Methods of economic analysis of economic activity. Methods for analyzing the financial and economic activities of an enterprise Methods for economic analysis of an organization's activities

Introduction.

1.1 The concept of PCD analysis.

1.2 Principles of PCD analysis.

1.3 Types of PCD analysis.

1.4 Method of PCD analysis.

2.1 general review economic and financial position of the organization.

2.1.1 Characteristics of the direction of the financial economic activity.

2.1.2 Analysis of the state of "sick" reporting items.

2.2.1.1 Analysis of the integrated compacted net balance.

2.2.1.2 Assessing property dynamics.

2.2.1.3 Evaluation of formalized indicators of property status.

2.2.2 Assessment of the financial situation.

2.2.2.1 Analysis of the firm's liquidity.

2.2.2.2 Analysis financial stability.

2.2.3 Evaluation of the effectiveness of the financial and economic activities of the organization.

2.2.3.1 Business analysis.

2.2.3.2 Profitability analysis.

2.3 Summary.

Conclusion.

Application.

Literature.

Introduction

With the transition of Russia to a market economy, the analysis of the financial and economic activities of enterprises is becoming increasingly important.

In the conditions of competition and the desire of enterprises to maximize profits, the analysis of financial and economic activities is an integral function of management. This aspect of company management is becoming the most significant at the present time, since the practice of market functioning shows that without an analysis of financial and economic activity, an enterprise cannot function effectively.

At present, this need seems to be recognized in Russia, although analysis is the norm in developed countries. entrepreneurial activity for quite a long time now.

This problem is well covered in the economic literature, especially recently. It is very positive that it is Russian economists who pay great attention to this, which determines the inclusion of Russian specifics in publications. Nevertheless, Western translated literature is also of great interest.

This work is devoted to the analysis of financial and economic activities. This is a very broad topic with numerous aspects. Its breadth is due to the versatility of the economic life of the company.

It is advisable to talk about the separation of the financial and economic aspects of the analysis. However, in my opinion, the integration of these aspects allows us to more fully characterize the activities of the company. In addition, these two aspects are closely related. In view of this, in this work, it was the analysis of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise that was carried out.

The first part of the work is devoted to theoretical issues of the analysis of FCD, namely the essence of the analysis, its principles and types.

A special place is given to the second, practical part. term paper, in which an analysis of the financial and economic activities of a really operating enterprise was carried out.

Thus, this paper considers a range of issues related to the analysis of financial and economic activities in general and in terms of the practical application of analytical procedures.

§ one. general characteristics analysis of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise.

1.1 The concept of PCD analysis

Effective use of economic resources and the potential of society is impossible without studying the essence of the processes and phenomena occurring in the economy.

However, in view of the versatility and breadth of the economic life of society, the study of phenomena as a whole is extremely difficult. Significantly facilitate the study of economic processes allows the method of dividing the object of study into components - economic analysis.

Thus, economic analysis is a way of knowing objects and phenomena of the economic environment, based on the division of the whole into its constituent parts and the study of them in all the variety of connections and dependencies.

Economic analysis uses an abstract - logical method of studying economic phenomena, since here these phenomena are not of a material nature and their study is replaced by the power of abstraction, based on the analytical abilities of a person.

Need economic analysis arose objectively, in connection with the development of productive forces and production relations. At present, analysis occupies a significant place in the knowledge system of society and is widely used to study the patterns of economic development.

A general theoretical economic analysis is distinguished, which studies economic processes and phenomena at the macro level and specifically - economic analysis at the micro level (analysis of economic activity, which is used to study the activities of economic entities).

In view of the specifics of this work, in the future it will be considered the analysis of financial and economic activities at the micro level.

1.2 Principles of PCD analysis

An analytical study of the financial and economic activities of enterprises is based on certain principles.

1. state approach.

When evaluating economic phenomena and processes, it is necessary to take into account their compliance with state economic, social, international policies and legislation.

2. scientific character.

The analysis should be based on the provisions of the dialectical theory of knowledge, taking into account the requirements of the economic laws of the development of production.

3. Complexity.

The analysis requires a comprehensive study of causal relationships in the economy of the enterprise.

4. Systems approach.

The analysis should be based on understanding the object of study as a complex dynamic system with a structure of elements.

5. objectivity and accuracy.

The information used for analysis must be reliable and objectively reflect reality, and analytical conclusions must be substantiated by accurate calculations.

6. Effectiveness.

The analysis must be effective, that is, actively influence the course of production and its results.

7. Planning.

For the effectiveness of analytical activities, the analysis must be carried out systematically.

8. Efficiency.

The effectiveness of the analysis greatly increases if it is carried out quickly and analytical information quickly affects management decisions managers.

9. Democracy.

It involves participation in the analysis of a wide range of workers and, consequently, a more complete identification of on-farm reserves.

10. Efficiency.

The analysis must be effective, i.e., the costs of its implementation must have a multiple effect.

1.3 Types of PCD analysis

The classification of business analysis is important for a correct understanding of its content and objectives and, therefore, for effective application in practice.

