AT market economy the combination of factors of production to create goods and services is carried out mainly through entrepreneurial activity. Although entrepreneurial activity close to such a factor as labor, in neoclassical theory it is singled out as an independent factor of production due to its special significance. The market economy is called the "economy of free enterprise", since free enterprise is one of its defining features. Entrepreneurs around the world play a leading role. Their efforts, personal energy and capital, the ability to organize their work and the activities of teams of workers contribute to the growth of social wealth.
At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. economists have recognized the critical importance of entrepreneurship to economic progress. A. Marshall added to the three classical factors of production - labor, land, capital - the fourth - organization.
The greatest contribution to the development of the theory of entrepreneurship was made by J. Schumpeter. In The Theory of Economic Development (1912), he gave the factor "organization" its modern name - entrepreneurship; called an entrepreneur such an organizer of production, who paves new ways, implements new combinations. Schumpeter's idea of the creative entrepreneur is still the most common definition of the essence of entrepreneurship.
According to the scientist, entrepreneurship is not a profession, it is not any special type of management. Almost any economic activity can be entrepreneurial.
Schumpeter developed the theory of entrepreneurial profit. Agreeing with the former statements of political economists that entrepreneurial profit is the difference between the income and expenses of the enterprise, he understands by costs all the expenses of the entrepreneur, directly or indirectly related to production. They also include the appropriate remuneration of the entrepreneur for his work, the rent from his land plot and finally the risk premium. In the understanding of Schumpeter, in its essence, entrepreneurial profit is the result of the implementation of new combinations. The desire to obtain entrepreneurial profit through a new combination of factors of production is an important condition for economic development.
Entrepreneurship is a variety economic activity. The latter is stimulated by the need for products of labor. Entrepreneurship and business are close concepts, but there is a significant difference between them. A business is a business, any kind of activity that generates income or personal benefit. In this sense, a scam is also a business.
But not every businessman can be called a full entrepreneur. They cannot be considered, for example, the owner of a company that produces the same product or provides the same services from year to year. In this case, he, apparently, is engaged not in entrepreneurial, but in reproductive (repetitive) activities, reproducing the same results in traditional ways.
So, entrepreneurship - e it is an initiative, independent innovative activity of an economic entity, aimed at finding and implementing the most optimal solution to emerging economic problems (and thereby meeting the needs of specific consumers and society in goods), to make a profit or personal income. It is carried out on its own behalf, at its own risk and under its own property responsibility for the results and consequences of its activities.
In modern Western economic literature, entrepreneurship, as a rule, is understood as a special innovative, anti-bureaucratic style of management, based on the search for new opportunities, on innovation, on the ability to attract and use resources from various sources to solve the problem.
AT economic theory the concept of "entrepreneur" has long been associated with the concept of "owner" and "capitalist". In the future, in the theory and practice of management, the idea is affirmed that there is no rigid connection between the entrepreneur and the owner.
An entrepreneur may or may not be the owner of the resources he uses, for example, to use borrowed capital. At the same time, the owner can receive income from his property without being engaged in entrepreneurship, for example, by renting out land that belongs to him by right of ownership. In this case, the tenant will be the entrepreneur. The coincidence in one person of the owner and the entrepreneur was characteristic of small private property and the initial stages of capitalist entrepreneurship. With the massive development of credit, joint-stock companies and the formation of a managerial technostructure, such a coincidence is very rare. According to Schumpeter, the status of the owner is not a defining and mandatory property of the entrepreneur. The nature of entrepreneurship is determined not only by property, but primarily by the nature of the environment in which it operates, i.e. market.
Entrepreneurial remuneration is entrepreneurial income, which is the payment that an entrepreneur receives for his organizational skills for combining and using factors of production, for innovation and monopoly market power, for risk.
The economic content of entrepreneurship covers the characteristics of it as an economic category, as a method of management and as a type of economic thinking.
Entrepreneurship as an economic category expresses the totality of economic, social, organizational, personal and other relations associated with the production of goods, performance of work, provision of services and obtaining the desired result in the form of profit (income). These relations arise between entrepreneurs as business entities with each other, with consumers, suppliers of all factors of production (raw materials, materials, equipment, etc.) with banks and other market entities, with employees and, finally, with authorities state power. Entrepreneurship reflects the commercial nature of entrepreneurs' relations with other economic entities based on the operation of the economic laws of a market economy.
Subjects Entrepreneurship can be private individuals (or families), collectives (a group of individuals) and the state represented by its relevant bodies. The activities of private entrepreneurs (organizers of sole, family, and larger production) are carried out both on the basis of their own labor and with the involvement of employees. Various types of associations act as subjects of collective entrepreneurship: joint-stock companies, rental collectives, cooperatives, etc.
The entrepreneur takes the initiative to combine the main factors of production into a single process for the production of goods and services in order to make a profit. The implementation of the most effective combination of these factors in order to maximize income is object entrepreneurship.
In addition, the object of entrepreneurship is not only production, but also innovative, trade-purchasing, intermediary activities, operations with securities.
Creating all sorts of new ways to combine economic resources, new technologies and new areas of capital investment is what distinguishes the entrepreneur from the ordinary business executive.
In the process of competitive interaction of subjects market economy Entrepreneurs strive to create better business conditions for themselves, to win competitive advantages. In this sense, we highlight the main features of entrepreneurship as a method of management.
1. Economic freedom of an economic entity. Each of them has the right to independently choose the types and areas of activity and decide what goods or services to produce in what quantity and where to sell them, to seek sources of financing and access to resources, to sell products, to set prices for it, to manage profits, etc.
Economic freedom determines the degree of manifestation of entrepreneurial initiative, the ability of an entrepreneur to realize his potential, to benefit by satisfying social needs. Hence the importance of creating conditions for the activation of initiative activities of entrepreneurs
2. Economic responsibility for the decisions made, for their consequences and the associated risk. Non-responsible economic activity characterizes not entrepreneurship, but simple management on behalf.
3. Orientation to achieve commercial success, the desire to increase profits. This is the main goal of the entrepreneur, arising from the very nature of entrepreneurship. Noting the importance of this feature, we emphasize at the same time that in modern business it is not self-sufficient. The activities of many entrepreneurs go beyond purely economic tasks, they take part in solving many social problems society, environmental protection, sometimes allocating funds for these purposes free of charge.
4. Innovation, creative search. This sign is pivotal. According to Schumpeter, the entrepreneurial task is "creative destruction", and the functional role of entrepreneurship is "the implementation of new combinations", i.e. in getting something new, different from the previous one. The implementation of new combinations, according to Schumpeter, included: 1) the manufacture of a new product; 2) introduction of new technologies; 3) development of a new sales market; 4) development of new sources of raw materials; 5) carrying out an appropriate reorganization of the structure.
Innovation is primarily due to the nature of entrepreneurial activity. For example, an inventor should be considered an innovator only if he realizes himself as an entrepreneur, i.e. when you get the best economic results. The true reason that encourages entrepreneurs to innovate is the competition between them, the desire for profit.
