Innovative activity can be organized at different levels of management - directly at the enterprise, within the framework of an association of enterprises, at the regional and state levels. At each level, their own ways and methods of organizing innovation activities are applied.

Innovation strategy at the micro level, i.e. at the level of an enterprise or organization (Fig. 19.1), is determined by the basic strategies for the development of an enterprise, the nature of the innovative tasks that arise in this case, and the presence of innovative potential in an enterprise.

The innovation strategy determines the type of innovation activity, its forms, as well as the specific methods of its organization. The organization of innovation activities is aimed at streamlining the processes of generating new ideas, searching for and developing technical solutions, creating innovations, their implementation in production and company management, and commercializing innovations.

Rice. 19.1.

Organization of innovation activity includes the formation and reorganization of structures that carry out innovative processes. Such work can take place in various forms, the main of which are the creation, absorption, allocation.

Creation - this is the formation of new enterprises, structural divisions or units designed to carry out innovative activities. These can be design and scientific and technical departments and independent organizations created both inside and outside the parent organization.

In some cases, a very effective organizational mechanism can be absorption a large company of small innovative firms whose activities are included in the circle of interests of this company. This mechanism leads to a significant reduction in the time to enter the market with a new product, and in addition, it allows you to get a synergistic effect from combining innovative achievements. Small innovative firms themselves may also be interested in takeovers, since they do not always have sufficient funds to continue innovative activities.

A mechanism that complements the takeover is the establishment of close ties between a large company and small innovative firms based on long-term contractual relationships. This partnership creates an innovative environment for a manufacturing company.

Selection - an organizational mechanism that involves the creation of independent innovative companies, previously former part holistic formations. It is advisable to carry out such actions when a new line of activity is formed that is not related to the main specialization of the company, diverting its resources to itself. A spin-off structure can be created as a subsidiary of a parent company, as a separate small enterprise under the founding of a large parent company, in order to then be transformed into an outsourcing company serving innovation process customer firm.

The firm's innovation strategies can be divided into two groups: R&D strategies and innovation implementation and adaptation strategies. The first group of strategies includes the following:

• 1) licensing strategy. Unfinished or completed developments are acquired for the purpose of their further development and use;
• 2) parallel development strategy. This strategy involves the simultaneous acquisition of a technological license for the finished product and the implementation and development of their own developments;
• 3) a research leadership strategy aimed at achieving leading positions in the field of certain R&D.

The second group of strategies is related to the introduction of innovations. Among them:

• 1) product line support strategy. Its meaning is to improve the consumer properties of manufactured traditional goods that are not subject to severe obsolescence;
• 2) the strategy of product and process imitation, in which the enterprise borrows technology from outside;
• 3) the strategy of radical technological and product advance. This is a rather expensive and risky strategy, but in some cases it leads to success;
• 4) strategy of waiting for the leader. Adopted by large leading enterprises during periods of new products entering the market, the demand for which has not yet been determined. Entering the market initially small firm, and then, if successful, the leader seizes the initiative.

An important factor in the success of the innovative activity of an enterprise is the stimulation of the creative activity of its employees. How to achieve the participation of each specialist in the search for new technologies, products and management decisions? How to develop a creative attitude towards your work in everyone? How to awaken the motivation for change among employees of an entrepreneurial structure? The answers to these questions lie not only in management theory, but also in the practical activities of the company. In order for the author or authors of an idea to undertake its implementation with enthusiasm, they need support. That is why organizations need to develop special programs to support and encourage experiments and experimenters. To everyone who has expressed new idea or developed one or another innovative project, with certain conditions management support is guaranteed, which may relate to finances, and consultations, and supplies, and production areas, and working hours of other employees, and equipment, and raw materials, and components.

The main source of change in every business structure is always people. Many specialists have the ability to generate new ideas and implement them. However, this ability is used for the benefit of the company only if the following conditions and prerequisites are realized:

• - people are committed to the goals of their organization;
• - employees have a coordinated vision of problem solving;
• - each member of the team has a real opportunity to do something in practice, using their ability to innovate.

One of the elements of the innovation climate is the formation of a motivating vision among employees. Vision - This is a set of ideas of employees of an organization (enterprise) about what this organization (enterprise) should become in the future. Creating a vision is a more important task than forming traditional plans. In creating a vision, not only the mind is involved, but also emotions. In this regard, elements of the organization's culture are primarily involved in the formation of the vision.

Organizations often use external sources innovation, in particular by creating or participating in the creation of venture capital firms. Venture capital firms, as being subject to increased risk, force almost every employee with redoubled energy to generate new ideas and work on their implementation. The result of the activities of most venture capital firms is known: either they suffer financial collapse, thereby "closing" an unpromising direction of search, or they succeed, and then, as a rule, a strong venture company is bought by a large firm that participated in its creation, and the founders of a venture firm in as a reward for risk, successful search and achieved results receive a very significant amount, equivalent to the value of their company. Thus, any large innovative firm can not only conduct research and development within its walls, helping in the development of a number of venture companies, it can expand the field of its research and experiments, and conduct them "foreign hands", acquiring as researchers and experimenters are a team of highly motivated enthusiasts.

Many firms successfully apply the mechanism of motivation, creating within their structures internal risky projects. Internal ventures create additional motives for creative work, form a favorable innovation climate within themselves, a true passion for change, and contribute to changes in the entire company as a whole.

It is impossible to create an innovative climate at the enterprise by order, for example, by placing this responsibility administratively on any structural division of the enterprise.

The most effective factor in the formation of an innovative climate in an enterprise is the creation of autonomous groups (teams) to carry out activities and manage any work. Groups (teams) become the main "building" block of the company. The group can include representatives of all functional services, it is provided with the necessary resources.

The leaders of innovative organizations strive to develop the ability to innovate among management personnel, cultivating and encouraging the qualities of people that meet the following requirements:

• openness, receptivity, readiness for new experience;
• independence, non-conformism;
• flexibility, willingness to abandon previous ideas and models;
• tolerance for others and for other ideas and worldviews.

One of the effective forms of enhancing the innovative activity of employees are the so-called retreats.

Retreat - it is a form of employee training as part of regular staff meetings with a fixed agenda. Retreats are often held in non-working time, for example on Saturday, and are accompanied by informal communication employees, which contributes to the establishment of productive communications between team members. This form of improving the efficiency of the work of teams has become a kind of form of advanced training and training. It also allows you to unleash the innovative potential of employees, involve them in creativity, in the search for new, best approaches to your work. Retreats take the form of informal discussions, during which employees in a relaxed atmosphere put forward their own solutions to the problems of the development of a unit or company as a whole.