The analysis of economic activity is a multifaceted and wide phenomenon. It is classified:

by industry:

sectoral, the specificity of which takes into account the characteristics of individual sectors of the national economy (industry, Agriculture, transport, etc.)
intersectoral, which takes into account the interconnections and structure of economic sectors and is the methodological basis for a general analysis of economic activity (AHD theory)

according to time:

preliminary (prospective), - carried out before the implementation of business operations to justify management decisions
operational, carried out immediately after the completion of business transactions for the prompt identification of shortcomings in the process of financial and economic activity. Its purpose is to provide the function of management - regulation.
subsequent (retrospective, final), is carried out after the commission of economic acts. It is used to control the financial and economic activities of the enterprise.

in terms of space:

on-farm, studies the activities of an economic entity and its structural divisions
inter-farm, analyzes the interaction of the enterprise with contractors, competitors, etc. and allows you to identify best practices in the industry, reserves and shortcomings of the organization.

by objects of management

technical - economic analysis, which studies the interaction of technological and economic processes and establishes their impact on the economic results of the enterprise.
financial and economic analysis, which special place pays to the financial results of the enterprise, namely, the implementation financial plan, efficiency of use of own and borrowed capital, profitability indicators, etc.
socio - economic analysis, which studies the relationship of social and economic processes to improve the efficiency of use labor resources, labor productivity, etc.
economic - statistical analysis is used to study mass social - economic phenomena.
economic - environmental analysis explores the interaction of environmental and economic processes for a more rational and careful use of environmental resources.
marketing analysis, which is used to study the external environment of the enterprise, raw materials and sales markets, etc.

according to the method of studying objects:

comparative analysis, uses the method of comparing the results of financial and economic activities by periods of economic activity.
factor analysis is aimed at identifying the magnitude of the influence of factors on growth and the level of performance indicators.
diagnostic, aimed at identifying violations in the mechanism of the functioning of the organization by analyzing typical signs that are characteristic only for this violation.
marginal analysis is a method for evaluating and justifying the effectiveness of management decisions based on cause-and-effect relationships between sales volume, production cost and profit.
economic - mathematical analysis allows you to identify the most optimal solution to the economic problem with the help of mathematical modeling.
stochastic analysis is used to study stochastic dependencies between the studied phenomena and the processes of financial and economic activity of an enterprise.
functional - cost analysis is focused on optimizing the performance of functions that are performed at various stages life cycle products.

by subjects of analysis:

internal analysis, which is carried out by special structural divisions enterprises for the needs of management.
external analysis, which is performed government bodies, banks, shareholders, investors, contractors, audit firms based on the financial and statistical reporting of the enterprise.

complex analysis, in which the activities of the organization are studied comprehensively.
thematic analysis, in which certain aspects of the activity are studied, which are of the greatest interest in this moment time.

1.4 PCD analysis technique

The methodology for analyzing financial and economic activities is a set of analytical procedures used to determine the financial and economic condition of an enterprise.

Various experts in the field of analysis give different methods for determining the financial and economic condition of an enterprise. However, the basic principles and sequence of the procedural side of the analysis are almost the same with slight differences.

It should be noted that the detailing of the procedural side of the methodology for analyzing financial and economic activities depends on the goals set and various factors of information, methodological, personnel and technical support, as well as the analyst's vision of the task. Therefore, we can definitely say that there is no generally accepted methodology for analyzing the financial and economic activities of an enterprise, however, in all significant aspects, the procedural aspects are similar.

The information support of the analysis is important for a third-party analyst. This is due to the fact that in accordance with the Law of the RSFSR "On enterprises and entrepreneurial activity" "An enterprise may not provide information containing trade secret". But, as a rule, for making strategic decisions by potential partners of the company, it is sufficient to conduct an express analysis of financial and economic activities. Even to conduct a detailed analysis of financial and economic activities, information that is a trade secret is often not required, but the depth of detail may be less. To conduct a general detailed analysis of the financial and economic activities of an enterprise, information is required in accordance with established forms financial statements, namely:

q form No. 1 Balance sheet

q form No. 2 Profit and loss statement

q form No. 3 Statement of capital flows

q form No. 4 Movement report Money

q form No. 5 Appendix to the balance sheet

This information, in accordance with Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 5, 1991 No. 35 "On the list of information that cannot be a trade secret" cannot be a trade secret.

Analysis of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise is carried out in three stages.

At the first stage, a decision is made on the appropriateness of the analysis financial reporting and check readability. The problem of the expediency of the analysis can be solved by familiarization with the audit report on these documents. If an unconditionally positive or conditionally positive audit opinion is drawn up on the company's financial statements, then the analysis is advisable and possible, since the reporting in all material aspects objectively reflects the financial and economic activities of the enterprise.

If, however, a negative audit report is drawn up on the company's financial statements, this means that the documents do not accurately reflect the financial and economic activities of the enterprise or have significant errors, which makes the analysis impossible and irrational.

Checking the readiness of statements for reading is of a technical nature and is associated with a visual check of the availability of the necessary reporting forms, details and signatures on them, as well as the simplest accounting check of subtotals and balance sheet currency.

