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- Content
- Introduction
- 1. Foreign economic relations
- 2. The mechanism of regulation of foreign economic relations
- 3. Regulation externally economic activity
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
Introduction
Internationalization of economic life in the second half of the XX century. became the leading trend in the development of the world economy. Foreign economic relations are the result of the global division of labor. The main form of foreign economic relations was and remains foreign trade. Foreign economic activity is becoming an increasingly important factor in the development of the national economy and the economic stabilization of the republic. Now there is practically no industry in industrialized countries that would not be involved in the sphere of foreign economic activity.
In all countries, the regulation of foreign trade, the main form of economic cooperation between countries, is carried out to one degree or another by the state, depending on the economic, social and political tasks set in the country and the situation in the world.
International economic relations are one of the most dynamically developing areas of economic life. Economic relations between states have a long history. For centuries, they existed mainly as foreign trade, solving the problems of providing the population with goods that the national economy produced inefficiently or did not produce at all. In the course of evolution, foreign economic relations have outgrown foreign trade and turned into a complex set of international economic relations, - world economy. The processes taking place in it affect the interests of all states of the world. And, accordingly, all states must regulate their foreign economic activity in order to achieve their interests in the first place.
1. Foreign economic relations.
Foreign economic relations. This is a set of directions, forms, methods and means of trade, economic, scientific and technical cooperation, as well as monetary and financial and credit relations between countries in order to rationally use the advantages of the international division of labor, the possibilities of international economic relations to increase the economic efficiency of economic, entrepreneurial activity.
In foreign economic relations, economics and politics, commerce and diplomacy, trade and industrial production are intertwined, Scientific research and credit and financial transactions.
Foreign economic relations include the following areas and forms:
foreign trade;
International production (agricultural and industrial) cooperation;
International investment cooperation;
International scientific and technical cooperation;
Economic and technical assistance;
Monetary and financial cooperation.
The essence of foreign economic relations as an economic category is manifested in their functions:
1. Organization and maintenance of the international exchange of natural resources and the results of labor in their material and value form;
2. International recognition of the use value of products of the international division of labor;
3. Organization of international money circulation.
The essence of state regulation of foreign economic relations is to ensure the harmony of interests of subjects of foreign economic activity. The mechanism includes a variety of levers, tools and means of influencing the entire system of national economic interests, reflecting the country's foreign economic relations. All these factors determined the relevance and significance of the topic of the report.
State regulation of foreign economic relations is a system of economic and political measures carried out by state bodies to deepen and expand the country's participation in the international division of labor in order to increase efficiency social production and optimization of the consumption structure.
It is an integral part of the mechanism for the reproduction of the national economic potential and is one of the main objects of state regulation of the national economy, along with its reproductive, technological, sectoral and territorial structure, scientific and technological progress, social relations, the environment, etc.
The global goals of state regulation of foreign economic relations are concretized depending on the severity of specific problems that arise in the economic and social spheres.
These are, for example, overcoming the economic crisis, the need for restructuring the production potential, protecting domestic producers, increasing employment, improving the balance of payments, fighting inflation, and so on. Achieving the set goals determines the specific directions, forms, and scope of state regulation of foreign economic relations. At the same time, the internal and external economic attitudes of the state, the integral vector of interests of the subjects of foreign economic activity, have a significant impact.
State regulation of foreign economic relations is carried out with the help of administrative, monetary, credit, budgetary funds, as well as policies in the public sector of the economy.
The essence of state regulation of foreign economic relations is to bring the system of foreign economic relations to a state that would ensure the optimal implementation of state, collective and personal interests of foreign economic activity entities in a specific time period and in the future on the basis of law, generally recognized international norms and rules.
2. The mechanism of regulation of foreign economic relations
The mechanism of regulation of foreign economic relations is a certain system of principles, tools and methods of managing relations, which are entered into by the subjects of foreign economic activity. This system includes three main blocks: management principles; a set of specific methods and instruments of regulation; institutional and legal structures.
The principles of managing foreign economic relations characterize the approach to international economic relations. There are two main principles of international cooperation that determine the nature and forms of regulation of foreign economic relations: protectionism and freedom of trade.
Protectionism is protection domestic market from foreign competition. It is carried out through high rates of the customs tariff on goods imported from abroad, as well as through such non-tariff restrictions as quantitative and currency restrictions on the import of goods. Excessive protectionism can lead to a drop in the efficiency of production of national enterprises, a decrease in the competitiveness of manufactured goods.
Free trade means the elimination of restrictions in foreign economic relations. At its extreme for emerging economies, this can lead to the absorption of the national economy by competitors from advanced economies. Therefore, the eternal problem is the dilemma: protectionism - freedom of trade, within which the foreign trade policy fluctuates, a combination of two approaches is carried out.
The totality of specific economic methods and instruments of state regulation includes: customs tariffs; export and import quotas and licenses; subsidies; exchange rates; pricing system for export-import goods.
Institutional and legal structures are: various international and national acts, treaties, agreements, norms, rules, customs, etc., which regulate the implementation of international economic cooperation.
The effectiveness of the mechanism for regulating foreign economic relations can be assessed using the following criteria:
Efficiency of use and distribution of available national economic resources in terms of ensuring the consumption of goods and services by the population of the country;
Influence of the regulatory system on the growth of economic potential, attraction of investments;
Ensuring employment of the population;
Distribution of income between the subjects of foreign economic activity both at the international and national levels;
price stability;
Quality of life in society;
economic security of the country.
The mechanism of regulation of international economic relations consists of two interrelated elements: national and international. Therefore, the mechanism of state regulation of foreign economic relations is under a certain influence of international levers and instruments. The severity of this influence depends on the degree of integration of the national reproductive potential into world economic relations, the place and role of the national economy in the world economy.
Considering state regulation as a certain system, when studying its structure, it is advisable to single out four main elements:
The most important element that determines the effectiveness of the functioning of the entire system is the development and implementation of foreign economic policy.
The foreign economic policy of the countries participating in the international division of labor is based on a permanent (permanent, continuous) process of complex adaptation of the structures of national economies (sectoral, technological, organizational, etc.) to a more dynamic structure of the world economy.
The main two-pronged task, which should be addressed by the modern foreign economic policy of Ukraine, is the penetration into world markets and the adaptation of the national economy to world economy. For this you need:
To form our own export potential capable of offering competitive goods, services and technologies;
Improve the structure and proportions of foreign economic exchange through import substitution, increase the share of science-intensive goods and services in exports;
Transition to progressive forms of international cooperation.
The implementation of the main task will create favorable conditions for the development of the economy of Ukraine, strengthening its international position.
The "technological" element of the system of regulation of foreign economic relations are economic instruments. Depending on the mode of action, they can be divided into instruments of direct and indirect action.
Direct action instruments include: targeted government spending (for example, for the creation of infrastructure in a free economic zone); direct state control over foreign economic processes (regulation of quantitative volumes of export-import, establishment of exchange rates, regulation of prices for export-import, etc.); legislative regulation.
