Ministry of Education and Science Russian Federation

FGAOU VPO Russian State Vocational Pedagogical University

Institute of Management and Economic Security

COURSE WORK

topic: Market of modern technologies: main features and features

Student: Troshkov D.V.

Group: ZET-411.

Head: Kruzhkova T.I.

Yekaterinburg 2013

Introduction

Chapter 1. Market of modern technologies

1.1Key Features and Strategies of the Technology Market

1.2 Features of the technology market

3Participants of the technology market

4Trends in the development of the global technology market

Chapter 2. Technology transfer in the market

1 World experience in technology transfer in the market

2 Russia in the system of the international technology market

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

In our rapidly developing world, technology is of great importance. The constant development of science and technology gives rise to the latest technologies, each of which can become a potential product in the market, including the world one. The migration of technologies, their transfer and use is one of the most important aspects of the functioning of the entire modern economy. That is why it is so important to consider it.

The scientific and technological revolution and the development of productive forces lead to a deepening of the international division of labor. Under these conditions, trade and economic relations between countries are characterized by a rapid expansion of scientific, technical and industrial cooperation.

If we distinguish from the field of trade and economic relations the exchange of raw materials and food products, which are somehow connected with geographical, climatic conditions and the presence of minerals, then the remaining part foreign economic relations in today's world will be a consequence of the international division of labor, based on the uneven development of various types of technology, the level of which determines the competitiveness of goods on the market, their quality and cost, and, consequently, making a profit when selling.

If we exclude consumer goods, then the rest of the international economic exchange will be an exchange of technology, either in a "pure form" - in the form of knowledge, experience and scientific and technical information, or "embodied" in materials, machinery and equipment. This part of foreign economic relations is a vast sphere of exchange, the ultimate goal of which, on the one hand, is to increase the technical and technological level of production, and on the other, to make a profit.

In the age of high technologies and revolutionary inventions, this branch of international economic relations is becoming increasingly relevant, including for the Russian economy, a country that has a very significant potential for intangible assets, although it does not yet have an effectively established technology trade system and know-how with foreign partners, since in the foreseeable past this area of ​​​​activity was completely under the undivided jurisdiction of the state.

The relevance of the chosen topic lies in the fact that technologies have a significant impact on the global economy, as they are used in many industries. In addition, the topic of technology exchange at the present stage is increasingly being addressed in the media. Articles of such magazines as "Current time", " World economy and international relations”, “World and national economy”.

Hence the purpose and objectives of the course work.

Purpose: to characterize the technology market at the present stage, having studied both the world experience of technology transfer in the market, and the experience of Russia in the system of the international technology market.

Based on the goal, the following tasks can be formulated:

) study the literature reflecting information about the technology market;

) highlight the main features and strategies of the technology market;

) identify the features and participants of the technology market;

) identify trends in the development of the global technology market;

) evaluate the transfer of technologies in the market of both the world community and Russia in the international system.

The object of research is the technology market.

The research base is the world community.

The subject of the study is the technology market at the present stage, its main features and characteristics.

Chapter 1. Market of modern technologies

.1 Key Features and Strategies of the Technology Market

import world market technology

The main distinguishing feature of our time is associated with the unprecedented development of science and technology. Scientific and technological progress has not only revolutionized the structure of the world technology market, but also expanded the scope of its development, led to the emergence of a new form of international economic relations - international scientific, technical and industrial cooperation.

Today, no country in the world can secure a leading position in all or many branches of science and technology. The development of international scientific, technical and industrial cooperation in these conditions is the only and reasonable way out.

International technological exchange is a set of economic relations between foreign contractors regarding the use of the results of scientific and technical activities that have scientific and practical value.

International technology exchange has been known since the beginning of the 20th century, but the formation of the world technology market took place in the 1950s and 1960s. It was by this time that the volume of international commercial transactions with technologies surpassed the scale of national exchange.

International industrial and scientific and technical cooperation has two levels of prerequisites:

· at the country level;

· local at the level of firms, enterprises and organizations.

Analysis of countries that have been successful in innovation, production and export science-intensive products, allows you to select some types of strategies innovative development.

The "transfer" strategy consists in using foreign scientific and technical potential and transferring innovations to our own economy. It was carried out, for example, in the post-war period by Japan, which purchased licenses from the USA, Britain and France for highly efficient technologies for mastering the production of the latest products that were in demand abroad. On this basis, Japan created its own potential, which in the future provided all innovation cycle- from fundamental research and developments to the realization of their results within the country and on the world market. As a result, the export of Japanese technologies exceeded their imports, and the country, along with some others, has advanced fundamental science.

The “borrowing” strategy consists in the fact that, having a cheap labor force and using their own scientific and technical potential, countries master the production of products that were previously produced in more developed countries, consistently increasing their own engineering and technical support for production. Further, it becomes possible to carry out their R&D (Research and Development Works), combining state and market forms of ownership. This strategy has been adopted in China and a number of countries. South-East Asia. An example is the creation of a competitive automotive industry, highly efficient computer technology, consumer electronics in South Korea.

The USA, the FRG, England, and France adhere to the strategies of "building up". On the basis of using their own scientific and technical potential, attracting foreign scientists and specialists, integrating fundamental and applied science, these countries are constantly creating a new product, high technologies, implemented in production and the social sphere.

Prerequisites for international scientific and technical exchange at the level of enterprises and organizations:

1.Raising the threshold of resources needed to solve specific scientific and technical problems.

2.The narrowness of the material and technical base a separate enterprise, Institute.

.Unpreparedness of existing production systems for the use of new technical solutions.

.Discrepancy between the obtained scientific and technical results of the enterprise development strategy.

.New strategic opportunities arising from participation in international technology transfer.

Particularly significant are international scientific and technical exchange and cooperation for technology-oriented enterprises and organizations that have relied on the high competitiveness of their products and services. They adhere to the strategy of "producing not what is relatively cheaper or better, but what no one else (yet) can produce."

The economic feasibility of technology export is that it is:

1)a means of increasing income: in the absence of conditions for the implementation of a new technology in the form of production and marketing of a particular product, it can be sold as an independent product;

2)form of struggle for the commodity market. Initially, due to the lack of capital, it is difficult to organize the release and sale of the product abroad in sufficient quantities, but buyers overseas market will already be familiar with the product, previously produced under a license;

)a way to get around the problems of exporting goods in material form, because there are no problems of transportation and marketing of products, customs barriers;

)a means of expanding commodity exports, if a license agreement is concluded providing for the supply of equipment, materials, components;

)a method of establishing control over a foreign company through such conditions of a license agreement as the volume of output of goods by the buyer of the license, his participation in profits, control over specifications production, etc.;

)a way to provide access to another innovation through cross-licensing firms;

)the possibility of more effective improvement of the object of the license with the participation of the partner-buyer.

The economic feasibility of technology import is that it is:

1)access to innovations of a high technical level;

)a means of reducing the cost of commodity imports and at the same time a means of attracting national capital and labor;

)a condition for expanding exports of products manufactured using foreign technologies: in many countries, the share of products manufactured under licenses in foreign exchange exports exceeds the share of national products.

All this determined the emergence and intensive development of the global technology market, which has a peculiar structure and features.