The functions of the state in the field of innovation management include the following:

• the formation of state programs and the establishment of development priorities in the scientific and technical sphere;
• financing of fundamental research that determines the future level of development of the country, the development of fundamental science;
• the development of education, the creation of conditions for the fruitful integration of science, universities and business, the organization of the training of scientific and engineering personnel;
• regulation of activities in special economic and technological innovation zones;
• development of venture funds;
• formation and development of a national innovation system that provides an innovation climate (Fig. 19.2).

The state develops a strategy and priorities for the development of science, engineering and technology. The state places orders for research, development and production of priority products for state needs, and also forms guidelines for national economic needs in certain types and groups of goods that are advisory in nature.

Rice. 19.2.

essential role government agencies power is to ensure the conditions and the ability of enterprises to innovative development. The ability for innovative development is a property of a market economic system that allows generating own basis innovations that ensure the competitiveness of the system in interaction with external forces. For purposeful actions but to stimulate and regulate the innovative activity of enterprises, the state has the following levers and tools:

• stimulating credit and financial, tax and depreciation policy;
• a system of economic benefits for subjects of innovation and investors;
• production support new products.

The state can act directly as an economic entity (investor) in the implementation of socially significant innovative projects: modern technologies, products and services in the fields of transport, communications, energy, housing and communal services. At the same time, favorable interest and tax rates, the scale of credit resources are of fundamental importance for the implementation of the innovative strategy of enterprises.

The state creates conditions for positive changes in the innovation sphere. It provides support and incentives for investors investing in science-intensive, high-tech production by establishing tax incentives, state guarantees and subsidizing loans. One of the essential functions of the state in the innovation sphere is the improvement of the tax system in order to create favorable conditions for conducting innovation activities by all entities, regardless of ownership and types of financing. In modern economic conditions, this is, first of all, the clarification of the taxable base, the formation of a depreciation policy that stimulates investment in high technology equipment.

The state creates conditions for the formation of joint organizations with foreign partners for the production of domestic products and their sale on the foreign market. Also, the state can contribute to the promotion of domestic innovations abroad, support exhibition and fair activities, information exchange in innovative areas, create forms of interaction with member countries of the EU, the CIS, and other states in the scientific and technical field.

When implementing the innovation policy, the state uses such tools as public-private partnership in the scientific and technical sphere, the Fund for Assistance to the Development of Small Forms of Enterprises in the Scientific and Technical Field, the Russian Fund for Technological Development (RFTD), the Development Bank (VEB), the Russian Venture Company, technoparks, science cities, special economic and technology-innovative zones. The innovative policy of the state is also aimed at increasing the level of protection intellectual property. The implementation of innovation policy involves increasing the degree of implementation of laws, strengthening civil liberties and political rights of citizens. Among other activities of the state to increase the innovative nature of the country's economy are strengthening political stability, strengthening anti-corruption measures, and expanding freedom of the press. One of the most important objects of government activity in the innovation sphere is education. Improving the quality of both secondary and higher education, developing business education, increasing the intensity of staff training in public and private organizations - all these are important areas of the state's innovation policy.

Modern means of implementing innovative activity both at the state level and at the enterprise level are being transformed and modified under the influence of modern information and communication technologies, the capabilities of computers and the Internet. Recently, they have been replenished with a relatively new crowdsourcing technology based on the massive exchange of knowledge of many participants.

The term "crowdsourcing" is a neologism, it combines two English terms: crowd- crowd and source- source. crowdsourcing means the assignment of a task, usually carried out by the staff of an organization or an external contractor, to an unspecified, usually large group of people in the form of an open offer. This proposal is aimed at creating new knowledge. It can be either the creation of a new technology, a new product in the form of operating system, or the creation of an encyclopedia ("Wikipedia"), or the processing of large amounts of data. In other words, crowdsourcing is a technology for using resources (usually intellectual) of a large number of people within a single project.

A striking example of the use of crowdsourcing in the development of innovative activity is the activity of the company "InnoCcntivc", which carries out the so-called open innovations. This company widely uses crowdsourcing for research in various fields - from engineering to management. "InnoCentive" proposes a number of problems for open discussion on the Internet, and also accepts the proposed solutions. Established in 2002, this open innovation center brings together a large number of research firms and organizations interested in attracting intellectual resources, as well as more than 125,000 researchers offering their solutions for specific companies. For the most interesting solutions, the company provides for rewards, but a significant part of the ideas comes to them free of charge. Anyone with Internet access can become a member of this community.

The results of using crowdsourcing by IBM are impressive. As part of a program called Innovation Jam, attracted more than 150,000 people from 104 countries who participated in the virtual brainstorming dedicated to new ideas in the field of transport, environmental protection, finance, commerce. IBM subsequently selected the most interesting ideas from the point of view of commercial use, of which 10 large-scale projects were formed with an initial investment of $100 million, which made it possible to obtain a significant commercial effect in the first year after their implementation. A similar procedure for concentrating innovation activity with the help of modern information technologies was applied to innovation in the non-profit sector - in the preparation and holding of the UN Conference on Cities in 2006. It was carried out by IBM and was called Value Jam. As part of this procedure, it was possible to achieve mass participation in the development of new ideas regarding the organization of life in cities using the achievements of new technologies.

Thus, crowdsourcing has recently become powerful tool innovative activity. Currently, companies can develop and manufacture their own products directly with the participation of consumers, attracting the intellectual resources of a large number of people. The use of crowdsourcing in domestic innovation can bring significant results in many areas.

conclusions

• 1. Innovation is an innovation in the field of engineering, technology, labor organization or management that improves efficiency.
• 2. Innovation management is aimed at studying the mechanisms of stimulation and effective management innovation processes at the macro and micro levels in order to ensure the development and strengthening of the competitive positions of organizations, countries and regions through the creation, development and commercialization of innovations in various sectors of the economy.
• 3. Innovative activity includes, in addition to the development and production of new products, a wide range of activities but effective promotion innovation to the market, sale and acquisition of patents and licenses, knowledge management, etc.
• 4. The organization of innovative activity at the enterprise includes the formation of an innovative strategy, stimulation of creative activity, the activities of small creative groups, the use of knowledge management methods, the organization of internal and external ventures.
• 5. The functions of the state in the field of innovation management are: in the formation of state programs and the establishment of development priorities in the scientific and technical sphere; funding fundamental research that determines the future level of development of the country; in the development of fundamental science; in the development of education, the formation of conditions for the fruitful integration of science, universities and business, the organization of the training of scientific and engineering personnel; in the regulation of activities in special economic and technology-innovative zones; in the development of venture funds; in the formation and development of a national innovation system that provides an innovative climate.
• 6. Among the modern means of implementing innovative activity both at the state level and at the enterprise level, under the influence of modern information and communication technologies, the capabilities of computers and the Internet, a relatively new technology of crowdsourcing has emerged, based on the massive exchange of knowledge of many participants. Thanks to this technology, companies and authorities can develop and produce products or services directly with the participation of consumers, attracting the intellectual resources of a large number of people.