Instruments of indirect action affect the cost proportions of the national economy. For example, through the amount of taxes, it is possible to influence the volume of production and the solvency of the population; an increase in the interest rate in the Savings Bank stimulates the growth of savings, leads to an increase in the volume of pent-up demand; the devaluation of the national currency creates interest in the export of goods.
The state usually uses the following economic categories as regulatory instruments:
Export license - a document that controls the export from the country of goods, services and objects representing a strategic, historical or cultural value. It is issued in the form of a permit signed by special government agencies;
An export subsidy is a subsidy to a manufacturer or seller of an export product that reimburses part of its production or distribution costs and increases the competitiveness of the product in the foreign market. Export subsidy is one of the forms of export development stimulation, it is provided in various forms. Among them, the most common are: direct financing of R&D in the development of competitive export goods, financing the modernization of production, reducing taxation of export production, including the introduction of increased depreciation rates, financing marketing research, providing favorable loans for the development of export production, guaranteeing export credits, etc.
Export premiums - economic leverage financial and price nature, used by the state (as well as monopolies, enterprises, organizations and firms) to encourage the export of certain types of products and the provision of services to foreign partners. They are used to expand exports, capture foreign markets, create favorable price conditions for the sale of goods on foreign markets. Usually, export premiums act in the form of full or partial exemption of exporting firms from paying certain taxes, import duties, excise tax refunds, or in the form of direct export subsidies.
An import quota is a non-tariff quantitative (value or natural) means of restricting the import of certain goods. They are established in order to protect the national producer or reduce imports to improve the country's balance of payments.
Voluntary restriction of exports is a kind of analogue of import quotas, one of the methods of state regulation of foreign trade. It means the obligation of one of the partners in foreign economic relations to limit or at least not expand the volume of exports. A commitment may be made as a result of a formal or informal agreement to set quotas for the export of goods. Often, a voluntary restriction of exports is caused by the threat of the counterparty country to apply sanctions or is a concession in exchange for economic, technical or military assistance.
Anti-dumping duty. Foreign exchange dumping export of goods at prices below world prices, which becomes possible due to the depreciation of the national currency to a greater extent than its purchasing power within the country decreases. Exporters, purchasing goods in the country at low prices, sell them on the foreign market for a harder currency, which is then exchanged at a lower rate for the national currency, as a result of which they receive a large profit due to the exchange rate difference. An anti-dumping duty is an additional import duty imposed on goods exported at prices below the “normal” world market prices or domestic prices of the importing country. In a number of countries, incl. and in Ukraine, the legislation establishes maximum deviations from normal prices, the excess of which is recognized as dumping.
The excise tax and value added tax are also instrumental in export-import regulation.
Excise - one of the varieties of indirect taxes associated with the movement of goods, and not the income of individuals and legal entities. The excise payer is the consumer when buying excisable goods (tobacco, alcoholic beverages, cars, etc.). The levying of excise leads to higher prices for imported goods and increases the competitiveness of similar goods domestic production. A similar mechanism for influencing imports is value added tax, which in this case is a tax on the part of the value of domestically sold products and services added in circulation. Value added is calculated as income (revenue) from the sale of products or services minus material costs.
Benefits and privileges for enterprises with foreign investment are as follows. Property of foreign investors imported as a contribution to the authorized capital of these enterprises, intended for their own material production and own needs of foreign workers, is not subject to customs duties.
Foreign exchange earnings of such enterprises from the export of products own production remains entirely at their disposal.
Guaranteeing export credits is the issuance of a guarantee by the state, commercial banks on obligations of clients to foreign partners. Their main purpose is to insure the buyer against losses caused by the seller's breach of his obligations. The state can also act as a guarantor for the return of loans received by domestic organizations from foreign loans.
The most important element of the system of state regulation of foreign economic relations are various standards and technical norms.
International Standards- recommendations of international specialized organizations that establish common for homogeneous goods produced in different countries ah, the requirements for these goods or the processes of their production or use.
Unlike national standards, international ones are not mandatory for their use, however, the use of international standards increases the competitiveness of goods in world markets. International standards are developed and recommended for use, in particular, by the UN International Organization for Standardization, as well as by a large number of other specialized organizations. International standards link the input and output parameters of products from different manufacturers, designed to work in a single complex.
Compliance of products of international exchange with certain standards and technical requirements is confirmed by means of a certificate. Certification is of three types: self-certification (conducted by the manufacturer); carried out by the consumer; carried out by a third party (a specialized organization independent of the manufacturer and consumer). The state can influence the flow of export-import goods by setting the appropriate certification requirements.
Monetary and financial regulation of foreign economic relations the state carries out through the development and implementation of monetary policy. Monetary policy is a set of economic, legal and organizational measures carried out by government agencies, central financial institutions and national (state) banks, as well as international monetary and financial organizations in the field of monetary relations. The monetary policy of the state is an integral part of its foreign economic policy, an important means of facilitating the inclusion of the country's economy in the world economy.
Much attention is paid to the management and regulation of foreign economic relations: government bodies, the state apparatus, non-governmental domestic and international organizations.
3. Regulation of foreign economic activity
Decrees of the President contribute to the energetic and rapid impact on the regulation of various forms of foreign economic activity. In accordance with the legislation, the President of the Russian Federation performs the following functions: general leadership state foreign economic policy (in particular, signs laws and issues decrees in its key areas); signs international agreements; represents Russia at relevant international forums; regulates military-technical cooperation; determines the conditions for the export of precious stones, metals, fissile materials.
The supreme bodies that carry out state regulation of foreign economic activity are the Federation Council and The State Duma who have the right to adopt, amend, repeal laws governing foreign trade, joint ventures and other forms of foreign economic cooperation and interaction.
The general management of foreign economic activity is carried out by the Government on the basis of the adoption of regulatory acts of the department on foreign economic activity, coordination of the activities of ministries and departments in the field of foreign economic activity, negotiation and conclusion of intergovernmental agreements.
The Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation regulates the monetary sphere, by agreement with other departments, submits proposals to the government on changing the rates of import and export customs duties. It regulates the taxation system, including in the implementation of foreign economic activity, determines the methodological basis for the development of the balance of payments.
The Ministry of Trade of the Russian Federation is the central special state body regulating foreign economic activity. The Ministry of Commerce has the following regulatory functions:
1. development of a strategy for foreign economic policy and ensuring its implementation by all subjects of foreign economic activity on the basis of coordination of their actions in accordance with international treaties;
2. development of a single currency, credit, pricing policy;
3. control over the observance by all subjects of foreign economic activity of laws and conditions of international treaties;
4. cooperation with various international and intergovernmental commissions on development and regulation of foreign economic activity;
5. preparation and conclusion of foreign trade contracts and agreements with different countries;
6. coordination and coordination of foreign economic activity with the Ministry of Economy, the Ministry of Finance and other ministries and departments;
7. implementation of measures of non-tariff regulation of foreign economic activity.
An important role in the regulation of foreign economic activity belongs to the Central Bank, which concludes interbank agreements, represents the interests of the state in relations with national or central banks other states, international banks and other financial and credit institutions. The main functions of the Central Bank include: conducting all types of foreign exchange transactions, developing the scope and system of circulation of foreign currency and securities in the country, issuing regulations, regulating the exchange rate, issuing licenses to banks for foreign exchange transactions.