The heterogeneity of scientific and technological progress, the presence of various forms of science and technology, on the one hand, and various channels of technology transfer, on the other hand, have led to the heterogeneity of the global technology market and led to the formation of such segments as:

· market of patents and licenses;

· market of science-intensive technological products;

· high-tech capital market;

· market of scientific and technical specialists.

Let's look at the geographic structure of the global technology market.

Industrialized countries occupy a leading position in the international trade in licenses (up to 80% of their exports). Proceeds from the sale of licenses abroad amount to 30 billion dollars a year, the value of products manufactured under foreign licenses - 500 billion dollars a year; the share of high-tech products in US exports is 20%, Germany and France - 15%.

The USA is the leader in licensed trade (electrotechnical, chemical industry, mechanical engineering). The second place in the export of licenses is occupied by the countries of Western Europe (pharmaceuticals, metallurgy and metalworking, textile and chemical industries).

Thus, the modern world technology market is one of the most intensively developing world markets. In terms of the pace of development, technological exchange prevails over the traditional world economic flows of goods and capital.

1.2 Features of the technology market

The modern world market of technologies has a number of features.

The global technology market contributes to the intellectualization of the global economy as a whole.

The main subjects are TNCs (Transnational Company), in which R&D results are shared by parent and subsidiaries, as a result of which the global technology market is better developed than the national one. About 2/3 of the world technological exchange is accounted for by intra-company exchange of TNCs. More than 60% of the licensing income of industrialized countries is accounted for by intra-corporate income (80% in the USA).

The largest TNCs concentrate research in their own hands, which contributes to the monopolization of the global technology market (the level of monopolistic control is 89-90%);

The behavior strategy of TNCs in the global technology market in relation to independent firms and countries is determined by the technology life cycle:

stage - sale of finished products produced by new technology;

stage - technological exchange is accompanied or carried out in the form of foreign direct investment;

stage - pure licensing.

Thus, the latest technologies are mainly used in the home country, and as they become obsolete, they are transferred to branches and then sold abroad in the form of licenses.

The technological gap between different groups of countries entails a multi-stage structure of the global technology market:

· high technologies (unique, progressive) circulate between industrialized countries;

· low (morally obsolete) and medium (traditional) technologies of industrialized countries are new for developing and former socialist countries.

Technologies created in developed countries are labor- and resource-intensive, but capital-saving; technologies of developing countries are labor-saving, but resource- and capital-intensive. Thus, international trade in technologies is in practice limited by the development of adaptive capabilities in their application in a particular country.

The global technology market has a specific regulatory framework for its functioning (the International Code of Conduct on Technology Transfer), as well as international regulatory bodies (the World Trade Organization Agreement on Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), the Technology Transfer Committee of the UN Conference on Trade and (UNCTAD), World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), Export Control Coordinating Committee (COCOM), Meeting of Technology Security Specialists (CTEM)).

In the international economy, the carriers of technology can be such factors of production:

1)goods - in the case of international trade in high-tech goods;

2)capital - in the case of international trade in high-tech capital-intensive goods;

)labor - in the case of international migration of highly qualified scientific and technical personnel;

)land - in the case of trade in natural resources, for the development of which the latest scientific and technological achievement has been used.

Thus, the main feature of the modern technology market is that it is one of the most intensively developing world markets; in terms of the pace of development, technological exchange prevails over the traditional world economic flows of goods and capital. The global technology market is better developed than the national one. The main role in this process is played by TNCs, which have created a special mechanism for the sharing of R&D by parent and subsidiaries.

1.3 Technology Market Participants

In the global technology markets, as in other commodity markets, a market mechanism has developed and operates, the main elements of which are demand, supply and price. Enterprises, firms, corporations occupy certain niches in this market and perform certain functions.

The structures of large corporations are not adapted to the search for innovations, and often to their introduction into production. In this regard, the main role belongs to scientists, inventors and small innovative companies.

Small firms, being representatives of the most mobile form of business organization, play the role of a generator of new ideas that cannot be born in research teams due to the ideas and authorities prevailing there, a tester of new products, technologies, the development of which is associated with a high degree of uncertainty and risk.

However, the development of industrial technology or the introduction of a new product into modern industrial production requires industrial laboratories, design offices, and technological departments. An individual inventor, for a variety of reasons, has no hope of realizing a license for his invention abroad (this is an established world practice). In this regard, the division of labor is deepening between individual inventors who offer new non-traditional ideas, small and medium-sized innovative companies that bring these ideas to the stage of practical application, and large corporations that ensure the use of new technology in mass production.

Small innovative companies mainly determine the supply of modern markets technology. The most common way to market your product is for an independent inventor or small business is the sale of an invention to an industrial company interested in the development of an innovation in production.

Market structure on initial stage The reproduction cycle of technology is characterized, on the one hand, by a huge number of small innovative firms and individual inventors who generate new technical ideas and seek to sell their scientific and technical results. On the other side, there are a large number of large industrial companies that are ready to acquire the most promising of them for use in their own production by buying up patents and licenses, subcontracting small firms, hiring a specialist who owns the technology, or acquiring an enterprise where it is successfully used.

Intermediary firms play a significant role in communication between various participants in the technology reproduction process. Brokers and intermediary firms in the technology trade emerged in the 1960s and 1970s. Their appearance is associated with the problems of overproduction of scientific knowledge, when, in the context of the constant expansion of scientific research, the gap between the number of scientific and technological achievements being created and the possibilities of applying them in production has significantly increased. As a result, a significant part of potentially useful technologies is not used not only because of economic inefficiency, but also in to a large extent because of potential consumers are unaware of its existence. Intermediary firms create a database of available and developed technologies, help solve the problem of finding partners interested in selling and acquiring a particular technology, create conditions for their customers to communicate between the seller and the buyer through a computer connection in real time.

Intermediary firms are a necessary attribute of advanced technology markets. Their significance lies in the fact that they: serve scientific and technical exchange; contribute to the increase in the speed of dissemination of innovations in the economy; increase the return on investment in R&D.

International regional centers transfer (transfer) of technologies and intermediary firms of technology exchange marketing have become the most important executive structures that provide, on the basis of modern information systems, a quick search for partners for a technology supplier or buyer. In Europe, such a center is the European Association of Technology Transfer and Innovation Promotion Professionals (TII), established in 1984 with the support of the EU. The Association currently unites about 500 organizations from 21 European countries. The main objective of FII is to promote the development of professional innovation promotion services in Europe.

Among the world's largest technology exchange marketing intermediary firms is the international licensed technology bank (MBLT) Dr. Dvorkowitz and Associates Inc. (USA). Recently, MBLT has opened regional centers in South Korea, Germany, the Czech Republic and Russia, where these functions are performed by the Informtechnologyservice company (Moscow). "Informtechnologyservice" received the exclusive right to represent MBLT in the CIS and the Baltic states.

In addition to intermediary firms, an infrastructure that facilitates the dissemination of new technologies is the expansion of the practice of various exhibitions, fairs where inventors and small innovative businesses can demonstrate their achievements in various fields of knowledge.

