Choose one of the statements below and write a mini essay based on it.
Formulate, at your own discretion, one or several main ideas of the topic raised by the author and reveal it (them) based on social science knowledge.
To reveal the main idea(s) you have formulated, give reasoning and conclusions using social science knowledge (relevant concepts, theoretical provisions).
To illustrate your main idea(s), theoretical positions, reasoning and conclusions, please provide at least two social facts/examples from various sources (public life (including media reports), personal social experience(including but not limited to books read, movies watched), from various subjects.
Each cited fact/example must be formulated in detail and confirm the indicated main idea, theoretical position, reasoning or conclusion/be clearly connected with them. In terms of content, the examples should not be of the same type (they should not duplicate each other).
29.1 Philosophy:“Freedom is the right to inequality” (N. A. Berdyaev).
29.2 Economy:“Inflation is the only form of punishment without a legal basis” (M. Friedman).
29.3 Sociology, social psychology:“What is called public opinion rather deserves the name of public feelings” (B. Disraeli).
29.4 Political Science:“You don't need a revolution to come to democracy. Democracy is needed so that a revolution can take place ”(G. Chesterton).
29.5 Jurisprudence:“I see the imminent destruction of that state where the law has no force and is under someone's authority” (Plato).
Explanation.
1. The task is alternative, that is, you must select one sentence of five write out a quote and its number before starting to write a mini-essay. What you should pay attention to:
1.1. Section of social science in the context of which the statement is given. It is on him that the sphere in which the arguments are given, the social science concepts used, etc., depends.
1.2. The meaning of the statement must be fully understood by the student. If it is revealed incorrectly, the mini-essay is not read for K1 (the first criterion), 0 points are given and the mini-essay itself is not evaluated.
2. The structure of the mini-essay:
2.1. It is necessary to explain the meaning of the statement. In this part, it is necessary to highlight the key idea or ideas of the statement. (K1, max. 1 point) Not allowed: replacing the meaning of the statement with general reasoning (“homemade”) that does not reflect the specifics of the proposed statement; a direct paraphrase, a paraphrase of the given statement, or a consistent explanation of each word in the statement without explaining the meaning of the statement as a whole.
2.2. Required for theoretical level reveal each aspect of the main idea or ideas of the author's statement. Required items:
2.2.1. The use of social science statements that are key to the main idea or ideas concepts, their explanation, as well as theoretical provisions that reveal the idea or ideas of the statement. Important so that they correspond to the section of social science in which the statement is given. (K2, max. 2 points).
2.2.2. In the context of at least one selected idea, based on the correct explanation(s) of the key concept(s), the theoretical provisions are given consistent and consistent reasoning related to each other, on the basis of which a reasonable and reliable information is formulated. point of view of scientific social science conclusion (K3, max. 1 point).
2.3. Need to bring at least two examples from different areas that will support the theoretical argument. (K4, max 2 points) Required elements:
2.3.1. Use examples from different sources . As sources, facts of public life (including media reports), personal social experience (including read books, watched movies), materials of educational subjects (history, geography, etc.) can be used. Examples from different subjects are considered as examples from various sources.
2.3.2. Each example should in practice reflect the theoretical provisions of the arguments.
3. When writing a mini-essay, it is important to remember:
3.1. The structure must avoid internal inconsistency.
3.2. Each part should be organically included in the structure of the mini-essay (argumentation corresponds to the aspects of the problem indicated in the explanation of the statement, and actual examples illustrate theoretical arguments).
3.3. Ordinary language must be avoided.
3.4. Gross grammatical errors should be avoided, especially in social science and other subject terminology.
3.5. The presence of erroneous, from the point of view of scientific social science, as well as semantic and factual errors, leads to a decrease in scores for K2 and / or K4, depending on the nature of the error.
Any newly born baby instantly becomes a member of society with the appropriate rights and rules. But what is this society that we all belong to? This concept is quite broad and includes many aspects. Society is a kind of system in which people interact and communicate, and are also divided into different groups depending on the feature that unites them.
In contact with
Origins
The first community arose back in primitive times, when people united in order to survive together. In this way, entire clans were created with their hierarchy, who were engaged in a common cause and were often at war with other communities. In order to develop successfully, it was necessary to fight for food and territory, and then share them. In addition, differences in religion or interracial prejudices could serve as reasons for conflicts.
It was from this distant primitive community that the modern society, which at first glance looks so different from it, came about.
Definition in dictionaries
Society is such a broad concept that completely different groups of people can be called this word. So, it can be called children who are engaged in a macrame circle, and at the same time, the entire population of the whole planet is also united under this broad concept. The thing is that all members of society are united by their interaction. So, people who are completely different in worldview, skin color, character, are forced to maintain social relations and get along peacefully with each other.
And it’s not for nothing that “society” is the same root as the word “communicate”. It could not have formed without this simple action. If people were deprived of the need to talk to each other, everyone could live alone, but this is completely inefficient. Every person in society has a role to play. A striking example of this is the difference in professions.
Another example is an organization, firm or company, since people working in any production are united by a common goal - the release of quality products. That is why each institution is assigned the names of the form economic activity, which characterize the property from a legal point of view and indicate the nature of the relationship of people working there.
The most famous and complete dictionary was created by V. I. Dalem. In addition, there is a special dictionary dedicated to the interpretation of social science terms, the author of which is N. E. Yatsenko. So, what interpretation of society do these authors give?
Dictionary N. E. Yatsenko
Dictionary of V. I. Dahl
Oddly enough, but in this popular explanatory dictionary there is no definition of society as such. His lexicographer interpreted the verb "to communicate" - that is, to connect, unite something or someone, as well as to communicate and interact with oneself. You can also watch with another person. on the same thing from different points of view and yet unite into one whole unification.
Society structure
Society cannot exist without society and social interactions. It can be imagined as a single organism, for the normal functioning of which the coordinated work of all members is necessary. . And that means, it is possible to single out separate systems and structures in it, including the following categories:
- institutions;
- segments of society;
- community;
- social groups.
All of these categories are subject to external factors. In every society, the appearance of an individual who will develop and change the views of a group of people is quite natural. This can lead both to minor deviations from the original foundations, and to a change in the history of entire nationalities.
They play very important role in the development of any association, since they establish connections and interactions not only within one group, but also between several communities.
Characteristic features
Society has characteristic features and features that distinguish it from other organizations of groups of people. These characteristics include fundamental features, which will be described below.
Relationships and connections
So , society in the simplest sense is the interaction of its members with each other, leading to the emergence social structure. This interaction takes place between individuals, and between groups, cells and similar elements of society.
At birth, a person enters the society of people, as well as the group of his family. Then he begins to enter the society of his peers in kindergarten and school. Over time, the number of such groups increases. A person enters society on the basis of interest in a common cause, profession, favorite business. Moreover, these groups do not always meet the needs individual person, so that the association of people in which we are not always suits us and satisfies our needs. So, it happens due to the imperfection of the division of the general flow of people into smaller groups.
Nevertheless, a person communicates in his group according to certain rules. They can be both open and not vowels. However, this does not mean that a person cannot influence or change them. In the group, you can take a lower position than you would like, or a higher position compared to the rest. This leads to a certain inequality of group members.
To achieve the same position of all members of the group is not possible. It is only before the law that everyone should be equal, but, for example, in an interest group, someone will still occupy a leading position due to greater talent or a stronger character. Such positions can be identified in any society - a family, a political party, a work collective.
Types of society depending on science
There is a special science - social science, aimed at studying the concept under consideration. But besides it, there are other sciences (psychology, philosophy, and the like) that actively use the term society. Wikipedia considers the meaning these definitions are also for interdisciplinary and sub-disciplines of anthropology.
Social science
No matter how broad the concept considered here, it is possible to distinguish several historical types as a classification. They will be discussed next:
social anthropology
Social society is the main form of human existence, which includes self-regulation mechanisms. Most often in sociology it is divided into types based on the level of their development. Sociologist D. Lenski compiled the following classification:
- hunting and gathering group - a community in which responsibilities were first divided;
- an agrarian simple society is a group of people that does not have a separate leader to manage it;
- agrarian complex - a group of people in the political structure of which there are people involved in managerial activities;
- industrial - a society engaged in production activities;
- special, which cannot be attributed to any of the above types.
Also in sociology they use the term virtual society, it functions on the Internet, which is typical for modern age technologies.
Since society also call the totality of all people on the planet, it is important to understand how they represent its development. It is assumed that the first tribes, who rallied for the sake of survival, chose the territory in which they led a settled life. Developing, they turned into villages, and then cities. Whole states grew out of the latter. Subsequently, people developed laws and certain norms of behavior that a group of individuals had to follow. People could deserve a certain status and improve your position in the team.
Political anthropology
This subdiscipline classifies There is a society according to the political structure into the following types:
- tribe;
- chiefdom;
- state.
Moreover, the strength of these types will primarily depend on the environment of other groups of people who can be friendly or hostile. Usually a more isolated society is more secure from encroachment and lives more peacefully.
Based on the foregoing, it can be concluded that that society is a living organism where each member plays an important role and influences the development of other individuals and the life of the organization as a whole.
There is nothing more changeable, more indefinite than public opinion, and no matter how capricious it may be, it is nevertheless truthful, reasonable, just much more often than is believed.
Napoleon I
Public Opinion, that mysterious independent variable of political calculations...
Thomas Huxley (1825-1895), British biologist
A real tyrant always starts by enslaving public opinion.
Cesare Beccaria (1738–1794), Italian jurist
The pressure of public opinion is like the pressure of the atmosphere: you can't see it, but sixteen pounds of pressure is applied to every square inch.
James Russell Lowell (1819–1891), American writer
In alliance with public opinion, everything can be done; without it, nothing.
Public opinion is an attempt to organize the ignorance of society and raise it to the rank of physical strength.
(1854-1900), English writer
Public opinion is (…) a bad interpreter.
Seneca (4 BC - 65 AD), Roman statesman, Stoic philosopher
The English will never be slaves; they are free to do whatever the government and public opinion allow them to do.
George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950), English playwright
The government cannot run ahead of public opinion.
David Lloyd George (1863-1945), British Prime Minister
Democracy is too important to be left to public opinion.
Walter Lippmann (1889–1974), American journalist
Americans are committed to an excessive propensity to guess what the average layman thinks about the opinion of the average layman.
John Keynes (1883-1946), British economist
We must not listen to those who say, "The voice of the people is the voice of God," because the fickleness of the crowd always borders on madness.
Alcuin (735?-804), Anglo-Saxon theologian, active at the court of Charlemagne
The voice of the people crucified Christ.
V. Dahl. "Proverbs of the Russian people"
Public opinion: what people think about what people think.
Public opinion is like a ghost in an old castle: no one has seen him, but everyone is scared of him.
Sigmund Graff
Public opinion is the opinion of those whose opinions are not usually asked.
Krzysztof Theodor Teplitz
What is called public opinion rather deserves the name of public sentiment.
Benjamin Disraeli
Public opinion is the last refuge of politicians who do not have their own.
Maurice Carter
Everyone talks about public opinion and acts on behalf of public opinion, that is, on behalf of the opinion of everyone minus his own.
Gilbert Chesterton
Don't rely on public opinion. This is not a lighthouse, but wandering lights.
André Maurois
The public buys their opinions the same way they buy meat and milk, because it's cheaper than owning a cow. Only here milk consists mainly of water.
Samuel Butler
Journalists inform the public about public opinion.
Modified Leszek Kumor
I wonder what influence public opinion has on the formation of public opinion?
Wiesław Brudzinski
Public opinion is formed not by the wisest, but by the most talkative.
Vladislav Begansky
Toto
The voice of the people is the voice of God.
Alcuin
If a thousand people say the same thing, then it is either the voice of God or grandiose stupidity.
Karol Izhikovsky
Public opinion is the god of democracy, and the journalist is its prophet.
The weakness of public opinion lies in the fact that it is usually expressed in a purely private way.
In our people learn about that. what they think on TV.
Viktor Pelevin
Would Moses have gone far if he had polled the public in Egypt?
Harry Truman
A public opinion poll showed: everyone is lying!
Public opinion is a terrible coward: it is afraid of itself.
W. Gaslitt
Public opinion is a woman who won't let anyone rape her.
P. Buast
Public opinion is a court of such a kind that it is not fitting for a decent person to either blindly believe in its sentences, or irrevocably reject them.
I. Chamfort
Public opinion spares the hawk and punishes the chicken.
Juvenal
There are times when there is no opinion more pernicious than public opinion.
I. Chamfort
Public opinion surveys are based on the false premise that the public has an opinion.
Toto
Sociologists inform the public about its opinion.
author unknown
What is "PUBLIC OPINION"? What is the correct spelling of this word. Concept and interpretation.
PUBLIC OPINION PUBLIC OPINION Public opinion: what people think about what people think. Public opinion is like a ghost in an old castle: no one has seen him, but everyone is scared of him. Sigmund Graff Public opinion is the opinion of those whose opinion is not usually asked. Krzysztof Theodor Toeplitz What is called public opinion rather deserves the name of public sentiment. Benjamin Disraeli Public opinion is the last refuge of politicians who do not have their own. Maurice Carter Everyone talks about public opinion and acts on behalf of public opinion, that is, on behalf of the opinion of everyone minus his own. Gilbert Chesterton Do not rely on public opinion. This is not a lighthouse, but wandering lights. André Maurois The public buys their opinions the way they buy meat and milk, because it's cheaper than owning a cow. Only here milk consists mainly of water. Samuel Butler Journalists inform the public about public opinion. Modified Leszek Kumor Interestingly, what influence does public opinion have on the formation of public opinion? Wiesław Brudzinski Public opinion is formed not by the wisest, but by the most talkative. Vladislav Begansky Public opinion research is based on the false premise that the public has an opinion. Toto The voice of the people is the voice of God. Alcuin If a thousand people say the same thing, then it is either the voice of God, or grandiose stupidity. Karol Izhikovsky (see. JOURNALISM) (Source: "The Big Book of Aphorisms." Dusenko K. V. Ed. 5th, corrected. - M .: EKSMO-Press Publishing House, 2001.)
PUBLIC OPINION- one of the forces acting on the government, as well as on individuals, without being, at the same time, hair ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
PUBLIC OPINION- a state of mass consciousness, containing the attitude (hidden or explicit) of people to themselves ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
PUBLIC OPINION- PUBLIC OPINION, a state of mass consciousness that contains an attitude (hidden or explicit) ... Modern Encyclopedia
PUBLIC OPINION- PUBLIC OPINION - a state of mass consciousness, containing an attitude (hidden or explicit) ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
PUBLIC OPINION- PUBLIC OPINION - a way of existence of mass consciousness, in which attitude is manifested (skr... Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary
PUBLIC OPINION- PUBLIC OPINION - in the most general sense - is the approval or disapproval of publicly observed ...
). “The main sign of difference between classes is their place in social production and hence their relation to the means of production. Lenin . public formations. Public relations.
Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935-1940.
Synonyms:
Antonyms:
See what "PUBLIC" is in other dictionaries:
Cm … Synonym dictionary
PUBLIC, oh, oh. 1. see society. 2. Relating to work, activities for the voluntary service of the political, cultural, professional needs of the team. Public organizations. Social work. O. accuser, defender ... ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
App., use. often 1. Public is what is connected with human society, its organization, structure, functioning, etc. Social system. | public crisis. | Laws of social development. | Prison as a public Dictionary of Dmitriev
public- ▲ associated (with) society public pertaining to society. general. general. public. ↓ PUBLIC STATUS, PUBLIC OPINION organization (community), enterprise Catering public transport … Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language
public- I. PUBLIC PUBLIC, collective, general, colloquial. artel II. society … Dictionary-thesaurus of synonyms of Russian speech
App. 1. ratio with noun. society 1., associated with it 2. Generated, created by society [society 1.], carried out in it. ott. Associated with voluntary service to political, professional, cultural, etc. the needs of the society or any ... ... Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language Efremova
Public, public, public, public, public, public, public, public, public, public, public, public, public, public, public, public, public,… … Word forms
Personal individual personal private… Antonym Dictionary
public- public ... Russian spelling dictionary
public - … Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language
Books
- Public accounting of labor and price under socialism, I. S. Malyshev. In this work, we study economic fundamentals prices in the socialist economy, shows how socialist society carries out social accounting of the labor expended ...
- public control. Information-legal problems of theory and practice, OA Okolesnova. Public control is an institution that is an important element of the democratic model of society. For the sustainable and balanced functioning of the apparatus of state power, ...