DEVELOPMENT OF AIC
CLASSIFICATION OF FARMS IN CONSIDERATION OF FOREIGN FARMING EXPERIENCE
A. A. NIKITINA, candidate economic sciences, associate professor of the department accounting and analysis of E-mail: [email protected] ru Bashkir State Agrarian University
According to the methodology adopted in the USA, all farms, depending on the volume of production, are divided into three groups - large, medium and small. In domestic practice, there is no single methodology for determining the amount of production in farms. Having studied overseas experience in determining the value of production in farms, the author offers his own methodological approach to solving this problem.
Keywords: farms, classification, production size, family farms, marketability, sales volume.
According to the US Agency for Economic Research, the United States has adopted a classification of farms based on the goal, the strategy for achieving this goal, the use and control of resources, and the final economic results. The typology of American farms includes the following three types: small family farms, large family farms, non-family farms. In turn, they are divided into subspecies with clear specific features.
1. Small family farms: - farms with limited resources. Sales less than $100,000 per year, asset value less than $150,000, owner's average annual income less than $20,000;
Isolated farms. Farms are characterized by closeness and remoteness. Produce products only for their own consumption;
Family farms. Small farms, characterized by the use of the funds of one family without the involvement of hired labor and without additional sources of income;
Family farms with the involvement of labor. They are classified into low-income farms with sales under $100k and high-income farms with sales between $100k and $249.9k.
2. Large family farms:
Large family farms with sales from $250,000 to $499,900;
Very large family farms with sales in excess of $500,000 per year.
3. Non-family farms:
Farming is organized on the basis of partnership or cooperation with a highly organized management structure.
This classification is based on the belonging of a particular farm to family business or to partnerships and property rights. About 90% of all farms in the United States were family farms, according to an analytical agency.
practically exclude the organization of a farm on the basis of cooperation or a corporation with the introduction of a highly organized management system. Family farms are fairly closed organizational and legal forms controlled by the head (owner) of the farm. The entire production process in this case depends on the efficiency of daily decision-making by one owner - the head of the family and the labor of family members.
As for other family or non-family farms, classification features such as the presence of hired labor, contractual arrangements, part-time work and other sources of income arise.
The sales volume indicator for estimating the size of farms is most often taken into account when agricultural prices change, which affect the income of the farmer, but at a constant volume of production in kind.
In Germany, a family farm is a single-person farm managed by one person. According to the law on agricultural statistics, in Germany, a farm is considered as a farm, in which at least 1 hectare of agricultural land, or 8 heads of large cattle fattening, or 8 pigs, or 50 sheep, or 200 laying hens, or 0.3 ha of orchards, or 0.1 ha of greenhouses, or a combination different types activities that ensure the production of products of at least average cost marketable products from 1 hectare of agricultural land. On average, one farm in Germany accounted for 27.4 hectares of agricultural land, and the annual income of a peasant farm was 114 thousand marks.
In Germany, statistics divide peasant farms into two groups:
Group I - farms with the main employment, which provide employment of at least 0.75 average annual worker and at least 50% of family income;
Group II a - farms with additional employment, that is, they are essentially subsidiary.
Germany is a country of predominantly small family farms. Larger farms are located mainly in Schleswig-Holstein and in the east of Lower Saxony. Small farms predominate in Central and Southern Germany.
Agriculture in Poland is characterized by a large heterogeneity in the size of farms: from farms with an area of 1 hectare to farms with an area of several thousand hectares. The latter are available in both the private and public sectors. The largest farms were created on the basis of former state agricultural organizations. The problem of fragmentation of farms exists only in the sector of family farms. Average size of an individual Agriculture is 7.5 hectares of agricultural land with a large regional heterogeneity. In the south of Poland, an average farm has about 3.3 hectares, in the northwest - more than 20 hectares of agricultural land. And although the number of farms with an area of more than 10 hectares is only 20%, they use over 60% of agricultural land. The consolidation of farms is an ongoing process supported by preferential loans.
In Hungary, the number of farmers and small individual farms has increased, but almost half of them work, in essence, as contracting units of the same agricultural cooperatives. This type of relationship between private traders and agricultural organizations, which is not inculcated in Russia, arose in Hungary long before the 1990s. Labor productivity in Hungarian cooperatives has increased dramatically over the past 10 years, and the number of employees has decreased by 3 times. There was no land restitution, as in Germany, but the former owners of the nationalized land received compensation in the form of valuable papers- booms. These bonds could be used to buy land, a shop, a restaurant, and it was also possible to pledge them to a bank. About 40% of the residents who received bonds bought land, some of which were leased to cooperatives and have income from this. The land market is expanding, although there are certain restrictions: the area of private ownership cannot exceed 300 hectares.