Finally, we emphasize that entrepreneurship is not only a special kind of economic activity associated with the formation and use of capital, it is also a fundamentally new type of economic thinking that determines the style of behavior, the characteristic social psychology and culture in the broadest sense of the word. The personality of the entrepreneur plays a central role in entrepreneurship.
An integral feature of entrepreneurial activity is innovation. This is understood as a complex process of interaction between science, technology and the market, as a result of which a scientific discovery and invention are brought to commercial success, implemented in the form of a new product, production technology, form of business organization, etc. Innovative entrepreneurial activity is the main engine of scientific and technological progress, gives the production process an intensive character, activates the satisfaction of personal and social needs.
According to R. Barr today, in connection with the development of large corporations, entrepreneurship acquires the following features
1. The scientific nature of the leadership. "Intuition in business" gives way to the competence of many people. In other words, management based on intuition is giving way to scientific management.
2. The main goal of entrepreneurial activity is not making a profit at the moment, but constancy, stability, sustainability of making a profit over a long period.
3. Expanding the economic outlook of the entrepreneur.
4. Development of feeling social responsibility(to shareholders, suppliers, consumers).
Entrepreneurship is an independent activity carried out at one's own risk, aimed at the systematic receipt of profit from the use of property, the sale of goods, the performance of work or the provision of services by persons registered in this capacity in the manner prescribed by law (Civil Code Russian Federation, Art. 2).
Analysis of this definition allows us to identify the following features of entrepreneurial activity.
Figure 1. Signs of entrepreneurial activity
Entrepreneurial activity is characterized by independence. Property independence means that the entrepreneur has a separate property of his own as the economic base of activity. The scope of property independence depends on the legal status of the entity to which this property belongs. The greatest autonomy of the owner of the property. Organizations operating on the right of economic management also have significant property independence, but already limited by an agreement with the owner. Ownership of property on the right of operational management gives the least scope for the manifestation of entrepreneurial initiative.
Organizational autonomy - this is the possibility of making independent decisions in the process of entrepreneurial activity: choosing the type of business, approving the organizational and legal form, determining the circle of founders.
Entrepreneurship is associated with risk . In this, entrepreneurship differs from economic activity in an administratively planned economy, which allowed the existence of deliberately unprofitable enterprises, which, in case of poor economic results, could turn to the state for support. In this regard, it is quite understandable that such a purely market institution as the institution of insolvency (bankruptcy) is reborn in Russia only with the transition to the market. Entrepreneurial risk is a powerful incentive for successful work. Loss reduction can be achieved by concluding a business risk insurance contract, i.e. the risk of losses from entrepreneurial activities due to violation of their obligations by counterparties or changes in the conditions of this activity due to circumstances beyond the control of the entrepreneur, including the risk of not receiving expected income.
Entrepreneurial activity is aimed at systematic profit Making a profit, being the main goal of an entrepreneur, gives his activity a commercial character, which is not lost even if the result of the activity is not a profit, but a loss. At the same time, if making a profit as a goal is not set initially, the activity cannot be called entrepreneurial, since it does not have a commercial nature.
It is impossible not to pay attention to such a qualifying sign of entrepreneurial activity as a systematic approach to making profit. Unfortunately, clear criteria for this feature have not yet been developed. It is proposed to fill the gap by including additional qualifying features in the definition of entrepreneurial activity, for example, the share of profit from this activity in the total income of a person, the materiality of profit, receiving it a certain number of times during the reporting period, etc.
According to the legislation, profit is derived by entities from the use of property, the sale of goods, the performance of work or the provision of services. However, entrepreneurial activity is multifaceted and its directions cannot be represented by a closed list.
Finally, as stated in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, entrepreneurial activity is carried out by persons registered in this capacity in the manner prescribed by law. However, such a sign of entrepreneurial activity as “carrying out by persons registered in the manner prescribed by law is a formal sign, i.e. a sign that legalizes this activity, giving it a legal status. Its absence does not lead to the loss of entrepreneurial quality, but makes its illegal, unlike the analyzed formal the signs of entrepreneurial activity considered earlier are essential (disclosing its essence), and only their totality makes it possible to qualify the activity of a person as entrepreneurial.
It should be noted that in the scientific and educational literature it is proposed to consider other signs of entrepreneurial activity that are not presented in the legislative definition: professionalism, innovative character, etc.
Entrepreneurial relations are closely related to others that do not have the immediate goal of making a profit. In particular, such relations develop in the course of carrying out activities of an organizational and property nature for the creation and termination of enterprises, obtaining licenses and certificates, conducting environmental reviews, and in a number of other cases. Such economic activity is non-commercial in nature, but creates the basis, and often is a necessary condition, a prerequisite for future entrepreneurial activity. That is why the relations that arise in these cases are covered by economic and legal regulation and are included in the subject of business law.
It creates conditions for entrepreneurship and the activities of a number of non-profit organizations, various institutions, associations, etc. The activities of commodity and stock exchanges, the main purpose of which is the formation of an appropriate market, is also regulated by the norms of entrepreneurial law.
Entrepreneurship in different economic areas differs in legal status, form, and especially in the content of operations and methods of their implementation. But the nature of the business leaves a significant imprint on the type of goods and services that the entrepreneur produces or provides. An entrepreneur can produce goods and services himself, acquiring only factors of production. It can also purchase finished goods and resell it to the consumer. Finally, the entrepreneur can only connect producers and consumers, sellers and buyers.
Types of entrepreneurship
Depending on the content and direction of entrepreneurial activity, the object of capital investment and obtaining specific results, the connection of entrepreneurial activity with the main stages of the reproduction process, the following types of entrepreneurship are distinguished: production, commercial and trade, financial and credit, intermediary, insurance.
Manufacturing business.
Entrepreneurship is called production if the entrepreneur, using tools and objects of labor as factors, directly produces products, goods, services, information, spiritual values for subsequent sale (sale) to consumers, buyers, trade organizations.
Industrial business includes the production of industrial and agricultural products for industrial purposes, consumer goods, construction work, transportation of goods and passengers, communication services, utilities and household services, production of information, knowledge, publication of books, magazines, newspapers. In the broad sense of the word, industrial entrepreneurship is the creation of any useful product that consumers need, which has the ability to be sold or exchanged for other goods. Thus, all types of goods, works, services for certain consumers are produced by the subjects of industrial entrepreneurship.
Industrial entrepreneurship is usually associated with the need to create a legally registered enterprise, because. it requires land plots, production areas and premises, etc.
From a macroeconomic point of view, industrial entrepreneurship is the most important, since it is in these organizations (enterprises, firms) that the production of products (goods) for industrial purposes and consumer goods is carried out. Economic growth and the level of social development of society depend on the development of industrial entrepreneurship, although industrial entrepreneurship is not independent of other types of entrepreneurial activity.