The State Committee of the Russian Federation for Science and Technology is called upon to control and coordinate international scientific and technical cooperation, financing of international projects, to take part in the preparation and signing of relevant intergovernmental agreements, and to improve the legislative framework for international scientific and technical relations.
Among non-governmental organizations, chambers of commerce and industry have the greatest impact on the development and implementation of foreign economic activity. The Chamber of Commerce and Industry is a non-state non-profit public organization uniting enterprises and entrepreneurs, it is legal entity, it is created in order to promote the development of the country's economy, its integration into the world economic system, the formation of a modern industrial and commercial infrastructure; worldwide development of all types of entrepreneurship, trade and scientific and technical relations with foreign countries.
Chambers of Commerce and Industry perform the following tasks:
Providing assistance to entrepreneurs and enterprises;
Organization of interaction between business entities and with the state;
Assistance in the development of the system of education and training of personnel for entrepreneurial activity;
Provision of information services to entrepreneurs, their associations, unions, associations;
Promoting the development of exports of goods and services, providing technical assistance business entities in carrying out operations in the foreign market;
Taking measures to prevent and intercept unfair competition, non-business partnerships;
Assistance in the regulation of disputes arising between enterprises and entrepreneurs;
Provision of services for commercial activities of foreign firms and organizations.
The Russian Chamber of Commerce actively promotes the development of exports Russian products; provides assistance to Russian participants in foreign economic activity in their foreign trade operations, development of new forms of international economic, scientific and technical cooperation. It organizes various events for training and professional development Russian entrepreneurs in the field of foreign trade. Its assistance to foreign entrepreneurs in finding Russian partners is of great importance.
The Chamber of Commerce and Industry has 18 representative offices abroad and participates in the activities of 8 mixed international chambers. An active influence on the regulation of foreign economic activity is exerted by the International Commercial court of Arbitration(MAKS), Arbitration Court, Maritime Arbitration Commission, Association of Adjusters.
The International Commercial Arbitration Court considers and makes decisions on disputes arising from the implementation of foreign trade, as well as economic, scientific, technical relations between firms, organizations of different countries.
The Maritime Arbitration Commission is busy regulating conflicts arising from relations on chartering ships, marine insurance, and salvaging damaged ships.
The Bank for Foreign Trade of Russia carries out all types of operations for foreign trade settlements within the country and abroad: export-import settlements, lending, operations with securities, opening and maintaining accounts, both in foreign currency and in rubles, guarantee operations, as well as providing consulting services. services.
The Export-Import Bank of the Russian Federation is intended to provide long-term loans to Russian exporters, lend to enterprises capable of producing export products, and insure loans.
The Russian Bank for Reconstruction and Development finances and lends investment projects that ensure the improvement of the sectoral structure of the economy, including by stimulating Russian exports and developing import-substituting production.
To stimulate bilateral and multilateral international economic ties, various associations of business cooperation have been created, including bilateral ones: Russia with the USA, Germany, France, etc. There are other organizations, including foreign ones (consultative, contact, etc.), designed, on the one hand, to facilitate the entry of Russian participants in foreign economic activity into the world market, and on the other hand, to inform potential foreign partners about the prospects Russian market.
The State Customs Committee of the Russian Federation (SCC) is directly subordinate to the President of the Russian Federation and performs the following functions:
Control over the crossing of the State Border of the Russian Federation by citizens and goods, declaring the relevant goods and property;
Participation in changes in the rates of customs duties and the amount of customs fees;
Formation of the revenue part of the federal budget of the Russian Federation through the collection of customs duties, fees, fines, confiscation of goods, financial resources and property of citizens;
Protection of the economic and other interests of Russia through the fight against the illegal export of goods, valuables and other things from Russia and through the prevention of the illegal import of weapons, hazardous waste, etc. into the country;
maintenance of customs statistics;
Participation in currency and export control;
Participation in the development of customs legislation and customs policy RF, ensuring the implementation of the latter.
Foreign economic activity is also regulated abroad at the state level, at the level of enterprises, and, most importantly, great success has been achieved at the interstate level, in the countries of the European Community. First of all, this applies to investment policy and customs activities. These countries have developed a rather strict approach to the supply of raw materials and, conversely, a liberal, stimulating approach to finished products.
In the implementation of foreign economic activity, it is necessary to take into account the foreign economic policy of various states, under the influence of which the main directions that regulate relations with other countries are formed.
In countries with a developed market economy, there is no state monopoly on foreign trade, however, the highest state legislative bodies (parliaments, national assemblies, congresses) determine the foreign economic policy of countries, issue laws to regulate trade, and ratify state treaties.
Government bodies are engaged in the regulation and implementation of foreign economic activity. There are currently a large number of international organizations regulating various aspects of interaction between foreign economic activity participants from different countries.
At the same time, it is important to take into account that most countries of the world use in their practice the basic rules, regulations, various norms and regulations developed by these international organizations in order to develop international economic cooperation.
The Federal Service for Currency and Export Control (VEK) reports directly to the President of the Russian Federation. Its most important tasks include: interdepartmental control over compliance by all participants in foreign economic activity with legislation in the field of currency and export control; audit of individual participants in foreign economic activity; coordinating the actions of federal and regional regulatory authorities for foreign economic activity in Russia; assistance in the creation of a unified Russian information system on currency and export control; analysis of effectiveness and development of measures to improve the system of currency control of the Russian Federation.
FEA is a set of methods and means of trade, economic, scientific and technical cooperation, monetary and financial and credit relations with foreign countries.
The main reason for the emergence and development of WES between countries is the international division of labor.
The main directions of WPP development in modern conditions:
Restoration and development of the country's export potential;
Use of foreign loans for technical re-equipment;
Increasing competitiveness Russian goods in the foreign market based on the modernization of production;
Changing the structure of imports by increasing the share of products industrial production in the form of high-precision technologies;
Security economic security countries by improving exports and imports.
The transition to an open market economy requires transformations in the foreign economic sphere in order to ensure Russia's inclusion in the world economy.
foreign economic international regulation
Conclusion
World experience shows that even in industrialized countries there is an objective need for state regulation of foreign economic activity. The state is called upon, first of all, to protect the interests of its producers, take measures to increase exports, attract foreign investment, balance the balance of payments, regulate foreign exchange, and, most importantly, adopt legislative acts that establish rules and monitor their strict observance.
In modern conditions, the integration of economic life goes in many directions, such as: the exchange of means of production, technologies, information structures; trade development; growth in the exchange of scientific and technical knowledge; international migration work force.
Now foreign trade activity in Russia is carried out on fundamentally new principles, different from the era of state monopoly. All this is a powerful stimulus for the development of foreign economic relations. Many republics, territories and regions, within the framework of their powers, are actively engaged in establishing contacts with foreign partners, developing their regulatory and legal framework, improving infrastructure, and increasing export potential.