The purpose of the second stage is to get acquainted with the explanatory note to the balance sheet, this is necessary in order to assess the conditions for the functioning of the enterprise in this reporting period and take into account the analysis of the factors whose impact led to changes in the property and financial position of the organization and which are reflected in the explanatory note.

The third stage is the main one in the analysis of economic activity. The purpose of this stage is to evaluate the results of economic activity and the financial condition of an economic entity. It should be noted that the degree of detail of the analysis of financial and economic activities may vary depending on the goals set.

At the beginning of the analysis, it is advisable to characterize the financial and economic activities of the enterprise, indicate industry affiliation and other distinguishing features.

Then, the state of “sick reporting items” is analyzed, namely, loss items (form No. 1 - lines 310, 320, 390, form No. 2 lines - 110, 140, 170), long-term and short-term bank loans and loans outstanding on time ( form No. 5 lines 111, 121, 131, 141, 151) overdue receivables and payables (form No. 5 lines 211, 221, 231, 241) as well as overdue bills (form No. 5 line 265).

If there are amounts under these items, it is necessary to study the reasons for their occurrence. It is very likely that the comprehensive information in this case can only provide further analysis and the final conclusions on this subject will be reflected in the summary.

Analysis of the financial and economic condition of the enterprise can be divided into three main components:

Assessment of the property status of the organization
Assessment of the financial position of the organization
Evaluation of the effectiveness of the financial and economic activities of the organization.

It should be noted that these components are closely interconnected and their differentiation is necessary only for a clearer separation and understanding of the conclusions on the analytical procedures for analyzing the financial and economic activities of the organization as a whole.

Property assessment consists of the following components:

q Analysis of the integrated skewed balance - net

q Assessing property dynamics

q Analysis of formalized indicators of property status

Analysis of the integrated compacted balance sheet - net is based on the construction of a simplified balance sheet model, which integrates the absolute and relative (structural) indicators of items. This achieves the integration of "horizontal" and "vertical" analysis of the balance sheet, which, in my opinion, allows you to more fully trace the dynamics of the balance sheet items. Many experts propose to carry out "vertical" and "horizontal" analysis separately. However, some of them recognize the expediency of conducting such an integrated analysis of balance sheet items.

At assessment of property dynamics the state of all property is traced as part of immobilized assets (balance sheet section I) and mobile assets (balance sheet section II - inventories, receivables, other current assets) at the beginning and end of the analyzed period, as well as the structure of their growth (decrease).

Analysis of formalized indicators of property status consists in the calculation and analysis of the following main indicators:

The amount of economic assets at the disposal of the enterprise

This indicator gives a generalized valuation of assets listed on the balance sheet of the enterprise.

Share of the active part of fixed assets

The active part of fixed assets should be understood as machines, machine tools, equipment, vehicles etc. The growth of this indicator is qualified as a positive trend.

Wear factor

It characterizes the degree of depreciation of fixed assets as a percentage of the original cost. Its high value is an unfavorable factor. The addition of this indicator to 100% is suitability factor.

Refresh rate, - shows what part of the fixed assets available at the end of the period are new fixed assets.
Retirement rate, - shows what part of fixed assets has retired from economic circulation for reporting period due to decay and other reasons.

The assessment of the financial position consists of two main components:

q Analysis of the firm's liquidity

q Analysis of financial stability.

Company liquidity analysis is an analytical procedure aimed at identifying the firm's ability to pay its obligations in full and on time.

When analyzing liquidity, the following main indicators are calculated:

At financial stability analysis the most important characteristic is being studied financial condition enterprises - the stability of its activities in the long term. It is associated with general financial structure enterprises, the degree of its dependence on creditors and investors.

To analyze the financial stability of an enterprise, it is necessary to calculate the following key indicators:

Concentration factor equity. Characterizes the share of the owners of the enterprise in the total amount of funds advanced in its activities. The higher the value of this ratio, the more financially stable, stable and independent of external loans the enterprise. The recommended value for this indicator is 60%. In addition to this indicator up to 100% is concentration factor attracted (borrowed) capital.
Coefficient of financial dependence. It is the inverse of the equity concentration ratio. The growth of this indicator in dynamics means an increase in the share of borrowed funds in the financing of the enterprise. If its value is reduced to one (or 100%), this means that the owners fully finance their enterprise. Exceeding 100% shows the structural value of attracted funds.
Equity maneuverability ratio . Shows what part of equity is used to finance current activities, i.e. invested in working capital, and what part is capitalized. The value of this indicator can significantly vary depending on the capital structure and industry sector of the enterprise.
Coefficient of structure of long-term investments. The ratio shows what part of fixed assets and other outside current assets financed by external investors, and which - at the expense of own funds.
The ratio of own and borrowed funds. This indicator gives the most general assessment of the financial stability of the enterprise and shows how many kopecks of borrowed funds invested in the assets of the enterprise account for 1 ruble of own funds. The growth of the indicator in dynamics indicates an increase in the dependence of the enterprise on external investors and creditors, i.e., a decrease in financial stability, and vice versa.