In Russia, manufacturing entrepreneurship is the most risky occupation, since the restructuring of the economy has not provided necessary conditions for the development of industrial entrepreneurship. Legal instability, numerous taxes, fees and duties are a brake on the development of industrial entrepreneurship. The development of the manufacturing business in Russia is constrained by the inaccessibility of certain resources, the lack of internal incentives and the low level of qualifications of novice businessmen, the fear of difficulties, and the availability of more accessible and easier sources of income. Meanwhile, in strategic terms, it is industrial entrepreneurship that will be able to ensure stable success for a novice businessman. So, those who gravitate toward a promising, sustainable business should turn their attention to industrial entrepreneurship.
Commercial (trade) entrepreneurship.
The manufacturing business is closely related to the circulation business. After all, the produced goods must be sold or exchanged for other goods. From economic theory it is known that the business in the field of crafts immediately gave rise to merchant business, this connection has been traced for many centuries. At the same time, production is not always the active side. Commercial and commercial entrepreneurship is developing at a high pace, as the second main type of Russian entrepreneurship.
The principle of organizing commercial entrepreneurship is somewhat different from the production one, since the entrepreneur acts directly as a merchant, merchant, selling finished goods purchased by him from other persons to the consumer (buyer). A feature of commercial entrepreneurship is direct economic ties with wholesale and retail consumers of goods, works, services.
An entrepreneur-merchant buys goods from the owner of the goods, most often from the manufacturer. The goods are the determining factor of business for businessmen. The entrepreneur pays for the purchased goods to its owner a sum of money, which depends on the volume of the goods and its price in the market.
It should be borne in mind that the entrepreneur purchases large quantities of goods at wholesale prices, which are most often lower than retail prices, at which the purchased goods are then sold.
Commercial business involves sourcing and purchasing goods, securing them, transporting them, delivering them to a point of sale, selling goods, and selling and sometimes after-sales customer service, such as home delivery, installation, and troubleshooting. This also includes the documentation of commercial transactions.
Commercial enterprise is attracted by the apparent possibility of selling a product at a price much higher than it was bought, and thereby pocketing a significant profit. This possibility does exist, but in practice it is much more difficult to implement than it seems. Given the difference in domestic and world prices, as well as prices in different regions of Russia, successful private merchants ("shuttle traders") really manage to buy cheaper and sell more expensive. But behind this apparent lightness, not everyone sees the work of businessmen-entrepreneurs spent to achieve success.
The sphere of official commercial business is shops, markets, exchanges, sales exhibitions, auctions, trading houses, trading bases and other trading organizations.
Financial and credit entrepreneurship.
The third type of entrepreneurship is financial and credit. Financial entrepreneurship is a special form of commercial entrepreneurship in which currency values, national money (Russian ruble) and securities (shares, bonds, etc.) sold by the entrepreneur to the buyer or provided to him on credit act as the subject of sale and purchase. This means not only and not so much the sale and purchase of foreign currency for rubles, although this is also a financial transaction, but a range of operations covering the whole variety of sale and exchange of money, other types Money, securities for other money, foreign currency, securities. The essence of a financial entrepreneurial transaction is that the entrepreneur acquires the main factor of entrepreneurship in the form of various funds (money, foreign currency, securities) from the owner of these funds. Purchased funds are then sold to buyers for a fee in excess of costs. The result is business profit.
In the case of credit entrepreneurship, the entrepreneur attracts cash deposits by paying the deposit holders a remuneration in the form of deposit interest along with the subsequent return of the deposit. The money raised is then given out as a loan to buyers of loans at a credit interest along with the subsequent return of the deposit. The borrowed money is then issued as a loan to buyers of loans at a regular interest rate exceeding the deposit one. The difference between the deposit and credit interest serves as a source of profit for creditor entrepreneurs.
For the organization of financial and credit entrepreneurship as a whole, a specialized system of organizations has already been formed: commercial banks, financial and credit companies (brokerage and brokerage firms, currency exchanges and other specialized organizations). Entrepreneurial activity of banks and other financial and credit organizations is regulated by both general legislative acts and special laws and regulations of the Central Bank of Russia and the RF Ministry of Finance. In accordance with legislative acts, entrepreneurial activity in the securities market must be carried out by professional participants. The state, represented by the Central Bank and the Ministry of Finance, also acts as an entrepreneur in the currency and securities market. The constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipalities also act in this capacity, issuing relevant securities into circulation.
Intermediary activity
The fourth type of entrepreneurship is intermediary activity. Entrepreneurship is called mediation, in which the entrepreneur himself does not produce or sell goods, but acts as an intermediary (connecting nest) in the process of commodity exchange, in commodity-money transactions. An intermediary is a person (legal or natural) representing the interests of a producer or consumer, but who are not themselves such.
Intermediary entrepreneurial activity is very risky, therefore, the intermediary entrepreneur sets the price level in the contract, taking into account the degree of risk in the implementation of intermediary operations. The main task and subject of entrepreneurial activity of an intermediary is to connect two parties interested in a mutual transaction. That is, mediation consists in providing services to each of these parties. For the provision of such services, the entrepreneur receives income, usually expressed as a certain percentage of the transaction amount.
Insurance business
The fifth type of entrepreneurship is specialized insurance activities. Insurance entrepreneurship is that the entrepreneur guarantees for a certain fee to the insured person compensation for damage resulting from an unforeseen disaster, loss of property, valuables, health, life and other types of losses. The entrepreneur, in accordance with the concluded contract, receives an insurance premium, paying insurance only under certain circumstances. Since the probability of occurrence of such circumstances is not equal to one, the remaining part of the contributions forms entrepreneurial income.
Insurance business is one of the most risky activities. At the same time, the organization of insurance business activities gives a certain guarantee to organizations, enterprises and individuals to receive certain compensation in the event of a risk in their activities, which is one of the conditions for the development of civilized entrepreneurship in the country.
Business entities
The subjects of entrepreneurial business are the bearers of economic rights and obligations under the following conditions:
registration in in due course or otherwise legitimate;
availability of economic competence;
availability of separate property as a base for entrepreneurial activities;
independent property liability.
Consequently, the subject of entrepreneurial law is a person who, subject to the above conditions, can be a participant in an economic (entrepreneurial legal relationship).
The status of an entrepreneur is acquired through state registration. From the moment of registration, legal entities are formed or an individual entrepreneur acquires economic competence, i.e. he has the opportunity to carry out entrepreneurial activities on his own behalf.
Entrepreneurial activity without registration is an offense. Income received from such activities is subject to withdrawal to the budget.
Entrepreneurship development is an integral feature of a market economy. Entrepreneurship is defined by civil law as “an independent activity carried out at one’s own risk, aimed at systematically making a profit from the use of property, the sale of goods, the performance of work or the provision of services by persons registered in this capacity in the manner prescribed by law” (Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Part 1, Art. 2, item 1).
Business entities can be both individuals (citizens) and legal entities (organizations).