1.4 Global Technology Market Development Trends

Last third of the 20th century was marked by a whole series of fundamental, technological and applied discoveries in the field of electronics, radiophysics, optoelectronics and laser technology, modern materials science, chemistry, microbiology, the creation of modern aviation and astronautics. The rapid development of information technology, amazing results in the field of micro- and nanoelectronics have led to the emergence of products based on the latest technologies. In recent years, the economic development of states has been largely driven by innovation.

At the beginning of the XXI century. scientific and technological progress acquires a number of new features. A different quality is born in the sphere of interaction between science, technology and production. One of the manifestations of this is a sharp reduction in the period for the implementation of scientific discoveries: the average period for mastering innovations from 1885 to 1919 was 37 years, from 1920 to 1944 - 24 years, from 1945 to 1964 - 14 years, and in 90 - e gg. 20th century for the most promising discoveries (electronics, nuclear energy, lasers) - 3-4 years. There was an actual competition of scientific knowledge and technical improvement of production. It has become economically more profitable to develop production on the basis of new scientific ideas than on the basis of the most modern, but "today's" technology. As a result, the interaction of science with production has changed: earlier, technology and production developed mainly through the accumulation of empirical experience, now they began to develop on the basis of science - in the form of high technologies. In them, the method of producing the final product includes numerous auxiliary productions using the latest technologies.

In the last decade, three groups of technologies have had the greatest impact on the development of the world economy: high technologies (nano-, bio- and eco-technologies), ICT and new business technologies. At the same time, the development of ICT is closely related to the development of nanotechnologies, and business technologies, in turn, depend on the level of development of ICT. In developed countries, much attention is paid to research and development in advanced areas that characterize the further development of the innovative economy.

Nanotechnology is expected to have a significant impact on the global economy as it can be used in almost any industry. The first forecasts for the development of the nanotechnology market were prepared in the early 2000s. with a forecast up to 2015. The most famous of them was published in 2001. The National Science Foundation of the United States, which estimated the volume of the world market for nanotechnological products at 1 trillion dollars. by 2015

Knowledge-intensive technologies are not isolated, isolated flows. In a number of cases, they are connected and complement each other. But their integrated use requires fundamental developments that open up new areas of application of the latest processes, principles, and ideas. The penetration of the same scientific and technical idea into other industries, the adaptation of new methods and products for other areas, and the formation of new market sectors are also extremely important. An active scientific search should be carried out in many directions in order not to miss any way of promising application of the innovation.

The risk of inaccurate choice of development direction is extremely high. Over the past 15-20 years, companies in developed countries have accumulated significant experience in organizing innovation activities. Various forms of international relations arose during the introduction of scientific developments into production (technological cooperation, cross-country technological transfer, territorial scientific and industrial complexes).

At present, in high-tech business, as well as in the economy as a whole, there are three major centers - the USA, Japan, Western Europe, between which the main competitive struggle is unfolding. The US today dominates mainly in the supply of computer hardware (75%) and software (65%).

There is an increase in the role of Japan. Now in the North American market, the share of Japanese manufacturers of office equipment is: in the field of copiers - over 40%, in the field of calculators and facsimile equipment - about 100%.

Europe has recently been characterized by some lag in the field of new technologies. Thus, European information technology companies, with the rare exception of a few world-class manufacturers, are seen as having lost their ability to compete in the global information technology market. Such a conclusion inevitably follows from the survey of public opinion. The total share of European companies in the domestic market is only 30-40% of the total supply of information technology products. Among the 100 largest private companies and firms, only 19 are European. But the governments of European states, despite the skepticism of their activities on the part of the leadership of private companies, contribute to the revival of their industry in the field of information technology. R&D in the field of information technology has found support not only from individual governments, they have attracted the attention of the EU leadership, which has developed several programs to assist in the development of these technologies. An example is the ESPRIT program (European Strategic Research Program for Information Technology).

An analysis of the development of the world economy shows that the scale of the use of innovations for the effective development of human society began to play an important role. Under these conditions, the most important is the further development of the "engine" of new technologies - information technology.

Information technologies (IT) should be understood as the use of computer technology and communication systems for the creation, collection, processing, storage, and transmission of information for all spheres of public life. Information technology includes the main components of modern information business: computers, terminals, computer equipment, optical equipment, microfilms, laser discs, printing equipment and photocopying.

The evolution of technical support proceeds unevenly, spasmodically. The development of computer technology is taking place exponentially. Every year and a half, the performance of computers increases by 2 times.

Analyzing the trends of the global IT market shows that the growth of the market occurs mainly in Asian countries. This is due to the fact that the IT markets in Europe and the United States are already oversaturated, and in Asia there are many developing countries that need more and more information technology resources to develop their economies. The leader in consumption is China - 43%, South Korea- 16%, India - 9%.

A study of the world market of computer equipment shows that the main suppliers of computer equipment in 2004 are Dell - 18.3%, HP - 15.7%, IBM - 6.5%, Fujitsu Siemens - 3.8%, Acer - 3.2%.

Thus, the following dominant trends in the development of IT technical support have recently appeared:

) connecting together three areas - consumer electronics, communications and computers;

) cheaper products of this convergence;

) miniaturization and improved usability of devices.

The foundation for the development of science-intensive technologies is education. On the one hand, it is of great importance what basic education a person has received. On the other hand, in recent years, postgraduate education has begun to play an increasingly important role. The point is that in order to maintain competitiveness, a person is forced to improve his knowledge in connection with the rapidly changing current needs of the labor market.

It should be noted that education in Russia was famous in the world precisely for its fundamental nature. Foreign education, with its greater practical orientation, is more flexible and adapted to the perception of new technologies.

The process of organizing retraining of workers of domestic organizations and enterprises at present, according to many authors, is insufficiently provided both methodically and technologically.

One of the ways to solve this problem could be the widespread introduction of new information and educational technologies based on the use of modern multimedia technology. These technologies include the New Information and Educational Technology (NRET), which uses the concept distance learning. This concept involves, using the latest computer technology in conjunction with progressive methods and techniques, the creation of e-learning systems, including general theoretical and applied disciplines. These disciplines make it possible to organize studying proccess, filling it to the maximum with elements that ensure high quality and effectiveness of training. At the same time, the student may be far from the university, which significantly reduces the cost of education.

At the present stage of the scientific and technological revolution, the role of small business in research and development has increased significantly. This is due to the fact that the scientific and technological revolution has provided small and medium-sized high-tech innovative firms with modern equipment that matches their size (microprocessors, microcomputers, microcomputers), which allows them to conduct production and development at a high technical level and require relatively low costs.

Risk-taking ventures of a small, as a rule, size are busy developing scientific ideas and turning them into new technologies and products. Such enterprises are most often initiated by small groups of people - talented engineers, inventors, scientists, innovative managers who want to devote themselves to developing a promising idea and at the same time work without the restrictions that are inevitable in laboratories. large firms subordinated to rigid programs and centralized plans.

The risky business did not get its name by accident. It is distinguished by instability, unreliability of position. "Mortality" risk organizations very high. Of the 250 risky firms founded in the United States back in the 1960s, about a third survived, 32% were taken over by large corporations, and 37% went bankrupt. And only a few have turned into major producers of high technology, like Xerox, Intel, Apple Computer. However, the returns of the surviving firms are so great both in terms of profits and in terms of improving production, which makes such a practice worthwhile.