Innovative and investment activities of the enterprise

Innovative activity of enterprises

Strategic management is a process that determines the sequence of actions of an organization to develop and implement a strategy.

The main task of any enterprise strategy is to achieve competitive advantages and the required profitability of production and economic activity. The solution to this problem is seen in determining the conditions that determine the position of the enterprise in a particular market.

These include:

The production potential of the enterprise is the availability of modern equipment, machinery and technologies and their rational use;

Economic potential of the enterprise - low production costs and financial stability of the enterprise;

The marketing potential of the enterprise is an effective marketing service, a developed sales network.

Also among the listed conditions it is necessary to include the innovative potential of the enterprise - the presence of a scientific and technical reserve, the availability of qualified scientific personnel, the ability to develop and master innovations, free access to modern information in the field of scientific and technical progress, etc.

Innovative potential indirectly characterizes the production, economic, and marketing potential of the enterprise.

It also characterizes their ability to strengthen in the future.

Consequently, initially any strategic decision is innovative in nature and is aimed at solving various problems: production, economic, marketing and others. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the place of innovation management in the process of strategic management.

At all stages of strategic management, one of the main components is the innovation component. This means that innovation management at the current level of economic development is becoming a leading element of strategic management.

The word "innovation" is synonymous with innovation, or innovation, and can be used along with them (see English terminological dictionaries).

There are several approaches to defining the essence of innovation in the literature. Two points of view are most common: in one case, innovation is presented as the result of a creative process in the form of a new product (technology), technology, method, etc.; in another, as a process of introducing new products, elements, approaches, principles instead of existing ones.

Innovations are the result of a creative process in the form of created (or implemented) new consumer values, the use of which requires individuals or organizations using them to change habitual stereotypes of activities and skills.

The innovative activity of an enterprise is a system of measures for the use of scientific, scientific, technical and intellectual potential in order to obtain a new or improved product or service, a new method of their production to meet both individual demand and the needs of society for innovation as a whole.

Within the framework of the process approach, innovation is understood as a complex process that includes the development, introduction into production and commercialization of new consumer values ​​- goods, equipment, technologies, organizational forms etc.

The object-utilitarian approach to the definition of the term "innovation" is characterized by two main points.

First, an object is understood as an innovation - a new use value based on the achievements of science and technology.

Secondly, the emphasis is on the utilitarian side of innovation - the ability to satisfy social needs with a great beneficial effect.

In contrast to the object-utilitarian process-utilitarian approach to the definition of the term "innovation" lies in the fact that in this case, innovation is presented as a complex process of creating, distributing and using a new practical tool.

The innovation process involves the following features:

1) represents the implementation of research, scientific and technical, actually innovative, production activities and marketing;

2) it can be understood as time stages life cycle innovation from the emergence of an idea to its development and dissemination;

3) from a financial point of view, it can be viewed as a process of financing and investing in the development and distribution of a new type of product or service. In this case, it acts as an innovative project, considered as a special case of an investment project.

In the general case, the innovation process consists in obtaining and commercializing an invention, new technologies, types of products and services, decisions of an industrial, financial, administrative or other nature, and other results of intellectual activity Malakhov E.S. Theoretical foundations of innovative analysis of an economic entity//An Economist's Handbook, 2008. - No. 9.

The appearance of the term innovation is dictated by the requirements of life.

Today, innovation is becoming more important than ever for businesses.

Instead of focusing only on cost reduction to stay ahead of traditional price competition, companies must think in terms of growth and added value and create them through the use of knowledge in innovation processes. Those companies that are first to market with innovative products enjoy first-mover advantage and generate increased revenue until competitors catch up.

An innovative product can be both new goods and new services. At the same time, the process of innovation is not limited to new production technologies, it also includes organizational systems.

The activity of the enterprise is associated with a continuous stream of diverse changes. Adaptation to innovations, their implementation requires a variety of transformations, as a rule, new for the organization and therefore of an innovative nature. The chosen innovation strategy must be implemented. In order to successfully achieve the set innovation goals, a way to manage innovative changes is needed.

In other words, an enterprise needs a model for managing innovation activities N.E. Investment activity in modern conditions management. Bulletin of SevKavGTU, Series "Economics", No. 2 (13), 2004.

The embodiment of innovative processes in new products is the basis of economic growth. Scientific and technological progress has led to the emergence of new technologies and industries and has caused a significant transformation of the usual economic structure.

The expediency of choosing a method and option for technical and technological renewal depends on the specific situation, the nature of the innovation, its compliance with the profile, resource and scientific and technical potential of the enterprise, market requirements, stages of the life cycle of equipment and technology, and industry specifics.

There are two types technological innovation: food and process. The introduction of a new product is defined as a radical product innovation. Such innovations are based on fundamentally new technologies or on a combination of existing technologies in their new application. Product improvement - incremental product innovation - is associated with an existing product, when its quality or cost characteristics change.

Process innovation is the development of new or significantly improved production methods and technologies, changes in equipment or production organization.

According to the degree of novelty, innovations are divided into fundamentally new ones, i.e. having no analogues in the past and in domestic and foreign practice, and innovations of relative novelty. Fundamentally new types of products, technologies and services have priority, absolute novelty and are original samples, on the basis of which they receive innovations-imitations, copies of Safronov by replication. Enterprise Economics: Textbook. M.: IFRA-M, 2007. -251 p..

Lecture "Organization

Innovative activity"

The essence of innovation and its functions (stimulating, investment, reproduction).

Innovation represents the first practical application of a new scientific and technical, production and technological, organizational and managerial or other solution that can improve the final economic results of the financial and economic (commercial) activities of the enterprise.

Not all innovations are of a qualitative nature, radically changing the technology and organization of production. Many innovations involve relatively minor changes. The history of economics shows that most often scientific and technological progress is not revolutionary, but evolutionary. Such innovations can be defined as improvements.

Improvements- these are innovations characterized by a relatively small impact on the dynamics of the development of a particular object.

All types of management activities are interrelated and, as a rule, should be carried out in parallel (Fig. 1). At the same time, the ultimate success of any type of management activity depends on its innovative component. And vice versa: the ultimate success of innovative management is possible only on the basis of the implementation of its ideas and developments in the practice of other types of management.

Innovation accomplishes the following three functions:

- reproductive;

- investment;

- stimulating.

reproductive function means that innovation is an important source of financing for expanded reproduction. The meaning of the reproductive function is to profit from innovation and use it as a source of financial resources.

The profit received through the implementation of innovation can be used in various ways, including as capital. This capital can be used to finance new types of innovation. Thus, the use of profits from innovation for investment is the content investment function innovation.

Making a profit through the implementation of innovation directly corresponds to the main goal of any commercial organization. Profit serves as an incentive for the entrepreneur to introduce new innovations; encourages you to constantly study the demand, improve the organization of marketing activities, apply modern methods of financial management. All of this is content. stimulating function innovation.