Based on the comparative analysis the following conclusions can be drawn.
Market transformations in the countries of Central Europe and the USA led to the modernization of agriculture in favor of farming, but with the preservation of part of the cooperatives (Hungary, Germany). Most successfully, with the growth of labor productivity, the reform of agricultural production was carried out in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and in the eastern lands of Germany. But there were also some negative
consequences: the total volume of agro-industrial production as a whole decreased, the number of unemployed increased.
In Russia, the institution of a peasant (farm) economy (hereinafter referred to as the KFH), introduced by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation in the early 1990s. and fixed federal law dated 11.06.2003 No. 74-FZ "On the peasant (farm) economy", does not encourage agricultural producers to have the status of this very peasant (farm) economy. It is more profitable for many farmers to work in the form of a personal subsidiary farm than to have the status of a peasant farm, since the management of a commercial private subsidiary farm does not imply the formation financial statements, exempts from paying taxes and state duties, filing a tax return, frees the head of a personal subsidiary plot from paperwork and unnecessary expenses. Basically, peasant farms are registered in the event of the association of several citizens, one of whom becomes the head of the farm.
Eliminating institutional defects by improving legislation would be beneficial for both farmers and the state, since this would eliminate the distortion of statistics. Using the experience of Germany, which adopted the law "On Agricultural Statistics", which regulates the classification of peasant farms into family and private farms depending on the area of agricultural land and the number of farm animals, in Russia it would be possible without much hassle and with the benefit of the agricultural producer to transfer large personal subsidiary farms into the category of farms, especially since peasant farms are created in our country without the formation of a legal entity.
After analyzing the experience of farming in foreign countries, the author proposes to take three main features as the basis for assessing the value of production in Russian farms:
1) the area of agricultural land;
2) total income;
3) marketability.
The first feature is the area of cultivated agricultural land. The results of the study show that 72.1% of farms in the Republic of Bashkortostan have land plots up to 50 hectares and are small land holdings, which occupy only 10.4% of the land area provided for farms. AT
At the same time, in the Republic of Bashkortostan there are large farms with land plots of 200 hectares or more, which account for 8.7% of total number farms, but occupy 76.1% of the total land area (Table 1).
According to the size of cultivated land plots, the author proposes to distinguish the following classification groups of peasant farms:
1) small farms - with the size land plot up to 50 ha;
2) medium farms - with the size of the land plot from 51 to 200 hectares;
3) large farms - with the size of the land plot over 200 hectares.
The second feature taken as a basis for determining the size of a farm is the amount of total income.
In the US, small farms are those with sales of up to $100,000 per year. Farms with sales over $250,000 are considered commercial or commercial ($250,000 to $499,000 are medium-sized and over $500,000 are large).
If we apply this scale in Russia when translating at the exchange rate, then for small farmers this corresponds to about 3,000 thousand rubles, for medium ones - from 7,500 to 14,970 thousand rubles, for large ones - over 15,000 thousand rubles. AT Russian conditions this kind of indicators are unattainable even in large agricultural enterprises.
Taking into account the fact that the comparison and application to Russian farming is rather conditional, according to the author, it is advisable to divide farms by total income into three groups:
1) small farms with an income of up to 100 thousand rubles;
2) medium farms with an income of 100,000 to 500,000 rubles;
3) large farms with an income of more than 500 thousand rubles;
Gross income is defined as the farm's annual sales of agricultural products, excluding income from other activities.
Typical KFH average indicators production activities increase with the growth of total income (Table 2). Small and medium-sized farms (59% and 32% of surveyed farms, respectively) are the most common. Large farms account for 9%,
Table 1
Grouping of peasant (farm) holdings according to the size of land plots provided in the Republic of Bashkortostan in 2010
Group of farms Number of farms Area of provided land plots
Total In % of the total number of farms Total, ha In % of the area of all farms
Up to 3 ha 192 4.1 311 0.1
4-5 ha 315 6.7 1,433 0.2
6-10 ha 900 19.0 7 111 1.1
11-20 ha 761 16.1 11,926 1.8
21-50 ha 1,264 26.7 46,130 7.2
51-70 ha 315 6.7 18,721 2.9
71-100 ha 255 5.4 22 145 3.4
101-200 ha 313 6.6 46 253 7.2
Over 200 ha 412 8.7 491 192 76.1
Total for all farms... 4,727,100.0 645,222 100.0
A farm is an agricultural enterprise operating on private and/or leased land, using family and/or hired labor, and producing agricultural products for sale on the market in order to satisfy personal and production needs.
