Functional styles of speech and their main features. Features of functional styles of speech. Syntactic features of scientific style

There are five styles of speech in Russian:

1. colloquial;
2. art;
3. journalistic;
4. official business;
5. scientific.

In general, all styles of speech can be divided into two large groups: conversational style on the one hand and book styles speech (artistic, journalistic, official business, scientific) - on the other.

Speech styles serve to serve one side human life, and therefore each style is distinguished by two features: the scope of communication and the purpose of communication.

Table 1. Styles of literary language.

In addition to the features listed above, the styles of the Russian language have a specific set of language tools for each of them, as well as genres in which the style is implemented.

Conversational style

The conversational style is used by people to communicate in everyday life in order to convey their thoughts, feelings, as well as messages about something.

For a long time there was a misconception that the main language means of spoken language are spoken words. This is not true.

In fact, the basis of the conversational style is the neutral means of the language, that is, the words used in all styles of speech: family, go, dinner, evening, etc.

A smaller percentage is made up of colloquial words (blank, pinned, hostel), vernacular (today, just now, go) and jargon (kid, grandmas (money), etc.)

A feature of the syntactic construction of the conversational style is the use of mostly incomplete sentences (Natasha is home, he is behind her.). This is due to the fact that during a conversation there is always the opportunity to ask again, show for discussion.

In addition, gestures and facial expressions play an important role, replacing some of the information that could be expressed in words. Complex sentences are very rarely used, and if they are used, then these are mostly non-union sentences (I come home, I see - again my brother brought his friends.).

The conversational style is characterized by appeals, incentives and interrogative sentences. Introductory words, interjections, modal particles are often used in colloquial speech (Imagine an exam tomorrow. But I'm not ready!).

Words with emotional evaluation suffixes (for example, diminutive ones) are also widely used: mommy, kitty, as well as truncated forms of nouns, especially proper names: dads, moms, Mish, Van, etc.

Art style

Artistic style is used in artistic creation, its purpose is to influence readers through the created images.

For example:
White sail lonely
In the blue mist of the sea.
What is he looking for in a distant land?
What did he throw in his native land? (M. Yu. Lermontov)

In the poem by M. Yu. Lermontov, the image of a lonely sail on the blue expanse of the sea is created, through which the author influences the thoughts and feelings of readers.

In the artistic style, figurative and expressive means (metaphors, epithets, etc.) are common. In addition, to create an image in an artistic style, any language means are appropriate (neutral vocabulary, dialect and slang words, emotionally colored words, etc.).

The genres of the artistic style depend on the genre: prose, lyrics or drama. It will be a novel, a story or a short story, an elegy, an ode, a tragedy, a comedy or a drama, respectively.

Journalistic style

Used in propaganda and mass activities and means mass media, its purpose is to act through the call. The genres of journalistic style are: article, essay, speech, etc.

Any text of a journalistic style has a bright emotional coloring (often reaching pathos), therefore, in a journalistic style, figurative and expressive means, words with expressive coloring, ambiguous words in a figurative sense, phraseological units, solemn, lofty words, civil vocabulary, a combination of bookish and colloquial words and structures.

The syntactic structure of journalistic style texts is dominated by simple syntactic constructions, rhetorical questions and exclamations, particles, introductory words, repetitions, the use of homogeneous sentence members (with gradation).

Formal business style

It is used in the official business environment for communication of citizens with institutions and institutions among themselves, the purpose of this style is the communication of official business information. Genres officially- business style are a law, decree, power of attorney, statement, act, protocol, etc.

The peculiarity of the official business style is the accuracy, reliability of information, its objectivity, which excludes ambiguity of interpretation, and therefore figurative and expressive means, words with expressive coloring are inappropriate in it.

In this style, neutral words are used, as well as words in the literal sense, abstract vocabulary (fulfillment, observance), standardized turns (according to the order ..., we, the signatories below ...), complex sentences with compound conjunctions, terms, words of obligation (should, must , should, should).

Sentences in an official business style are always narrative, common, as a rule, complicated by participial and participial constructions or homogeneous members of the sentence.

