force that he uses in the production process. Indicators of labor productivity, effectiveness. Labor productivity - the amount of production produced per unit of time, and intensity - the energy costs of the worker per unit of time. Features of labor mobility of the labor force unequal qualifications the inability to determine the quality of an employee when concluding a contract includes social, psychological, political and other aspects
The means of production include the means of labor and objects of labor. Means of labor - this is what people use to create the necessary benefits (tools, machines, equipment, production facilities) Objects of labor - this is what people act on in the process of labor; they form the material basis of the future product (natural raw materials, materials, energy).
Information resources The structure of the market is diverse, it includes scientific and educational institutions, mass media, storage bases and a large number of intermediaries.
Economic resources are paid
Economic efficiency is obtaining the maximum possible benefits from available resources. Production efficiency indicators Labor productivity ( average cost production produced by one worker) Material intensity (consumption of natural resources per unit of output) Capital intensity (use of capital for the production of products) Comparison of the cost of manufactured products with the cost of all resources used is called profitability
The division of the production process into a number of separate operations, stages performed by different workers, is called the division of labor. The production of individual products based on the division of labor is called specialization.
Production capability is the maximum amount of goods and services that can be produced at the same time. certain period time, given resources and technology
Description of the presentation on individual slides:
1 slide
Description of the slide:
Production Completed Elena Bannikova, a student of the 10th grade. Teacher Martsenyuk T.N. MAOU "Secondary School No. 99", Perm
2 slide
Description of the slide:
What? Production is the process of creating economic goods (goods and services) to meet the needs of people. In the history of mankind, it was production that formed the basis for the development of the economy. At first, such a basis was agricultural production, then industrial production, from the middle of the 20th century. technological progress has turned science into the main driving force of economic development. Based on scientific achievements, products are created that do not exist in nature.
3 slide
Description of the slide:
Characteristics of production characteristics use various indicators: what is produced (what purpose goods are produced), how much is produced (production volume), the number of employed workers, the scale of production (from home production to country production), etc.
4 slide
Description of the slide:
Enterprises The main production unit where economic benefits are created is an enterprise (factory, farm, cooperative, etc.). Most businesses in the economy are grouped by industry. Branch of the economy - a set of enterprises and organizations that produce homogeneous products or services.
5 slide
Description of the slide:
Branches Modern sectors of the economy have been formed as a result of a long historical process: from fishing and hunting at the beginning of the historical path of mankind to modern agriculture, a diversified industry.
6 slide
Description of the slide:
Industry groups The first group includes industry, agriculture, construction, etc. The second group of industries includes, for example, education, medical service, art, scientific activity, transport and communications.
7 slide
Description of the slide:
Professions Some professions are disappearing and others are appearing. At the beginning of the XX century. in almost every village there was a master who made horse harness and saddle; in the city, the profession of a chimney sweep was once widespread. The development of technology has contributed to the emergence of ever new areas of human activity, which are formed into special branches (for example, computer science, biotechnology, etc.). One of the mass professions in this century is the profession of a programmer.
8 slide
Description of the slide:
Products and service. The purpose and outcome of production is the product. Product - the result of economic activity, embodied in things and services. In the primitive community, the product served for direct consumption, but over time, part of the goods created began to be intended for exchange through purchase and sale. the product of labor produced for sale is a commodity. It has two main properties: use value, i.e., the ability to be useful, needed by people, and exchange value70, i.e., the ability to be exchanged for other goods.
9 slide
Description of the slide:
Market The product was turned into a commodity under certain historical conditions. First, there was an economic isolation of people in the manufacture of any product, then there was a need for the exchange between producers of products with the results of their labor. This is how commodity production arose: As it develops and an excess of production appears, a commodity economy is formed, and the useful products created in it rush to the market to satisfy the demand of buyers. Under slavery and under feudalism, the production of things as commodities was limited, since the economy was basically natural. Gradually, the mass production of goods for the market becomes a prerequisite for the development of capitalism and makes commodity production the most progressive form of organizing the economic life of society. Commodity relations dominate the modern world economy.