The Russian legislation has not yet been fully finalized, which would define the powers of the regions, the possibility of their participation in foreign economic relations, the delimitation of the property of individual entities, the definition of the status natural resources in the regions, the distribution of income from export and import duties between the Federation and its subjects.
All this is a strong brake on the development of foreign economic relations, and hence the development of the country's economy as a whole.
Nevertheless, despite the difficulties that arise, Russia's trade with foreign countries is growing. This indicates some improvement in the economic situation in the country, as well as the development and strengthening of Russia's foreign economic relations.
International economic relations are an important factor influencing the level and direction of the economic development of the country and its regions. The division of labor promotes the widespread use of highly productive tools of production and the introduction of the latest achievements of science and technology into production. The world economy is developing. Now the trend of global integration is felt more and more strongly, the need to expand the participation of countries in international relations.
Bibliography
1. Volgina N. A. International economics: Tutorial. - M: Eksmo, 2006.
2. Gurova I. P. World economy: Textbook. - M: Omega-L, 2007.
3. Fundamentals of foreign economic knowledge: Proc. / Ed. I.P. Flaminsky. - M.: International relations, 2002. - 353 p.
4. Livshits A.Ya. Introduction to the market economy. - M.: TPK "Kvadrat", 2001. - 442 p.
5. Pokrovskaya VV Organization and regulation of foreign economic activity. - M.: Jurist, 1999.
6. Site materials // www.helpeducation.ru
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| Parameter name | Meaning |
| Article subject: | Foreign economic relations |
| Rubric (thematic category) | Sport |
Foreign economic relations - it is a complex system of various forms of international cooperation between states and their subjects in all sectors of the economy.
Foreign economic relations- forms of implementation of interstate relations in terms of scientific, technical, industrial and trade cooperation and monetary and financial relations.
To subjects of the state bearers of the rights and duties assigned to them by the state include:
ü Self-governing regions
ü Business entities ( business partnerships and society unitary enterprises and etc.),
ü Sole proprietorships.
These relations cover all spheres of the economic life of the state:
production,
trading,
investment,
Financial.
Through mechanism WEC demand for goods and services of the world market is transferred to the domestic market of a state.
This necessitates the development of productive forces,
Contribute to the development of industry
Trade
Service industries
Efficiency WES organizations and the mechanism of their management is largely determined by the classification of relations.
Wind farm classification– the distribution of these links into specific groups according to certain characteristics in order to achieve the set goals.
The classification system of WES consists of types and forms of links.
WPP type- ϶ᴛᴏ set of connections. United by one common feature, for example, the direction of the commodity flow, and a structural feature.
classification mark, associated with the direction of the flow of goods, determines the movement of goods (services, works) from one country to another, ᴛ.ᴇ. reflects the withdrawal of goods from the country or the importation of goods into this country. On this basis, WES are divided into export, associated with the sale and export of goods, and import, associated with the purchase and import of goods.
Structural feature WES classification determines the group composition of bonds. It is connected with the sphere of economic interests and with the main purpose of foreign economic activity of the state. According to the structural feature, wind farms are divided into:
Foreign trade
Financial
Production
Investment.
Contact form – this is a way of existence of this type of connection, an external manifestation (outline, design) of the essence of any particular connection. The forms of WES include trade, barter, tourism, engineering, franchising, leasing, etc.
Planning the volume of wind farms and determining the list of goods and services is carried out by federal structures, ᴛ.ᴇ. at the government level, for strategically important positions through the system of state orders (state orders) and limits with centralized provision of material and foreign exchange resources to organizations identified as state export customers, with the function of the state order execution period.
Government order- ϶ᴛᴏ directive plan, including target figures for the production of export products at the expense of public funds. By issuing a state order, a state department (ministry) undertakes to fully pay for it within the stipulated time. State orders are implemented through a contract (agreement), which is concluded with an enterprise producing export products, assuming mutual material and financial responsibility of the parties.
A feature of the state order is a 100% guarantee of payment for the obligation fulfilled by the enterprise. Such a guarantee of the sale of products allows you to place a state order on a competitive basis, impose strict requirements on the specified quality parameters, technical specifications and deadlines.
The difference between foreign economic activity and foreign economic relations consists of the following:
a) foreign economic activity is carried out at the level of production structures (firms, organizations, enterprises, associations, etc.) with full independence in choosing a foreign market and a foreign partner, the nomenclature and assortment positions of goods for an export-import transaction, as determined by price and value of the contract, scope and delivery time and is part of their production and commercial activities with both domestic and foreign partners;
b) foreign economic activity belongs to the market sphere, is based on the criteria of entrepreneurial activity, structural connection with production and is distinguished by legal autonomy, as well as economic and legal independence;
c) the initial principle of foreign economic activity of enterprises is commercial settlement on the basis of economic and financial independence and self-sufficiency, taking into account their own monetary, financial and material and technical capabilities.
The main feature of foreign economic relations is the presence of departmental guardianship of federal structures that determine their main strategic directions.
Responsibility for the results of foreign economic activity lies with the enterprise itself, not only in terms of export supplies, but also import purchases for the development of export and import-substituting production, technical reconstruction.
Foreign economic activity and foreign economic relations are not separate areas of functioning and state regulation. The nature of the foreign economic policy of the state essentially determines the strategy of foreign economic activity of sectoral ministries, departments, individual enterprises and associations.
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Moscow, as a subject of the Russian Federation, received the right to carry out international and foreign economic relations even before the adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 1993.
In the Federal Treaty of March 31, 1992 "On the delimitation of jurisdiction and powers between federal authorities state authorities of the Russian Federation and the authorities of the autonomous region, autonomous districts within the Russian Federation" it was fixed that the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are independent participants in international and foreign economic relations.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation (point "o" of part 1 of article 72) refers to the joint jurisdiction of Russia and its subjects the coordination of international and foreign economic relations, the implementation of international treaties of the Russian Federation. This constitutional norm confirms the right of the subjects of the Russian Federation to participate in international and foreign economic relations and to conclude international treaties and agreements for this purpose. At the same time, the right of the subject of the Russian Federation to conduct international negotiations and conclude international treaties and agreements with foreign partners should not violate the territorial integrity of the Russian Federation and affect its powers and prerogatives as a sovereign state (clauses "k", "l", "m "," n "Article 71 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation), as well as in any way infringe on the legitimate interests of other subjects of the Russian Federation.
International and foreign economic relations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are understood to be relations carried out in trade, economic, scientific, technical, environmental, humanitarian, cultural and other areas with foreign partners - subjects of foreign federative states, administrative-territorial formations of foreign states, and in some cases with international organizations. Subjects of the Russian Federation, with the consent of the Government of the Russian Federation, may also carry out such relations with public authorities of foreign states.
State regulation of the international and foreign economic activity of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is one of the important areas of the regional policy of the Russian Federation, which is reflected in the Basic Provisions of the Regional Policy of the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of June 3, 1996 N 803. In accordance with this document, the Russian regional the policy in the field of international and foreign economic relations of the subjects of the Russian Federation is aimed at ensuring the foreign policy and foreign economic interests of the Russian Federation in the international arena (section 3.3).