Often the texts of the official business style are divided into parts indicated by numbers (articles of laws), or have a strictly limited and regulated position on the page (the header of statements and other documents).

scientific style

Used in the field of science, its purpose is the communication of scientific information. Genres of scientific style - monograph, Research Article, dissertation, diploma, report, abstract, review, annotation, etc.

As well as the official business style, the scientific style is characterized by accuracy, rigor, conciseness of expressions, therefore, figurative and expressive means, words with expressive coloring, figurative vocabulary are not acceptable in the scientific style.

Scientific terms, special phraseological units, complex syntactic constructions, introductory words, sentences with generalized generic names are used in this style.

Depending on the purpose and situation of communication in Russian, there are five main F. s. R.: conversational style, scientific style, formal business style, journalistic style and ... Dictionary of literary terms

Speech is a historically established system of speech means used in a particular area of ​​human communication; a kind of literary language that performs a specific function in communication. There are 5 functional styles: scientific value ... ... Wikipedia

Styles distinguished in accordance with the main functions of the language associated with a particular area of ​​human activity (see language functions). Functional styles do not form closed systems, there is a wide interaction between styles, influence ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

FUNCTIONAL STYLES- FUNCTIONAL STYLES. Styles are distinguished in accordance with the main functions of the language associated with a particular area of ​​human activity. F. s. do not form closed systems, there is a wide interaction between styles, the influence of one on ... ... New dictionary methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of teaching languages)

Functional styles in relation to colloquial speech and artistic speech- - see Artistic style of speech, or artistically pictorial, artistically fiction; Conversational style...

This article lacks links to sources of information. Information must be verifiable, otherwise it may be questioned and removed. You can ... Wikipedia

Main article: Functional styles of speech The scientific style is a functional style of speech, a literary language, which has a number of features: preliminary reflection on the statement, monologue, strict selection of linguistic means, ... ... Wikipedia

Artistic style of speech, or artistic and graphic, artistic and fiction- - one of the functional styles (see), characterizing the type of speech in the aesthetic sphere of communication: verbal works of art. The constructive principle of H. s. R. – contextual translation of the word concept into the word image; specific stylistic trait - ... ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language

Functional style, or functional type of language, functional type of speech- - this is a historically established, socially conscious speech variety, which has a specific character (its own speech system - see), resulting from the implementation of special principles for the selection and combination of language means, this ... ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language

SPEECH DEVELOPMENT at school- purposeful ped. activities to form the speech of students, arming schoolchildren with practical skills. ownership of native lit. language as a means of communication. In the course of work on R. r. students master pronunciation, lexical, morphological. and… … Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia

Books

• Russian language. Culture of speech, T. E. Timoshenko. AT study guide the characteristic of the language as a sign system of information transfer is given; functions, basic units and types of communication are considered; functional styles of speech are described; presented… electronic book
• functional styles. Textbook, Shenikova Elena Viktorovna. The textbook presents a description of the functional styles of the modern Russian literary language, identified within the framework of the classical system of five styles. The guide is for…

Functional styles of speech are divided into two groups: the content and the formal parameter of the language. In a story or a poem, artistic language can be traced, on the street - colloquial, in a newspaper - journalistic, and so on. Thus, the category under consideration seems to be general, where substyles, genre styles and their substyles are distinguished.

Functional styles of speech are a kind of literary language in which some task is realized. Hence the name. Most scientists prefer to divide them into five types:

• colloquial;
• journalistic;
• official business;
• scientific;
• art.

Each of the styles reflects language flexibility with expression and variety of thought. Through language:

• the law is being written;
• the concept is given;
• a table is compiled;
• a scientific fact is stated;
• writing a poem, and so on.

Thus, semantic functions that are aesthetic, business and scientific in nature are performed. Phrases and individual words are selected from the language; designs that better suit their exterior style.

There are semantic contexts. The conversational style is characterized by the discussion of everyday or everyday subjects. The journalistic covers the topics of politics and public opinion, and the system of official business speech is used in diplomatic activity and lawmaking.

Peculiarities

Functional styles of speech are described by highlighting the following properties:

• Each reflects some side of life with its own scope and range of topics covered.
• It is characterized by certain conditions. For example, official or informal.
• It has a corresponding single task, installation.

The first property is defined by typical words and expressions.

The scientific language is full of specific terms, the colloquial one - with the corresponding turns, the artistic one - with words that form images, and the journalistic one - with social and political phrases.