An important factor in the development of the high-tech sector in the global economy is the formation and improvement of systems of technology parks and technopolises. For the full functioning of these entities, the active participation of the state in their creation and maintenance is required. It is necessary to form special funds to lend to risky scientific and technical projects, to create consulting structures that help innovative firms find and do business with foreign partners. It is also advisable to form special databases for newly emerging projects that could help the buyer and seller find each other.

Chapter 2. Technology transfer in the market

.1 Global experience in technology transfer in the market

Operations for the export and import of technologies are carried out in cooperation between the subjects of the global technology markets, which are states, corporations, firms, non-profit organizations, universities, intermediary structures and individuals(scientists and specialists).

The objects of the global technology market are the results of intellectual activity in materialized (equipment, units, tools, production lines, etc.) and intangible form (various technical documentation, knowledge, experience, etc.).

International documents interpret the concept of technology very broadly; according to neoclassical theory, it includes: the actual technology, understood as a set constructive solutions, methods and processes; materialized technology, i.e. technology embodied in machines, equipment, etc.

Accordingly, the subject of the transfer can be both types of objects - both jointly and separately. The level of modern world science and technology is largely due to the development of hundreds of thousands of inventions created by scientists and designers from all over the world. The current tendency for inventions to become more expensive stems from a focus on widespread use. So the average profitability from the application of inventions in the form of savings and direct profit in the 70s increased by 1.5 times compared to the 60s, and at the beginning of the 80s by 5.8 times compared to the 70s.

By the early 2000s, this figure was doubling every six months.

Accordingly, the efficiency of technology transfer between different countries and firms is growing. This process is carried out through a fairly wide network of channels.

International technology transfer is a set of economic relations between firms of different countries in the field of using foreign scientific and technological achievements. Technological exchange in a broad sense can be understood as a wide range of international economic relations.

The whole variety of forms of commercial technology transfer in the global technology markets can be reduced to the following forms:

) transfer, sale or licensing of all forms of industrial property (with the exception of trademarks and trade marks);

) providing know-how and technological expertise;

) trade in high-tech products;

) providing the technological knowledge necessary for the acquisition of the installation and use of machinery and equipment, semi-finished products and materials obtained through the purchase, rental, leasing or in some other way;

) industrial and technical cooperation in terms of the technical maintenance of machines, equipment, semi-finished products, materials;

) provision of consulting services and engineering;

) transfer of technology within the framework of scientific and technical production cooperation; 8) transfer of technology within the framework of investment cooperation (franchising).

International transfer of technology can be carried out both through inter-firm channels to independent foreign firms, and through internal channels of firms in the case of the introduction in a country office of a scientific and technological achievement developed by an organizational unit of a firm in another country.

In modern conditions of the increasing expansion of the activities of multinational corporations (MNCs), a large share of the license exchange in the world is carried out precisely through intra-company trade channels, which reduces the degree of risk when concluding contracts and guarantees the preservation of scientific and technical secrets.

Licenses occupy a special place in the methods of technology transfer.

The emergence and development of licensed trade is an objective economic pattern, the result of the international division of labor and the progressive development of the productive forces of society, their internationalization. It contributes to the reduction of unproductive costs of social labor, because in the conditions of the scientific and technological revolution (NTR) it is not economically feasible for a single country, regardless of its size and level of scientific and technical potential, to develop all areas of science and technology evenly.

History knows many patents worth many millions of dollars that protect inventions that served in a fairly wide period of time as the basis for the development of entire industries in the world economy. Such, for example, are the patents of Nobel (dynamite), Solvay (obtaining soda from table salt), Gates (barbed wire), Selden (mounting an internal combustion engine on a car), Goodyear (vulcanization), Westinghouse (railway brake), Edison (phonograph, light bulb), Bell (telephone), Armstrong (frequency modulation), Whittle (turbojet engine), Zworykin (television). However, among the many forms of technological exchange, the international trade in licenses acquired independent significance only in the second half of the 20th century. A feature of the sectoral structure of the international trade in licenses, which persists throughout the entire post-war period, is the predominance of trade in knowledge-intensive industries that have a decisive influence on overall economic development and technical progress in general. These industries include:

Ø electronic;

Ø aviation;

Ø space;

Ø electrical engineering;

Ø chemical;

Ø metallurgical;

Ø machine-building;

Ø atomic energy.

The first place in terms of turnover in the field of trade in licenses belongs to the United States (28% of the world volume), although the share of this country has decreased significantly since 1960 (38.6%). The decline was due to a decrease in the share of the United States in the export of licenses. In recent years, the United States has expanded its purchases of foreign technology, and by this indicator has become one of the leading countries importing licenses. American companies often acquire unimplemented technologies and refine them themselves. Under such circumstances, licensors are not their competitors, and, consequently, many economic and legal problems that often arise during the conclusion and implementation of license agreements are removed.

The main markets for US technology are Western Europe and Canada, from which the US receives 64% of its licensing revenue. Limited to the same regions for the US foreign market scientific and technical knowledge, where the US transfers up to 95% of payments for license imports.

The leading role of the United States in the export of licenses is determined by the huge scientific and technical potential and the largest expenditures on R&D, careful regulation of the norms for the use of inventions created with the involvement of public funds or under government orders, which occupy a significant amount in R&D spending, as well as the policy of containment trade licenses with independent firms, while enhancing technology transfers with US-based parent firms and their many subsidiaries and subsidiaries abroad.

Japan in terms of the turnover of commercial transactions in the international trade in licenses ranks second (15% of the world volume). Almost 80% of the total number of licensing contracts in Japan is associated with the purchase of production secrets - know-how (and this knowledge is not always formalized legally, in patent form), managerial knowledge, knowledge of how to organize and establish production and marketing. The acquired licenses are used by Japanese firms not only to re-equip the leading sectors of the economy and develop exports, but also as a potential for the development of their own R&D. Until the end of the 1960s, Japan was a net importer of licenses, and then began to increase their export.

The policy of the Western European states in expanding participation in the international license market and the effective use of world scientific and technological achievements is constantly reflected by Germany and Great Britain, which belong to the world leaders in licensed trade. The orientation of the scientific and technological policy of these countries towards conducting their own R&D and a significant increase in government appropriations and the costs of private firms for their implementation, the implementation of innovations in order to increase the level of competitiveness of high-tech products, the increase in capital investment in other countries allowed them to achieve the effective use of scientific and technical research abroad. capacity by exporting licenses.

Patent and license turnover in Germany is approximately 8% of the world volume. At the same time, the costs of importing licenses exceed the income from their exports. The most important licensors and licensees of the German industry are electrical engineering, chemistry, metallurgy, metalworking, pharmaceuticals. Germany carries out patent-licensing activities exclusively in industrialized countries, which account for approximately 86% of proceeds from the sale of licenses and approximately 95% of payments for their acquisition. Germany receives almost half of all income from Western Europe and about a third from the USA. In relation to Japan, Germany has long been showing a high positive balance, although it is concerned that the growth rate of its payments under Japanese licenses in recent years has significantly outpaced payments by the Japanese side under German licenses.

The UK patent and license turnover is 8.6% of the world volume. British firms are characterized by an excess of receipts from licensed transactions compared to payments. In the UK, the leaders in terms of revenues and payments are traditionally the chemical industry, electrical engineering, food and tobacco industries.