The concept of regional policy provides for the provision by the federal authorities of:
all possible assistance to the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in mastering the experience of activities in the field of external relations, their active involvement in international cooperation and participation in projects and programs of international organizations related to regional development;
Represent the interests of the Government of Moscow in state authorities and local governments of a given region of a foreign state on issues of trade, economic, scientific, technical, humanitarian and cultural cooperation;
Assist in establishing direct links between economic entities of all organizational and legal forms of the city of Moscow and a given region of a foreign state, in the conclusion and implementation of joint agreements and contracts, as well as in informing about their activities;
Establish and develop contacts between the authorities of the city of Moscow and the given region of a foreign state;
control and systematically inform the Moscow government about the progress in the implementation of contractual documents signed between the Moscow government and the relevant body of the executive region of a foreign state;
organize and conduct, on instructions from the Moscow government, negotiations with partners in the region of a foreign state on issues of bilateral cooperation, and provide assistance to their participants; conduct consultations of informational, advertising, legal, methodological and other nature;
promote the participation of organizations of the city of Moscow in international exhibitions and fairs held in a given region of a foreign state, as well as in other regions of the host state;
to promote the holding of trade and industrial exhibitions and fairs of products of Moscow enterprises, the implementation of joint projects, the creation of joint ventures, the opening of trading houses, Moscow stores in the region of a foreign state, as well as the organization of other events related to the development and strengthening of bilateral relations;
organize trips of delegations of the Moscow government to the region;
provide assistance on behalf of the Moscow government officials seconded to the region, in the performance of their official assignments;
assist in attracting, within its competence, financial resources and investments of foreign financial and industrial structures in the development of the economy, social and cultural sphere of the city of Moscow;
protect the interests of Muscovites in the region
Adopted in accordance with Article 72 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, Law N 4-FZ establishes the general procedure for coordinating international and foreign economic relations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, contains legal guarantees for ensuring the rights and legitimate interests of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the establishment and development of international and foreign economic relations. In accordance with Law No. 4-FZ, public authorities of the city of Moscow as a constituent entity of the Russian Federation have the right to negotiate with foreign partners, as well as to conclude agreements with them on the implementation of international and foreign economic relations. At the same time, such agreements concluded by public authorities of the city of Moscow cannot contain provisions that are contrary to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, generally recognized principles and norms of international law, international treaties of the Russian Federation, federal legislation, agreements between public authorities of the Russian Federation and public authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Federation on the delimitation of jurisdiction and powers, as well as provisions that infringe on the legitimate interests of another subject of the Russian Federation.
The bodies of state power of the city of Moscow are obliged to notify in advance the relevant federal executive bodies of the entry into negotiations on the conclusion of an agreement on the implementation of international and foreign economic relations. The draft agreement is submitted for approval to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, and, if necessary, to other federal executive bodies no later than one month before signing. Registration of agreements on the implementation of international and foreign economic relations is carried out by the body that carries out such registration - the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation. Such agreements, regardless of form, name and content, are not international treaties. The corresponding norm is contained in Article 7 of the Law N 4-FZ.
The Federal Law of June 15, 1995 "On International Treaties of the Russian Federation" determines the limits of the participation of subjects of the Russian Federation in the conclusion of international treaties. In particular, it establishes (Article 4) that international treaty of the Russian Federation, affecting issues related to the jurisdiction of the subjects of the Federation, is concluded in agreement with the state authorities of the interested subject of the Russian Federation, which are entrusted with the corresponding function.
The powers of Moscow as a subject of the Russian Federation to carry out foreign economic relations are defined in the Federal Law of December 8, 2003 N 164-FZ "On the Fundamentals of State Regulation foreign trade activities»
negotiating and concluding agreements on the implementation of foreign economic relations with subjects of foreign federative states, administrative-territorial formations of foreign states, as well as with the consent of the Government of the Russian Federation with public authorities of foreign states;
opening a representative office in foreign states for the purpose of implementing agreements on the implementation of foreign economic relations in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation;
formation and implementation of regional programs of foreign trade activities;
information support for foreign trade activities on the territory of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation;
creation of insurance and mortgage funds in the field of foreign trade activities on the territory of the subject of the Russian Federation.
The Mayor of Moscow, being the highest official of the city of Moscow, represents the city of Moscow in international and interregional relations, including at state protocol events held at the federal level, and also exercises general management of the system of international, foreign economic and interregional relations city of Moscow. Direct management is entrusted to the authorized functional bodies of the executive power of the city of Moscow (Department for Foreign Economic and international relations, Committee for Interregional Relations and National Policy), which carry out executive and administrative functions in the relevant areas (Article 45 of the Charter).
The mayor concludes contracts and agreements on behalf of the city of Moscow. Among the contracts concluded by the mayor on behalf of the city of Moscow, Article 6 of the Law of the City of Moscow dated March 28, 2001 N 11 "On contracts and agreements of the city of Moscow" refers to the contracts:
agreements on the delimitation of jurisdiction and powers between the state authorities of the Russian Federation and the state authorities of the federal city of Moscow;
agreements on the basics of relations with the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local self-government bodies of their municipalities, interregional associations.
Agreements on the delimitation of subjects of jurisdiction and powers between the federal state authorities and the state authorities of the city of Moscow are concluded in the manner established federal law dated October 6, 1999 N 184-FZ "On the general principles of organizing legislative (representative) and executive bodies state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation".
The mayor may by decree transfer his authority to negotiate and sign agreements, with the exception of an agreement on the delimitation of jurisdiction and powers between the federal state authorities and the state authorities of the city of Moscow, to other officials of the executive authorities of the city of Moscow.
special direction international activities mayor of Moscow - conclusion of agreements on behalf of the city of Moscow on the implementation of international and foreign economic relations with international organizations, subjects of foreign federal states, cities and other administrative-territorial formations of foreign states. The mayor exercises the relevant powers in accordance with the Federal Law of January 4, 1999 N 4-FZ "On the coordination of international and foreign economic relations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation." Law N 4-FZ provides that decisions in the field of international and foreign economic relations are coordinated with the authorized federal government bodies - the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. The draft agreement of the city on the implementation of international and foreign economic relations must be submitted to the Russian Foreign Ministry for approval at least a month before signing. The Russian Foreign Ministry must inform the Mayor of Moscow of the results of the consideration no later than 20 days before the date of signing the agreement. If there are any disagreements, conciliation procedures are applied in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
In order to implement agreements on the implementation of international and foreign economic relations of the city of Moscow, as well as to streamline the process of creating and functioning of Moscow representative offices in the administrative-territorial formations of foreign states
Decree of the Government of Moscow dated January 14, 2003 N 4-PP approved the Regulations on the establishment and functioning of the representative office of the Government of Moscow in the territory of a foreign state. Moscow, as a subject of the Russian Federation, has the right to its representative offices in the territories of foreign states. The representative offices opened abroad do not carry out political, diplomatic and consular functions. They are aimed primarily at developing and strengthening trade, economic, scientific, technical and humanitarian ties. The establishment of a representative office of the city of Moscow, as a rule, is preceded by the conclusion of an agreement between the mayor of Moscow or the government of Moscow and the competent authority of a foreign state, a subject of a foreign federal state or an administrative-territorial formation of a foreign state. Within its competence, the Mayor of Moscow may participate in negotiations and conclusion of agreements with diplomatic and other representations of foreign countries and international organizations located on the territory of the city of Moscow. He also has the right to communicate with Russian diplomatic and other missions abroad on issues related to the interests of the city of Moscow.