Business activity analysis characterizes the results and effectiveness of the current main production activities firms. Generalizing indicators for evaluating the efficiency of the use of enterprise resources and the dynamism of its development include the following indicators:

Resource productivity (turnover ratio of advanced capital). It characterizes the volume of sold products per ruble of funds invested in the activities of the enterprise. The growth of the indicator in dynamics is considered as a favorable trend.
Coefficient of sustainability of economic growth. Shows what average pace the enterprise can develop in the future, without changing the already established ratio between various sources of financing, capital productivity, profitability of production, dividend policy etc.

Profitability analysis is the most important part of the overall analysis of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise and allows you to answer the question of how profitable the company is and how efficiently it uses the invested capital. The main indicators of this block are return on advanced capital and profitability of own capital. The economic interpretation of these indicators is obvious - how many rubles of profit fall on one ruble of advanced (own) capital. Other similar indicators can also be calculated.

§ 2. Analysis of the financial and economic activities of CJSC Promsintez.

2.1 General overview of the economic and financial situation of the organization.

2.1.1 Characteristics of the direction of financial and economic activities.

Society with limited liability Promsintez(Promsintes) was established on December 7, 1991 and re-registered in ZAO Promsintez November 20, 1992 by Order of the Administration of the city of Pyatigorsk No. 6146r.

The Company has been assigned the following all-Russian classifiers:

According to OKONH 71211.63200.81200
According to KOPF 49
According to OKPO 22088662

TIN 2663007854

Legal address: Pyatigorsk, st. Pestova 22, tel. 79141.

Settlement account 00746761 in CB Pyatigorsk 700161533

BIC 040708733.

CJSC Promsintez aims to make a profit by carrying out the following activities:

Production of consumer goods

Commissioning, construction and installation and design work

Production and processing of agricultural products

Manufacture of products for industrial purposes

Commercial, trade, intermediary, trade and procurement activities

Foreign economic activity

Transport services

All activities are carried out in accordance with applicable law. The company starts activities subject to licensing upon receipt of a license.

During the period under review (1996), Promsintez CJSC was mainly engaged in the production of water treatment plants and commissioning work on their installation, as well as construction and installation work for their own needs.

2.1.2 Analysis of the state of "sick" reporting items

As a result of the analysis of the financial statements of CJSC Promsintez, namely, losses (form No. 1 - lines 310, 320, 390, form No. 2 lines - 110, 140, 170), long-term and short-term bank loans and loans outstanding on time (form No. 5 lines 111, 121, 131, 141, 151) overdue receivables and payables (form No. 5 lines 211, 221, 231, 241) as well as overdue bills (form No. 5 line 265) no amounts were found on these items, which, in general, indicates the profitability of the enterprise, as well as its ability to normally pay off its creditors and receive money from debtors on time.

It should be noted that the company fully used the profit of the reporting year (48988 thousand rubles). This is due to the fact that significant specific gravity The company's expenses include the costs of building a production workshop, its own store and office.

2.2 Analysis of the financial and economic condition of the enterprise.

2.2.1 Assessment of property status.

The assessment of the property status of the organization should be carried out in three stages:

Analysis of the integrated compacted net balance
Analysis of property dynamics
Analysis of property indicators

Table 1 Integrated compacted net balance

Article	Absolute indicators				Relative (structural) indicators
	At the beginning, thousand rubles	At the end, thousand rubles	Absolute change, thousand rubles	Relative change,%	At the beginning, %	Finally, %	Change, %
*Assets*
1. Non-current assets
1.1 Intangible assets
1.2 Fixed assets
1.3 Construction in progress
1.4 Long-term financial investments
1.5 Other non-current assets
Section 1 Total
2. Current assets
2.1 Stocks and costs, incl. VAT
2.2 Accounts receivable
2.3 Cash and cash equivalents
2.4 Other current assets
Section 2 total
Total assets
*Passive*
1. Equity
1.1 Authorized and additional capital
1.2 Funds and reserves
Section 1 Total
2. Raised capital
2.1 Long-term liabilities

Section 2 total
Total liabilities

As a result of the analysis of the condensed net balance, the following conclusions can be drawn:

q Fixed assets decreased from 139437 thousand rubles. up to 107400 thousand rubles. (by 23%), which can be characterized as a negative trend

q Construction in progress increased from 74896 thousand rubles. to 183,560 thousand rubles, which compensates for the decrease in fixed assets, since these facilities under construction (stamping shop, shop and office) will be included in fixed assets.

Thus, non-current assets increased from 214333 thousand rubles. up to 327833 thousand rubles. (by 53%), which indicates an increase in production fixed assets in the future.

Current assets increased from 46,095 thousand rubles. up to 114894 thousand rubles. which can be assessed as a favorable trend.

Thus, the balance sheet increased from 260428 thousand rubles. up to 442,727 thousand rubles. which generally characterizes the increase in the production potential of CJSC Promsintez.