A striking example of gaining leading positions in the foreign market, thanks to the active import of licenses, is one of the new industrial countries - South Korea. Since the 70s. this form of obtaining the latest technologies was not only the main channel for borrowing foreign scientific and technical experience, but also played a key role in the formation of a modern industrial structure in the country. In the 1990s, the Republic of Korea imported about 700 new technological developments annually. Realizing that the development of science and technology is the key to strengthening the competitiveness of domestic industrial products, in recent years this country has placed a bet on the priority development of knowledge-intensive industries.

In world practice, a small number of license agreements, the subjects of which are only inventions, are valid. The largest number of existing license agreements are agreements, the subject of which is simultaneously inventions, the right to their industrial and (or) commercial use and know-how. More than half of such licensing agreements, excluding licensing agreements concluded between national firms within the country, related licenses and others, information about which is not available.

Since licensed trade between the countries of the world is regulated by international and interstate agreements, legal regulations countries-participants of the agreement and the terms of the agreements themselves, then state regulation of licensing operations of national firms with foreign counterparties is carried out by obtaining the consent or permission of the competent state body to sell or purchase licenses, as well as through taxation and control over compliance with the terms of the agreement. The state competent authority controls the amount of the license fee and may prohibit the transaction, for example, if the fee to the foreign counterparty is relatively high and the country has a foreign exchange deficit.

The market for high-tech products is firmly held by three countries that are the leading agents of global technology trade. These are the USA, Germany and Japan. The annual volume of exports of these products to these countries is 700, 530 and 400 billion dollars, respectively. However, these indicators do not take into account the so-called escort effect. Its essence lies in the fact that the sale of foreign technologies and high-tech goods may be accompanied by the supply of raw materials, additional low-tech equipment and semi-finished products under separate contracts that are not legally related to the original agreements. Thus, the seller increases its own volume of exports of finished products. Since additional contracts may be concluded for other supplier firms or subsidiaries, this opens up opportunities for manipulating the tax base. This is widely used by TNCs. According to foreign economists, up to 80% of technology trade is intracompany trade.

To protect the results of intellectual activity on the world market, such a concept as "copyright" - the right to reproduce - is used when concluding contracts for the transfer of not only works of art, but also production sketches, models, drawings and drawings. This allows you to withdraw from the norms, a significant proportion of intra-company trade.

The domestic patent and licensing policy of states also largely determines the foreign policy of high-tech companies. Thus, Japan, having established the world's highest cost of patenting (a full documentary cycle of confirmation and maintenance costs about 80 thousand US dollars), is able to fully control the domestic market of inventions and prevent foreign companies from entering its legal space by additional time restrictions for the period of consideration of patents. applications. As a result, Japan has 96% of its own domestic market for inventions.

World practice shows that enterprises of countries lagging behind in the field of creation and application of new technologies due to lack of funds and lack of experience in involving the results of intellectual activity in the international circulation, when the state enters the WTO system, are not able to gain a foothold even in the peripheral positions of the world technological and economic development.

International strategic alliances based on technology transfer or alliances based on technological cooperation are a powerful mechanism for post-industrial countries to penetrate and work in the world market. For small and medium-sized firms in particular, alliances have become almost a prerequisite for meeting the financial challenges of being on the international market. For large companies, alliances involving technical cooperation have become part of the survival strategy for diversifying, acquiring and developing new commercial technologies.

Commercially, many American and European high-tech companies are forming alliances based on technology transfer and cooperation to jointly develop, manufacture and market within the European Union. Since a large number of technologies in defense companies have been developed under the auspices of defense programs, the transfer and use of such technology or know-how and the intellectual property contained therein must be subject to defense agency contractual requirements and confidentiality restrictions. It must be remembered that not all alliances or cooperative associations require technology transfer. Technological cooperation and joint projects can be carried out so that the two parties jointly develop new products and work with each other exclusively on marketing strategy and further improvement of these products.

The undeveloped nature of the Russian " open market"makes it difficult, almost impossible, for small and medium-sized high-tech enterprises to operate in this market. The strategic alliance between US and Russian companies provides some opportunity for such activity. Careful research of interest and size compatibility of companies, adequate funding and competent management are a necessary and inevitable condition for success But at the same time, it's almost impossible to do in Russia.

2.2 Russia in the system of the international technology market

Commercialization of the market, close connection of the global technology market and the global financial market is especially attractive for Russia, whose unacceptably low share in the world market of high-tech goods is a meager percentage.

The need for full-scale state support for Russian participants in the global technology market is intensified by the low level of deductions for Russian science over the past decade and the weak attention to the global research process.

Even with a cursory glance at the problems of Russian participation in international technology exchange, it becomes clear that for a worthy participation of Russia in the global technology market, first of all, it is necessary:

) multiple growth financial investments in science, education and health care;

) financing of inventive and rationalization movements at enterprises;

) state support for the process of patenting Russian inventions abroad;

) clear legislation in the field of external economic activity(foreign economic activity);

) zero taxation of profits of Russian participants in the global technology market invested in the development of production and research; conducting a large-scale campaign to attract young personnel to this area.

Without state support, Russia's full-scale presence in the global technology market is not possible, corresponding to the accumulated experience and wealth of scientific knowledge.

The introduction of technology into world markets means the possibility of full access to it and participation in commercial operations at the level of any of the industrial European countries. In this regard, it is necessary to plan and carry out this work in advance by state and legislative institutions.

The study of the patterns and driving forces of technology exchange in the world shows the need to introduce wider control over the development of the country's technological base so that it meets the level of industrialized countries. Thus, imported technologies that come through all channels, and not only at the expense of public funds, should be subject to examination. In doing so, it is important to take into account the experience of, for example, Mexico, where for many years the acquisition of foreign technology was not controlled or regulated by law. As a result, in order to create a kind of barrier against the influx of unwanted technology into the country, to control the quantity and quality of incoming technical innovations, the government was forced to create a special administrative body - the national register of technology transfer transactions, entrusting it with the management of technology inflow regulation. It registers technologies that have successfully passed a special examination of three stages - economic, technical and legal. Particular attention should be paid to the early development of a program for the systematic import of the latest technologies, its stimulation, especially for industries with a clear technological gap, the development and stimulation of the export of national technologies and licensed trade, and the involvement of Russian capital for this, not only budgetary, but also private investors. The main thing is to reduce their apparent risk through government guarantees.

Conclusion

Technology, being a developed factor of production, has high international mobility. The material basis for the emergence and functioning of the technological market is the international division of technologies, which is a historically established or acquired concentration of this product in individual countries.

The technology market operates under the conditions of legal protection of scientific and technical knowledge and intellectual property. The most common instruments of legal protection of technologies are patents, licenses, copyright, trademark or brand.

Technology transfer can conditionally be reduced to three forms: - to the export and import of technology in an intangible form in the form of trade in licenses;

to export it in a materialized form;

to its materialization in direct foreign investments.

The most important economic agents in the global technology market are firms from developed countries. They account for an absolutely predominant part of the turnover of the global technology market. In Russia, during the years of market reforms, there has been a drastic decline in spending on research and development, inventive activity has fallen to a critical threshold, and there is a large "brain drain" abroad. The country became the object of receiving technical assistance from the world community along with other developing countries and countries with economies in transition.