In the literature there are the concepts of "farm" and "peasant" economy. These concepts arose and are historically associated with two paths of development of capitalism in agriculture: American and Prussian.
The fast way of transition of agriculture from subsistence to commodity is called American, and the slow way is called Prussian. Hence the terminology. An agricultural enterprise in the USA is a farm, and in Germany it is a peasant farm. The owner of a farm is called a farmer, and the owner of a peasant farm is called a Bauer (peasant). Now there is no significant difference between farming and peasant farming. Although the Law of Ukraine "On farming (peasant) economy" fixes these terms.
Prices for agricultural products show a downward trend relative to other prices. This is evidenced by the data of world markets over the past 100 years. However, what is the reason for this process? Such an argument is possible.
Under the influence of a natural increase in the productivity of agricultural production, the supply curve of its products shifts to the right. However, the growth of production is faced with inelastic (in terms of both price and income) demand - and a fall in the relative prices of agricultural products becomes inevitable.
Let's consider the main milestones in the dynamics of world prices for agricultural products.
In the middle of the 19th century, prices for agricultural products, in particular for grain, were stable and relatively low due to the fact that the governments of European countries abolished import duties. Perhaps because world trade in agricultural products at that time was still not very significant. However, since 1870, US grain exports have grown rapidly. In addition, grain exports from Russia, Canada and Australia are growing. As a result, in 1895 the price of grain in Europe fell by half. This situation threatened national production and therefore at the end of the 19th century. governments are resorting to a resurgence of agricultural protectionism.
Almost all European countries introduce increased duties on the main types of agricultural products. Protectionist measures somewhat slowed down the fall in prices, but did not completely stop this process.
During World War I, the demand for food increased. As a result, prices are rising. In the post-war period, agricultural production gradually increases and prices fall. By the middle of 1929, world wheat reserves amounted to 28 million tons, which exceeded the world annual export. Exporting countries were forced to get rid of excess stocks at dumping prices, resulting in 1932. Wheat prices are almost halved. Governments once again resort to protectionism and, before World War II, grain prices return to pre-Depression levels.
In the last 50 years, prices for agricultural products have been increasing slightly. However, this growth is a consequence of state rather than market regulation of the development of the agricultural sector.
In a normal situation, an increase in price leads to an increase in the quantity supplied and a decrease in the quantity demanded, and vice versa. These two quantities may be in balance. However, this is not required.
An example of market disequilibrium, characteristic of some agricultural products, is cyclical fluctuations around the equilibrium point.
Cyclic fluctuations can occur under the following circumstances:
a) there are so many producers that each of them has little influence on all. This is exactly the situation in agriculture;
b) there is a certain delay, more or less the same for. all producers, between the adoption of production decisions and the corresponding changes in the volume of production. For agricultural crops, this delay is one year, for garden crops (apple, pear, cherry, etc.) - 5-7 years, in pig breeding - less than a year, in beef cattle breeding - 1.5-2 years, etc. ;
c) if a product is produced that quickly deteriorates, then it should be sold in the near future. It is unprofitable to regulate the supply of such products by warehousing them. This is the basis for cyclicality;
d) production decisions are greatly influenced by current prices. However, each manufacturer acts pragmatically. There would be no cycle if most manufacturers acted rationally. In a typical cycle, initially high prices stimulate optimistic production decisions by most producers. As a result, the market supply increases sharply, prices fall. Under this circumstance, most manufacturers decide to reduce production. A drop in supply leads to a new price increase, and so on.
Graphically, this process of cyclic oscillations around the equilibrium point is illustrated in Fig. one.
On fig. 1 shows that over time 1 the price P and the output Q periodically change in opposite directions. The cycle time from one peak to the next is two production periods, that is, two years for cereals.