The concept of innovation activity and innovation process.

Innovation activity is a complex of scientific, technological, organizational, financial and commercial activities aimed at the commercialization of accumulated knowledge, technologies and equipment.

Innovation process is a process of successive transformation of an idea into a product, passing through the stages of fundamental and applied research, design development, marketing, production and sales

Types of innovative activity of the enterprise.

Innovative activity of the enterprise for the development, implementation, development and commercialization of innovations includes:

1. Carrying out research and development work to develop the idea of ​​innovation, conduct laboratory research, manufacture laboratory samples of new products, types of new equipment, new designs and products;

2. Selection of the necessary types of raw materials and materials for the manufacture of new types of products;

3. Development of a technological process for the manufacture of new products;

4. Design, manufacture, testing and development of samples of equipment necessary for the manufacture of products;

5. Development and implementation of new organizational and managerial decisions aimed at the implementation of innovations;

6. Research, development or acquisition of the necessary information resources and information support innovation;

7. Training, education, retraining and special methods of recruitment of personnel necessary for R&D;

8. Work or acquisition necessary documentation licensing, patenting, know-how acquisition;

9. Organization and conduct marketing research to promote innovation, etc.

Characteristic features of innovation activity:

1. Increased risk;

2. Cyclicity at the micro- and macro-level (at the macro level, associated with large Kondratiev cycles, at the micro-level with the life cycle of a particular product);

3. Dependence of the efficiency of resource use on the level of technology novelty;

4. Specific marketing and models for promoting innovations on the market.

Stages of knowledge reproduction.

The economic content of innovation can be revealed using a reproduction approach, highlighting the entire sequence of stages that are continuous and interconnected:

Life cycle of innovation

Innovative processes can be represented as successive stages of the life cycle of a new product - from the theoretical substantiation of its concept to experimental development, testing and mass distribution.

Managers specializing in the management of innovation processes must have a good understanding of the life cycle curve of any innovation, i.e. periods of its rise and fall in order to timely enter the market with the next innovations (Figure 2).

After the creation of an innovation in the course of the scientific and technical activities of the first three stages - fundamental and applied research, experimental design and other similar works - the processes of industrial and commercial use of innovations that have confirmed their effectiveness during experimental tests begin.

The dynamics of financial flows of the stages of innovation processes in the figure is shown using curve 1. It shows that at stages 1, 2, 3, during which innovations (innovations) are still being created, the amount of investment costs will constantly increase.

However, already at the stage of implementation, and especially at the stage of growth in production volumes carried out on the basis of mastered innovations, the amount of investment required for this will tend to decrease.

At the stages of commercialization of an effective innovation, sooner or later the moment of return comes, i.e. full return on investment. The dynamics of the processes of changing sales volumes is indicated as curve 2.

Technological structure.

Technological order - a set of technologies characteristic of certain level production development. It is believed that 5 technological structures have been passed in the world, at the moment the Sixth techno-structure is coming.

The concept of innovation cycle. Stages of the innovation cycle. Innovation cycle model. Types of innovation cycle. The minimum and maximum duration of the innovation cycle. Innovation cycle and the life cycle of a product or service. Methods for reducing the innovation cycle.

Joint ventures

A joint venture can be defined as an institution of inter-firm cooperation in the development, production or marketing of a product, is not based on short-term market transactions and involves a significant and lasting contribution from the partners in the form of capital, technology or other assets. In many cases, management responsibility is shared between partner firms.

There are four types of technology-oriented joint ventures:

cooperation between firms only in research;

exchange of proven technologies within a single product line or across multiple products. These JVs are especially well known in the global microelectronics and robotics industries due to their cross-licensing practices;

joint development of one or more products (in commercial aircraft and engine building, in certain segments of the telecommunications, microelectronics and biotechnology industries);

cooperation through the performance of various functions or stages of the life cycle of products, inherent in a number of international ones. JV in biotechnology, pharmacology, steel industry and automotive industry. This refers to situations where one firm develops New Product or a marketing procedure, and production and adaptation to a foreign market is carried out by another company.

business incubator models.

There are a number of options for organizing incubators, and the choice of a particular solution depends on the stakeholders and the purpose of the incubator. There are the following categories:

Group;

Special (for example, high technologies);

star model;

Public and social incubators;

Virtual incubators.

group model- such incubators invite and serve all kinds of enterprises. The advantages are a mixed business environment, stimulating communication between enterprises, as well as the production of various types of goods and services. This mixed environment makes it easier to find customers and is suitable for areas with a low concentration entrepreneurial activity, for example, for incubators outside small cities serving businesses in rural areas.

special model- such incubators are created to support start-ups operating in a specific industry, such as automotive, biotechnology, IT. This option is suitable for areas where there is a concentration of enterprises operating in a particular sector, and is often implemented with the support of universities or large companies who would like to transfer technology or research to start-up small businesses that have the same level of specialized knowledge and skills. Such incubators require special infrastructure, facilities, laboratories and equipment. Additionally, it is required that the staff of the incubator also possess good knowledge industry specifics.

star model- such incubators are created in areas with a low density of entrepreneurs, for example, in small cities and rural areas. This model offers effective method Providing wide access to incubator services and facilities eliminates the costs that would be required to set up several separate incubators. The central incubator acts as the core of this system, in which the management is located and the main services are provided, such as educational, meeting rooms, office and production facilities, broadband access Internet, etc.

This central incubator is connected (using information technology, if possible) by satellite incubators, which can be very small local business support centers that provide information, consulting and general business services. In such satellite incubators, work space may be provided on a part-time or part-time basis.

Public/social incubators- many incubators are created not with the aim of making a profit for the owner or participants, but to return the profits made back to the vincubator and achieve sustainability. Often such incubators are created as part of local community projects and can have a significant impact on the recovery of the local economy and the enhancement of entrepreneurial knowledge and values. The use of best practices is no less important for such incubators, and their activities should be aimed at improving the welfare of the entire society in this territory - "social integration".

Virtual incubators- with the penetration and development of information and telecommunication technologies, the need to provide the physical infrastructure of incubation is reduced.

Many aspiring entrepreneurs, for personal, family or financial reasons, decide to start their own business from home or close proximity. However, they still need access to services and support, even if they do not need the facilities offered by the incubator. This “no walls” model works through information networks, providing services to entrepreneurs remotely, and increasingly through the Internet, using email and virtual private networks (VPNs) to connect entrepreneurs to the office of the virtual incubator or to each other. Virtual incubators are often created on the basis of physically existing incubators, which allows the incubator to increase its client base, develop communities of interest among entrepreneurs and create a sustainable local and regional information exchange network.

Lecture "Organization

Innovative activity"

Functions and types of innovative activity. Features of innovation activity

The specific content of innovation is change, and main function innovation is a function of change.