The main words and phrases they have in common, suitable for different types. They are usually called interstyle vocabulary. It preserves linguistic unity, and combines functional styles.

The common part is called grammatical means. But, in all styles, its own special system and form is used. The scientific style is characterized by a direct verbal order, the official business style is dominated by recurrent and vaguely personal constructions, and the journalistic style is rich in rhetorical figures.

Distinctive features

Styles vary in degree:

• emotional coloring;
• imagery.

Such properties are not characteristic of official business and scientific styles. However, there are certain features in the language of diplomats or writings on scientific topics. Other styles apply these properties much more often. Artistic speech consists more of images and emotions. They are also used in journalism, but in a different way. Conversational speech is disposed to this, with a greater degree of emotionality.
Each of the styles at the same time:

• individual;
• has standardization stamps.

For example, greetings and farewells have a corresponding form, albeit in several versions. The rules of speech can be traced in all styles. Thanks to these rules, it becomes easier to use the language.

Scientific and business are individual to a small extent. But artistic speech is the richest in this regard. The standardized table and the abundance of stamps that the official business style is endowed with are inappropriate here.

It is followed by journalism, where the system of personal self-expression coexists with standard phrases. The conversational level occupies a separate place. Studies have shown that much of what is said at the household level is automated. Thus, this speech is characterized by a high degree of regulation, due to which communication becomes easy.

Functional style is characterized by another feature - the norm. There are the following rules:

• language;
• style.

The first one is the same for everyone. But the second one is different. Stationery is natural for a formal business style, but their use in other forms is considered inappropriate. Style characteristics are applied in genres. They persist, have a different speech structure.

Let us consider the functional styles of the modern Russian literary language separately.

Art style

It is called a reflection of the literary language. Russian writers and poets come up with forms and images for him, which are then used by ordinary people. Artistic functional stylistics is a system of applying the possibilities and achievements of the language.
The difference is in the aesthetic function. Artistic speech brings up a sense of beauty. This is present in other styles, but in this case, expressiveness plays a major, defining role.
The vocabulary freely includes both the scientific term and business phrase if the story requires it. The main thing is that the words in the artistic style describe concepts, translating them into images. Bright visual and expressive language means are created. Let's list them:

• epithet;
• metaphor (comparison in a hidden form);
• allegory (idea or concept in a concretized image);
• personification (when human properties are transferred to inanimate objects);
• antithesis (opposition);
• gradation (words are arranged with increasing meaning);
• paraphrase.

Journalistic style

Journalism is sometimes called a chronicle or chronicle of modern life. It covers hot topics today. It is close to the artistic language, but at the same time differs from it. This style is fact oriented. And artistic speech is imaginary.
The topics and vocabulary in the journalistic style are diverse. Journalism invades life and contributes to the formation of public opinion. This style performs two important semantic functions:

• reporting;
• affecting.

Genres include:

• Reportage. The reader is given general concept about the event that happened.
• Feature article. The replayed story contains the thoughts of the author.
• Feuilleton. Reflects reality in a satirical light, ironically analyzes facts, actions, participants.

scientific style

It is widely used. This style seriously affects the language. With progress, new terms are introduced into mass use, previously found only on the pages of specialized publications. As a result, new genres are formed.

Scientific language shields itself from amateurish methods. He is intelligent and therefore logical. This is expressed in thinking through, presenting information and sequencing the transfer of material. Science is objective, so the author is given a minor role. The main thing is the material itself, research and their actual data.

The requirements also dictate the use of the language. Scientific vocabulary is characterized by:

• General use. The use of words used in scientific texts.
• General scientific. An immediate area that describes objects and events.
• Terminology. The closing, inner layer, which embodies the main differences that the scientific language carries.

Formal business style

Functional style is realized in writing. Orally, it is used when speaking at meetings, receptions, and so on.

Official business style is used in solemn and business relationships. The importance of the content of speech characterizes the language with accuracy and limited subject matter.
It distinguishes two sections, each of which has substyles.

In the official-documentary section, languages ​​are distinguished:

• diplomacy. It has its own terminology and is full of international definitions.
• laws. The language of the power of the state, communicates with the population.