The most important characteristics of entrepreneurial activity are:
1) independence of economic entities. This means that an economic entity is free to choose the types of activities, methods of using economic resources, to determine the volume of economic activity, and to choose economic partners. He independently manages economic and financial activities, makes decisions, is responsible for his obligations;
2) the risky nature of the activity. In a market economy, risk is an objective phenomenon due to the uncertainty of the economic environment, the presence of competition. At the same time, some risk parameters depend on the subjectivity of management decisions;
3) economic interest. This interest is expressed in the desire to increase the value of the enterprise, maximizing profits. At the same time, the economic interest of an economic entity in the process of entrepreneurial activity ultimately benefits the whole society. Firstly, it is possible to make a profit only by selling the goods that the consumer needs, corresponding to demand; secondly, the development of economic activity contributes to the growth of employment of the population, the increase in incomes of both entrepreneurs and employees; thirdly, part of the income received in the process of entrepreneurial activity in the form of taxes replenishes the state budget;
4) reliance on innovation. Innovations are of great importance in the development of the economy, and in modern conditions the role of innovation is growing. Firstly, this is due to the very nature of market relations, the competitive environment; secondly, innovations are becoming the fundamental factors of economic growth and profound qualitative transformations. Innovative activity is aimed at finding and implementing innovations in order to expand the range, improve the quality of products (services), improve technology and organization of production, and ultimately increase efficiency. This creative, search activity reforms production and other spheres of the economy. Despite the fact that innovations are associated with a certain risk, relying on them allows the entrepreneur to remain competitive.
Entrepreneurial activity is associated with the implementation of important functions for the country's economy, the main of which are:
Consolidation of economic resources into a single economic process;
Ensuring the efficient use of resources (factors of production);
Security innovative development economy, the use of innovations at all stages of business (organization, management, production processes, marketing, etc.).
Certain economic, social, legal and other conditions are necessary for the development of entrepreneurship.
The economic conditions for the expansion of entrepreneurship are: the presence of a stable demand for goods and services, the availability and accessibility financial resources, the level of return on invested capital, the free market for means of production, the development of market infrastructure (banks, stock exchanges, communications, transport service, storage facilities and etc.).
Social conditions for the development of entrepreneurship are associated with economic conditions - the attitude of members of society to work, the amount of wages, working conditions, life, life, entrepreneurship, the desire to purchase goods and services that meet a certain lifestyle. important social role plays in the development of entrepreneurship professional training entrepreneurs, the formation of a certain socio-cultural business environment, the social responsibility of the entrepreneur.
Any entrepreneurial activity develops in a certain legal environment. These are, first of all, laws regulating entrepreneurship, creating favorable conditions for its development, procedures for opening and registering enterprises, tax and antitrust laws, etc.
Entrepreneurship can be carried out in different types. By type (or purpose), entrepreneurial activity can be divided into production, commercial (trade), financial, consulting, etc. These activities can be carried out separately or together, for example, production and trade.
Industrial entrepreneurship includes activities aimed at the production of products, the performance of work, the provision of industrial services.
Financial entrepreneurship can be considered as a kind of commercial entrepreneurship, where the object of sale is a special product: money, foreign currency, securities (stocks, bonds, bills, etc.). The role of commercial banks, stock exchanges, insurance, leasing companies is great in financial entrepreneurship.
Currently, consulting activities (consulting) are singled out as an independent type of entrepreneurship. The consulting business consists of providing, for a fee, independent advice and assistance on management issues, including advice on solving internal problems and realizing the market opportunities of enterprises. The most important in modern conditions are consultations on the development of a strategy for the development of enterprises, marketing, innovation activities, lawyer consulting.
The main business entities are organizations (enterprises) - legal entities. At the same time, individual entrepreneurship is now widespread. individuals, especially in the sphere of trade, provision of services to the population.
1.2. The enterprise is the main link of the economy
An enterprise is understood as an independent economic entity created in the manner prescribed by law for the production of products, the provision of services, the performance of work in order to meet the needs of the market, make a profit, maximize the value of its company in the market and / or perform special socially significant functions.
An enterprise (organization) is the main link in the economy. It is at the enterprise that the production and sale of products (performance of work, provision of services) is carried out. There is a direct connection between the worker and the means of production and the objects of labor. As the main economic entities, enterprises play an important role in the socio-economic development of the country. Social and political stability in the society largely depends on the effectiveness of their activities.
The role of enterprises is as follows:
1) at the enterprise level, the main economic issues of society are solved: what to produce, how to produce, for whom to produce;
2) the socio-economic situation of the regions and the country as a whole depends on the results of the activities of enterprises;
3) the enterprise creates jobs, providing employment for the population;
4) the quality of goods, services, satisfaction of consumer demand depends on the activities of enterprises;
5) enterprises ensure the formation of incomes of the population, social development labor collectives, create conditions for training, advanced training of personnel;
6) enterprises participate in the formation of regional infrastructure;
7) enterprises through the tax system form the revenue side of the federal budget, the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local budgets.
The functions of enterprises depend on the profile of their activities (manufacturing of products, performance of work, provision of services) and are specified depending on the industry affiliation. In performing their functions, enterprises solve a number of tasks, the main of which are:
1) making a profit, increasing market value, providing income to owners;
2) providing consumers with products, goods (works, services) of appropriate quality;
3) staffing salary, normal working conditions and opportunities for professional growth;
4) rational use production resources;
5) ensuring the competitiveness of products (works, services) and the enterprise as a whole.
Entrepreneurial is an independent activity carried out at one's own risk, aimed at systematically obtaining profit from the use of property, the sale of goods, the performance of work or the provision of services by a person registered in this capacity in the manner prescribed by law.
Business entities in Russia can be:
Citizens of the Russian Federation;
Citizens of foreign states;
associations of citizens (collective entrepreneurs).
The main features of entrepreneurship are: the independence of economic entities and their economic independence; personal economic interest (obtaining maximum profit); personal responsibility for the results of their activities; innovation and creativity; entrepreneurial risk.
Possible areas of entrepreneurship can be: production, commerce, finance, intellectual complex.
The main sphere of entrepreneurial activity is production, in which the material goods necessary for human life are created.
There are the following types of business:
Production - the production of products, works and services, the collection, processing and provision of information, the creation of spiritual values, etc., are carried out, subject to subsequent sale to consumers; at the same time, the main activity is to ensure the functioning of production.
Commercial - as part of entrepreneurial activity for the direct sale of products, services and profit (the main content is commodity-money relations, trade and exchange operations).
Financial - is a kind of commercial business, since its object of sale is a specific product: securities, money, currency sold by the entrepreneur or provided on credit to the buyer.
Intermediary - this is entrepreneurship in which the entrepreneur himself does not produce goods, but acts as an intermediary.
Insurance - consists in the fact that the entrepreneur guarantees the insured for a certain fee compensation for the possibility of damage to property, valuables, life as a result of an immediate disaster.
Advisory (consulting) - provision of consulting services in financial, managerial, marketing, production and other activities.
Entrepreneurial activity of various subjects of a market economy is carried out within a certain form. Each form of entrepreneurship has its own specifics, which is expressed in the difference in the mechanisms of functioning of these forms. The choice of the form of entrepreneurship is determined by many factors. The most significant of them:
· field of activity;
the merits of certain forms of entrepreneurship;
availability of funds from the entrepreneur;
the state of the market;
business interests.