In the world economic literature, innovation is the transformation of potential scientific and technological progress into real, embodied in new products and technologies.

The terms "innovation", "innovative activity", "innovative process" have replaced the concept of "scientific and technological progress".

There are different views on innovation.

B. Twiss defines innovation as a process in which an invention or idea acquires economic content.

The Austrian scientist I. Schumpeter in 1911 identified 5 typical changes:

Use of new equipment, new technological processes or new market support for production;

Introduction of products with new properties;

Use of new raw materials;

Changes in the organization of production and its logistics;

Emergence of new markets.

Already later in 1930, I. Schumpeter introduced the concept of "innovation", defining it as a change with the aim of introducing new consumer goods, new production and Vehicle, markets and forms of organization in industry.

Innovation - innovation as a result of practical or scientific and technical development of innovation.

Innovation is a specific result of the development of a new scientific idea, which differs from the previously used qualitative characteristics, which make it possible to increase production efficiency.

The purpose of innovation is the direct satisfaction of human needs for products, services, processes of a higher quality level.

The concept of "innovation" is identical in meaning to the term "innovation", which is seen as a developing complex process of creating, implementing, distributing and using innovation, contributing to the development and improvement of the effectiveness of innovation.

An innovation is an object that is not just introduced into production, but successfully implemented and profitable.

Thus, if innovation (innovation) is new order, a new method, a new phenomenon, a new custom, etc., then innovation (innovation) is the introduction of a new or the process of using an innovation. An innovation becomes an innovation from the moment it is accepted for implementation. The practical use of innovation from the moment of its technological development in production and large-scale distribution as new products and services is an innovation.

The process of introducing an innovation to the market is called the commercialization process. The period of time between the appearance of an innovation and its implementation into an innovation is called the innovation lag .

Innovation is defined as the end result of innovative activity, embodied in the form of a new or improved technological process used in practice, or in a new approach to social services.

Innovations have the following properties:

Scientific and technical novelty;

industrial applicability;

Commercial feasibility.

The last property of innovation is potential, i.e. certain efforts are needed to achieve it. A variety of conditions and factors in which innovative activity is carried out leads to the fact that each introduction of innovations is unique. Therefore, there are many classifications of innovations and, accordingly, the subjects of innovation activity. Innovations and innovations, first of all, are divided into scientific and technical, technological, economic and organizational. Actually, most authors distinguish the following types of innovations:

1. innovation - products that are the results of creative research processes in the form of new products (techniques, technologies, raw materials, methods, techniques, etc.) introduced in production;

2. innovation - processes as sequential "procedures" for the introduction of new products, principles, methods to replace those previously used;

3. social innovation – this is a change in habitual thinking and lifestyle, introducing dynamism into a “sustainable” economic order (according to P. Drucker).

They classify innovations according to various criteria: scope, level of novelty, needs of different user groups, etc.

Russian scientists, in particular, Yu.V. Yakovets identifies four types of innovation in terms of the cyclical development of technology:

The largest basic innovations that implement the largest inventions and become the basis of the scientific and technological revolution;

The largest innovations form new generations of technology within this area;

Medium innovations implement the same level of invention and serve as the basis for creating new models and modifications of this generation of technology, replacing outdated models with more efficient ones or expanding the scope of this generation;

Minor innovations improve individual production or consumer parameters of produced models of equipment based on the use of small inventions, which contributes either to more efficient production of these models or to an increase in the efficiency of their use.

Domestic researchers N.M. Makarkin and L.V. Shaborkin, depending on the level of novelty of changes, distinguish basic (or radical), improving (or modifying) innovations and pseudo-innovations. Basic innovations implement any new technical principle for the first time. They form the basis for the emergence of a new generation of technology, and, consequently, new industries, activities and markets. Improving innovations are, as it were, secondary to the basic ones, appear after them and reflect the possibilities for rationalizing innovations (for example, within the existing generation of technology, machine systems in accordance with specific operating conditions, consumer requirements). Pseudo-innovations are characterized by very slight, minimal differences in the parameters of “new” products, which, as a rule, arise under the influence of fashion, “public sentiments”, and not as a result of production and technical needs.

The original classification of innovations was given by A.I. Prigozhin, who shared innovation:

By type of innovation: logistical and social, economic, organizational and managerial, legal and pedagogical;

According to the implementation mechanism: single, diffusion, completed and incomplete, successful and unsuccessful;

By innovative potential: radical, combined, modifying;

According to the features of the innovation process: intra-organizational, inter-organizational;

By efficiency: production and management efficiency, improvement of working conditions, etc.

The innovation process is associated with the creation, development and dissemination of innovations. There are three forms of organization of the innovation process:

Simple (natural) - consists in the intraorganizational creation and use of innovation within the same organization;

Simple inter-organizational, when an innovation is bought by its manufacturer;

Extended innovation process - manifested in the creation of new producers for innovation and in violation of the monopoly on it.

A simple innovative process turns into a commercial one in 2 phases: 1) the creation of an innovation and its distribution; 2) diffusion of innovation.

The first phase is research and development, development work, pilot production, marketing, organization of commercial production.

The second phase is production and implementation.

The process by which an innovation is transmitted through communication channels between members of a social system over time is called innovation diffusion. As a result of diffusion, the number of producers and consumers increases. The continuity of the diffusion of innovation determines the speed and boundaries of the diffusion of innovations in market economy. The diffusion rate of an innovation depends on:

Forms of decision making;

Method of information transfer;

properties of the social system, as well as the innovation itself.

The participants of the innovation process are:

Innovators are generators of scientific and technical knowledge, individual inventors or research organizations.

Early recipients are entrepreneurs who are the first to master the innovation and ensure its fastest promotion to the market.

The early majority are the first to introduce the innovation into production and receive additional profit.

Lagging firms are firms that are obsolete.

All but the first are imitators.

To ensure the effectiveness of the innovation process in the enterprise, it must be managed. Management of the innovation process or innovation management is a set of principles, methods, forms of management of the innovation process of innovation activity, organizational structures and personnel engaged in this activity.

The innovation process includes the following steps:

Setting goals and choosing a strategy;

Planning, which includes several stages: drawing up a plan for the implementation of the strategy; determining the need for resources and setting the task; conducting research and developing a strategy implementation plan; control, analysis, corrective actions;

Creation of an effective structure for managing innovation activities;

Motivation of participants in the innovation process.

The choice of strategy is the key to the success of the innovative activity of the enterprise and the most important component of innovative management. The strategy is an interconnected set of actions aimed at strengthening the viability of a given enterprise in relation to competitors. In order for an enterprise to be competitive, it is necessary to anticipate and plan for possible changes. The development of innovative strategies is based on the theory of the product life cycle.