Of particular note is the growth of the company's short-term liabilities (from 66,975 thousand rubles to 248,672 thousand rubles - by 271%), which can definitely be regarded as a negative trend.

In general, the structural indicators of the balance sheet reflect the above dynamics - if, in the assets of the balance sheet, the structure of items remained practically the same, then in liabilities, one can note a clear increase in the share of short-term liabilities (from 26% at the beginning of the analyzed period to 56% at the end) due to a corresponding decrease in the share of long-term liabilities. liabilities, which is also a negative point.

2.2.1.2 Assessing property dynamics

Table 2. Assessing property dynamics

Indicators	Back to top	Finally	Change
Indicators	Back to top	Finally	thousand roubles.
Immobilized assets
Mobile assets, incl.

Accounts receivable
Cash
Other current assets
Total property

When assessing the dynamics of the property of CJSC Promsintez, the following results were revealed:

q Immobilized assets increased from 214333 thousand rubles. up to 327833 thousand rubles. (by 53%)

q Mobile assets increased from 46,095 thousand rubles. up to 114894 thousand rubles. (by 149%). The growth of mobile assets is due to the increase in inventories (from 45,604 to 114,631 thousand rubles - by 151%). It seems inappropriate to analyze the dynamics of receivables and cash, since these values are rather small compared to the balance sheet. It can only be noted that a small amount of "fast" cash (on the account and at the cash desk), which may interfere with the normal procedure for settlements.

The total amount of property increased from 260428 thousand rubles. up to 442,727 thousand rubles. (by 70%), which, with other equal conditions positively characterizes the property position of CJSC Promsintez.

2.2.1.3 Evaluation of formalized indicators of property status.

For a more complete and qualitative analysis of the property status, it is advisable to calculate analytical indicators.

Table 3 Summary of analytical indicators of the group of property status

Index	Meaning		Norm. meaning
Index	Back to top	Finally	Norm. meaning



			decline
			decline
1.6 Refresh rate
1.7 Dropout rate			decline

The analysis of indicators of the group of property status allows us to draw the following conclusions:

The amount of economic assets at the disposal of the enterprise increased from 260428 thousand rubles. up to 442,727 thousand rubles. which can be assessed as a positive trend
The share of fixed assets in assets decreased (from 0.57 to 0.24), which indicates a decrease in the production potential of the organization
As part of fixed assets significant amount occupies their active part (almost 100%), which is a positive thing
The depreciation coefficient of the active part of fixed assets decreased from 0.85 to 0.3. This dynamics can be assessed as very positive, as there was a significant renewal of fixed assets
The renewal rate was 0.88, and the retirement rate was 0.64, which indicates a favorable trend in the renewal of fixed assets.

2.2.2 Assessment of the financial situation

2.2.2.1 Analyzing the firm's liquidity

To analyze the liquidity of Promsintez JSC, we calculate analytical indicators.

Table 3 Summary of analytical indicators of the liquidity group

Index	Meaning		Norm. meaning
Index	Back to top	Finally	Norm. meaning
2.1 The value of own working capital
2.2 Maneuverability of own working capital
2.3 Current ratio
2.4 Quick liquidity ratio
2.5 Absolute liquidity ratio
2.6 Share of working capital in assets
2.7 The share of own working capital in their total amount
2.8 Share of inventories in current assets
2.9 Share of own working capital in covering stocks
2.10 Reserve coverage ratio

An analysis of liquidity indicators allows us to conclude that the company is absolutely illiquid both at the beginning and at the end of the analyzed period.

So the indicator of the value of own working capital amounted to -133,778 thousand rubles, which indicates that 133,778 thousand rubles. non-current assets are financed by short-term debt (other than current assets).

The current liquidity ratio decreased from 0.69 to 0.46 (at the rate of 2), which indicates the extreme illiquidity of the company.

There is no need to even talk about more stringent liquidity ratios.

This condition is partly due to the high share of stocks in the structure of current assets (almost 100%). On the other hand, such dynamics takes place due to the high level of accounts payable.

It should be noted that this state can be partly justified by the high level of liquidity of inventories and the fact that the organization seeks to keep its assets in inventories due to the possibility of inflation.

2.2.2.2 Financial sustainability analysis

To conduct an analysis of financial stability, it is necessary to calculate analytical indicators.

Table 4 Summary of analytical indicators of the financial stability group

Index	Meaning		Norm. meaning
Index	Back to top	Finally	Norm. meaning
3.1 Equity concentration ratio
3.2 Financial dependency ratio
3.3 Equity flexibility ratio
3.4 Debt concentration ratio			decline
3.5 Long-term investment structure ratio
3.6 Long-term leverage ratio
3.7 Debt structure ratio
3.8 Debt to Equity Ratio			decline

After analyzing the financial stability of Promsintez JSC, the following conclusions can be drawn:

The equity concentration ratio decreased from 0.74 to 0.44 (the company's assets were financed by its own capital at the end of the year by 44%), which is a negative trend, as it reduces the company's financial stability.
Accordingly, the coefficient of financial dependence increased (from 1.35 to 2.28)
An increase in the debt capital concentration ratio (0.26 to 0.56) can be noted, which indicates a similar trend.
The company does not use long-term borrowed capital, which is a negative point, since financing activities through short-term debt is fraught with the risk of non-repayment of funds to creditors on time. This is evidenced by the dynamics of indicators 3.5, 3.6, 3.7. (at the beginning and end of the analyzed period they are equal to zero).
The ratio of borrowed and own funds increased, which also indicates a decrease in the financial stability of the enterprise over the analyzed period.