In the everyday business section, there are:

• Office correspondence. Sometimes it contains the concept of a telegraphic style, where the syntactic system is rationally built.
• Business papers. Compiled according to a given form, without the use of complex structures.

Conversational style

This language meets several conditions:

• relations are informal;
• immediacy, interlocutors communicate with each other directly;
• speech is improvised (it develops naturally, with interruptions, repeated questions, pauses, etc., due to unpreparedness).

Style is realized orally in a dialogue form. The main semantic quality is verbal vagueness, instability of meaning and indeterminacy of boundaries. The conversation uses:

• neutral words equally used in book and oral speech;
• condensates, when phrases are replaced by one word (utility room - utility room);
• doublets - replacement of official names with colloquial ones ( freezer- freezer);
• pointers, designate different objects;
• "Sponges" - something indefinite, includes different meanings, but is revealed in the context.

Functional styles of the Russian literary language, in to a large extent influence it with topics, genres, phraseology and vocabulary. Each of their species is the whole language of any region, and together they form a single literary language. Such a variety of species enriches and expands the boundaries of the language.

Conversational style serves primarily for direct communication with the people around us. It is characterized by ease and unpreparedness of speech. It often uses colloquial words (young instead of newlyweds, start instead of start, now instead of now, etc.), words in a figurative sense (window - in the meaning of 'break'). Words in a colloquial style often not only name objects, actions, signs, but also contain their assessment: good fellow, dodger, careless, take a nap, be smart, cheerful. Colloquial style syntax is characterized by the use of simple sentences. Incomplete sentences are widely presented in it, since colloquial speech is most often a dialogue.

scientific style is a style scientific works, articles, textbooks, lectures, reviews. They contain information about various phenomena of the world around us. In the field of vocabulary, the scientific style is characterized primarily by the presence of special vocabulary, terms (declension, conjugation, theorem, bisector, logarithm, etc.). Words are used, as a rule, in their direct meanings, since scientific speech does not allow ambiguity and must be extremely accurate.

Formal business style serves a wide area of ​​legal, administrative, diplomatic relations. Its main purpose is information, communication. This style is used when writing various documents, instructions, charters, etc. The words in it are used in their direct meaning in order to avoid their misinterpretation. In the vocabulary of this style, there are many words and stable combinations assigned specifically to this style: petition, statement, resolution, order, protocol, appeal, sue, initiate a case; We, the undersigned. Frequent in the syntax of this style are impersonal sentences with the meaning of necessity, order (it is necessary to urgently prepare, measures should be taken, etc.).

Journalistic style- this is the style of newspapers, speeches on current socio-political topics. The most common genres of journalism include an editorial, correspondence, essay, speech at a rally, meeting, etc. In the works of journalism, two tasks are usually set: firstly, a message, information about certain social phenomena or acts, and, secondly - an open assessment of the issues raised in order to actively influence the listener or reader, in order to attract the interlocutor to support the position that the author takes and defends.

The vocabulary of this style contains many words and phraseological turns of a socio-political nature: progressive humanity, the struggle for peace, advanced ideas.

Art style used in works of art to paint a picture, depict an object or event, convey the author's emotions to the reader. Statements of the artistic style are distinguished by figurativeness, visualization, and emotionality. The characteristic linguistic means of styles include words with a specific meaning, words in figurative use, emotionally evaluative words, words with the meaning of a feature, object or action, words with the meaning of comparison, comparison; completely verbs with the prefix for-, denoting the beginning of the action, the figurative use of forms of time and moods (Akim fall in love with this Dunyasha!), Emotionally colored sentences: Suddenly something broke in the stagnant air, the wind blew violently and , whistled around the steppe. Immediately, the grass and last year's weeds raised a murmur, and on the road dust swirled in a spiral, ran across the steppe and, dragging straw, dragonflies and feathers, rose to the sky in a black spinning pillar and clouded the sun (A. Chekhov).

Language fiction represents the most complete expression of the national language. In works of fiction, the artist of the word enjoys almost unlimited freedom in the choice of linguistic means to create the most convincing, memorable images, for an aesthetic impact on the reader. Therefore, the language of fiction is able to include all the richness of the literary and popular language.