To open representative offices abroad, it is necessary to obtain the consent of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. In accordance with Decree N 375, the control over the activities of Moscow's representative offices abroad is entrusted to the extraordinary and plenipotentiary ambassadors of the Russian Federation, whose main task is to ensure the implementation of a unified foreign policy line of the Russian Federation in the host country. Heads of representative offices are obliged to coordinate their activities with the embassies or consular offices of the Russian Federation in the host country, as well as to assist them in the implementation of their tasks. Representative offices of the city of Moscow in the territories of foreign states, as well as foreign missions on the territory of our capital do not have the status of diplomatic missions, they cannot be entrusted with consular or diplomatic functions. Employees of these missions do not enjoy diplomatic privileges and immunities.
The Moscow Government adopted Resolution No. 4-PP dated January 14, 2003, which approved:
Regulations on the establishment and functioning of a representative office of the Moscow government on the territory of a foreign state;
Radical economic reform, a radical change in the geopolitical position of Russia significantly increased the role of the foreign economic factor in the development of the country. The strengthening of the external economic factor is objectively dictated by the ongoing market transformations, which form a qualitatively new basis for the interaction of the domestic economy with the world, the domestic market with the external one.
Foreign economic relations represent a whole complex of different directions, forms, methods and means of moving material, financial and intellectual resources between countries. Under them understand the flows of goods, services, capital crossing the borders of states. They play a decisive role in the system of the international division of labor, the realization of the advantages and benefits of which is carried out through foreign economic activity, and are of great importance for Russia.
In the structure of foreign economic relations of the Russian Federation, the most significant role is played by:- international trade;
- credit and financial relations;
- international trade in services;
- scientific and technical cooperation.
International trade
International trade- the traditional and most developed form of foreign economic relations. At the beginning of the twentieth century. Russia's share in world trade was 3.4%, and according to this indicator Russian empire ranked seventh in the world in terms of foreign trade. However, Russia's share in the world's population (1/10) did not correspond to its involvement in the world economy. In Russian exports, products of agriculture (almost 80%), forestry (10%), minerals (oil, metals, ores - 5%), finished goods and other goods. The face of the country in the international division of labor was determined by the export of grain crops, and according to this indicator, Russia ranked first in the world.
Started in the 1930s industrialization radically changed the structure of foreign trade, and by the beginning of World War II, industrial goods accounted for 2/3 of Soviet exports. Despite the growth of foreign trade turnover, which only in 1960-1985. increased almost 5 times, the country's share in world trade in the late 1980s. was only 4%, i.e., practically did not increase in comparison with tsarist Russia. On the eve of its collapse, the USSR acted as a fuel and raw material pantry of the world (almost 60% of Soviet exports accounted for fuel, electricity, ores and metals) and the largest (along with the USA) weapons workshop on the planet. The export of weapons from the USSR in 1989 amounted to 21.8 billion dollars against 11.9 billion dollars from the United States. The proceeds were used to purchase machinery, equipment (40% of imports), food (17%) and industrial consumer goods (16%). Almost 2/3 of the Soviet foreign trade turnover accounted for 12 socialist countries.
Today's Russia has inherited a positive foreign trade balance. Since 1992, there has been a steady increase in the value of Russian exports, with the volumes of imports being extremely unstable, fluctuating first in one direction, then in the other.
Table 1. Foreign trade of Russia* (in billion dollars)
Russia's share in world exports in 2007 was 2.7%. In the structure of Russian exports in 2007, the share of five commodity groups accounted for almost 93% of exports (mineral products - 64.8%, metals - 16.0%, chemical products - 5.9%, timber - 3.5%, agricultural raw materials - 2.6%), the share of engineering products - only 5.6%. Energy carriers and metals continue to play the leading role in exports. 2/5 of the oil produced in the country, 1/3 of gas, up to 90% of aluminum, copper, tin, zinc produced in the country, almost 80% of mineral fertilizers and about 90% of domestic cellulose are exported abroad. Mineral raw materials are inexpensive on the world market, and our country exports raw materials for the most part in their original state. In addition, a significant part of the exported products (mineral fertilizers, natural gas, non-ferrous metals) is also required by the national economy.
The structure of exports and the current location of production makes it possible to identify the main “foreign exchange shops” of the country, most of which are located in the depths of Russian territory, in sparsely populated and single-industry areas. This is primarily the north of Western Siberia, which provided 13.9% of Russian exports in 2006, where export flows of oil and gas are formed, as well as Eastern Siberia - 5% (export of non-ferrous metals, timber, pulp and paper products). Of the old-developed areas, the Center plays a prominent role in exports - more than 2/5 (Moscow region) and the Ural-Volga region - about 1/5 (natural gas, oil products, mineral fertilizers).
Russia's share in world imports in 2007 accounted for 1.5%. Traditionally, the most important positions of Russian imports are occupied by engineering, food products and consumer goods mass demand. Machinery and equipment remain the most important import item (51.0% in 2007), which is associated with the current crisis in this most important industry. Commodities, some metals, pipes, chemical products have a large share in Russia's imports. The role of food products in the composition of imports has greatly increased (13.8% in 2007). It is estimated that about half of the food consumed in Russia comes from abroad, which seriously undermines the country's food security.
The last decade is characterized by a significant increase in the share of economically developed states in Russia's foreign trade turnover and a sharp decrease in the volume of trade relations with the countries of the post-Soviet space. The basis of Russian exports to states outside the CIS are fuel (oil and gas to Germany, Italy, France, coal to Japan), raw materials and semi-finished products (rubber to China, Korea, Hungary, ferrous metals to the UK and the USA, aluminum to to Japan, copper to Germany and the Netherlands, timber to Japan and China, fish to the USA, Japan, China). Machinery and equipment (mainly from Western Europe and Japan) and foodstuffs are mainly imported to Russia from non-CIS countries. In 2007, in the total export of Russian goods to non-CIS countries, the Netherlands accounted for 14.3%, Germany - 8.8, Italy - 9.2, China - 5.3, Switzerland - 4.7, Turkey - 6 .1, USA - 2.7, UK - 3.7%. Imports were dominated by deliveries from Germany (15.6%), China (14.4%), Japan (7.5%), USA (3.3%), Italy (5.0%), France (4.6%). %).
Among the CIS countries, the leading trading partners Russia are Belarus (31.6% of trade with the CIS countries), Ukraine (36.1%) and Kazakhstan (20.1%). As with far-abroad countries, fuel is the main export, and machinery, equipment and chemical products are also exported on a large scale. Mainly agricultural products, machinery and equipment, metals and metal ores are imported.