Thus, having studied the dynamics of the indicators of this group, we can conclude that the financial stability of Promsintez JSC is declining.

2.2.3 Evaluation of the effectiveness of the financial and economic activities of the organization

2.2.3.1 Business analysis

Table 5 Summary of analytical indicators of the business group

Index	Meaning		Norm. meaning
Index	Back to top	Finally	Norm. meaning
4.1 Sales proceeds
4.2 Net income
4.3 Labor productivity
4.4 Return on assets
4.5 Turnover of funds in settlements (in turnover)
4.6 Turnover of funds in settlements (in days)
4.7 Inventory turnover (in turnovers)
4.8 Inventory turnover (in days)
4.9 Accounts payable turnover (in days)
4.10 Operating cycle time
4.11 Length of financial cycle
4.12 Collection ratio of receivables
4.13 Equity turnover
4.14 Total capital turnover
4.15 Sustainability Ratio of Economic Growth

2.2.3.2 Cost-benefit analysis

To analyze the profitability of Promsintez JSC, it is necessary to calculate the following analytical indicators.

Table 6 Summary of analytical indicators of the profitability group

Index	Meaning		Norm. meaning
Index	Back to top	Finally	Norm. meaning
5.1 Net income
5.2 Profitability of products
5.3 Profitability of core business
5.4 Return on total capital
5.5 Return on equity
5.6 Payback period of equity			decline

As a result of the profitability analysis, we can conclude that Promsintez JSC is profitable as a whole.

This is evidenced by the dynamics of the following indicators:

Net profit increased from 23,038 thousand rubles. up to 31842 thousand rubles. (by 38%)
Product profitability remains at the level of 20%, which is an acceptable indicator.
The profitability of the main activity also has a normal value (25%).
Return on equity increased from 12% to 16%, which is a favorable trend.
Reflecting the dynamics of the previous indicators, the payback period for equity capital has decreased (from 8.4 years to 6 years).

2.3 Summary

Conclusion

In conclusion, the following should be noted.

Analysis of the financial and economic activities of the company in the conditions market economy is gaining more and more importance.

Analysis is a management function aimed at finding out the real state of the functioning of the company. Depending on the goals set, the emphasis can be placed on various aspects of the organization's activities.

The analysis of financial and economic activities is based on the analysis methodology, which determines the form of analytical research and analytical procedures. Detailing of the procedural aspect of PCD analysis depends on information support and selected areas of analysis.

Analysis of financial and economic activities allows you to:

Assess the financial and economic condition of the company and its compliance with the goals.
Reveal the economic potential of the economic entity.
Determine the effectiveness of financial and economic activities.
Develop measures to improve the efficiency of production and management, and much more.

Thus, the analysis of financial and economic activities is an integral part of enterprise management. He is effective tool impact on the economic life of the company, allows you to control the current situation, determine development prospects, and much more.

The analysis of financial and economic activity begins to take an increasing place in management. Russian enterprises and it is obvious that its wider application will significantly increase the efficiency of production and ensure economic growth.

Application

Table 7 The system of indicators for assessing the financial and economic situation of the organization

Name of indicator	Calculation formula	Reporting form	Line numbers(s), count(r.)

1.1 The amount of economic funds at the disposal of the organization	Net balance result		p.399-p.390-p.252-p.244
1.2 Share of fixed assets in assets	Cost of fixed assets Net balance total		s.399-s.390-s252-s.244
1.3 Share of the active part of fixed assets	The cost of the active part of fixed assets Cost of fixed assets
1.4 Depreciation rate of fixed assets	Depreciation of fixed assets Initial cost of fixed assets
1.5 Depreciation coefficient of the active part of fixed assets	Depreciation of the active part of fixed assets The initial cost of the active part of fixed assets		p.363(d.6)+p.364(d.6)
1.6 Refresh rate	The initial cost of fixed assets received for the period The initial cost of fixed assets at the end of the period

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Analysis of the production and sale of products, the efficiency of the use of fixed assets, labor and material resources of the enterprise. Assessment of the property and financial condition modern organization. Raise economic activity companies.

thesis, added 08.10.2014

Execution Analysis production program(volumes of production and sale of products). Determination of costs and production costs. Grade financial results from the production and sale of products. Analysis of the use of labor resources.