The rights and obligations of economic entities are regulated by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the Charter of the enterprise and other regulatory legal acts.
An economic entity has the right to start and conduct entrepreneurial activities, independently form production program, choose suppliers and consumers of their products, manage profits, etc.
Model of functioning of the enterprise in the market environment.
Any enterprise, regardless of its organizational and legal form, form of ownership, industry affiliation, manufactured products or services, is an open economic system. The success of the functioning of systems will depend on how well they are organized.
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ContentIntroduction Economic reforms are inevitable. The result of the reforms is the formation and development of new economic, financial, social and other relations based on the formation of a market economy in which entrepreneurs (collective and individual) are the leading economic entity. Any nation is proud of the fruits of its entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship as one of the specific forms of manifestation of social relations contributes not only to increasing the material and spiritual potential of society, not only creates a fertile ground for the practical implementation of the abilities and talents of each individual, but also leads to the unity of the nation, the preservation of its national spirit and national pride. The entrepreneur does not antisocial figure. Acting in his own interests, he satisfies our needs, ennobles our life, makes it more comfortable. Yes, our entrepreneurs have more money than other professions. But, after all, it is money that acts as a professional tool for an entrepreneur and an indicator of 2
the effectiveness of its activities. The entrepreneur produces goods in which we are interested, he supplies them to us, gives work to many of us, the Society always needs entrepreneurs, especially ours, Russia. The mechanism of entrepreneurship is signed in the work, taking into account the accumulated experience in developing theory and practice in developed Western countries experience in the formation of entrepreneurship in Russia, the application of legislation governing the organization of entrepreneurial activity, the basic concepts and terms denoting the essence of almost all subsystems of entrepreneurship, which allows us to have a complete picture not only of entrepreneurial activity, but also of the conditions and factors of its organization in a market economy. 1. The history of the emergence and essence of entrepreneurship1.1. The history of the development of entrepreneurship. The history of entrepreneurship is a very topical topic that is of great scientific and public interest. Modern historical science shows great interest in the development of entrepreneurship and has its own tasks. They consist in a specific consideration of the problem of entrepreneurship based on historical facts in their chronological relationship. The history of entrepreneurship begins in the Middle Ages. Already at that time, merchants, merchants, artisans, missionaries were beginning entrepreneurs. The activity of the merchants was aimed at exploiting the existing discrepancies between supply and demand, and the source of their income was the difference in prices of goods moved from market to market. During this period, the functional content of entrepreneurship was limited to the use of emerging market disequilibria, and its dominant pretext was the association with a high degree of risk. . With the rise of capitalism, the desire for wealth leads to the desire for unlimited profits. The actions of entrepreneurs are taking on a professional and civilized character. Often an entrepreneur, being the owner of the means of production, also works in his own factory, in his own factory. The first equity campaigns arose in the area of 3
international trade. The very first was founded by the English trade company for trade with Russia (1554). Later, in 1600, the English East India Trading Company was formed, and in 1670, the Hudson's Bay Campaign. In the future, the joint-stock form of management penetrates into other economies. From the middle of the 17th century. the first joint-stock banks appear. So, in 1694, the Bank of England was founded on a joint-stock basis, in 1695 - the Bank of Scotland. At the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries. the joint-stock form of the organization of banking is widely developed in many countries. Entrepreneurship has existed in Russia since ancient times. It originated in Kievan Rus in trade form and in the form of industries. Small merchants and merchants can be considered the first entrepreneurs in Russia. The greatest development of entrepreneurship refers to the years of the reign of Peter I (1689-1725). Manufactories are being created all over Russia, such industries as mining, weapons, cloth, and linen are rapidly developing. The most famous representative of the dynasty of industrial entrepreneurs at that time was the Demidov family, whose ancestor was a Tula merchant. Further development of entrepreneurship was restrained by the existence of serfdom. The reform of 1861 became a serious stimulus for the development of entrepreneurship. Construction begins railways, heavy industry is being reorganized, joint-stock activities are being revived. Foreign capital contributes to the development and reorganization of industry. In the 90s of the 19th century, the industrial base of entrepreneurship was finally taking shape in Russia. In the XV-first half of the XIX century there was a process of formation of the national type Russian entrepreneur, the main features of which were patriotism and adherence to Orthodox values. At the beginning of the 20th century, entrepreneurship becomes a mass phenomenon in Russia. The process of monopolization of firms begins. Among large firms Prodamet, Prodvelom, Produgol, partnerships of the Russian-American Manufactory, the Nobel brothers and others are known. Unfortunately, in Russia after the end of the First World War and the completion of two revolutions - the February and connections. Some revival in entrepreneurial activity was introduced by a new policy - the NEP (1921-1926). However, since the end of the 1920s, entrepreneurship has been curtailed again, and only in the 1990s did its resuscitation begin in Russia. In October 1990, the Law "On Property in the RSFSR" was adopted, in December 1990 - the Law "On Enterprise and Entrepreneurial Activity". From the moment when private property and entrepreneurial activity were restored in 4
their rights, the development of joint-stock companies, partnerships and other forms of enterprise activity began. 1.2. The evolution of the term "entrepreneur" and"entrepreneurship". Entrepreneurship, like any kind of activity, must have a theoretical foundation that explains its essence. The concepts of "entrepreneur" and "entrepreneurship" in the modern sense were first used by an English economist of the late 17th - early 18th centuries. Richardcantillon. He expressed the opinion that an entrepreneur is a person acting in conditions of risk. R. Cantillon considered the source of wealth to be land and labor, which determine the actual value of economic goods. Later, the famous French economist of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, J.B. Say (1767-1832) in the book "Treatise of Political Economy" (1803) formulated the definition of entrepreneurial activity as a combination, a combination of three classical factors of production - land, capital, labor. Say's main thesis is to recognize the active role of entrepreneurs in creating a product. The entrepreneur's income is a reward for his work, the ability to organize the production and marketing of products, to ensure the "spirit of order". The English scientist-economist A. Smith (1723-1790) in his main work "A Study on the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of the People" (1776) paid attention to the characteristics of the entrepreneur. An entrepreneur, according to A Smith, being the owner of capital, takes risks in order to implement a certain commercial idea and make a profit. Vekardo considered entrepreneurial activity as an obligatory element of effective management. The basis of economic 5
K. Marx's theory was based on the idea of an entrepreneur as a capitalist-exploiter. And only at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. understanding of the importance and role of the institution of entrepreneurship begins. The French economist Henre Marshal (1907-1968) was the first to add to the above three classical factors of production (land, capital, labor) a fourth factor - organization. Since that time, the concept of entrepreneurship has expanded, as have the functions transferred to it. The American economist J. B. Clark (1847-1938) somewhat modified Say's "triune formula". In his opinion, four factors are constantly involved in the production process: 1) capital; 2) capital goods - the means of production and land; 3) the activities of the entrepreneur; 4) the labor of the worker. Friedrich von Heyen (1899-1984) took a fresh look at this problem ). In his opinion, the essence of entrepreneurship is the search and study of new economic opportunities, a characteristic of the field of conduct, and not the type of activity. The concept of "entrepreneurship" is adjacent to the concept of "entrepreneur". As for the understanding of the term itself, two approaches can be distinguished here: the first approach, focusing on the entrepreneur and his activities to the specific conditions of the external environment, perceived by the researcher as an objective factor that does not change over time (linear equilibrium approach, based on the closedness of the system “entrepreneur / enterprise - environment of its development”); 2nd approach, emphasizing the interdependence of the entrepreneur / enterprise and its environment of its activity (interactive, non-linear, non-equilibrium or synergistic approach, based on 6