There are the following types of innovation strategies:

Offensive - for enterprises basing their activities on the principles of entrepreneurial competition. It is selected by small innovative organizations;

Defensive - for organizations holding a competitive position in the market; this strategy requires intensive research and development;

Imitation - used by organizations with strong market and technological positions that are not pioneers in the release of certain innovations.

Innovation strategies can also be divided into stages of the innovation life cycle:

birth - emergence new system inside the old maternal;

Birth is the actual emergence of a new system;

Approval - the emergence of a mature, mature competitive system;

Stabilization - the entry of the system into a period when it exhausts its potential;

Simplification is a tipping point at the beginning of a system's decline;

Fall - a decrease in most significant vital signs;

Exodus is a turning point, characterized by the end of the life of the system.

Innovation planning is a system of calculations aimed at choosing and justifying the goals of the development of the innovation process, and preparing the decisions necessary for their unconditional implementation.

Innovation planning is based on the following principles:

Scientific validity of planning, i.e. application modern technologies, modern procedures and methods for the implementation of innovative processes;

The principle of dominance of strategic aspects of planning;

The complexity of planning, i.e. coverage of all aspects of planning and areas, as well as budgetary balance;

Flexibility and elasticity of innovation planning, responsive to the manifestation of random factors of strong and weaknesses;

Continuity of rolling scheduling concepts.

Innovation planning in organizations has the following types:

Product-thematic planning - used in the formation of promising areas of R&D;

Technical and economic planning - based on the calculation of labor, material and financial resources and the economic efficiency of the organization;

Volumetric scheduling - provides calculation of the load of production units.

The goals of innovative planning must be realistic, consistent, clear, ranked, targeted and relevant.

Innovative activity of the enterprise is one of the main conditions for maintaining its competitiveness. This activity is aimed at bringing scientific and technical ideas, inventions, developments to a result suitable for implementation in the practical activities of the enterprise.

Thus, innovation activity includes all types scientific activity design, technological and experimental developments, activities for the development of innovations in production and for their consumers - the implementation of innovations.

Questions

1. What is an innovation process?

2. Determine the content of the innovation.

3. Determine the main stages of the innovation process and their content.

4. What is the main purpose of innovation?

5. Is the concept of "innovation" different from the concept of "innovation"?

6. What is the main difference between innovation and novelty?

7. What are the main stages and characteristics of the innovation life cycle?

8. What does innovation include according to the definition of I. Schumpeter?

9. What classifications of Russian scientists do you know?

10. What are the main factors in the development of the investment market and their impact on innovation.

11. What is the place of innovation activity in the innovation process?

12. What is the essence of scientific, scientific-technical, innovative activity and marketing in the innovation process?

13. What is the essence of the strategy of active state intervention in scientific and innovative activities?

14. What is the essence of the strategy of decentralized regulation of scientific and innovative activities?

15. What is meant by the process of commercialization of an innovation?

Tasks

1. The company is considering whether it is worth investing 1,500 thousand rubles in the project, which in two years will bring 2,000 thousand rubles. It was decided to invest money on the condition that the annual income from this investment will be at least 10%. What should be the final conclusion?

2. The company decides whether it is worth investing 1800 thousand rubles. into a project that can give additional profit (excluding depreciation):

in the first year	1000 thousand rubles
in the second year	2000 thousand rubles
in the third year	3000 thousand rub.

Interest on capital is 10% (otherwise, the company needs a return on investment of at least 10%).

3. The project provides for capital investments in the amount of 2,000 thousand rubles. Expected annual profit 5000 thousand rubles. within 6 years (excluding depreciation). The cost of capital is 12%. Is this project profitable?

4. The project provides for capital investments in the amount of 5,000 thousand rubles. Expected annual profit (excluding depreciation) 1200 thousand rubles. Interest on capital amounted to 10%. Is the project profitable if its duration is 5 years?

5. The company is considering two proposals. The initial costs and cash receipts are as follows (in thousand rubles):

Year	Project A	Project B

Dividend return 10%. Only one of the two projects can be implemented. Calculate for each of the two projects the net present value, discounted cash flow yield, analyze the calculation results and select the most profitable project.

6. The company is considering whether to invest in a machine that costs 8,000 rubles. The machine will increase the annual volume of sales by 10,000 thousand rubles. (at constant prices) for two years. Material and labor costs amount to 5,000 thousand rubles. The real rate of return is 10%. The expected headline inflation, corresponding to the retail price index, is 10% per annum.

If the project is implemented, sales prices will increase by only 5% per year, while material and labor costs will increase by 20% per year. Determine the net present value of the project.

7. Investors offer the entrepreneur three projects for a five-year period:

The interest rate is assumed to be stable for 5 years and is equal to 20% per annum. Determine the most effective project. How much more efficient is it compared to other projects?

8. An innovative project for the production and sale of goods has the following indicators:

Calculate the balance of income and expenses for this product. Determine the month and decade when the project will start to make a profit.

9. It is assumed that the total profit of an innovative company after taxes will increase from 0 after two years of operation to 20,000 thousand rubles. after five years of work and investment. The company has been operating for four years. It is assumed that in five years the price of one share on the stock exchange will be equal to 3200 rubles, and the annual profit brought to the investor by one share will be equal to 800 rubles.

The founders-innovators decided to sell the enterprise after a five-year period from the moment of its creation. What will be the value of this venture company?

10. The initial data of the business plan for determining the threshold of profitability are as follows:

It is supposed to produce 2500 units of goods. Determine the profitability threshold for sales proceeds, the threshold number of goods produced, the mass of profit that can be obtained as a result of the project.

11. It is required to make a decision on choosing the best option for solving the same amount of capital. In the first variant, the capital makes 20 turnovers per year, the profitability of the produced and sold goods is 20%. According to the second option, the capital makes 26 turnovers per year, the profitability is 18%. The choice is made according to the criterion of the maximum rate of return on capital.

Tests

1. "Innovation" and "Innovation" - the same concepts or different?

2. Among the presented lists of types of innovations, choose the correct one:

a) the emergence of innovation, implementation, development, investment;

b) production of a new product, development of a new market, introduction of a new method, organizational innovation;

c) the production of a new product, the distribution of profits, the sale of goods in a new market, competitive leadership;

d) production of a new product, development of production capacities, opening a new market for the consumer.

3. The innovative strategy of a venture firm consists of:

a) risk minimization;

b) transfer of their developments to explerents, patients, violets and commutators;

4. The introduction of a new or the process of using an innovation is:

a) innovation;

b) innovation

c) innovation

d) innovation.

5. The information process, the form and speed of which depend on the power of communication channels, the characteristics of the perception of information by an economic entity, is a process:

a) dissemination of innovation;

b) information penetration;

c) diffusion of information.

6. The indispensable properties of innovation are:

a) scientific and technical novelty;

b) industrial applicability;

in) economic efficiency;

d) commercial feasibility.