Credit and financial relations
Credit and financial relations include the provision of international loans and credits, as well as the implementation of direct foreign investment. In this sphere of international economic relations, as well as in international trade, Russia is a prominent participant, but is not among the leaders. In the early 1990s Germany, Switzerland, Great Britain and Canada were the most actively investing in the Russian economy, after 2000 they were joined by the USA, the Netherlands and France.
The volume of foreign investments in 2007 amounted to 120,941 million dollars, including direct investments - 23.0%, portfolio investments - 3.5%, and others - 73.5%.
Until now, Russia has been an object of predominantly loan capital rather than entrepreneurial capital. Moreover, loan capital was attracted mainly in the form of loans from foreign states and international organizations and was spent largely on the so-called critical imports (food, medicines), and not on capital investments in fixed assets. As a result, the influx of foreign capital into Russia had little effect on the volume of capital investment in the country, but significantly increased Russia's external debt.
Among the types of economic activities for foreign investment leading place occupies trade and public catering - 39.1%, manufacturing - 26.4%, where production of coke and petroleum products (3.6%), non-ferrous (7.9%), metallurgical production (12.3%), production of Vehicle (2,5%).
In regional terms, foreign investment is distributed extremely unevenly, which is associated with differences in the factors that determine the investment situation (the presence labor resources, infrastructure, implementation of market reforms) and with the deterioration of the investment situation as we move from west to east. More than half of all foreign investments in 2006 were concentrated in the Central Federal District and mainly in Moscow (over 2/5), about 1/7 - St. Petersburg and its environs stood out in the North-Western Federal District, less than 1/10 - in the Urals Federal District (Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra), in the South - the Krasnodar Territory, in the Volga Federal District the Samara Region is the most attractive for investment, in the Siberian - Omsk, Far East - Sakhalin Region and Yakutia.
Undoubtedly, in the future Russia will be able to become a large attractive investment market, which is due to the huge scale of the Russian domestic market, the need to renew fixed capital in all sectors of the economy, the high scientific potential and level of education of the population, the unique endowment of the economy with natural resources, the level of investment profitability (it is almost 2 times higher than the usual level of profit for countries with established market economies).
Free economic zones
(SEZ) are one of the forms of economic ties that operate in developing and industrialized countries. The creation of a free economic zone comes down to granting certain regions and territories of the country special rights and benefits in relation to foreign investment and foreign economic cooperation, taking into account the economic and geographical position of the free economic zone, infrastructure development, the possibility of integration ties and supplies. Depending on the goals and objectives, there are complex zones of an industrial nature, foreign trade, functional (technological parks, technopolises, tourism, insurance, banking), etc. In the early 1990s. decisions were made to establish a number of free economic zones in Russia: St. Petersburg, Vyborg, Nakhodka, Yantar (Kaliningrad region), Sakhalin, Dauria (Chita region), Altai, “ Kuzbass”, “Sadko” (Veliky Novgorod), “Technopolis Zelenograd” (Moscow region), “Eva” (Jewish Autonomous Region), “Magadan”. Somewhat later, FEZ “Ingushetia” and “Sherri-zone” (Sheremetyevo Airport, Moscow) were registered.
Placement of SEZ in Russia depending on geographical location territory is carried out either in the border or inland regions. Border regions unite SEZs that have arisen in the immediate vicinity of the state border, where international ports or large border transport hubs are located, through which transit cargo flows pass. It is dominated by free trade zones in the form of warehouse, duty-free customs, transport and trade and trade and customs zones. The wide distribution of FEZs in the interior regions is due to the country's huge natural and resource wealth, the presence of large scientific and industrial centers with highly qualified personnel. The main type of FEZ in this case are export-industrial zones and FEZs of technical and innovative character.
International trade in services
International trade in services in recent times has an increasing impact on global economic relations. The largest share is occupied by foreign tourism. This is one of the few large areas of work where the number of workers is steadily increasing. The tourism industry is an important sector of the economy of many countries and regions of the world, a source of large amounts of foreign currency, a stimulus for the construction of hotels, roads and other infrastructure for tourism, trade, the revival of crafts and handicrafts, measures for nature protection, and the preservation of national identity.
Russia, which has a huge recreational potential, serves only 1% of the world tourist flow so far. The number of foreign citizens who arrived in Russia is gradually increasing, the number and Russian citizens traveling abroad.
Services in the field of information and telecommunications, remote sensing of the Earth from space, rental of machinery and equipment, computer calculations, market, laboratory and predictive research, consulting, management services, included in the category of business services, are widely used.
Scientific and technical cooperation
Scientific and technical cooperation is a coordinated activity of subjects of foreign economic relations of different countries, aimed at accelerating scientific and technological progress. One of the directions in this area is the international cooperation of production, which effectively, using market methods, integrates the entire innovation cycle; increases the dynamism of innovation and competition; contributes to the acceleration of scientific and technological progress, the increase in the competitiveness of co-operated products on the world market, and the receipt of foreign exchange profits. Such cooperation can manifest itself in the joint production of products on a bilateral or multilateral basis (assembly of Mercedes-Benz shuttle buses in Golitsino, cars firm "Ford" in Vsevolozhsk).
Cooperation in the field of capital construction of large industrial and other facilities in some countries with economic and technical assistance from others. Thus, hydroelectric facilities were built in Egypt and Syria, metallurgical plants in India, nuclear power plants in Cuba and Eastern Europe. On the territory of Russia, the Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant, created with the help of the FRG, the Kostomuksha Mining and Processing Plant, built with the participation of Finland, was built, the coal of South Yakutia was developed and the oil and gas fields on the shelf of Sakhalin Island were developed with the assistance of Japan.
One of the forms of economic cooperation is the creation of joint ventures that produce a variety of manufacturing products and are engaged in the implementation of different kind services. At the same time, most of the products of joint ventures are intended for export. In 2007, more than 19,000 enterprises and organizations with foreign capital were operating in Russia, and most of all in trade, public catering, and industry.
Thus, an effective foreign economic policy can make an important contribution to the recovery of the Russian economy. The main slogan of the foreign economic strategy of the new Russia is to reduce to a minimum the supply of any raw materials abroad. In order to destroy the country's export specialization in raw materials, to prevent its economic colonization by powerful competitors, it is necessary to develop in every possible way the processing of currently exported raw materials on the basis of its own resources (maximizing the intellectual and technical potential of the domestic military-industrial complex) and, in parallel, to compensate for the export of raw materials by imports. the latest technologies for the extraction and processing of natural resources. Russia will have to find the best balance for it between self-sufficiency and inclusion in the world economy. The economic success of the country and the well-being of its citizens will largely depend on the accuracy of such a choice.
1.3 Classification of foreign economic relations
The classification of foreign economic relations should be understood as the distribution of these relations into specific groups according to certain characteristics in order to achieve the set goals.
The classification feature associated with the direction of the commodity flow determines the movement of goods (services, works) from one country to another, i.e. reflects the export of goods from the country or the import of goods into this country. On this basis, foreign economic relations are divided into export, associated with the sale and export of goods, and import, associated with the purchase and import of goods. Foreign trade is realized at the level of relations between companies, corporations, interstate agreements.