openness of the system "entrepreneur / enterprise-environment of its development"). It is interesting to trace the evolution of the terms "entrepreneur" (in the Middle Ages - entrepreneur) and "entrepreneurship": 1725 Richard Cantillon : an entrepreneur is a person acting in conditions of risk. 1797. Bodo : the person responsible for the undertaking; one who plans, controls, organizes and owns an enterprise. 1876 Francis Walker ; a distinction must be made between those who provide the drink and receive a percentage for it, and those who profit from their organizational skills. 1934 Joseph Shu ; An entrepreneur is an innovator who develops new technologies. 1961 David McLelland; an entrepreneur is an energetic person operating under conditions of moderate risk. 1964 Peter Drucker; An entrepreneur is a person who uses an opportunity to the maximum advantage. 1975 Albert Shapiro; an entrepreneur is a person who takes the initiative, organizes socio-economic mechanisms. Acting in the conditions of the market, he is responsible for possible failure. 1985 Robert Hydrich entrepreneurship is the process of creating something new that has value, and an entrepreneur is a person who spends all the necessary time and effort on it, takes all the financial, psychological and social risk, receiving money and satisfaction with what has been achieved as a reward. 1.3. The main features and functions of entrepreneurialactivities 7
"Three waves" of the development of the theory of the entrepreneurial function - socan conditionally characterize the development of the process of scientific comprehensionentrepreneurial practices. The "first wave", which emerged as early as the 17th century, was associated with a focus on entrepreneurial risk. The French economist of Scottish origin R. Cantillon in the 18th century for the first time put forward the position of risk as the main functional characteristic of entrepreneurship. The "second wave" in the scientific understanding of entrepreneurship is associated with the allocation of innovation as its main distinguishing feature. The founder of this trend is one of the largest representatives of world economic thought, Joseph Schumpter (1883-1950). Both the first and second “waves” of the development of the theory of the entrepreneurial function were based on the multifunctionality of the entrepreneurial role, which led to excessive one-sidedness in interpreting the problems of entrepreneurship. The multifunctional model of entrepreneurship is associated with the emergence of the "third wave" as a result of the theoretical research of J. Schumpter, as well as the neo-Austrian school economic analysis, the most prominent representatives of which were L. Mises and F. Hayek. The “Third Wave” is distinguished by its focus on the special personal qualities of an entrepreneur (the ability to respond to changes in the economic and social situation, independence in choosing and making decisions, the presence of managerial abilities) and on the role of entrepreneurship as a regulatory principle in a balancing economic system. The current stage in the development of the theory of entrepreneurial functions can be attributed to the “fourth wave”, the appearance of which is associated with a shift in emphasis to the managerial aspect in the analysis of the actions of an entrepreneur, and, consequently, with a transition to an undisciplined level of analysis of entrepreneurship problems .8
Sirotkin S.P. singled out the main features of entrepreneurial activity: 1. Ownership of capital, own or borrowed, making a circuit. 2. Management, supervision and control over the processes of production and circulation of capital. conjuncture - competition of supply and demand, etc., up to the tastes of consumers. 5. Freedom to make economic decisions in order to ensure technical and economic ways and methods of entrepreneurial activity with the lowest production costs. 6. Direction of manufacturers, as providers - carriers of supply, to meet needs, consunents - carriers of demand, to provide society with goods and services due to increasing labor productivity. 7. Ability to experiment, innovate and take risks for achieving maximum success. The listed most important signs of entrepreneurship are interrelated and operate simultaneously. The essence of entrepreneurial activity through its feasible functions. “Functions of entrepreneurship” is the implementation of production and cancellation operations between the entrepreneur and other elements of the economic environment
2. An entrepreneur is a production organizer who sets the tone for the company's activities and assumes the burden of responsibility for the success of their implementation; 3. An entrepreneur is an innovator who introduces new products, new technologies, new forms of business organization on a commercial basis; this is a person who is not afraid of risk and consciously takes it in order to achieve the business goal. The following functions can be added to the listed functions: 1. Support for entrepreneurship. Distribution of entrepreneurial ideas, initiatives and management experience, which is a function of management. management of relations between the enterprise and public structures or mass media. .Thus, it is possible to single out the advantages and disadvantages of entrepreneurial activity. The undoubted advantages of a private entrepreneurial firm are: 1. Ease of organization (institution, management, etc.); .); 3. Strong economic incentive (obtaining all the profits with an embrace); Among the obvious shortcomings of a privately held company, the following should be mentioned first of all: ;ten
2. The absence of a developed system of internal specialization of production and management functions (especially in the conditions of small and medium-sized production, the most typical for this form of ownership); 3. The existence of unlimited liability (when the owner, in case of bankruptcy, risks not only the capital invested in the business, but also his personal property). For the development of entrepreneurship in Russia, it is essential to understand that not every new business is entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship, first of all, is associated with the effective use of all factors of production for the purpose of economic growth and meeting the needs of individual citizens and society as a whole. The main function of entrepreneurship in Russia should be to produce, "bring" goods (services, works) to specific consumers and receive material and moral rewards for this. As V.I. Dahl, to undertake, means to start, to decide to carry out some new business, to start doing something significant.11
2. The condition for effective entrepreneurialactivities.2.1. Economic conditions for effective entrepreneurialactivities Economic conditions are, first of all, the supply of goods and the demand for them; types of goods that buyers can purchase; the amount of money that buyers can spend on these purchases; excess or insufficiency of jobs, labor force, affecting the level wages workers, i.e. on their ability to purchase goods. The economic environment is significantly affected by the availability and accessibility of financial resources, the level of return on invested capital, as well as the amount of borrowed funds that entrepreneurs are ready to apply to finance their business operations and that lending institutions are ready to provide them with. a wide variety of organizations that constitute the market infrastructure through which entrepreneurs can establish business relationships and conduct commercial transactions. These are banks engaged in the provision of financial services; suppliers supplying raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, components, fuel, energy, machinery and equipment, tools and 12
In Russia, the development of the processes of primitive accumulation of capital was hampered by the long domination of the feudal-serf system, which restrained the economic release of those factors of production, such as labor and land. Initially, the owner of capital and the manager of the enterprise were united in one person. However, this is the starting position, when the capitalist and the manager-director were merged gradually and are widely reproduced, especially in small and medium-sized businesses. The separation of subjects of ownership of capital and objects of management that have reached large sizes in corporations does not change the essence of the process. The method of formation and accumulation of capital in Russia has its own characteristics. Chief among them is that the accumulation of capital in our country began not in production, but in banking, stock exchange and insurance. Moreover, all this was built mainly not on real (materially supported) capital, but on the so-called “pyramids” (collecting funds from some investors and paying dividends at the expense of others), shadow, mafia (over 50%) capital, total corruption, etc. Busygin A.V. in the book "Entrepreneurship" conditions for the implementation of entrepreneurial activity are factors of production. Economic science has traditionally referred land, capital and labor to the factors of production. Entrepreneurship, as a special form of economic activity in modern conditions, requires an extended 14