7. A simple innovation process turns into a commercial one through the following phases:

a) the creation of innovation and its dissemination;

b) diffusion of innovation;

c) implementation of innovation;

d) commercialization of innovation.

8. Entrepreneurs who first mastered the innovation are:

a) innovators

b) early recipients;

c) violets.

9. Research not directly related to the solution of specific applied problems is called:

a) theoretical;

b) fundamental.

10. Firms operating at the stages of growth and saturation of inventive activity and still remaining at the already declining activity of scientific research are called:

a) venture capital;

b) risky;

c) pioneer;

d) commutators;

e) patients.

11. What phases of the product life cycle does the innovation strategy take into account:

a) origin;

b) approval;

c) conquest;

d) stabilization;

e) strengthening;

e) simplification;

g) fall;

i) destructuring.

12. The period of time between the appearance of an innovation and its implementation into an innovation is called:

a) an innovative period;

b) innovation lag;

c) an innovative step.

13. From the point of view of the cyclical development of technology, innovations are divided into:

a) the largest basic, large, medium and small;

b) large, medium and small;

c) radical, ordinary.

14. Is innovation activity mandatory for a developing enterprise?

c) in some cases.

15. The source of financial investments in the innovative activity of the enterprise can be:

a) own funds;

b) borrowed funds;

c) savings;

d) profit;

d) depreciation.

Conclusion

The study of the discipline "Economics of the enterprise (organization)" showed that in the conditions market economy it really is of great importance, since the enterprise acts as the main subject of economic activity, combining diverse types of resources: material, financial, human, technical, information. These resources in the process of using the appropriate technology are converted into a finished product (service), by implementing which the enterprise should make a profit.

Making a profit is the main goal of the activity commercial enterprise(organization) in market conditions. In order for an enterprise to make a profit as a result of its activities, it is necessary to effectively manage production resources, it is important to know their essence, classification, units of measurement, indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of their use, how they are interconnected with each other, since the increase in production efficiency is due to an increase in the return of the resources used.

At the same time, an integral type of activity of a modern enterprise, which allows it to survive in the face of increasing competition, is innovative activity. This type of activity allows the enterprise to improve the quality and competitiveness of its products (services), and in the future will ensure high financial results of its activities.

All this should be understood and mastered by students when working with this study guide.

Introduction

Innovative activity of the enterprise

1.1. The essence of innovation

1.2. Innovative development of the company is the basis for increasing

effectiveness of its activities

1.3. The main directions of innovative development of the organization

Conclusion

Practical part

Bibliography

Introduction

The innovation process is a process that combines science, technology, economics, entrepreneurship and management. It consists in obtaining innovation and extends from the conception of an idea to its commercial implementation.

Innovation is the transformation of potential scientific and technological progress into real, embodied in new products and technologies. In accordance with international standards, innovation is defined as the end result of innovative activity, embodied in the form of a new or improved product introduced to the market, a new or improved technological process used in practice, or a new approach to social services. The development and introduction of new products into production are important for increasing competitiveness and eliminating the dependence of the company on the mismatch of the life cycles of manufactured products. In modern conditions, product renewal is proceeding at a fairly rapid pace.

Innovative activity is a complex dynamic system of action and interaction of various methods, factors and management bodies involved in scientific research, the creation of new types of products, the improvement of equipment and objects of labor, technological processes and forms of organization of production based on the latest achievements science, technology; planning, financing. The enterprise is obliged to take care of maintaining competitiveness and making a profit. Consequently, it must monitor and predict the situation on the market, the behavior of the main and potential competitors, the emergence of new scientific and technological breakthroughs that can change the market equilibrium achieved at a given point in time in one direction or another.

The introduction of innovations can give four types of effect: economic, scientific and technical, social and environmental.

Chapter 1. Innovative activity of the enterprise

1.1. The essence of innovation

Innovative development of the organization in modern conditions is an integral part of its main activity, as it helps to increase the level of competitiveness of products and the organization as a whole. The latter, in turn, is reflected in the indicators of profit and production efficiency. However, the Russian economy bears the legacy of a planned-administrative economy, in which an important role for the introduction of innovations was assigned only to promising industries. The leaders of many enterprises, organizations and firms still do not realize the primacy of the scientific and technological development of their facilities and do not attach much importance to improving the quality of products and services, preferring cost savings as a way to maximize profits. This immediately reduces the adaptability of organizations to changes in the external environment and makes them uncompetitive in the medium and long term.

The experience of industrialized countries shows that the role of innovation in the economy is great. They, as a manifestation of scientific and technical progress, help to change and improve not only goods and services, but also the management system of organizations, bringing it into line with the requirements of the modern environment. Thus, innovations in the organization are a form of manifestation of scientific and technological progress at the micro level.

Innovative activity, despite the prospects, can also play a negative role in the case when the work of the innovation department in the structure of the organization exists by itself and its efforts are aimed at achieving its own goals. As a result, significant investments in innovation are "wasted", that is, they are not aimed at achieving the main goal of the organization.

Innovation as a result of creative and investment activities is aimed at the development, manufacture and distribution of new types of goods, services, technologies, organizational forms at the firm level. The purpose of innovation is to increase the competitiveness of the company, goods and services and thereby increase the profits of the company.

Investments - investments of funds for the purpose of preserving and increasing capital. Investments include fixed, working capital, intangible assets.

An investor is a legal or natural person who invests in innovation.

Three possible criteria for classifying innovations follow from the foregoing:

the degree of novelty for the company;

the nature of the concept on which the innovation is based;

innovation intensity.

The degree of novelty of an innovation largely determines the level of its competitiveness. The further a firm delves into new areas, the greater the strategic risk becomes.

From the point of view of novelty, the following products should be distinguished:

goods of world novelty;

goods new to the company;

expansion of the existing range of goods;

updated goods;

change in product positioning;

cost reduction (price reduction).

1.2. Innovative development of the company is the basis for increasing

effectiveness of its activities

Scientific and technological progress (STP) is a process of continuous development of science, technology, technology, improvement of objects of labor, forms and methods of organizing production and labor. It also acts as the most important means of solving socio-economic problems, such as improving working conditions, protecting the environment, and, as a result, improving the welfare of the nation. Scientific and technical progress is of great importance for ensuring the system of national security and defense.

In its development, STP manifests itself in two interrelated and interdependent forms (Table 1.2).

Table 2.1

Forms of scientific and technological progress

NTP forms	Timing and essence	Characteristics
evolutionary	Can last long enough and provide significant economic results (especially on early stages)	Gradual and continuous improvement of traditional technical means and technologies; accumulation of base for fundamental transformations
revolutionary	There are qualitative changes in the material and technical base of production in a relatively short time. Contributes to the rapid development of industries that determine the technical re-equipment of the national economy	Based on the achievements of science and technology. It is characterized by the use of new energy sources, the widespread use of electronics, new technological processes, advanced materials

The relationship between these two forms is manifested in the following: STP forms the basis for fundamental changes in the field of science and technology, that is, it contributes to the scientific and technological revolution (STR). Scientific and technological revolution, in turn, accelerates the scientific and technical progress, brings it to a qualitatively new level.