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The meaning and main directions of the analysis of output and sales of products. Analysis of economic and financial-economic activity of the enterprise. Influence of the efficiency of the use of labor resources on the change in the volume of output of bakery products.

term paper, added 12/17/2015

Concept of use technological equipment enterprise, its essence as an indicator of efficiency, analysis of extensive use. Analysis of the volume of production and sales of products, the use of material resources, financial condition.

term paper, added 04/05/2009

Conducting an economic analysis of the enterprise. Analysis of production and sales of products, movement and use of labor resources and fixed assets. Dynamics of production costs. The structure of balance sheet profit, the dynamics of its elements.

term paper, added 12/10/2012

Activity planning

Enterprise management is a whole complex of complex tasks. In order to apply informed decisions, high-quality and timely information is needed. To obtain it, an analysis of the economic activity of the enterprise is carried out. Activity planning is a process that requires the closest attention. First of all, the tasks that are assigned must be realistic in order to achieve them. On the other hand, setting goals and developing standards should be based on a thorough study of the actual activities of the company, on identifying weaknesses and hidden reserves.

Analysis of the economic activities of the enterprise to a large extent uses the data provided by the accounting department. In particular, they make it possible to study in detail how the cost of production is determined, what specific costs form it, where there are hidden reserves for reducing costs and increasing productivity.

Using different methods to study effectiveness

One of the ways in which an analysis of the economic activity of an enterprise can be performed is to create a business plan. As part of the activities of the entire company, it can be drawn up either for individual projects, or for some milestones work. Such a document is compiled on the basis of careful preparation, including the collection of the necessary information, a thorough analysis, a specific plan developed and expected results, by which it will be possible to control the implementation of the tasks set.

The role of statistics

Except accounting other sources of information may also be used. The analysis of the economic activity of an enterprise can be partly based on one or another statistical information that can be purposefully obtained for this purpose. An important source of data can be an audit.

Comparison of your indicators with data from other enterprises

The study is not necessarily carried out exclusively within the firm. If we compare the indicators of economic activity of the enterprise with the corresponding data of other firms, then this can also help to draw certain conclusions about the possibilities for further improvement of work.

Business Performance Characteristics System

In order to comprehensively assess how the financial and economic activities of the enterprise are effective, a complex system of indicators is used.

It includes various aspects of business. Important parameters are the criteria that allow assessing the correctness of the use of fixed assets (capital productivity, capital intensity). The use of labor resources can be reflected in such indicators as labor productivity, personnel profitability. The use of material resources can be characterized by such indicators as material consumption, material efficiency and others. Investment activity is reflected in determining the return on capital investments. The overall efficiency of the use of the assets of the enterprise is reflected in the estimates of profit per ruble of assets and others. Also, the efficiency of the economic activity of the company as a whole is characterized by the ratio of profit and invested capital. Constant study of efficiency own business is the basis of his improvement.

The role and tasks of the economic analysis of the economic activity of the enterprise

Economic analysis is a scientific method of understanding the essence of economic phenomena and processes, based on dividing them into their constituent parts and on studying all the variety of connections and dependencies.

There are macroeconomic analysis, which studies economic phenomena and processes at the level of the world and national economy and its individual sectors, and microeconomic analysis, which studies these processes and phenomena at the level of individual business entities, which is called the economic analysis of economic activity.

A comprehensive economic analysis of production and financial activities occupies a central place in the enterprise management system. Based on it, management decisions are developed and justified.

Underestimation of the role of analysis, errors in plans and management actions in modern conditions bring significant losses. On the contrary, those enterprises in which the analysis is properly organized have good results of economic efficiency.

An important role of analysis is in the preparation of information for planning and forecasting performance and assessment of the quality and validity of planned indicators, in the verification and objective evaluation of their implementation. The development of plans for the enterprise, in fact, also represents the decision making that ensures the development in the future. planning period. At the same time, they take into account the results of activities for previous periods, study the trends in the development of the enterprise's economy, identify and calculate additional production reserves.

Economic analysis of economic activity is not only a means of substantiating plans, but also monitoring their implementation. in order to identify shortcomings, errors and operational impact on economic processes, adjust plans and management decisions. Planning begins and ends with an analysis of the results of the enterprise. Analysis allows you to increase the level of planning, to make it scientifically sound.

Of great importance is the economic analysis of the use of reserves to improve the efficiency of an enterprise in a competitive environment based on the use of scientific and technological progress and best practices.

In order to survive in the competition and strengthen its market position, each enterprise must constantly look for reserves to improve the efficiency of its activities. The analysis contributes to the economical use of resources, the identification and implementation of best practices, the scientific organization of labor, the use of new equipment and technologies in production, the prevention of unnecessary costs, all kinds of shortcomings in work, etc. As a result, the economy of the enterprise is strengthened, and the efficiency of its activities is increased.

Consequently, the economic analysis of economic activity is an important element in the production management system, an effective means of identifying on-farm reserves, the basis for developing scientifically based forecast plans and management decisions and monitoring their implementation in order to improve the efficiency of enterprises.