The structural feature of the classification of foreign economic relations determines the group composition of relations. It is connected with the sphere of economic interests and with the main goal of the foreign economic activity of the state.
On a structural basis, foreign economic relations are divided into foreign trade, financial, industrial, investment.
So, foreign economic relations are the result of the global division of labor. Depending on the functional features the following main types of foreign economic relations are distinguished:
International trade;
Scientific and technical cooperation;
Economic cooperation;
Cooperation.
On the scale of the entire national economy, foreign economic activity is an important factor in the financial stabilization of the country. Revenues from foreign economic activity (customs duties, VAT, excises, non-tax revenues) form a significant share of the budget.
2. Forms and significance of Russia's foreign economic relations
The Russian Federation in its foreign economic activity uses a variety of forms of foreign economic relations:
International trade;
Joint ventures in Russia;
International associations and organizations; consortia; contract cooperation;
concessions;
Cooperation on a compensatory basis;
Cooperation on the terms of production sharing;
Processing of customer-supplied raw materials;
Attraction of foreign labor force;
Scientific and technical cooperation - using the advantages of the international division of labor in the field of science and technology to accelerate scientific and technological progress;
Patent-licensing relations - patenting of domestic inventions abroad, sale and purchase of licenses, provision of services such as "engineering";
Coastal and border trade;
Trade in building services;
Trade in transport services;
Foreign tourism;
banking system and lending;
Information Services;
Free economic zones
Other forms of cooperation.
The subject of a foreign trade contract can be various relations: rent, contract work, purchase and sale, etc.
The promising forms of scientific and technical cooperation include trade in licenses, i.e. permission to transfer rights to use an invention, use an industrial design, trademark, as well as the sale of technologies (know-how) not protected by patents. All over the world, the exchange of scientific products is growing rapidly and has already reached impressive proportions. Our country is taking the first steps in this direction.
One of the forms of foreign economic cooperation between Russia and other countries is leasing, i.e. long-term rental of machinery and equipment. The advantage of leasing as a form of provision for temporary use of certain types of machinery and equipment is that it allows the tenant to receive the necessary technical means until payment of the full price, avoid repair costs and, in the face of increasing obsolescence, replace leased equipment with new one.
In the current conditions, leasing is a profitable form of marketing for the manufacturer and financing of capital investments. Leasing can be called a "driving force" modern business, as it contributes to a faster turnover of tools and, thus, ensures the success of the enterprise.
For our country, leasing is currently one of the progressive forms of foreign economic relations.
An important place in the development of the economy and foreign economic relations is occupied by the formation of the banking system and lending. Russian
The Federation establishes close contacts with the main international financial institutions - the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD).
A new direction in the development of foreign economic relations is cooperation in the field of information services. In Russia, informatics is called upon to play a cementing role, counteracting the centrifugal tendencies of disintegrating economic ties. For a long time, an international communication network has been functioning between information centers countries of Western and Eastern Europe through the Moscow node in the research institute Automated systems.
An important role in the field of integration processes is played by the International Center for Scientific and Technical Information. Its mission is to develop international system scientific and technical based on the cooperation of national systems and the creation of international specialized and industry information subsystems. The Center operates in three main areas:
Reference and information service for MSNT consumers;
Scientific research and design work on the creation and development of modern information technology;
Scientific and methodological support for the development of MSNTI, coordination of the activities of its subsystems.
Developing world and European integration processes form new political and economic conditions for entry
Russia into a single global economic and information space.
Trade plays an important role in Russia's foreign economic relations with foreign countries. One of the main tasks in Russia's foreign trade relations is to expand trade relations and improve the structure of foreign trade turnover with neighboring countries. Import of goods to Russia from the CIS countries has recently been increasing. This is evidence of the positive dynamics in the development of foreign trade relations with neighboring countries. In the import of products from the CIS countries, a significant share is occupied by aluminum ores and concentrates, fuel, oil products, food.
Cross-border trade is one of the traditional forms of regional economic relations based on a balanced exchange of goods in the border regions of neighboring countries. This form of trade relations is currently developing with Finland, Sweden, Norway, Japan, China, North Korea.
The place and role of border and coastal trade in the system of foreign economic relations of the country are determined by social, political and economic tasks. Despite the importance of economic incentives for the development of cross-border trade, its priority function is to assist in solving socio-economic problems regional development. This is especially true for those who experience the greatest difficulties in social development districts Far East, European North.
It is also necessary to take into account the nationwide political tasks of this trade. Its focus on neighboring states, on a certain part of the business world is designed to promote the establishment and maintenance of friendly relations between the peoples of neighboring countries.
Foreign economic activity is now increasingly affecting the economic and social aspects development of Russian territories. Further integration of the regions of the Russian Federation into the world market predetermines the need to address a wide range of problems. Among them, an important role is played by the formation of a new geopolitical role of the regions of Siberia and the Far East, the change in their place in the country's economy.
The activation of the eastern regions in foreign economic activity and integration into the world economy are determined by such factors as:
The possibility of intensive development of foreign economic relations of regions in the world market of goods, capital and services, limited by the possibilities of the domestic market, and the transformation of relations with neighboring countries and Eastern Europe;
Strengthening and expanding economic and trade ties between the regions of Siberia and the Far East with the countries of the Asia-Pacific region, significant development opportunities transport service freight traffic Europe-Asia;
Availability of mineral resources of global importance.
Conclusion
Thus, foreign economic activity is objectively an integral part of the economy of any, to some extent, economically developed state.
Foreign economic relations are a complex system of various forms of international cooperation between states and their subjects in all sectors of the economy.
The essence of foreign economic relations as an economic category is manifested in their functions.
At the same time, foreign economic relations act as a tool for influencing economic system state, which is carried out through the mechanism of foreign economic activity.
In the modern world economy, foreign economic relations act as factors in the growth of the national income of the state, the economy of national economic costs and the acceleration of scientific and technological progress.
The effectiveness of the organization of foreign economic relations and the mechanism of their management is largely determined by the classification of relations.
The classification system of foreign economic relations consists of types and forms of relations.
The type of foreign economic relations is a set of relations united by one common feature, for example, the direction of the flow of goods and a structural feature.
The form of connection is a way of existence of this type of connection, an external manifestation (outline, design) of the essence of any particular connection.
The forms of foreign economic relations include trade, barter, tourism, engineering, franchising, leasing, etc.
List of used literature
1. Voronkova O.N. Foreign economic activity: organization and management: Proc. settlement / O.N. Voronkov. - M.: Infra-M, 2006. - 495 p.
2. Balabanov I.T. Foreign economic relations. Textbook / I.T. Balabanov, A.I. Balabanov. - Moscow: Finance and statistics, 2000. - 512 p.
3. Gogoleva T.N. International economy. / Gogoleva T.N., Klyuchishcheva V.G., Khaustov Yu.I. – M.: Publishing House of KnoRus, 2005. – 126 p.
4. Shchukina N.N. The role of foreign economic relations in the industrial development of the region: Pupil / N.N. Schukin; N.N. Schukin. - Perm: PTU, 2000. - No. 2. - P.63-69.