In a traditional price-output chart (Figure 2), an increase in price first causes an increase in output. Further, this volume becomes excessive relative to
Rice. 1. Cobweb-like model of time cyclicity of price P and production volumes Q
Rice. 2. Web pattern: repeat cycle
Rice. 3. Cobweb Model: Converging Cycle
Rice. 4. Web-like model: divergent cycle
demand - the price falls. Then production is reduced and a new cycle begins.
Depending on the ratio of the slopes of the supply and demand curves, the cycle can coincide (fade out) (Fig. 3) or scatter (increase) (Fig. 4).
Graphs in fig. C 4 shows dependence: the more demand is inelastic relative to supply, the more likely it is that the cycle will be divergent.
Markets for fruits, vegetables, pork, lamb, poultry, eggs and the like tend to be cyclical. However, cyclical phenomena do not occur in the markets of grain, milk, etc.
In advanced agriculture, the basic production unit is the family farm.
Family farms can be so small that there is not enough income for the family. Therefore, family members try to look for additional work within the farm: renting out rooms to tourists, providing parking spaces, etc.
There is evidence that owners of family farms in the EU receive a third of their income from the farm. The low income of the farmer limits the hiring of labor, although he partially hires workers for seasonal work (picking grapes, hops, strawberries, cherries, strawberries, citrus fruits).
Hired agricultural workers do not count on high wages: on average, their wages are 3/4 of the wages of an industrial worker. The reasons for this are as follows:
a) agricultural workers are little mobile and relatively redundant due to the mechanization of production;
b) agricultural workers accept lower wages because they get non-standard, creative, different, non-monotonous, responsible work;
c) have free access to agricultural products (you can eat)
d) get cheap housing along with work. Concerning small farms that carry out simple reproduction, the Russian professor A. Chayanov concluded that an increase in the price of a product can, starting from a certain moment, cause a drop in the supply.
In this regard, the individual supply curve will have a curved shape (Fig. 5).
Rice. 5. Curved small farmer supply curve
The price rises from P1 to P2, and the volume of an individual offer, instead of increasing, decreases from Q1 to Q2.
AT this case profit is not maximized, but revenue (total income) increases. This conclusion is clear, since the area of rectangle A, which shows the increase in revenue from a price increase, is larger than the area of rectangle B, which shows the loss of revenue from a decrease in the quantity supplied.
If the supply curve of an individual farm can sometimes be bent, then the supply curve of an industry cannot be. In any case, there is no empirical confirmation of such a phenomenon. An increase in prices always causes an increase in the quantity supplied, and it is very difficult to separate the movement along the supply curve from the displacement of the curve itself as a result of, for example, improvements in technology.
Some farm income data is published regularly in the USDA's monthly AgricuItural Outlook. The Ministry publishes more complete information in the yearbook ((National Financial Summary".
It should be noted that average income per farming household cannot be calculated by dividing the total agricultural sector income by the number of farms. A significant part of the income of this sector is received by non-farm enterprises, especially those that transport and sell products produced by farmers (pigs, chickens, vegetables, etc.) and supply some inputs to farmers (feed, seeds, fertilizers, etc.). In addition, the income of one farm can be shared among several households. In this regard, the analysis carried out by K. McConnell and S. Brew in their textbook "Economics" is not entirely correct.
Prices and incomes are a pressing issue for farmers. Let us consider this in more detail, using the tools of microeconomic analysis.
- Project Description
- Description of the enterprise
- Description of products and services
- marketing plan
- Calendar plan
- What equipment to choose
We bring to your attention a typical business plan (feasibility study) for organizing a farm for the maintenance of cattle. This business plan can serve as an example for obtaining a loan from a bank, state support or attracting private investment. On the example of a farm in the Ulyanovsk region.
Project Description
The purpose of this project is to open a farm in the village. Ryazanovo. The main directions of our activity:
- rearing of young cattle with subsequent sale of meat to the population;
- production and sale of milk;
-
production and sale of straw and hay.
To implement the project, it is planned to receive a subsidy in the amount of 1.5 million rubles as part of the state support program for beginning farmers, conducted by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Ulyanovsk Region. It is also planned to allocate own funds in the amount of 509 thousand rubles for the implementation of the project. The total cost of the project is 2,009,000 rubles.
Economic indicators of the project implementation:
- Net profit per year \u003d 1,850,806 rubles;
- Farm profitability = 83%;
-
Payback of the project = 13 months.