Conversational style used for direct everyday communication in different areas activities: everyday, unofficial, professional and others. True, there is one feature: in everyday life, the conversational style has an oral and written form, and in professional field- oral only. Compare: colloquial lexical units - reading room, teacher, spur and neutral - reading room, teacher, cheat sheet. In written speech of professional content, colloquial vocabulary is unacceptable.

Speaking- speech is not codified, it is characterized by unpreparedness, improvisation, concreteness, informality. Conversational style does not always require strict logic, sequence of presentation. But it is characterized by figurativeness, emotionality of expressions, subjective-evaluative character, arbitrariness, simplicity, even some familiarity of tone.

In conversational style, the following genres are distinguished: friendly conversation, private conversation, note, private letter, personal diary.

In terms of language, colloquial speech is distinguished by an abundance of emotionally colored, expressive vocabulary, the so-called condensate words (evenings - “Evening Moscow”) and doublet words (freezer - evaporator in the refrigerator). It is characterized by appeals, diminutive words, free word order in sentences. At the same time, sentences that are simpler in construction are more often used than in other styles: incompleteness, incompleteness make up their feature, which is possible due to the transparency of the speech situation (for example: Where are you? - In the tenth .; Well, what? - Passed!). They often contain subtext, irony, humor. Colloquial speech carries a lot of phraseological turns, comparisons, proverbs, sayings. It tends to constantly update and rethink linguistic means, the emergence of new forms and meanings.

Academician L.V. Shcherba called colloquial speech "a forge in which verbal innovations are forged." Spoken language enriches book styles with lively, fresh words and phrases. In turn, book speech has a certain effect on colloquial speech: it disciplines it, gives it a more normalized character.

One more feature of the conversational style should be noted: for him, knowledge of speech etiquette, both in writing and orally, is of great importance. In addition, for oral colloquial speech, it is very important to take into account the specifics of extralinguistic factors: facial expressions, gestures, tone, environment. Takova general characteristics conversational style.

Every time you write a text or just communicate with other people, you choose the style of speech that is most relevant to the moment. There are five styles in total, but the success of your dialogue, both with the interlocutor and with the reader, depends entirely on the correct choice of each of them. For the reader, the style of your presentation is even more important, because when reading, a person does not have non-verbal information about you, such as facial expressions, gestures, breathing rate, gaze, etc. So, today we will look at what text styles exist, what features they have, and, of course, we will look at examples of these styles.

Five Basic Speech Styles

So, as mentioned above, any text that you create can be attributed to one of the five styles of speech. Here they are:

• scientific style
• Journalistic style
• Art style
• Formal business style
• Conversational style

Note: different kinds texts usually refer to different styles, although they can describe the same object. Let's look at an example. Suppose you need to write a text about washing machine. How can you write it:

1. You write a review with key features (scientific style)
2. You write a sales text (conversational style)
3. You are writing an SEO article for a blog (journalistic style)
4. You are writing hypnotic text (art style)
5. You write offer(formal business style)

However, for greater objectivity, today we will not dwell on the washing machine, but simply consider all five styles of speech with various examples.

1. Scientific style of speech

The scientific style is characterized by strict writing requirements, which are described in more detail in the article "". In this article, the scientific style example will be more concise, but if you are interested in a detailed version, then you can find it at.

The scientific style is used among scientists as well as in the educational environment. Distinctive feature scientific style lies in its objectivity and a comprehensive approach to the issue under consideration. Theses, hypotheses, axioms, conclusions, monotonous coloring and patterns - this is what characterizes the scientific style.

An example of a scientific style of speech

Based on the results of the experiment, it can be concluded that the object has a soft homogeneous structure, freely transmits light and can change a number of its parameters when exposed to a potential difference in the range from 5 to 33,000 V. The studies also showed that the object irreversibly changes its molecular structure. structure under the influence of temperatures above 300 K. Under mechanical action on the object with a force of up to 1000 N, no visible changes in the structure are observed.

2. Journalistic style of speech

Unlike the scientific style, the journalistic style is more controversial and ambiguous. Its main feature is that it is used for "brainwashing" in the media, and, therefore, it is initially biased and contains the author's assessment of ongoing events, phenomena or objects. Publicistic style is widely used for manipulation. Let's look at examples.