The effectiveness of the innovative (scientific and technical) development of an organization is determined based on the ratio of the effect and the costs that caused it. The costs of improving the technology and organization of production affect the standards of labor intensity, material consumption and equipment productivity, which ultimately affects the cost of production. Planning costs for improving technology consists in determining the increments of these costs that provide the desired increments in the values ​​of these standards. Efficiency is a relative value, measured in fractions of a unit or as a percentage, and characterizing the result of the costs incurred. The efficiency criterion is the maximization of the effect (profit) at a given cost or the minimization of costs (production costs) to achieve a given effect.

In recent years, the problem of systemic reform of Russian enterprises has acquired great importance. The question arises of a fundamental change in production technology, which is associated with the innovative strategy of enterprises, organizations and firms. Effective development and implementation of innovations allow the company to successfully operate in already developed areas and open up opportunities to enter new areas. This acquires a special role in the conditions of a market economy, characterized by a rapid change in the situation and an active competitive struggle of enterprises. The success of implementing innovations in an organization is influenced by many factors, including the availability of scientific and technical potential, production and technical base, basic types of resources, large investments, and an appropriate management system.

The correct ratio and use of these factors, as well as the close relationship through the management system between the innovation, production and marketing activities of the company, lead to a positive result in the implementation of the innovation strategy.

The formation of innovative strategies is based on the general socio-economic goals and innovative tasks of the organization. Making profit and maximizing it is the fundamental goal of the organization in market conditions. To achieve it, the organization defines specific goals of lower orders. Among the general socio-economic goals of the second level of the tree of goals, we can distinguish:

growth in the scale of production;

market share growth;

stabilization of the market position;

development of new markets.

A properly formed portfolio of innovative strategies contributes to a more rational allocation of resources and, accordingly, affects the efficiency of the organization as a whole. However, the process of developing and implementing an innovation strategy largely depends on the factors of the external environment of the organization. In strategic planning, it is necessary to take into account the innovative potential of competitors, and the attitude of the state to the innovative activities of the organization, and the general scientific, technical, economic, political and social atmosphere in the country.

1.3. The main directions of innovative development of the organization

To the main directions of innovative development of the organization in modern economy relate:

complex mechanization and automation;

chemicalization;

electrification;

electronization;

introduction of new materials;

development of new technologies.

1. Integrated mechanization and automation of production involves the widespread introduction of interconnected and interdependent machines, apparatus, instruments, equipment in all areas of production, operations and types of work. It contributes to the intensification of production, the growth of labor productivity, the reduction of the share of manual labor in production, the facilitation and improvement of working conditions, and the reduction of the labor intensity of products. Thus, mechanization displaces manual labor and replaces it with machines in the main and auxiliary technological operations.

Automation of production means the use of technical means to completely or partially replace human participation in the processes of obtaining, transforming, transmitting and using energy, materials or information. The following types of automation are distinguished:

partial (covers individual operations and processes);

complex (covers the entire cycle of work);

complete (automated process is implemented without the direct participation of a person).

2. Chemicalization of production provides for the improvement of production processes as a result of the introduction of chemical technologies, raw materials, materials, products in order to intensify, obtain new types of products and improve their quality. This reduces production costs and increases the efficiency of the organization in the market. Examples include new generation varnishes and coatings, chemical additives, synthetic fibers, lightweight and durable plastics.

3. The electrification of production is a process of widespread introduction of electricity as a source of power for the production power apparatus. On the basis of electrification, complex mechanization and automation of production are being carried out, and progressive technology is being introduced. Electrophysical and electrochemical processing methods make it possible to obtain products of complex geometric shapes. Lasers are widely used for cutting and welding metals, heat treatment.

4. Electronization of production involves providing all departments of the organization with highly efficient electronics - from personal computers to satellite communication and information systems. On the basis of computers and microprocessors, technological complexes, machines and equipment, measuring, regulating and information systems are being created, design work and scientific research are being carried out, information services and training are being carried out. This ensures high labor productivity, reduces the time for obtaining information, and increases the speed of the production process.

5. Creation and introduction of new materials with qualitatively new effective properties (heat resistance, superconductivity, corrosion and radiation resistance, etc.) makes it possible to increase the competitiveness of manufactured products. This, in turn, has a positive effect on the organization's profit margins.

6. The development of new technologies opens up ways to solve many industrial and socio-economic problems. In the production process, fundamentally new technologies make it possible to increase the volume of output without involving additional factors of production. The development of new biotechnologies will help solve the problems of hunger in developing countries, control pests of agricultural crops without harming the environment, provide raw materials for all regions of the world economy, and create waste-free production.

Domestic enterprises in the context of a decline in production during the period of economic reforms faced a serious problem in the field of innovative development. The main difficulties were caused by the refusal to finance R&D by the state, which led to a temporary freeze of this type of activity in organizations. Today, however, many Russian enterprises have begun to adapt to market conditions, and there has been some rise in domestic industry. The transition of enterprises to self-financing, attracting investments from large international organizations gave a new impetus to the innovative activity of enterprises. In addition, the leaders of industrial enterprises have realized that strategic planning in the field of innovation is a fundamental element in improving the efficiency of the company in a market economy. In this regard, part of domestic investment began to be directed to innovative development enterprises.

Innovations, however, require not only significant investments, but also effective management in order to obtain a positive result from their application.

Conclusion

The effect of using innovations depends on the results and costs taken into account. Determine the economic, scientific and technical, financial, resource, social and economic effect.

The commercial aspect defines innovation as an economic necessity realized through the needs of the market. Two points should be noted: the "materialization" of innovations, inventions and developments into new technically advanced types of industrial products, means and objects of labor, technologies and organization of production, and "commercialization", which turns them into a source of income.

The material results of innovative activity are the created and mastered machines, equipment, devices, automation tools.

Entering the technology market indicates the effectiveness of innovation.

Innovations enable an enterprise to increase profits, ensure the competitiveness of products, reduce the risk of bankruptcy during the transition period, and ensure economic sustainability.

Bibliography:

Innovation Management: Textbook / Ed. prof. V.A. Shvandar, prof. V.Ya. Gorfinkel. - M.: Vuzovsky textbook, 2004.-382s.

Production management: Textbook for universities / S.D. Ilyenkova, A.V. Bandurin, G.Ya. Gorbovtsov and others; Ed. S.D. Ilyenkova. - M.: UNITI-DANA, 2002. - 583 p.

Kazantsev A.K., Serova L.S. Fundamentals of production management: Textbook. – M.: INFRA-M, 2002. – 348 p. - (Series "Higher education").