The successful implementation of these functions is ensured by solving the following problems of analysis:

study of the mechanism of action of economic laws, determination of patterns and trends of economic phenomena and processes in the specific conditions of the enterprise;

· monitoring the implementation of plans, forecasts, management decisions, the effective use of the economic potential of the enterprise;

study of the influence of objective and subjective, external and internal factors on the results of economic activity, which allows you to objectively evaluate the work of the enterprise, correctly diagnose the state of the enterprise and predict development for the future, identify the main directions for searching for reserves to increase its efficiency

search for reserves to improve production efficiency based on the study of best practices and achievements of science and practice;

· Assessment of the degree of financial and operational risks and development of internal mechanisms for managing them in order to strengthen the market position of the enterprise and increase the profitability of the business;

assessment of the results of the enterprise's activities in fulfilling plans for the achieved level of economic development, using existing opportunities and diagnosing its position in the market for goods and services, which contributes to the development of a more effective business process management policy

development of a draft management decision to eliminate the identified shortcomings and the development of reserves to improve the efficiency of economic activity

Thus, the economic analysis of economic activity as a science is a system of special knowledge associated with the study of economic development trends, with the scientific substantiation of plans, with managerial decisions, with monitoring their implementation, with determining the degree of influence of factors and entrepreneurial risks, with an assessment of the achieved results, with the search, measurement and justification of the volume of economic reserves to improve production efficiency.

object studies of economic analysis are the results of economic activity of the enterprise.

Subject its study is the cause-and-effect relationships and dependencies of economic phenomena and processes that form the results of the enterprise.

An analytical study, its results and use in production management must comply with certain methodological principles.

The most important ones are:

1 The analysis must be scientific, those. be based on the provisions of the dialectical theory of knowledge, take into account the requirements of the economic laws of production development, use the achievements of scientific and technical progress and best practices, latest methods economic research.

2 The analysis must be comprehensive. The complexity of the study requires coverage of all links and all aspects of activity and a comprehensive study of causal dependencies in the economy of the enterprise.

3 One of the requirements for analysis is to provide a systematic approach a, in which each object under study is considered as a complex dynamic system, the elements of which are connected in a certain way with each other and with external environment The study of each object should be carried out taking into account all internal and external relations, interdependence and subordination of its individual elements.

4 The analysis must be objective, specific, accurate. It should be based on reliable, verified information that really reflects objective reality, and its conclusions should be substantiated by accurate and analytical calculations. From this requirement follows the need for continuous improvement of the organization of accounting, internal and external audit, as well as methods of analysis in order to improve the accuracy and reliability of calculations.

5 The analysis should be effective, actively influence the achievement of the set goals. It is necessary to inform the management of the enterprise in a timely manner about the identified shortcomings, miscalculations and omissions in the work. From this principle follows the need for the practical use of analysis materials for enterprise management, for the development of specific measures, substantiation, adjustment and clarification of planned data. Otherwise, the purpose of the analysis will not be achieved.

6 Analysis should be carried out according to a plan, systematically, and not on a case-by-case basis. From this requirement follows the need to plan analytical work at enterprises, distribute responsibilities for its implementation between performers and control over its implementation.

7 Analysis must be prompt. Efficiency means the ability to quickly and clearly analyze, make management decisions and implement them.

8 One of the principles of analysis is its democracy, allows participation in the analysis of a wide range of employees of the enterprise and ensures a more complete identification of best practices and the use of available on-farm reserves.

9 The analysis should be based on the state approach to the assessment of economic phenomena, processes, results of management. In other words, when evaluating certain manifestations of economic life, it is necessary to take into account the conformity of their state economic, social, environmental, international policies and legislation.

10 Analysis must be effective those. the costs of its implementation should have a multiple effect.

Methods of economic analysis of economic activity

The analysis methodology is understood as a certain sequence of operations, techniques, actions and rules for the expedient performance of analytical work. Economic analysis consists of the following steps:

At the first stage, the objects, purpose and tasks of the analysis are specified, a plan of analytical work is drawn up;

At the second stage, a system of synthetic and analytical indicators is developed, with the help of which the object of analysis is characterized;

At the third stage, they are collected and prepared for analysis necessary information(check its accuracy, lead to a comparable form, etc.);

At the fourth stage, the actual results of management are compared with the indicators of the plan of the study period, with the actual data of past periods, with the indicators of leading enterprises, with averages in the region, etc.;

At the fifth stage, the factors are studied and their influence on the performance of the enterprise is determined;

At the sixth stage, unused and promising reserves for increasing production efficiency are identified;

At the seventh stage, they evaluate the results of management, taking into account the action of various factors and the identified unused reserves, develop measures for use;

The most important element of the methodology is the techniques and methods of analysis (analysis tools) (fig 11)

Among them are traditional logical ways which are widely used in other disciplines for processing and studying information (comparison, graphical, balance, average and relative values, analytical groupings, heuristic methods of solving economic tasks based on intuition, past experience, expert assessments professionals, etc.).

To study the influence of factors on the results of management and calculation of reserves The analysis uses methods such as chain substitutions, absolute and relative differences, integral, correlation, component methods, methods of linear, convex programming, queuing theory, game theory, operations research, etc. The use of certain methods depends on the purpose and depth of the analysis, the object of study, technical capabilities performing calculations, etc.