10 slide
Description of the slide:
Services Services are economic activities that satisfy the personal needs of the population and society as a whole. A service, unlike a product, does not have a material form, but this does not make it any less significant.
11 slide
Description of the slide:
Data. Beginning of the 21st century characterized by the accelerated development of the service sector around the world. In Western Europe, the able-bodied population works in this area today. Services account for approximately 50% of all consumer spending. This area of activity is also growing in Russia, especially in the context of the development market relations(for example, insurance, banking services, etc.). The service sector is turning into the main sphere of social production, which has a significant impact on the level of economic development of the country and the welfare of the population.
12 slide
Description of the slide:
factors of production. For the production of economic goods, a combination of nature, man, and technology is necessary. The main groups of resources used in the production process are called factors of production (from Latin Factor - making, producing).
13 slide
Description of the slide:
Factors Land as a factor of production is Natural resources used in production: the land itself (arable land, the location of industrial buildings and structures), minerals, forests, water, vegetable and animal world nature. Labor is the so-called "human capital": physical and mental efforts, abilities and skills, health and qualifications of workers. Man is able to set in motion the means of production, he animates them, without him they are dead. Capital as a factor of production is the means of production created by people: buildings and structures, machines and tools, equipment. Entrepreneurial ability is a factor that binds together the rest of the resources of production. It allows the best use of resources in order to obtain high results (more products and best quality). This is a combination of energetic activity of entrepreneurs, their organizational and economic innovation (search and implementation of new ideas, technologies) and willingness to take risks when organizing their business.
14 slide
Description of the slide:
Information In the second half of the XX century. another source of wealth became obvious - information: the one who owns the information owns the world. Information [from lat. information - clarification, presentation) - a resource used in economic processes. As a product of mental activity, information is, first of all, knowledge, information, communication, data used in the process of analyzing and making economic decisions, in management, etc. Information is so important in modern society experiencing the information revolution, a resource that, according to economists, deserves special place among factors of production
15 slide
Description of the slide:
Productivity One of the important indicators of the efficiency of resource use is the value of the productivity of these resources (labor productivity, soil fertility, conveyor productivity, etc.). Productivity refers to the amount of goods and services produced per unit of inputs used. Productivity growth can be expressed either in an increase in output using the same amount of resources, or in maintaining the same output using fewer resources.
16 slide
Description of the slide:
Specialization The concept of "division of labor" is closely related to the concept of "specialization". Specialization is the concentration of activities in relatively narrow areas, production operations or types of products. In a natural economy, there was no division of labor and specialization between workers, all the necessary products were jointly produced and consumed However, people noticed that some workers were better at doing one thing and others were better at doing something else.Manufacturers began to focus on making the items they were best at.They sought to improve their skills by producing more and more products per unit. time, i.e., working more productively.So there was a specialization in the performance of work, as a result of which there was a need for the exchange between producers of the results of activities.It was the specialization and division of labor that caused the separation from each other of various occupations and fields the emergence of professions.
17 slide
Description of the slide:
Economy Modern economy so specialized that none of us provides ourselves with all the necessary benefits. Everyone does one thing, and then exchanges the results of his work for the results of the work of others. Specialization exists not only between workers, but also between enterprises, sectors of the economy, and countries. Thus, an example of specialization at school is the teaching of the fundamentals of science by subject teachers. Individual countries may specialize primarily in the production of a certain range of goods and services: Uzbekistan grows and processes cotton. Georgia produces grape wines, Turkey is famous for organizing tourism and recreation. Specialization and division of labor make it possible to concentrate production in the hands of the most efficient workers. Such an organization of production leads to an increase in labor productivity, which contributes to a better satisfaction of the needs of each person and society as a whole.
18 slide
Description of the slide: