Employment of the population is an important socio-economic category associated with the realization of the human right "to freely dispose of one's abilities for work, to choose the type of activity and profession" (Constitution of the Russian Federation, Article 37, paragraph 1).

Employment of the population is the provision of people with social necessary work, bringing them earnings, labor income.

Citizens are considered employed (Article 2 of the Law on Employment):

● working under an employment contract, having other paid work (service), including temporary, seasonal work;

● self-employed, including self-employed (excluding farmers, writers, etc.), entrepreneurs, as well as members of production cooperatives;

● elected, approved or appointed to a paid position;

● servicemen of any military branches serving in internal affairs bodies;

● able-bodied students of any educational institutions full-time, including training in the direction of the employment service;

● temporarily absent from work (vacation, illness, retraining, etc.);

● performing work on civil law contracts(contracts).

There are the following types of employment.

Productive employment is the employment per person in social production. It is characterized by the number of employed people from among the economically active population, determined in accordance with the ILO employment accounting methodology and the methodology of the State Statistics Committee of Russia.

Socially useful employment is determined by the number of people not only employed in social production, military service, alternative civil service, service in the internal affairs bodies, but also full-time students (at working age), employed in housekeeping, caring for children and sick relatives. This concept is close in its content to the concept of employment given in the Federal Law on Employment of the Population (with the exception of those employed in the household, caring for children, sick relatives, whom this law does not consider to be employed).

Full employment- it's like that economic condition in a society where everyone who wants to have a paid job has one, there is no cyclical unemployment, but at the same time its natural level, determined by frictional and structural unemployment, is preserved. Full employment of the population should be distinguished from the full employment of workers, which, in contrast to their part-time or temporary employment, is characterized by the presence of permanent work with normal working hours.

Rational employment is determined by the ratio of the value of productive employment to the value of socially useful employment. The level of rational employment is a hypothetical value that requires scientific justification and, as it can be assumed, has a certain optimal value for each stage of the country's economic development, above and below which the degree of rationality decreases.

Efficient employment is a theoretical concept that implies the use of personnel without loss of working time, when the greatest economic result is achieved. In connection with this concept, it is appropriate to raise the question of the degree of employment efficiency as the ratio of the unemployed working time fund of the employed to their nominal working time fund. If rational employment is to be optimized, then efficient employment is to be maximized.

Hidden employment is the employment of people who are not registered by official bodies in unregistered economic structures that do not pay taxes. This type of employment includes the shadow economy or its informal sector - illegal production of goods, construction works, the sphere of personal services (repair of apartments, household appliances, private lessons, medical services, tailoring, etc.), hand trade, etc.

Part-time employment is a form of employment characterized by a reduced weekly workload. The normal duration of the working week, established by the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, is no more than 40 hours. A shorter weekly working time is established for workers under the age of 18, disabled people of group I or II, for workers employed in work with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions. Reduced working hours are also established by federal laws for certain categories of workers (pedagogical, medical, and others). In all other cases, the shortened compared to the normal duration of the workload for employees gives reason to classify it as part-time.

Temporary employment is a form of employment in which people are employed in production or in the service sector for a time strictly limited by an employment contract, which can be from one day to several years. Temporary workers are used to replace permanent workers for a certain period (for the duration of illness, maternity leave, vocational training etc.), for performing one-time, casual and non-prestigious work, for liquidation work, disruptions in production, for liquidation of accidents, for seasonal work, etc. Temporary employment can also be used for jobs that require highly qualified personnel. Widespread use of the form of temporary employment softens the situation with unemployment.

Flexible employment is a form of employment with non-standard conditions of employment and work, such as:

● non-standard working hours, in which the duration of working hours is less than established by state regulations. These include part-time work, reduced work week, seasonal work;

● non-standard organizational forms of hiring workers in the form of short-term employment contracts for casual work, tripartite agreements between the employment service, the entrepreneur and temporary workers;

● non-standard ways of working and jobs, which include home work - performing a production task at home, working from a home phone, working on one's own vehicle, etc.;

● self-employment of citizens, which is carried out without registration of formal relations by them, at their own expense, by independently or with the help of their family members, performing work, selling products, etc.

Flexible forms of employment consist in adapting the duration of work and the place of work to the opportunities and needs of certain categories of workers, such as women with young children, the disabled, pensioners, and students.

In statistics foreign countries one can come across the concept of alternative types of employment, which is understood as a variety of non-standard, voluntary, part-time employment agreed with trade unions of working people. These types of employment include: working time; workplace occupied by several workers; call work; weekend work; home work and other flexible forms of employment.

In the economic literature, there is the concept of excess employment, which is interpreted as a feature of " Russian way» in employment. The ongoing changes in the economy were carried out not so much by reducing the number of employees, but rather by flexibility in wages, its duration and intensity. The forms of such a specific

4.4. UNEMPLOYMENT: CONCEPT, TYPES SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES, MEASURES TO REDUCED IT.

Unemployment is a socio-economic phenomenon that appeared along with the advent of wage labor. It is characterized, on the one hand, by the desire of people to work for hire in order to generate income, and on the other hand, by the absence of such work. By analogy with the concept of employment, unemployment can be defined as a state of the economically active part of the population, which is characterized by the absence of a wage job or a legitimate profitable employment in people with a desire to have such a job.

The Law of the Russian Federation "On Employment of the Population in Russian Federation"The following detailed definition of the conditions for recognizing citizens as unemployed is given.

"Article 3. Procedure and conditions for recognizing citizens as unemployed

1. The unemployed are able-bodied citizens who do not have work and earnings, are registered with the employment service in order to search suitable job looking for a job and ready to start it.

2. The decision to recognize a citizen registered in order to find a suitable job as unemployed is made by the employment service authorities at the citizen's place of residence no later than 11 days from the date of presentation of the passport to the employment service authorities, work book or documents,
substitutes, documents certifying it professional qualification, certificates of average earnings for the last three months last place work, and for those who are looking for a job for the first time (who did not work before), who do not have a profession (specialty) - a passport and a document on education.

3.Citizens cannot be recognized as unemployed:

under 16 years of age;

who, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, have been assigned an old-age labor pension (part of an old-age labor pension), including ahead of schedule, or an old-age pension or a long service pension under state pension provision;

within 10 days from the date of their registration with the employment service from two options for a suitable job, including temporary work, and for the first time looking for a job (previously not working) and at the same time not having a profession (specialty) - in the case of two refusals to receive a professional training or from offered paid work, including work of a temporary nature. A citizen cannot be offered the same job (vocational training, retraining and advanced training in the same profession, specialty) twice;

those who did not appear without good reason within 10 days from the date of their registration in order to search for a suitable job at the employment service authorities to offer them a suitable job, as well as those who did not appear within the period established by the employment service authorities for registering them as unemployed;

sentenced by court decision to corrective labor without imprisonment, as well as to punishment in the form of imprisonment;

Duration of unemployment is the period of job search (week, month, year) during which the unemployed person is looking for work using a variety of ways (acquaintances, family ties, advertisements, private, public and state institutions employment, etc.), from the moment you start looking for a job until you get a job.

The number of citizens who applied to the authorities public service employment on employment matters, includes:

A large number of people who lost their jobs for various reasons and applied to the employment services for assistance in finding employment during this period;

Significant number of persons supplied by the potential labor market
for economic reasons and who have passed the stage of initial vocational training, as well as students who need to earn money in their free time;

Significant number of people employed but willing to change jobs
to a more acceptable job or who want to have a second job in combination with the first, i.e. have a secondary job, etc.

The number of employed citizens is the total number of persons who received a job during a given period with the assistance of the state employment service (it is taken into account separately from those who found a job bypassing the state employment service).

The need for workers declared by enterprises and organizations is the number of vacancies reported by enterprises and organizations to the state employment service, which, as a rule, is less than the actual number of vacancies.

Types of unemployment.

There are several types of unemployment: frictional, structural, cyclical, hidden, stagnant, normal (natural rate of unemployment), optimal, institutional, chronic, etc.

One of the causes of unemployment may be the voluntary leaving of a person's place of work in order to find a more suitable option. labor activity. When the search is delayed, the person finds himself in the position of unemployed. A person may also become unemployed for the first time job seeker or looking for a new job after the end of a temporary job.

Unemployment, which was a consequence of the above reasons, is called frictional, it could be called situational, because. it is caused by a situation that forces people to look for another job.

Frictional unemployment is considered inevitable and even desirable in some cases, since the initiative for dismissal comes from the person himself. As a result of such unemployment, many people find a more worthy use for themselves, solve the issues of raising the level of wages and its content, greater productivity.

Frictional unemployment can be called normal. This is predominantly unemployment dissatisfaction with the content and working conditions. It is usually short-term - no more than one or two months.

Structural unemployment means that the supply and demand for the same types of work in different firms, industries and regions do not match. It is caused by a change, on the one hand, in consumer demand for goods, and on the other hand, by a change in the structure of production, which responds to changes in consumer demand.

Structural unemployment is mostly the unemployment of obsolete professions.

The current pace of economic development is associated with the scientific and technological revolution, which is constantly changing the sectoral structure of the economy. New technologies are emerging in all industries, their share is changing. The number of people employed in agriculture, industry, and their number is growing in the service sector, in high technology industries, etc. Therefore, structural unemployment exists continuously in the modern market economy, its importance in the labor market is increasing and therefore requires the expansion of the system of retraining of workers. There is an urgent need for continuous professional development and retraining of personnel at enterprises.

Cyclical unemployment is a type of unemployment that is constantly changing in scale, duration and composition, associated with the business cycle. Its scale and duration reach a peak during a recession (crisis) of the economy and a minimum during an upturn. It brings the most devastating consequences, is caused by the uneven development of the economy, a sharp reduction in production due to cyclical economic downturns and crises. In such conditions, many enterprises curtail or stop their activities, becoming bankrupt. With cyclical unemployment, the costs of society to overcome its negative consequences are very significant.

Cyclical unemployment can be characterized as unemployment of insufficient demand for labor, causing chaos in the economy.

According to the nature of the manifestation, open hidden unemployment is distinguished.

open b. does not require special comments, it does not hide, does not disguise itself, people publicly declare their desire to work and are actively looking for it.

Hidden unemployment characterizes the condition of people who are employed but:

a) are dissatisfied with their work and are looking for another place of main or additional work;

b) are more likely to lose their job due to the claims of the employer, dissatisfied with its quality or other circumstances, and therefore looking for another job;

c) are employed part-time or placed on administrative leave without adequate pay, looking for and ready to move to another job.

The level of hidden unemployment is determined by special surveys, as well as expert assessment heads of large enterprises, management bodies, specialists of the employment service, scientists.

According to the duration of unemployment is divided into short-term, moderate, long-term and stagnant.

Short-term, unemployment lasting one or two months is typical for its frictional variety.

Moderate has a duration of up to 12 months.

Long-term unemployment includes the most stable layer of the unemployed. These are beggars, degenerates, vagabonds who have lost all hope for work (homeless people), etc. Sometimes workers at home are referred to as long-term unemployment on the grounds that this wage labor is seasonal and the workers themselves, for health or family reasons, cannot work at the workplace of the firm. However, it is hardly legitimate to attribute this part of wage labor to any kind of unemployment.

Long-term unemployment got its name in connection with the long-term existence of an employee as unemployed for 12-18 months, when the time factor has a negative impact on professional performance and skill level, the ability to work intensively all day. Prolonged inaction leads to a loss of self-confidence by the employee, degradation of him as a person, complexes and anger. Associated with this are certain difficulties in returning the worker to normal work activity, requiring the help of specialists - sociologists and psychologists, as well as the attention of the state employment service in providing him with employment opportunities.

Female unemployment is a type of unemployment associated with the characteristics of the female labor force and the position of women in the labor market, because:

Women play a special role in the reproduction of the population, the birth
and raising children, in the household. This is the main reason
the fact that women in blue-collar occupations tend to have a lower
compared to men's skill level;

The unemployment rate among women is higher because women
due to the specifics of their abilities for hired labor, they cannot compete
with men, to whom employers impose more stringent requirements, and this leads to the priority dismissal of women. Therefore, on
in the labor market, women are subjected to social discrimination despite
clause 2, article 6 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, article 3 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the UN Convention
"On the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women" and a number of ILO conventions.

Institutional unemployment is generated by excessive social payments of unemployment benefits, various kinds of benefits that reduce labor motivation and cultivate a dependent psychology, reducing the supply of labor in the labor market and contributing to an increase in unemployment. The higher the unemployment benefits, the longer it takes to find a job that pays more than the benefit. This type of unemployment can be caused by a high guaranteed minimum wages, the imperfection of the taxation system, if it, by reducing labor incomes, makes them comparable to social assistance payments. Naturally, this limits the supply of hired labor in the labor market, as some do not see the point in working, and unemployment periods are lengthening.

Full employment in a market economy is achieved at a natural rate of unemployment. This is the essence of the market understanding of employment, which was formulated by J. M. Keynes.

Full employment in Keynesian works is understood as its state at the so-called normal, natural level of unemployment, and by no means its complete elimination. This is a level of unemployment (approximately 3-6% of the total number of employed), which is sufficient to fulfill the function of pressure on the wages of workers, but which, at the same time, does not pose a serious danger to the existence of capitalism.

The natural rate of unemployment is the proportion of the unemployed that corresponds to the reasonable level of full employment in the economy.

Socio-economic consequences of unemployment and measures to reduce it

Frictional and structural unemployment are natural and do not cause the need to take any significant measures to prevent them, except for the fact that it is necessary to organize retraining of personnel in accordance with the requirements of the labor market.

Cyclical unemployment, accompanied by its long and stagnant forms, is the most destructive for society, it causes significant economic, moral and social damage to the population and requires active state measures to overcome it, prevent stagnant unemployment or reduce its level.

One of the negative consequences of unemployment is unreleased products due to the non-working state of able-bodied citizens who have a desire to work, and, as a result, a slowdown in economic growth, a lag in the production of gross national product (GNP). The American economist Arthur Oken substantiated and quantified the relationship between the unemployment rate and the volume of GNP, according to which the excess of the unemployment rate over its normal natural level by 1% leads to a lag in the production of the GNP volume from its potential level by 2.5% (Okun's law).

Prolonged and stagnant unemployment has Negative influence on social values ​​and vital interests of citizens, the physical and moral health of society is undermined: qualifications and practical skills are lost, psychological depression occurs, social tension, cruelty and crime are growing in society, family breakdown is increasing, the number of nervous, mental and cardiovascular diseases is growing, the number of cases of suicide and other negative phenomena is increasing.

Bulk long Unemployment has a strong influence on the socio-political situation in countries, when, on the wave of general discontent, extremist groups and parties activate their activities, chauvinism grows, and coups d'etat take place. Therefore, timely and effective measures to prevent or reduce the negative consequences of mass long-term unemployment should be a priority in the socio-economic policy of the state.

It is possible to measure all the costs incurred by employed employees, employers and the state for the maintenance of the army of the unemployed and their families, the maintenance of employment agencies and other institutions social support of the unemployed - these are considerable funds that are spent on top of losses from what is not produced by the unemployed themselves, and also relate to the damage that society suffers from unemployment.

Social guarantees unemployment in countries with developed market economies are established by law. It:

unemployment benefits;

Unemployment assistance (monetary assistance to the unemployed);

Unemployment figures:

The study of unemployment is based on a system of its indicators obtained on the basis of official (monthly, quarterly, semi-annual, annual) statistical materials of the State Statistics Committee. Based on special sample surveys of households on the problems of employment of the population, which have been conducted since 1992, as well as on the basis of statistical bulletins and other materials.

Among the unemployment indicators, the most common are the following:

The level of officially registered unemployment as the ratio of the number of registered unemployed to the number of EAN based on statistical data calculated in a certain territory in average monthly, average annual terms or as of a certain date.

UZB year = ZB year / EAN year *100%

where: UZB year - the level of unemployment registered in a certain territory on an average annual basis,%

ZB year - the average annual number of registered unemployed, people

EAN year - the average annual number of economically active population, people.

The rate of general unemployment as the ratio of the total number of unemployed, calculated in a certain area by sample surveys as of a certain date, to the number of EAN on that date:

UOBod \u003d Rim / EANod * 100%

where: UOBod - the level of general unemployment in a certain territory as of a certain date,%

Obod - the total number of unemployed, calculated in the territory by sample surveys as of a certain date, people;

The share of registered unemployment in the total number of unemployed as the ratio of the number of unemployed registered on a certain date to total number unemployed, calculated in the territory by sample surveys as of a certain date:

UBod = ZBaud / Rim * 100%

The coefficient of tension in the labor market as the ratio of the number of unemployed citizens registered with the employment service to the number of vacancies declared at the employment service, calculated in a certain territory in average monthly, average annual terms or as of a certain date.

NRTod = ZBaud / ZVod.

Similar information.

Forms of employment - organizational and legal methods, conditions of employment, grouping of which is carried out according to certain characteristics (working hours, regularity of labor activity, legitimacy of employment, conditions of organization labor process).

According to the method of participation in social labor, employment of the population can be divided into employment for hire and self-employment.

Employment for hire is a relationship between the owners of the means of production and workers who do not have means of production and sell their labor force in exchange for a certain value in the form of wages.

Self-employment is a relationship (economic, legal, etc.) between people in the process of their participation in socially useful work, based on personal initiative, independence and responsibility, aimed, as a rule, at obtaining labor income and causing self-realization and self-affirmation personality.

This employment throughout the world is considered as a social phenomenon that can lead to the integration of the interests of society and the individual in the field of employment, primarily ensuring the realization of the right to work, raising the social status of a person, changing attitudes towards work. Self-employment involves the inclusion of unemployed people in the social structure of society by providing them with the opportunity to work in conditions of self-organization. It contributes to the transition of disparate individuals into a new qualitative state, a certain integrity, with its inherent characteristics, a fundamentally new role in the socio-economic system and social structure.

According to the mode of working time, it is customary to allocate full-time employment and part-time (partial) employment.

Full-time employment is based on regulated full-time work, which in Russia is currently 40 hours a week. The shortened working day provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation for certain categories of workers should be considered as a full working day: adolescents under 18 years of age, employed in special harmful conditions labor. It is characterized by paid professional work, with the help of which personal and social needs are satisfied and, as a rule, it brings earnings, income and a decent existence to citizens.

Part-time (partial) employment according to the quantitative characteristics of part-time work is divided into the following forms:

• - part-time employment (shortened working week, shortened working day) is the result of the crisis reduction of working hours. This regime allows enterprises to retain qualified and experienced staff and prevent unemployment.
• - compressed part-time work week - is the standard duration of the working week, distributed over a smaller number of working days (four and a half, four, three), which leads to a lengthening of the working day and, accordingly, an increase in the number of jobs compared to the regime daily work in a week;
• - the division of jobs is a mode of crisis reduction of working hours, in which one job is divided between two workers with the simultaneous division of working hours, wages, social benefits between them. This helps to ensure flexibility in employment policy and retain skilled workers;
• - alternative working hours - this is a mode of using two workers on a part-time basis, it is a division of jobs, in which two people work at the same job alternately (for example, every other week).

Partial (partial) employment as a social phenomenon can be considered in three aspects:

• - as a necessity for certain groups of the population (women raising children, young students, persons with reduced working capacity, etc.) to work part-time;
• - as a measure of macroeconomic policy, which allows to restrain the growth of unemployment;
• - as a tool of intra-company management, allowing you to flexibly respond to changes in the external and internal environment.

The ILO recommendations on labor statistics note that "underemployment occurs when an individual's work is unsatisfactory in terms of certain standards or other possible work, taking into account his qualifications (training and work experience)" .

According to the regularity of labor activity, employment is divided into permanent, temporary, seasonal and casual.

Permanent (regular) employment implies that the employee must work a certain number of hours every week, less often - every month.

Temporary employment has two varieties: employment for a fixed period (fixed term of the labor contract) and business trip employment (through the mediation of certain firms).

Seasonal employment involves working during a particular season.

Casual employment means the performance of various short-term jobs in order to receive material remuneration without a conclusion. employment contract.

According to the legitimacy of employment, employment is divided into formal and informal.

Formal employment is employment registered in the formal economy.

Informal employment - employment that is not registered in the official economy, which has a source of jobs in the informal sector of the economy and its individual types. In this regard, the ILO adopted a special convention No. 169, which states that it is necessary to promote the establishment of additional links between the formal and informal sectors and create conditions for the permanent inclusion of the informal sector in the national economy.

A form of informal employment is the system of home production. Its essence lies in the fact that households buy goods and services, add labor and, already in home production, bring the purchased product to readiness for final consumption. This activity is called self-provisioning. This work differs from the work of employees, since it is not preceded by entry into the labor market, and at the same time it is not entrepreneurship, since the goods and services produced do not require sale in the respective markets.

The communal production system is represented by voluntary organizations, informal partnerships for the joint ownership of transport, for maintaining housing, for caring for children and the sick, etc. Part of the work from official production is exported to this sector, as it becomes more profitable for people to receive part of the services on an informal basis. As a result, the demand for products of the formal service sector is decreasing and unemployment is increasing.

Employment in personal subsidiary plots (PSP) is of particular importance in the life of the rural population. LPH is a farm limited to one family, which is carried out on a small scale. In private household plots, mostly simple tools and manual labor are used.

Underground, hidden production also belongs to informal employment. This sector of the so-called shadow economy is closest to the official economy, since it carries out activities that have analogues in the official economy, and often they are carried out at its expense.

In recent years, new types of informal employment have appeared: unregistered employment by advertisements in newspapers (covering all kinds of services) and employment related to trade - street, trade in clothing markets ("economic tourism", "shuttles"), trade in newspapers and magazines on transport, etc.

A characteristic feature of modern Russian society is the presence of a fairly wide scale of informal employment, which is outside the "information accessibility". It is a consequence of the natural process of self-organization economic system changes in human behavior in the conditions of reforming society, multiplied by the peculiarities of the Russian mentality, which has always been expressed in the desire for independence and isolation of interests, caution in public policy.

Informal employment is secondary to the shadow economy. That is, shadow processes go beyond the economy and penetrate into the sphere of employment. Therefore, the patterns of behavior that have developed in the shadow economy are beginning to be implemented beyond its borders. As a result of all this, the "shadow space" in the country begins to expand and capture new social actors, new social institutions and organizations.

The consequences of such processes, according to Ryvkina R.V., are, firstly, the strengthening of the "closedness" of society - people not only know the society in which they live, but also do not particularly strive to know it; secondly, the alienation of people from the state and from everything that is called "public interest" is intensifying - the more people feel that everything in the country happens apart from them and does not depend on them, the more they show unwillingness to participate in any actions "tops" and, finally, thirdly, the weakening of the effectiveness of law, the law - with the growth of the "shadow" (for example, employment), the scope of criminal behavior grows.

It can be argued that today informal employment in Russia is nothing more than mass self-employment, but excluded from the sphere of civilized social and labor relations and not using the appropriate standards. Its existence means that, on the one hand, a primitive informal sector of the economy is being created, and, on the other hand, the official economy is being deformalized, being redistributed into the shadow sphere. The gradual legalization of the informal sector is the main path to social production. According to ILO experts ( international organization labor), the most important condition for this process should be the removal of obstacles to legalization, in particular, the provision of significant benefits from the exit of entrepreneurship from the "shadow".

According to the conditions of organization of labor processes, employment is divided into standard and non-standard. This division is based on the specifics of the organization of the labor process, which takes various forms.

Standard (typical) employment is employment that involves permanent job an employee with one employer in his industrial premises at standard load during the day, week, year.

The absence of any of the listed features of standard employment speaks of non-standard or flexible forms of employment (this concept is related to the concepts of " flexible market labor", more often with domestic markets labor and also secondary market). Non-standard (atypical, flexible) employment includes the following forms:

• - employment associated with non-standard working hours, such as a flexible working year, a compressed working week, flexible working hours, etc.;
• - employment related to the social status of workers: self-employed workers, helping family members;
• - employment at work with non-standard jobs and labor organization: home work, "call workers", rotational expeditionary employment;
• - employment in non-standard organizational forms: temporary workers, concurrency.

All atypical forms of employment are characterized by features of uncertainty and instability. But it is they who crowd out standard employment. At first glance, especially crisis situations or for certain groups of the population (women with children, young students, pensioners, disabled people, for secondary employment), atypical employment has the advantages of individualizing the mode of work, the amount of workload and even the structure of life. But on the other hand, and this is the most important thing, the guarantees of employment on the part of employers and the state, and finally, society, are absolutely decreasing. If in the 1950s and 1960s the transition to non-standard employment conditions was, as a rule, voluntary, today it is a forced form of employment. And this is a general and fairly stable trend for countries with different levels development market economy.

Few people do not understand that unemployment is a great harm to everyone who has faced it, as well as to society as a whole. In contrast, full employment is a blessing when everyone who is able to work finds a job, receives a salary and provides for his living needs. It would seem that it could be simpler than the dependence of unemployment on full employment. Provide the government with jobs, and the unemployed will immediately disappear. However, at the present stage of the development of society, such an idyll was achieved only twice, and both during the world wars and a short time after them.

Full employment nationwide

In macroeconomics, that is, in general for any country, full employment is a stage in its development when absolutely all economic resources are used, including the labor force, that is, unemployment as such does not exist. All powers strive for this, but economists say that such indicators cannot be achieved, because in any society there will always be different prerequisites for a certain number of unemployed. A continuation of this thought is the assertion that at full employment there must always be a natural rate of unemployment, with a decrease in which inflation occurs. How much exactly is this rate? No one gives exact figures, but there are opinions that full employment occurs at a level of unemployment at which there is no wage inflation or no price inflation.

What prevents the existence of full employment

Modern society is developing in such a way that it is unthinkable to avoid structural or technological changes in the economy (after all, progress cannot be stopped). At the same time, for dozens of reasons, old forms of production are being destroyed faster than new ones appear in sufficient quantities. This gives rise to structural or technological unemployment. cannot be discounted and human factor, which affects the fact that there are always people who are forced to voluntarily leave their jobs, for example, in connection with moving to live in another region or with any cardinal changes in their personal lives. This creates frictional unemployment. And so on. Therefore, most economists are inclined to assert that the concept of full employment for society as a whole means reaching a level in the economy when there are no reasons for low demand for labor.

Full employment for structural units

In microeconomics, that is, for any enterprise, regardless of its scale and the industry to which it belongs, full employment is the absence of free vacancies while maximizing the use of all its resources and achieving stable high profit. From these positions, full employment not only can be achieved, but is achieved in many enterprises, thanks to skilful management and planning. At the same time, in the industry as a whole or in the region where such an enterprise is located, there may be a fairly significant number of people who do not have a job and want to get it. Figuratively speaking, in a large sea of ​​unemployment, small islands of full employment can quite realistically exist without affecting the parameters of this sea in any way.

Full employment for the subject

From the standpoint of each specific person, full employment is his participation in the labor process at his workplace for the time specified in the employment contract (full day, month, year), and for the labor invested, the employee must receive payment that satisfies vital needs. At first glance, it seems that everything is clear with this interpretation, however, there are some nuances here, related to the essence of the very concept of “employment”. In a general sense, it means that an individual participates in the labor process without violating laws and receiving a salary for his work. In addition to full employment, employment can be part-time, permanent, temporary, partial, conditional, remote, irregular, secondary and shadow. Each of these types makes adjustments to full employment and influences fluctuations in the unemployment rate.

Underemployment

This term is synonymous with part-time work and means that a person has a job, but participation in the labor process is less than the amount of time indicated in the employment contract. As a rule, one speaks of part-time employment when an employee gains less than 5-15 working hours per week.
There is a steady growth trend of this model of labor activity in the world. The reasons for this vary, but in any case, full and part-time employment should provide workers with equal rights, written in labor code. What can cause a decrease in the number of hours worked? On the one hand, employees themselves prefer to have a reduced schedule in order to have time to study, family, and work part-time. In such cases, part-time employment is called voluntary. On the other hand, entrepreneurs may force their employees to work part-time or weekly because the enterprise is in an unfavorable economic situation. In such cases, part-time employment is called involuntary. A small number of working hours significantly reduces wages and lowers living standards, but despite this, as long as an employee is officially employed, he cannot receive the status of unemployed and material assistance from the state.

Conditional employment, or the unpredictability of precarization

The term "precarization" means "doubtful", "without guarantee", "instability". Its essence lies in the fact that the employer hires an employee, provides him with a job, negotiates a salary, but an employment contract is drawn up only for a strictly limited period, or the employee’s labor activity is planned on a contract basis, on a call, under leasing (hiring through an agency without providing guarantees), outstaffing (employees are registered in one organization, but do work for another). In all these cases, although the employee is provided with full employment, full time, but at any time his labor activity may be terminated. At the same time, the employer bears practically no responsibility for his "precariat", and for workers such full employment is very conditional.

permanent employment

This concept means guaranteed participation in the labor process for a very long time, for example, until retirement. At the same time, the full employment of the employee may be replaced for some time by part-time employment (without loss of rights and benefits stipulated by the employment contract). Also, permanent employment does not exclude the promotion of an employee through the ranks, a change of profession (within one enterprise), a transition from one workshop to another. This type of employment (full employment) is considered the most prosperous. It guarantees employees material remuneration, paid holidays, medical insurance, bonuses for long service, for overtime work. This type of employment allows an enterprise to reduce staff turnover, to have employees who constantly improve their skills, and hence the quality of their products.

secondary employment

This concept means part-time work for those who have a main job, as well as additional income for pensioners, students, housewives. In the post-Soviet state, secondary employment became extremely popular during the perestroika period, when society was shaken by the cataclysms of a devastated economy, people were not paid wages, and material rewards could not keep up with the rampant rise in prices. Full employment involves this case part-time at the main workplace (where a person is formally registered) plus a secondary one, that is, part-time work. In sum, a person earns a sufficient number of hours and receives an acceptable salary. Now millions are working in this mode. Russian citizens. There are even centers in the country that help find a second job. Among the professions offered there, the most popular are:

• loader;
• cleaner;
• leaflet spreader;
• courier;
• babysitter (babysitting by the hour);
• merchandiser;
• promoter;
• cashier.

For many, participation in the additional labor process significantly helps to improve their financial situation. However, for young people this way of working is not particularly good in the sense that it does not ensure the disclosure of creative potential, does not help to acquire and improve professional skills.

Part-time employment

This concept has much in common with part-time employment, but there are differences. At the moment, there are several interpretations of part-time employment:

1. This is the work of citizens in positions whose level is lower than theirs. professional qualities and abilities. Such exaggerated examples can be given: a doctor works as a nurse, a professor as a janitor, a lawyer as a janitor. And although people can work full-time in positions that do not correspond to their potential, their type of employment cannot be called “full-time”, if only because they do not receive proper material remuneration.
2. This is forced part-time work, due to the fact that job seekers cannot find anything better.
3. This is one of the aspects of hidden unemployment (long holidays without pay, seasonal or temporary work).

Shadow employment

In the people it is called "left work", "coven". In fact, this is any labor activity, the income from which passes by the tax authorities. Very often, the work activity hidden from payment of taxes ensures the full employment of the worker. However, it not only does not reduce, but, on the contrary, significantly aggravates unemployment, since many entrepreneurs employ migrants without registration, thereby depriving the indigenous population of vacancies.

The so-called self-employment is closely related to shadow employment, which includes the unregistered rental of housing, the sale of products from land plots etc.

Remote employment

This type of work is also called remote work. Previously, it consisted in the fact that some organizations who wanted to improve their financial situation sent sets of parts by mail, from which it was necessary to assemble fountain pens, glue envelopes, and the like. With the advent of computers, remote work has acquired hundreds of varieties and grandiose proportions. Today, remote full-time employment involves the dedication of an individual to work so much time that, as a result, they receive for their work the expected reward that can provide material well-being. In practice, in most cases, remote employment is secondary, partial, part-time, and almost always shadow.

Theories of achieving full employment in macroeconomics

As you can see, full employment does not always mean that an individual has a workplace where he works full time. That is, a person may be listed as unemployed, although in reality he participates in the labor process and receives a salary for this. In parallel, the presence of a job does not always mean full or even part-time employment of a worker who is actually unemployed.

All this complicates the determination of the level of unemployment and the correct planning of the economic development of the state. In this regard, leading economists say that there is no way to "fine-tune" the structure of the economy that will ensure full employment for everyone and eliminate unemployment. Instead, they propose fixing fixed rates of increase in the money supply, thereby controlling inflation, which, in turn, will make it possible to maintain the natural rate of unemployment. Others propose to reduce the role of trade unions, to remove the framework of free competition, to reduce payments to the unemployed.

Forecasts

Throughout the history of modern society, unemployment has always existed (excluding the periods of the two world wars), but its growth rates either increased significantly or fell to tolerable values, which were conditionally taken to be zero. This was the case in Europe in the 1950s and 1960s, and since the 1970s, the unemployment rate has jumped sharply, which many economists attribute to a sharp increase in wages and at the same time prices.

One of effective ways In order for developed countries to establish full employment and minimize unemployment, they call a decrease in wages for workers and a decrease in prices for enterprises. The second way is called the conduct of fiscal policy by states. However, doubts are expressed that even using these methods of regulation, it will be possible to return the unemployment rate to the 50-60s. The reasons for this are floating exchange rates, the flow of capital, which affects foreign trade, contradictions in the field of welfare growth and social security.

Employment is the most important economic characteristic labor market.

In society, the idea of ​​employment as a socio-economic process of labor application based on the social division of labor is more common. different groups of the population by spheres of socially useful activity (at school, in social production and individual farming).

Employment should be considered from two perspectives:

1. as an economic category

2. as a socio-economic category.

The practical needs of accounting for the population necessitate the allocation of various types of employment.

1. Definition of employment

To begin with, we define such a concept as employment.

Employment is the activity of citizens related to the satisfaction of personal and social needs, which does not contradict the legislation of the Russian Federation and, as a rule, brings them earnings, labor income (hereinafter referred to as earnings).1

All issues related to employment of the population are disclosed in the Law of the Russian Federation "On Employment of the Population in the Russian Federation".

2. Types of employment

Types of employment characterize the distribution of the active part of the population according to professions and specialties, according to the spheres of labor application. There are several types of employment in society.

The following features characterize structural views employment:

Professional qualifications:

Work experience;

The level of education;

The degree of labor automation.

Nature of activity:

Personal subsidiary plot;

Individual labor activity;

Work at plants and factories and public organizations;

Military service;

Work abroad.

Class type and social layer:

Entrepreneurs;

workers;

Management staff;

Engineering and technical workers and employees.

Property type.

Territorial sign.

The level of urbanization (this is the ratio between the number labor resources cities and villages).

Gender sign.

Form of labor organization.

Each of the above features of the types of employment is implemented with the help of organizational and legal methods and conditions for the use of labor, characterizing the forms of employment.

Types of employed citizens by all-Russian classifier population information:

1 Full-time worker

2 Temporary worker

3 Seasonal worker

4 Working on a fixed-term employment contract

5 Non-working

6 Unemployed

7 Unemployed, registered with the employment service

The sign of stability affects permanent and temporary employment.

Full employment is a state in the labor market when the need of citizens for work is fully satisfied.

Underemployment is defined as part-time or part-time work own will employee, or when economically justified, due to reduced working hours.

One of the forms of part-time employment in Russia is leave without pay at the initiative of the administration.

Partial unemployment is a frequent and necessary phenomenon for a market economy. The reason for part-time employment is that the employee due to a change of residence, work, etc. goes out of production for a while.

Also, a certain level of unemployment has a positive effect on competition in the labor market, stimulates the development of labor resources.

Underemployment is characterized as employment in which the natural rate of unemployment remains high.

The problems of part-time employment have been repeatedly covered within the framework of the International Labor Organization and are subject to legal regulation almost all civilized countries. At the same time, the assessment of part-time employment by different states occurs in different ways due to the dual assessment of this social phenomenon.

Competition in the labor market is growing due to the fact that there is an increase in the scale of part-time employment. Therefore, the discontent of many people is growing. But there are those who, on the contrary, support part-time employment. Because it gives them a chance to combine work with family responsibilities and study.

In many countries, incentives for part-time employment are seen by government authorities as effective remedy fight against unemployment. At the same time, partially employed citizens in a number of cases are entitled to state assistance in ensuring full employment, as well as to material support in the form of unemployment benefits. In most countries, unemployment benefits are paid to all workers who lose their jobs, but part-time workers receive less benefits than full-time workers. In a number of states (Belgium, New Zealand), part-time employees a certain level income can be paid the same benefits as full-time workers. In Norway, part-time workers are eligible for benefits if their three-year total income is equal to the annual income of full-time employees.

The most pressing problem for Russian market labor remains inefficient employment. It determines the extent to which Russia lags behind developed countries in terms of labor productivity, unemployment hidden from official observation - when the actually unemployed are included in the economically active population, as well as the discrepancy between the decline in production and the size of employment (surplus labor force).

One of the open manifestations of inefficient employment remains part-time employment. The number of employees of organizations (with the exception of small businesses) who worked part-time during the year at the initiative of the administration, as well as those who were on forced leave, in 2002 amounted to about 3 million people, having decreased almost 4 times in 1998-2001.

There is also such a classification of employment: productive (effective), full, freely chosen, incomplete, hidden, seasonal, pendulum, periodic, etc.

Productive (effective) employment is employment that brings workers income that provides decent living conditions.

Hidden employment of the population is characterized by the fact that the unemployed, pensioners are engaged in trade or the provision of various services to the population (repair, construction, etc.) outside the framework of their official registration as employed.

Seasonal employment is a periodic (during certain seasons) involvement of the able-bodied population in socially useful activities, taking into account natural and climatic conditions.

Pendulum employment is a special type of employment that is permanent in nature and at the same time is associated with periodic return movements during labor activity.

Periodic employment is a type of employment that involves the alternation of periods of work with uniform periods of rest (work on a rotational basis).

Conclusion

Considering the topic "Types of employment", we came to the following conclusions:

1. The following types of employed citizens are distinguished: working at a permanent job, working at a temporary job, working at a seasonal job, working under a fixed-term employment contract, unemployed, unemployed, unemployed, registered with the employment service.

They also distinguish between productive (effective), full, freely chosen, part-time, hidden, seasonal, pendulum, periodic, etc. employment.

The form of organization of working time affects full-time (assuming full-time), part-time and home-based employment.

2. An analysis of the legislation on employment of the population allows us to distinguish the following three types of employed citizens:

* persons working in the field of both public and personal labor;

* persons who are busy various types social activities;

* Persons who are not engaged in any activity, but are considered employed by the Law.

3. At the legislative level, it is necessary to define the category of persons recognized as partially employed and in need of social assistance and support from the state, and to focus on full, productive and freely chosen employment, as well as on social protection from unemployment.

We will be watching Negative consequences in the labor market, because the legislator continues to ignore the problems associated with the part-time employment of citizens and their social support.

Bibliography

Regulations:

1. Law on employment of the population of the Russian Federation

(as amended by Federal Laws No. 36-FZ of April 20, 1996, No. 117-FZ of July 21, 1998, No. 85-FZ of April 30, 1999, No. 175-FZ of July 17, 1999, No. 195-FZ of November 20, 1999 , dated 07.08.2000 N 122-FZ, dated 12.29.2001 N 188-FZ, dated 07.25.2002 N 116-FZ, dated 10.01.2003 N 8-FZ, dated 10.01.2003 N 15-FZ, as amended, introduced by the Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of December 16, 1997 N 20-P)

Parameter name	Meaning
Article subject:	Forms of employment.
Rubric (thematic category)	Population

Types of employment.

1 .Characteristics of employment, the use of the labor potential of society are not only of economic interest, but are also the main indicators that reflect the policy of the state in the sphere of labor, the attitude towards a person as an individual and the main productive force of society. The problem of employment has a deep socio-psychological implication.

Employment is a socio-economic relationship that people enter into with regard to participation in socially useful work, regardless of the location of the workplace.

General issues employment and employment are regulated by the Law of the Russian Federation of April 19, 1991ᴦ. ( edited federal law dated April 20, 1996 ᴦ. No. 36-FZ) "On Employment in the Russian Federation".

In accordance with Art. 1 of this Law broad employment - This is the activity of citizens related to the satisfaction of personal and social needs that do not contradict the legislation of the Russian Federation, and, as a rule, brings them earnings and other labor income.

AT narrow meaning of employment is a labor activity that brings regular earnings and other income for any reason ( for example, for hire, membership, elections, etc.), the period of implementation of which is included in the length of service, giving the right to state social insurance (provision of benefits, pensions and benefits for employees).

In Art. 2 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Employment in the Russian Federation", according to which the following citizens are recognized as employed:

1. working under an employment contract contract), including temporarily absent from work good reasons (for example, in connection with disability, vacation, suspension of production, etc.), as well as having other paid work ( service), including temporary and seasonal workers ( with the exception of those participating in public works );
2. performing work under civil law contracts, the subjects of which are the performance of work and the provision of services, incl. under agreements concluded with individual entrepreneurs, copyright agreements;
3. involved in entrepreneurial activity;
4. elected, appointed or approved to a paid position;
5. employed in subsidiary crafts and selling products under contracts;
6. members of production cooperatives ( artels);
7. passing military service, as well as service in the internal affairs bodies;
8. full-time students educational institutions of all types, as well as those undergoing training in the direction of the employment service;
9. founding members ( participants) organizations, except for the founders ( participants) public and religious organizations ( associations), charitable and other foundations, associations legal entities (associations and unions) that do not have property rights in relation to these organizations.

2. Full employment- this is a state of society when everyone who wants to have a paid job has it, which corresponds to the presence of a balance between the demand and supply of labor.

productive employment- this is the employment of the population in social production, which is in the interests of increasing the efficiency of production, introducing the achievements of scientific and technical progress, and increasing labor productivity. According to the ILO definition, PZ is the employment of those whose product of labor is accepted and paid for by society.

Socially useful employment is determined by the number of people not only employed in social production, but also military personnel, students (of working age), employed in housekeeping, caring for children and sick relatives, etc.

Rational employment- is determined by the ratio of the value of productive employment to the total number of economically active population. Or employment, justified from the point of view of the processes of formation, distribution and use of TR, taking into account their gender, age and educational structure, modes of reproduction of the able-bodied population and its placement on the territory of the country. Quite a controversial, hypothetical value.

Efficient employment- implies the ability of public administration to reproduce the social economy. the conditions of development of workers dictated by criteria of a way of life at the given stage of development about-va. EZ implies the use of personnel, TR without loss of working time, when the greatest economic result is achieved.

Freely chosen employment assumes that the right to dispose of one's own ability to work belongs exclusively to its owner.

Overemployment- a feature of the ʼʼ Russian way of economy. developmentʼʼ. Adaptation to the ongoing changes impl. not so much due to a reduction in the number of employees, but due to wage flexibility.

3. Forms of employment. The practical need for population accounting makes it extremely important to single out types (structures) of employment– distribution of the active part of labor resources by spheres and sectors of the economy.

There are also various forms of employment- organizational and legal methods, conditions of employment.

According to the way of participation in social labor, the employment of the population can be divided into employment for hire and self-employment.

Employment for hire is a relationship between the owners of the means of production and workers who do not have means of production and sell their labor power in exchange for a certain value in the form of wages. self-employment for Russia is relatively new form employment of the population. These are relations (economic, legal, etc.) that people enter into regarding participation in socially useful labor and which are based on personal initiative, independence and responsibility, as a rule, are aimed at obtaining labor income and determine self-realization and self-affirmation of the individual.

By working hours It is customary to allocate full-time employment and part-time (partial) employment. Employment since full time mode based on statutory full-time hours, currently 40 hours a week. How full time work the shortened working day provided for by law for certain categories of workers should be considered: adolescents under 18 years of age employed in especially harmful working conditions.

Part-time (partial) employment According to the quantitative characteristics of part-time work, it is divided into various forms:

By work regularity Employment is divided into permanent, temporary, seasonal and casual. Permanent (regular) employment assumes that the employee must work a certain number of hours every week, less often - every month; temporary employment has two varieties: employment for a certain period (fixed term of the employment contract) and business trip employment (through the mediation of certain firms); seasonal employment involves work during a certain season, and, finally, casual employment means the performance of various short-term works in order to receive material remuneration without concluding an employment contract.

By legitimacy of employment Employment is divided into formal and informal. Formal - ϶ᴛᴏ registered in the official economy. informal employment- not registered in the official economy, having a source of employment in the informal sector of the economy and its individual types. In this regard, the ILO even adopted special convention No. 169, which states that it is extremely important to promote the establishment of additional ties between the formal and informal sectors and create conditions for the permanent inclusion of the informal sector in the national economy.

By conditions of organization of labor processes employment divided into standard and non-standard. At the root of this division lies the specifics of the organization of the labor process, which takes various forms. Standard (typical) employment, which implies the constant work of an employee with one employer in his production premises at a standard load during the day, week, year. Non-standard (flexible) employment includes the following. forms: a) employment, connected. With non-standard operating modes. time (flexible working year, compressed week, flexible work schedules); b) employment at work with non-standard jobs and labor organization: necessary work, rotational expeditionary employment; c) non-standard employment. Organizational forms: temporary job͵ combination.

Forms of employment. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Forms of employment." 2017, 2018.