a set of factors of production, that is, the obligatory presence of the following factors: ideas, technologies, means of production, capital and an entrepreneur. Moreover, it is the entrepreneur who combines the rest of the factors of production indicated by us to achieve certain goals, and the process of combining the means of production is the production process. The main task of the entrepreneur is the need to choose the most effective form of combining the factors of production, which allows organizing the production process. 2.2. Social conditions for effective entrepreneurialactivities. The social conditions for the formation of entrepreneurship are close to the economic ones. Socio-cultural norms - moral and moral standards, religious beliefs, the educational level of the population, influencing the formation of needs and characteristics of demand, the specifics of the organization of entrepreneurship and business ethics, on the very attitude to entrepreneurship. First of all, this is the desire of buyers to purchase goods that meet certain tastes and fashion. At various stages, these 15
needs may change. These norms have a direct impact on the lifestyle of consumers. Genuine entrepreneurship acts as a market phenomenon in its essence. It is determined by the degree of freedom (under freedom in economics independence is always understood) economic behavior commodity producer. This behavior implies freedom of demand and supply of manufactured goods and goods labor force, freedom of initiative and enterprise, freedom of thought and action. Social conditions affect the attitude of an individual to work, which in turn affects his attitude to wages, to working conditions , the intended business. From entrepreneurial activity, the entrepreneur must receive satisfaction. He participates in social issues labor activity their employees: protection of their health, preservation, preservation of jobs, etc. .In particular, it is necessary to solve a two-pronged problem in the region labor relations: to guarantee the protection of the interests of entrepreneurs, contributing to their high labor activity and security, and, on the other hand, to ensure the full range of legal, economic and social guarantees employees.16
First of all, this applies to persons with primary employment in commercial organizations and having a sufficiently high level of competitiveness, in order to most fully realize their labor potential. At the same time, it should be taken into account that the practical absence of social guarantees in business structures is aggravated to a certain extent by the fact that they prefer high wages (with high labor intensity) in comparison with the social protection of workers. Based on the realities of specific socio-economic reality, it is clear that the majority of able-bodied are deprived of elementary means and conditions of production, therefore, in most cases, the opportunity to actively engage in entrepreneurial activity. The most important condition for the development of production is the presence of a significant number of people deprived of working conditions and sources of livelihood, except for the sale of their labor force. A significant role in the formation of entrepreneurship training and advanced training of entrepreneurial personnel play a role: organization of training in modern methods of doing business, training and retraining of personnel, their internships in developed countries, organization of training and retraining of teaching staff for the training of entrepreneurs, the creation of a network of advisory centers, 17
conducting professional selection and orientation of personnel in the business sector, etc. For the preparation and training of modern managers, it is necessary: 1. To make the learning process adequate to the goals of training specialists capable of working and managing in modern market conditions; the learning process under the motto "knowledge amortization"; correct managerial decision. This is available only to a manager endowed with the ability to analyze, flexibility, the ability to adapt quickly, and adequately respond to changes. It is also extremely important that managers can work in a team, conduct a dialogue, defending their position. Ultimately, it is necessary to train managers to overcome the professional difficulties that he encounters in the course of work. 2.3. Legal conditions for effective entrepreneurialactivities Any business activity operates within the appropriate environment. Therefore, the creation of 18
necessary legal conditions. This is, first of all, the existence of laws regulating entrepreneurial activity and creating the most favorable conditions for the development of entrepreneurship: a simplified and accelerated procedure for opening and registering enterprises; protection of the entrepreneur from state bureaucracy; improvement of tax legislation in the direction of motivation for industrial entrepreneurial activity, development joint activities entrepreneurs of Russia with foreign countries. Legal norms - the degree of development of economic law, regulation of relationships between agents of economic turnover, legislative protection of entrepreneurship, the nature of the regulatory intervention of the state - not only provides the prerequisites for entrepreneurial activity, but also determines the level of its activity. This includes the creation regional centers small business support, improvement of accounting methods and forms statistical reporting. An important role is also played by the preparation of legislative initiatives on the legal guarantee of entrepreneurial activity, including, first of all, the right to property and compliance with contractual obligations. An example is the system of laws that has been developing over the years in the field of business in the United States. Justifying the need for state regulation of business 19
health-improving areas and resorts” in principle ruled out their use on an entrepreneurial basis, although there are ample opportunities for this that do not infringe on the requirements for preserving the country's resort base. Proclaiming the recognition of all forms of property, the Constitution of 1993 fixes the protection of only private property (Article 35). Legislation, including the Civil and Criminal Codes of the Russian Federation, is not accidental, therefore, it is aimed at creating conditions for the development of private property without restricting the powers of private owners, in contrast to countries with a developed market economy. The most important direction for further improvement of legislation is related to the establishment of clear boundaries for state intervention in the activities of entrepreneurs; in the execution of missing legal norms; ensuring the unity of the legal field; prevention of unjustified regionalization of legislation; improving the enforcement of laws. Thus, modern entrepreneurship is between the direct organizers of entrepreneurship and those individuals, organizations, structures that form the internal and external environment of entrepreneurship. Internal environment consists of relations between the owners of capital, managers and employees. The external environment is characterized by the interaction of organizers 21
entrepreneurship with state and public structures, suppliers, creditors and consumers. It is obvious that such a variety of interests is very difficult, and sometimes impossible, to implement without conflict. Therefore, the social and economic success of entrepreneurship depends on the degree of harmonization of these interests, on how much it was possible to minimize the gap between the interests of individual contractors and achieve a dynamic balance between their goals.22
The market economy, despite its many positive features, is not able to automatically regulate all economic and social processes in the interests of the whole society and every citizen. It does not ensure a socially equitable distribution of income, does not guarantee the right to work, and does not support the socially unprotected segments of the population. The market economy does not solve many other actual problems. The state should take care of all this by creating a mechanism for state influence on entrepreneurial activity. 3. State regulation entrepreneurship.3.1.Methods of state regulationentrepreneurial activity. The activities of a number of firms are regulated by the state. The state directly carries out economic regulation of the business sector through the policy of privatization, the creation of a certain investment and business climate, state support for entrepreneurship. In a broader sense, this can also include the creation of a wide range of conditions, including financial markets and their infrastructure, the market system of commodity circulation, the specific environment and antimonopoly mechanisms and other equally important institutional forms and institutions. Samuelson P.A. in his book Economics identifies three main methods of government influence on private economic activity:23