Improving the market mechanism for international technology transfer leads to an increase in the efficiency of distribution of this factor between countries, an increase in the benefits received by trading partners. However, the technology market is characterized by a high degree of state intervention, which, by creating explicit and hidden restrictions on the export of technologies, seeks to maintain scientific and technical leadership in a particular area. When erecting barriers to the movement of technologies, the state in a number of cases is guided by considerations of national security, political and ideological motives.

Experts predict that in the near future the exchange of technologies in the world will intensify. This conclusion comes, on the one hand, from the desire of industrialized countries to expand the scale of R&D, to increase labor productivity and the competitiveness of their products, and on the other hand, from the urgent need to expand the use of the latest technologies in newly industrialized countries, in many countries with economies in transition and in developing countries. . Mastering advanced technologies is a key moment in achieving the competitive advantages of the national economy.

1.Berezina A.A. Position of Russia in the world market of high technologies // High technologies - strategy XXI century. Materials of the conference of the XI International Forum "High Technologies of the XXI century", April 19-22, 2012. - M: CJSC "INFEST", 2012. - p. 54-56.

2.Korotaev A.V., Bozhevolnov Yu.V. Some general trends in the economic development of the World System // Forecast and modeling of crises and world dynamics / Ed. ed. A.A. Akaev, A.V. Korotaev, G.G. Malinetsky. - M.: Publishing house LKI / URSS, 2010. - S. 161-172.

.World Book of Facts. − 2006. CIA, USA. Retrieved December 23, 2006.

4. Korotaev A.V. etc. Laws of history : Mathematical modeling and forecasting of world and regional development. Ed. 3, n. revised and additional - M.: URSS, 2010. - ISBN 978-5-382-01252-0.

Korotaev A. V., Khalturina D. A. Modern tendencies world development. M.: Librokom, 2009.

System monitoring. Global and regional development. - M.: Librokom, 2009. - ISBN 978-5-397-00917-1.

Korotaev A.V. New technologies and scenarios for the future, or is the Singularity already near? // History and synergetics. Research methodology. 2nd ed. - M.: Publishing house LKI / URSS, 2009. - S.183-191.

8.http://gazeta-nv.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=4528& Itemid=210.

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Berezina Anna Arturovna Modern trends in the development of the international high-tech market: dissertation ... Candidate of Economic Sciences: 08.00.14 / Berezina Anna Arturovna; [Place of protection: Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation]. - Moscow, 2011. - 191 p.: ill. RSL OD, 61 11-8/2408

Introduction

Chapter 1. International high-tech market: concept, pricing and features of functioning 12

1.1. The concept of the international high technology market. The place of the international high-tech market in the modern world market.12

1.2. The impact of globalization on the nature and dynamics innovation processes in high-tech industries of the modern world economy 28

1.3. Pricing in the international high-tech market 45

Chapter 2 The modern international market of high technologies in the conditions of the global financial and economic crisis 63

2.1. Dynamics and structure of the international market of high technologies 63

2.2. Prospects for the development of the international high-tech market in the post-crisis period 74

Chapter 3 Russia in the international market of high technologies ...88

3.1. Position of Russia in the international market of high technologies. Scientific and technical country's potential 88

3.2. Prospects for Russia's expansion into the international high-tech market in the context of globalization 97

3.3. State policy of Russia in the field of high technologies: problems, strategies, tools 126

Conclusion 152

List of references 157

Applications 167

Introduction to work

Relevance of the research topic.

The development of the modern world economy in the context of globalization causes not only an aggravation international competition, but also the strengthening of cooperation ties, the specialization of production, which, in turn, causes the growing interdependence of participants in international exchange. At the same time, since the second half of the 20th century, one of the most important means of achieving sustainable economic development of both national economies and the world economy as a whole has been the creation and implementation of the latest technologies.

In recent decades, the high-tech sector has become key factor increasing national competitiveness. The ability of a country to create and implement its own innovations and develop high technologies determines the level of development of its economy, financial stability, as well as the place and role in the global economic arena.

The global financial and economic crisis that erupted in 2007 could not but affect the high-tech sector, which, on the one hand, lost sources of financing for many innovative projects, and on the other hand, demonstrated the need for its development to overcome the crisis. As world experience shows, the creation and use of products of high-tech industries makes it possible to overcome the negative consequences of the crisis much faster. The changed conditions for the development of high-tech industries have led to the evolution of the main pricing factors in the international high-tech market, as well as to the adaptation of pricing strategies innovative products industrial sector.

For our country, the problem of developing the high-tech sector is of particular relevance, given the fact that the deep systemic crisis of the early 1990s had a negative impact on scientific and technological achievements and innovations, and high energy prices in the 2000s led to strengthening the raw material orientation of the economy. As a result, Russia's share of the international market for high-tech products has declined significantly in recent decades and currently stands at less than one percent.

To overcome negative consequences The crisis of Russia requires the modernization of the national economy and the transition to an innovative path of development. At the same time, the main priority should be the formation of an effective industrial, scientific, technical and innovation policy designed to stimulate the development of fundamental and applied science and, accordingly, the creation and implementation of new technologies in production and the promotion of products of the Russian high-tech sector to the international market. If the transition to an innovative path is not implemented, Russia will not only completely lose its position in the global economy, but will also lose the potential for recovery of the manufacturing industry. One of the most important tools for implementing such a policy could be the successful operation of the Skolkovo Innovation Center.

In the context of globalization, the transition to an innovative development path, the technological modernization of production and the accelerated development of the high-tech sector will contribute to Russia's entry into the international market not only as a supplier of raw materials, but also as a full-fledged participant in international technological exchange. In this regard, the definition of the most promising areas for the development of the sphere of high technologies, the problems of financing and implementing scientific and technological achievements in Russia, and the forms of interaction between our country and other states in the high-tech field are of particular importance.

The degree of development of the problem. The study of the problems associated with the development of the international high-tech market and the high-tech sector in national economies is of growing interest as competition intensifies in the modern world economy in the context of the global financial and economic crisis.

Some aspects of modern trends in the development of the international high-tech market are considered in the works of D. Bell, N.I. Ivanova, G.B. Kleiner, L.N. Krasavina, Yu.N. Krasnorutskaya, D.S. Lvov, A.N. Snowstorms, G.O. Pavlovsky, S.A. Sitaryan, M.Yu. Sheresheva. At the same time, the features of the development of the international high-tech market during the crisis and in the post-crisis period are not fully disclosed, and the requirements for the Russian innovation sector in a changing environment are not sufficiently defined.

The causes and consequences of the current global financial and economic crisis are considered in modern monographs on the issues of changing technological patterns by K. Peretz and Russian scientists - S.Yu. Glazyev, B.M. Kuzyk, Yu.V. Yakovets. However, in the works of the above-mentioned authors, insufficient attention is paid to identifying promising areas in the development of the international high-tech market in the post-crisis period.