For example, in the village of Experimentalovo, a local resident, Uncle Vanya, conducted a series of tests of a new chemical preparation on a chicken, as a result of which it began to lay golden eggs. Now let's see how the journalistic style can convey this information to us:

An example of a journalistic style of speech No. 1

Incredible discovery! A resident of a remote village, Experimentalovo, has invented a new drug that makes chickens lay golden eggs! The secret, over which the greatest alchemists of the world fought for centuries, is finally revealed by our compatriot! So far, no comments have been received from the inventor, he, in this moment, is in a strong drinking bout, however, we can definitely say that the discoveries of such patriots will definitely stabilize the economy of our country and strengthen its position on the world stage as a leader in the field of gold mining and the production of gold products for decades to come.

An example of a journalistic style of speech No. 2

An act of unprecedented cruelty and inhuman treatment of animals was shown by a resident of the village of Experimentalovo, who, for his own selfish purposes, with particular cynicism, used unfortunate chickens to create his "philosopher's stone". The gold was obtained, but this did not stop the flayer, and, as an absolutely immoral type, he went into the deepest binge, not even trying to help the poor creatures who fell victim to his egregious experiments. It is difficult to say what such a discovery is fraught with, however, given the trends in the behavior of the "scientist", we can conclude that he is clearly plotting to seize power over the world.

3. Artistic style of speech

When you are overtired by the dryness of the scientific style or the duplicity of the journalistic style, when you want to breathe in the lightness of something beautiful, bright and rich, overflowing with images and an unforgettable range of emotional shades, then the artistic style comes to your aid.

So, the art style is "watercolor" for the writer. It is characterized by images, colors, emotions and sensuality.

An example of an artistic style of speech

Sidorovich did not sleep well at night, every now and then, waking up to thunder and flashing lightning. It was one of those terrible nights when you want to wrap yourself up under the covers, sticking your nose out for air, and imagine that you are in a hut in the wild steppe hundreds of kilometers from the nearest city.

Suddenly, out of nowhere, the palm of his wife, who was sleeping next to him, passed over Sidorovich's ear:

“Sleep already, you fucking traveler,” she groaned, smacking her tongue sleepily.

Sidorovich turned away offendedly, pouting. He was thinking about Taiga...

4. Official business style of speech

The main characteristics of the business style are accuracy, pedantry to details, and imperativeness. This style focuses on the transfer of information, does not allow ambiguity and, unlike the scientific style, may contain first and second person pronouns.

Business Speech Example

I, Ivanov Ivan Ivanovich, express my sincere gratitude to the employees of the company LLC "Primer", in particular, Sidorov S.S. and Pupkov V.V. for the high level of service quality and the prompt resolution of all disputes right on the spot and I ask you to encourage them in accordance with the conditions collective agreement OOO "Example"

5. Conversational style of speech

The conversational style is most typical for modern Internet. With the mass appearance of blogs, it has become dominant on the Web and leaves its mark not only in web journalism, but also in sales texts, slogans, etc.

Conversational style, in fact, blurs the boundaries between the author and the reader. It is characterized by naturalness, looseness, emotionality, its own specific vocabulary and adjustment to the recipient of information.

Example of conversational style of speech No. 1

Yo, dude! If you are reading this text, then you get the idea. Energy, drive and speed - that's what defines my life. I love extreme, I love thrills, I love when adrenaline goes off scale and blows my head off. I can't do without it, man, and I know that you understand me. I'm deeply in the drum: skateboard or parkour, rollerblading or bike, as long as I have something to challenge. And it's cool!

Example of conversational style of speech No. 2

Have you ever thought about what would happen if the Earth switched places with Jupiter? I'm serious! Would New Vasyuki appear on his rings? Of course not! They're made of gas! Have you ever bought into such blatant nonsense for a minute? I don't believe in my life! And if the moon fell into the Pacific Ocean, how much would its level rise? You probably think that I am a rare bore, but if I do not ask these questions, then who will?

conclusions

So, today we looked at examples of speech styles in all their diversity, if not rich. For various situations different directions will be optimal, but, most importantly, what you should pay attention to when creating a text is the language of your audience and a style that is convenient for it. The emphasis on these two parameters allows your texts to be read in one breath, and, therefore, increases your chances of successfully completing the task assigned to the text.