Social indicators of the project implementation:
- Registration of a new subject entrepreneurial activity on the territory of the Melekessky district;
- Creation of new jobs;
-
Receipt of additional tax payments to the budget of the Melekessky district.
Description of the enterprise
The organizational and legal form of our organization will be peasant farming(KFH). Ivanov I.I. will be the head of the KFH.
What taxation system to choose for a farm
As tax systems the single agricultural tax (UAT) will be applied. The tax rate is 6% of profit.
Location of the enterprise: Ulyanovsk region, Melekessky district, with. Ryazanovo.
Currently, practical activities have begun to implement the project:
- The registration of a peasant farm with the Federal Tax Service was carried out;
- There is an agreement with a large farm for the purchase of 50 heads of young cattle;
- The KFH owns a building that contains 24 cattle, including 14 bulls and 10 dairy cows. It is also planned to build an additional facility with an area of 1400m2 to keep another 50 heads of cattle.
The management of the organization will consist of 1 person - the head of the KFH. The organization also plans to attract hired labor in the amount of 5 people.
Description of products and services
The planned sources of income of the enterprise are:
- Sale of cattle meat to the population and processing enterprises;
- Sale of milk to the population and processing enterprises;
- Realization of hay and straw in bales to the population.
More than 52% of the farm's revenue will come from the sale of cattle meat.
Simmental calves will be purchased to grow beef cattle. This breed is distinguished by good meat productivity, by the age of 18 months the bull is gaining weight from 800 to 1000 kg.
Calves will be purchased at the age of 3 months to average price- 15 thousand rubles per head. It is better to acquire calves older and stronger. This reduces the risk of disease and proper feeding calves gain weight very quickly.
In addition, the farm has 10 dairy cows, from which it is planned to receive and sell from 4500 liters per month. milk. It is also planned to receive an annual offspring of young cattle from adult cows, which will reduce the cost of acquiring calves from third-party organizations.
For efficient use of production areas, the farm will simultaneously contain about 70 heads of cattle.
The diet of young cattle and adult cows will include green fodder, root crops, corn, mixed fodder, barley, oats, straw, hay, etc. For the cultivation of one bull-calf per year, feed will be spent in the amount of about 20,000 rubles, for the maintenance of a dairy cow - about 10,000 rubles a year.
Straw and hay will be collected using a KUN 10 universal front loader with a load capacity of up to 500 kg. During the season (per year) it is planned to sell hay and straw for a total amount of 725 thousand rubles.
Download farming business plan, from our partners, with a guarantee of quality.
marketing plan
The main competitors will be similar agricultural producers. products of the Melekes region, personal subsidiary plots and larger agricultural production complexes.
It should be noted that today the demand for high-quality agricultural products remains at a high level. This suggests that there should be no problems with the sale of our products by our farm.
Sales of manufactured products are planned to be carried out in the following areas:
- Sale of meat and milk to enterprises - processors of agriculture. products;
- Sales of hay and straw to the population and other farms of the Melekessky district;
- Sale of meat and milk to wholesale organizations;
- Realization of meat and milk in the form itinerant trade, fairs and retail markets.
How much can you earn from this business
Let's move on to calculating the potential annual income of the enterprise.
Milk
On average, one cow produces 20 liters of milk per day. The first 2 months, 10 liters of milk goes to feed the calves.
In the future, all milk goes to the sale. Considering that 2 months are allotted for calving, the planned volume of milk sales per year will be 5400 liters per cow:
- 30 days*20 liters/day*8 months=4800 liters
- 30 days*10 liters/day*2 months=600 liters
Accordingly, from 10 heads per year, you can get up to 54,000 liters of milk.
The wholesale price of milk is 24 rubles/l.
Meat
Bulls purchased at 6 months of age proper nutrition and care for 1 year will gain up to 450 kg of live weight. With a meat yield of 70%, about 315 kg of marketable meat is obtained from each bull.
The farm will sell about 13,000 kg of marketable meat per year. The wholesale price of beef meat is 170 rubles/kg.
hay and straw
During the season, the farm will produce and sell up to 10,000 bales of straw and 5,000 bales of hay. The selling price of 1 bale of straw is 35 rubles, a bale of hay is 75 rubles.
The total amount of proceeds from the sale of products for 12 months of work will be 4,231,200 rubles.
The main share in the company's revenue is the sale of cattle meat (52%).
Technology of growing feed and breeding livestock
The room for keeping cows and calves will be convenient for livestock maintenance, storage of feed and manure. A walking area will be located next to the premises. Based on the sanitary standards for keeping livestock of cattle, the height of the ceilings in the room will be at least 2.4 m. The floor will be built from well-fitted wooden boards. This floor is easy to use and creates good zoohygienic conditions.
Feeding troughs made of boards 600 mm high and up to 700 mm wide will be installed indoors to feed livestock, the length of the troughs is about one meter.
The window area of the cattle housing will be one tenth of the floor area. The distance from the windows to the floor is 1.3 meters. This arrangement allows for better penetration. sun rays in a room for keeping livestock of cattle.
A cemented manure trench with a flat and smooth bottom, 10-12 cm deep and up to 30 cm wide, will be made into the room to drain urine. The cattle stall will be spacious, with an area of about 2.5 meters square meters. A cow produces about 10 tons of manure per year. Manure in the barn will be removed twice a day - in the morning and in the evening.
In the planned staffing The farm will include 5 people:
The duties of laborers will include feeding livestock, cleaning manure and other household tasks.
Also, some work processes will be performed by third parties under contracts for the provision of services for a fee:
- Slaughter of livestock. For these purposes, an experienced miner will be involved;
- Accounting services;
- Supply of feed from agricultural producers.
The cost of these services will be about 100 thousand rubles a year.
Calendar plan
The list of events and their cost for starting a business are presented in the form of a calendar plan.
In total, it will take 136 days to open a farm and 2.0 million rubles will be spent.
How much money do you need to start this business
Let's proceed to the calculation of the main indicators economic efficiency economy.
The fixed costs of the organization are presented in the following table:
Total fixed costs enterprises per month will amount to 185,330 rubles.
The structure of the annual costs of the farm is presented in the form of a diagram:
The main costs of the farm are the cost of purchasing feed - 40% of the total costs per year. Next comes the costs wages employees - 30% of the total costs.
Net profit based on the results of annual sales of products will amount to 1,850,806 rubles. The profitability of the farm is 83.0%. With such business plan indicators, the farm project will pay off in 13 months.
Our organization will make tax deductions in various levels budget of the Ulyanovsk region up to 206,234 rubles per year.
This is a complete finished project which you will not find in the public domain. The content of the business plan: 1. Confidentiality 2. Summary 3. Stages of the project implementation 4. Characteristics of the object 5. Marketing plan 6. Technical and economic data of the equipment 7. Financial plan 8. Risk assessment 9. Financial and economic justification of investments 10. Conclusions
Step-by-step opening plan, where to start
It is worth noting that serious investments are required to start a business. Nevertheless, a competent construction of activities will allow for a relatively short time recoup the invested costs and reach a stable plus. To begin with, it is necessary to draw up an organizational plan and determine the main areas of activity, among which may be:
- Growing grain crops, vegetables, herbs, berries and fruits.
- Breeding pigs, cows, rabbits, bees, birds or fish.
In addition, additional activities are possible, for example, the production of frozen fruits, stew, flour, etc. After determining the main directions and calculating the preliminary costs, it is worthwhile to deal with the execution of a contract for the lease of the territory, ennoblement of premises / reservoirs, as well as the purchase necessary equipment. At the same stage, you can begin the selection of personnel who will serve the farm. You will definitely need to register your farm and obtain all the necessary permits to conduct activities. The final stage will be the adjustment of work with the sales market.
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What equipment to choose
Any farm can not do without machinery and auxiliary equipment. His choice depends specifically on the type of farm and what you are going to breed or grow on it. For beekeeping, hives, refrigerators, rooms for wintering bees, as well as overalls will be mandatory. A cattle farm will require breast pumps, as well as tractors, combines and other agricultural equipment, along with attachments for mowing grass, etc. In the case of growing vegetables or cereals, you will need equipment for watering and harvesting. The fish business will require filters, compressors and pumps.
Which OKVED to indicate when registering a business
When registering a business, you must specify OKVED codes, according to your farm type. For example, if you have a cattle breeding farm, then OKVED code 01.21 - Breeding of cattle is suitable. For a fish farm - OKVED 2.03. Fishing and fish farming, and for beekeeping - OKVED - 01.25.1.
What documents are needed to open
The implementation of a business and the sale of products is possible only after the registration of an individual entrepreneur or LLC (Find out What documents are required to register an LLC). In the second case, you will be able to carry out partnership agreements with legal entities. To register an individual entrepreneur, you will need: a copy of your passport, IND code, an application indicating OKVED codes and a receipt for payment of the state fee.
Do I need permission to open
To open your farm, you may need permission from the fire service and the epidemiological station, as well as the territorial property management. In the case of the conclusion of an agreement on the lease of the territory for the placement of a farm, the permission of the fire inspection is not required, and all obligations are automatically assigned to the landlord. Do you want to earn without leaving home? If yes, then see the offer 50 ways to make money online.
You can choose the type of income that suits you and receive additional income or make it the main one. Modern business represents great opportunities for profit both online and offline. If you want to know where and how to make money, but don't know where to start, choose one of the free real estate and earnings courses, that will help you find your niche and confidently move in the right direction.
A farmer is a specialist who works in the field of agriculture and produces agricultural goods and goods. Employment in this segment will require knowledge in crop production, animal husbandry, poultry farming, etc. So how much does a farmer receive in different countries peace?
Profit of an expert in the territory of the Russian Federation
The average salary of a poultry farmer in the country is 26 500 rubles(about 456 US dollars). The final profit of the representative of agriculture depends on region workplace placement.
The gradation of salaries of specialists has the following picture:
- minimum level- 26,000 rubles / 448 dollars;
- middle line- 87,000 rubles. / 1500 bucks;
- maximum limit- 15 million RUB.
How much is the labor of a qualified specialist. Ultimately, the farmer's profit is closely correlated with the industry ( rabbit breeding or vegetable growing) and the scale of employment.
Consider the main options:
- cheese farmer (Pereslavl-Zalessky) - 20,000 rubles. / 344 USD;
- farmer-shepherd-milk - (Ulan-Ude) - from 25,000 RUB / 430 USD;
- growing grain crops - 30,000 rubles and more;
- production of sunflower, flax - from 34 thousand rubles per month.
Working for a farmer for hire does not promise big incomes. So, the employee receives from 21 500 rub. per month(about 370 bucks). A woman who picks potatoes in the central regions of the country earns an average 14 thousand rubles/ 240 bucks.
Price list of specialists in the countries of near and far abroad
Ukraine
average salary poultry farmer in Ukraine is 21 000 hryvnia per month / $778.
The structure of the price range depends on the type of employment and production volumes.
Consider a list:
- minimum degree– 6500 hryvnia / 240 USD;
- maximum level– from 400 thousand UAH / 14 800 dollars;
- average– 14 780 UAH. / 547 bucks.
Mostly farmers in Ukraine have up to 50 hectares of land, which they rent for a long time from states. As a result, when growing grain and industrial crops, the specialist receives a profit in the amount of 5000 UAH from 1 ha.
Labor emigrants leave to work as farmers abroad with the following earnings:
- assistants in Denmark– 63 000 UAH. / 2333 c.u. per month;
- animal husbandry in Sweden- 58 -64 thousand hryvnia / 2148-2370 USD;
- US ranch helper– from 68 000 UAH / 2518 dollars;
- employment in canada– 65 000 UAH. monthly / $2407;
The process of employment is carried out by specialized labor firms.
Kazakhstan
The level of agriculture in the country is developing dynamically. Large agricultural holdings are located near the territories of large cities ( Shymknet, Karaganda etc.)
The monthly rate of farmers is represented by the following structure:
- minimum wage- 80,000 tenge / 242 bucks;
- average-150,000 tenge / 454 USD;
- maximum limit– from 6 million tenge / 18 300 USD.
Belarus
Agricultural products in Belarus famous for its quality.
This is especially true for animal husbandry (cattle) and the potato industry.
High-paying places are concentrated nearby Vitebsk, Grodno and Gomel.
Structure of specialists' salaries is represented by:
- minimum wage- 474 b. rubles / 241 US dollars dollar;
- average level - 1260 b. rubles / 643 bucks;
- maximum limit– from 40 thousand BYN / 20 400 USD.
Germany
How much does a farmer earn Germany?
- at the beginning of 1990, an expert earned 1180 € ;
- in 2008, the salary of a specialist in the country was 2350 euro per month;
- Today, the profit of entrepreneurs in the agricultural segment exceeds 4500 euros;
- part-time work with a farmer for students is paid at the level EUR 8.50 in hour. In this case, the employee must know the German language.
Other states of Europe