The problems and prospects for the development of high-tech industries in Russia are considered in detail in the works of V.M. Aldoshin, O.B. Anikin, A.V. Biryukov, G.A. Vlaskin, M.G. Delyagin, E.S. I.Ivanova, S.K.Kolganov, S.G.Kordonsky, A.V.Krutskikh, A.N.Lazarev, D.A.Lemansky, E.B.Lenchuk, N.V.Lukyanovich, V.V. Mokryshev, V.M. Polterovich, A.A. Strizhenko, O.S. Sukharev, P.I. Tolmacheva. A.Yu.Shatrakova, E.V.Yurchenko. Information about the factors hindering the promotion of Russian high-tech products to the international market, as well as about the most promising areas for the modernization of the domestic industrial sector, is not sufficiently disclosed. Also, the legislative and institutional prospects for the implementation of the Skolkovo project have not been sufficiently studied.

Pricing issues in high-tech markets are considered in detail in the works of foreign authors - F. Bidolt and Boer F. Peter, as well as in the works of Russian scientists - V. G. Klinov, O. N. Antipina, B. Z. Milner. But the issues of the evolution of the main pricing factors in the international high-tech market, as well as the prevailing pricing strategies in the context of globalization, have not been fully disclosed.

The process of modernization and development of the high-tech sector of Russia is covered in the works of Russian authors: V.L. Inozemtsev, I.R. Kurnisheva, V.I. Mysachenko, S.N. Silvestrov, A.N. .B.Yarlykapova. However, the possibilities of developing high-tech industries in Russia in the context of globalization and regionalization of the world economy have not been sufficiently explored.

The relevance of the research topic and the insufficient development of these problems predetermined the choice of the dissertation topic, as well as the formulation of its goals and objectives.

Purpose and objectives of the study. aim dissertation work is the formation of scientific ideas about the main trends and prospects for the development of the international high-tech market and the Russian high-tech sector in the context of globalization.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set:

expand understanding of the essence of the modern international market of high technologies;

reveal the impact of the global financial and economic crisis on the nature and dynamics of innovation processes in the modern world economy;

highlight the problems of introducing scientific and technological achievements in Russia, the most promising areas for the development of the high-tech sector in the modern world economy (aerospace, nuclear power, rocket and space systems, nanoindustry, pharmaceuticals) and, on this basis, develop recommendations for modernizing the Russian economy and increasing the export of high-tech products ;

to determine the main price-forming factors in the international high-tech market and their evolution under the conditions of the global financial and economic crisis and in the post-crisis period;

assess the prospects for the implementation of the Skolkovo project in Russia in terms of increasing the competitiveness of the national economy in the world market;

reveal the forms and methods of state policy in the high-tech sphere of the Russian economy in the context of globalization, develop recommendations for its improvement, reveal the consequences of joining the WTO for the Russian high-tech sector.

object research is the international high-tech market in a globalized economy.

Subject research is a set of scientific provisions that reveal the essence of the mechanisms and tools that determine the regulation of the international high-tech market and their impact on the modernization of the high-tech sector of the Russian economy.

Theoretical and methodological basis of the study

The study is based on the fundamental and applied works of foreign and domestic scientists on the problems of the innovative economy, pricing in high-tech markets, national industrial and scientific and technical policy in the context of globalization, the development of the high-tech sector of the Russian Federation and its export-oriented industries. The thesis applies the principles and criteria of analysis used by foreign and Russian scientists in the study of trends in the development of the international market for high-tech products in the context of the global financial and economic crisis and in the post-crisis period.

The methodological basis of the work is the principles of dialectical analysis, as well as scientific approaches: historical, logical, systemic, comparative and others.

As an information base The research used publications in periodicals, Internet resources, dissertation materials, educational publications, conference and research materials, the yearbook "Science of Russia in Numbers", "Russian Statistical Yearbook 2010" annual report FT Global 500, data from the information and analytical portal Eurostat, as well as official materials of international organizations: WTO, UN, OECD, UNCTAD. The work used the legal acts regulating innovation activity in the Russian Federation: the National Security Strategy of Russia until 2020, the Concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020, the Long-term forecast of scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation until 2025, Economic development strategy of the CIS for the period up to 2020, etc.

The dissertation was completed in accordance with the passport of the specialty 08.00.14 - World Economy.

Scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that on the basis of an integrated scientific approach, the features of the development of the international high-tech market in the conditions of the global financial and economic crisis are revealed and promising directions for the modernization of the Russian high-tech sector and its export-oriented industries are identified.

The following results are new:

at the theoretical level, the features of the development of the international high-tech market in the context of globalization are clarified, in particular, the directions for the development of innovative network structures are determined; the stages of formation of the alliance economy are identified; the reasons for the sharp increase in the cost of R&D and, as a result, the concentration of scientific developments in the structures of large TNCs and state structures have been established; it has been proved that the Russian high-tech sector needs to adapt to changing conditions in order to increase its own competitiveness in the international market;

Structural changes in the international high-tech market under the conditions of the global financial and economic crisis, consisting in the transition to the sixth technological order and associated with the expansion of sales in the segments of weapons and military equipment (HE and BT), information and communication technologies, new materials, and others; directions for the conversion of the Russian defense industry were determined;

the main problems of modernizing the national economy of Russia are revealed and the factors hindering Russia's transition to an innovative development path are identified (disinterest of a part of the political and economic elite; the possibility of obtaining excess profits from the export of extractive industry products; a high degree of monopolization of the Russian industry; insufficient level of domestic demand for innovation, and others) . The necessity of a significant expansion of state regulation of the high-tech sector is substantiated, in particular, support for cooperation with the CIS countries in the scientific, technical and innovation fields, primarily within the framework of the Customs Union of Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus;

the peculiarities of pricing in the high-tech market (the predominance of non-market price regulation, the decisive influence of the developer's reputation on the price of innovative development, etc.) are identified and conclusions are drawn about the prevalence of discriminatory pricing in this market, as well as the importance of measures of state regulation of prices for export products strategically important sectors of the national economy;

shortcomings of the regulatory and legal administrative regulation project for the creation of a high-tech center in Skolkovo and the need to refine legislative framework it, in particular, requires specifying the target indicators of the project's effectiveness;

the necessity of indirect impact on the innovation sector of the Russian economy, in particular, with the help of tax measures, is proved. The consequences of Russia's accession to the WTO for the high-tech sector of the national economy (formation of more favorable conditions access to world markets for goods and services; access to the WTO dispute resolution mechanism, which ensures the protection of the national interests of the country; the risk of the final loss of competitiveness of most high-tech industries) and the need to improve state policy in the innovation and export-oriented sector of the economy to ensure the national economic interests of Russia.

Practical significance of the study

The results obtained in the course of the study are of great importance for the implementation of the innovation policy of Russia, the reform of the high-tech sector and the promotion of Russian science-intensive products to the international market. The materials of the dissertation and the findings will be widely used in practice at enterprises to improve the competitiveness of Russian companies at the national and international levels. The recommendations proposed in the dissertation can be used by government agencies to develop a strategy in the field of high-tech development of the Russian economy.