1. Taxes that reduce private income and therefore private spending (on cars or restaurants) and provide resources for public spending (building bridges, garbage collection, etc.). The tax system also serves to suppress certain industries that are subject to higher taxes (for example, the production of cigarettes), and to encourage others that enjoy tax benefits (construction of private houses); 2. Expenses that encourage firms or workers to produce certain goods and services (tanks, education and policing), as well as transfer payments (social security payments) that provide income to individuals; environment, control of working conditions or requirements to indicate the nutritional value of the product on its packaging).Thus, effective tool state regulation of the economy, entrepreneurship in market conditions is the implementation of tax policy in the country. The fulfillment of tax obligations by entrepreneurs - taxpayers is the most important requirement of state discipline. The tax legislation provides for measures that ensure the procedure for paying taxes and other obligatory payments. A taxpayer may bear financial, administrative, disciplinary and criminal liability for violation of tax legislation.24
Profit limits govern residual income. Such a policy of the state leads to the fact that part of the profits either turns into costs (by increasing wages, additional chromium plating, etc.), or is donated to consumers by reducing the price of products. However, the methods of state regulation of entrepreneurial activity proposed by Samuelson can be supplemented .Firstly, attracting investments, including foreign ones, is one of the effective methods for developing the entrepreneurial process. Leasing is the most promising tool for attracting investments. Currently, the main part of the world market of leasing services is concentrated in the USA, Western Europe and Japan. The development of leasing services in the country will be able to contribute to the solution of such important tasks facing the country's economy as the conversion, renewal of fixed assets, increasing the competitiveness of investments. employment enjoys government support in all industrialized countries (in backward countries, the so-called street entrepreneurship is becoming widespread). The essence of government (state) support is most often reduced to the development of specific measures in three areas:25
1.Consulting support for the process of creation and operation of newly created firms on initial stage(1-3 years from the date of company formation); in the United States, for example, for this purpose, regional branches of the government's "Small Business Agency" operate on the territory of the country (" Small Business Administration»); 2. Providing certain financial support to a newly created structure or providing such a structure with certain benefits (usually in the field of taxation); 3. Providing technical, scientific, technical or technological assistance to low-powered in financially entrepreneurial structures (In the Netherlands, for example, regional scientific and technical bureaus have been created, which, on a gratuitous basis, at the request of small enterprises, participate in resolving their scientific, technical or technological problems related to the production process). activities, such as creating conditions for managers of small enterprises, carried out with the help of consulting activities, without experience and special knowledge, due to the lack of time to independently solve their problems, without having large specialists, small enterprises should become regular customers of consulting services. Consulting ( consulting) activity is one of the important elements of the infrastructure support system for a market economy in general, its business sector in particular. The involvement of the state in economic life is usually associated with functional weeks remnants of the market mechanism, and the state 26
assumes entrepreneurial functions not at all because of the coordination of market relations (here it may be limited to measures of economic and regulatory regulation), but in conditions when the private form of entrepreneurship is not able to provide a solution to the problems facing the economy. 3.3. The role of the state in the development of entrepreneurialprocess Disputes about the role of the state and the extent of its intervention in economic processes never ceases to excite modern economic thought. As many respected scientists point out, economics should not return to monetarist theories. Other, no less respected economists, suggest minimizing the role of the state. The decisive role of the state in stimulating and regulating entrepreneurship is traditional for the country. States always actively interfere in the activities of the entrepreneur, sometimes acting as an outside observer or arbiter. At the same time, a fairly diverse set of tools is used, including a wide range of both economic and administrative levers. This began to manifest itself most clearly from the beginning of the 18th century, when a protective system began to take shape, which ultimately determines the fate of entrepreneurship. It is the state, and not private capital, 27
acted as the main initiator of the development of most areas of entrepreneurial activity. The role of entrepreneurship and national capital in creating the economic model of Russia, its transformation into a world economic power was clearly realized in the era of the Great Reform, during the reign of Emperors Alexander II and Alexander III. The policy of the state in relation to the Russian economy pursued the main goal - the growth of all aspects of Russian industry as the highest condition for the prosperity of the state and nation. An analysis of the development paths and industrial entrepreneurship leads to the conclusion that large-scale industry arose thanks to active support from the state. History has accumulated rich experience state support for private initiative and entrepreneurship. Among its specific methods are a variety of tax incentives. In some periods, the development of entrepreneurship was facilitated by a protective customs policy. State orders played the most important role in the activities of entrepreneurs. A whole network of private enterprises in various industries worked primarily for the treasury.28
Except economic form state support, non-economic levers became widespread - the publication of special professional magazines for entrepreneurs (“Journal of Manufactories and Trade”), the opening educational institutions that train entrepreneurial personnel (the Mining Cadet Corps, the Moscow Practical Academy of Commercial Sciences). The role and strengthening of the state, as well as other public institutions aimed at forming a civilized class of entrepreneurs, legislative and organizational support for this process, is extremely important. The state has played a big role in improving social the status of entrepreneurs, the creation of conditions under which their activities became respected and honorable. The state played a decisive role in the development of banking entrepreneurship. For a long period, the State Bank occupied a dominant position in the credit system. With the development of a network of commercial banks and the revitalization of their activities, he continued to act as an instrument and conductor of state policy. It was of the specific nature of state support for narrow business groups and enterprises, which was expressed in artificial restraint on the organization of new banks and the creation of a monopoly position for existing ones.29
Thus, we can conclude that state intervention in the economics of the entrepreneurial process is necessary and plays an important role in the development and improvement of the activities of entrepreneurs.30
ConclusionConclusions on the first chapter: For the development of entrepreneurship, it is essential to understand that not every new business is an entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship, first of all, is associated with the effective use of all factors of production for the purpose of economic growth and meeting the needs of individual citizens and society as a whole. The main function of entrepreneurship should be to produce, "bring" goods (services, works) to specific consumers and receive material and moral rewards for this. Conclusions on the second chapter: The market economy, despite its many positive features, is unable to automatically regulate all economic and social processes in the interests of the whole society and every citizen. The market economy does not provide a socially equitable distribution of income, does not guarantee the right to work, does not support socially unprotected segments of the population. Market economy economics does not solve many other individual problems. The state should take care of all this by creating a mechanism for state influence on entrepreneurial activity. Conclusions on the third chapter: The involvement of the state is usually associated with the functional shortcomings of the market mechanism, and the state assumes entrepreneurial functions by no means because of the coordination of market relations (here it may be limited to economic and economic measures).
regulation), but in conditions when a private business firm is not able to provide a solution to the problems facing the economy. The state policy in relation to the economy pursued the main goal - the growth of all aspects of industry as the most important condition for the prosperity of the state and nation. State intervention in the economy of the entrepreneurial process is necessary and plays an important role in the development and improvement of the activities of entrepreneurs.32
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