Independent practical significance have the following recommendations:

the results of the analysis of the consequences of the global financial and economic crisis can be used by federal and regional authorities in the process of developing a strategy for the development of the high-tech sector of the national economy and its export-oriented industries;

materials on international regulation of the high-tech sector can be used by experts in harmonizing the process of Russia's accession to the WTO. In particular, it is unacceptable for Russia to join sectoral agreements and it is necessary governmental support high-tech industries;

recommendations on the modernization of the Russian economy can be useful for government agencies in the development of industrial and scientific and technical policy, which should include such items as: increasing the absorption capacity of the country, selective import of high technologies that can be used by enterprises and corporations in the municipal and regional levels; increase in funding for research and development; reconstruction of branch science; development of innovative small business at universities; development of venture entrepreneurship.

Approbation of the research results.

The dissertation was carried out within the framework of research conducted by the Financial University, within the framework of the complex topic "Ways for the development of the financial and economic sector of Russia" on the sub-topic of the department "Integration processes in the world economy in the context of globalization", as well as in accordance with the complex topic "Innovative development of Russia: social -economic strategy and financial policy" on the interdepartmental sub-topic "Foreign economic aspects of innovative development: world experience and Russian practice".

The main provisions of the dissertation work were reported at various scientific events, in particular: International scientific and practical conference "Higher economic education in Russia: tasks of increasing efficiency in a crisis and post-crisis development", organized by the Yaroslavl State University. P.G. Demidova (Yaroslavl, October 2009); International "round table" "Foreign economic aspects of the innovative development of the Russian economy", organized by the Department of "World Economy and International Business" of the Financial Academy (Moscow, December 2009); XI International Forum "High Technologies of the 21st Century", organized by the Government of Moscow and the Russian Foundation for the Development of High Technologies (Moscow, April 2010); International Scientific and Methodological Conference " Modern approaches to the modernization of the economy and financial and economic education”, organized by the Rostov State University of Economics (RINH) (Rostov-on-Don, September 2010).

The dissertation materials are used in the practical activities of Spetsenergogazstroy LLC.

The results of scientific research are used by the Department of "World Economy and International Business" FGOBUVPO " Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation" for teaching training courses"World Economy" and "International Economic Relations".

Publications. The main provisions of the dissertation are set out in seven scientific papers with a total volume of 2.5 p.l. (performed without co-authors). Including three works by the author with a volume of 1.39 p.p. published in publications determined by the HAC.

Work structure consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of references and appendices. The study is presented on 190 pages, illustrated with 29 appendices. The list of used literature includes 138 titles.

The concept of the international high technology market. The place of the international market of high technologies in the modern world market

One of the most important features of modern international economic relations is the formation of the international knowledge market, as well as the growth of international scientific and technical ties in the new stage of the scientific and technological revolution. The goals of technological development are changing. At the forefront are the development of human intellectual potential and the creation of tools that will allow us to process a growing amount of information, to ensure the savings of living and materialized labor. The expansion of international knowledge exchange seems to be a consequence of the uneven development of different types of technologies, because even major countries are not able to develop science across the entire spectrum of research. The specialization of the activities of individual states on certain directions science.

At present, economic and trade relations between countries are characterized by an intensive expansion of scientific and technological exchange, the value of which exceeds the economic effect obtained from the acquisition or transfer of technology on certain commercial terms. It is the exchange of technologies that makes it possible to solve the problems of raising the technological level of certain industries and the national economy as a whole, to accelerate the technological re-equipment of the economy, to increase the possibilities of expanding exports and reducing imports, to develop economic and technical ties between countries on the basis of specialization and cooperation in the production of various types of products.

In connection with these trends, the concept of the “new economy” has become widespread, which should be seen as a transition from an economy based on the manufacturing industry to a “knowledge-based economy”. In such an economy, the introduction of new technologies allows businesses to make a profit, and the progress of society is increasingly determined by advances in the field of knowledge.

Technology in a broad sense is the body of knowledge that can be used to produce goods and services from economic resources. Technology in the narrow sense is a way of converting matter, energy, information in the process of manufacturing products, processing and processing materials, assembling finished products, quality control, and management. Technology includes methods, techniques, mode of operation, sequence of operations and procedures and is closely related to the means, equipment, tools, materials used.

Technology according to the UN methodology is either a technology in its pure form, covering methods and techniques for the production of goods and services (dissembled technology), or an embodied technology, covering machines, equipment, structures, entire production systems and products with high technical and economic parameters (embodied technology).

At present, in the international economy, technology is usually viewed as separate factor production, which is characterized by high international mobility. According to the author, the term "technology" in modern economic science should be understood as a complex set of knowledge, know-how, information, methods, financial resources, scientific and technical resources and the possibility of their implementation in the economy. Thus, the technology includes both theoretical knowledge and equipment, and practical experience. In a broad sense, this is the penetration of any scientific and technical knowledge and the exchange of production experience between countries, and in a narrow sense, it is the transfer of scientific and technical knowledge and experience related to specific technological processes.

In the world economy, the transfer of technology can be considered, depending on what is meant by technology, either as normal international trade or as the international movement of a resource that must be expended to produce another good. Technology can be understood as the amount of knowledge that is used in the production and processing of goods and services. It is a trinity of concepts such as process technology, product technology and management technology. The technology is based on a sequence of operations and procedures, methods and techniques. Thus, the international transfer of technologies is carried out both in the form of trade in licenses, patents, know-how, and in the form of trade in technologically intensive goods; their carriers can be both engineering and consulting firms and people.

A special place among technologies in modern economy occupied by high technology. The concept of "high technology" became widespread in the 1980s and originally referred to some of the newest industries with a high share of unit costs for R&D. Today, the term "high technology" is interpreted more broadly and also includes a number of industries not material production. To date, there is no single definition of the term "high technology", as well as uniform criteria for classifying a particular technology into this category. However, according to the author, the following definition most accurately reflects the essence of high technologies. High technologies are science-intensive technologies characterized by the use of latest materials and methods of production; high economic efficiency; a significant share of the cost of research and development; short product life cycle; high rates of obsolescence and renewal of products; high risk of introduction and use. It should also be noted that high technologies are technologies based on fundamentally new scientific principles, and this concept itself is temporary and actually indicates a period of displacement of established technologies.

The influence of globalization on the nature and dynamics of innovation processes in high-tech industries of the modern world economy

An important new feature of the modern world economy is the process of its globalization, which is a qualitatively new development of economic systems. At the same time, globalization means not only the free movement of goods and factors of production between countries, but also the emergence of a global investment environment and the integration of national capital markets.

Globalization became possible due to the development of cooperation, reduction of import tariffs, transport costs, development of telecommunications, improvement of financial transaction technologies, general growth of world production, etc.

Today, globalization affects all spheres of human life, including the innovation sphere. The innovation sphere should be understood as the area of ​​activity of producers and consumers of scientific, technical and innovative products, including its creation, distribution and implementation.

The development of high-tech markets since 2003 has gained a steady momentum. The growth rate of high-tech products is on average 2-2.5 times higher than the growth rate of the manufacturing industry. The fastest growing markets are electronics and telecommunications equipment. The total volume of the high-tech sector in 2008 exceeded 4.3 trillion. dollars (production of medical equipment and pharmaceuticals, electronics, telecommunications equipment, aerospace industry). The overall level of world sales for 2009-2025. is projected at the level of 113.4-125.5 trillion. dollars, or 6.3-7.0 trillion dollars. per year (in 2008 prices). An important element of globalization is the creation of a world scientific and technological infrastructure, for which the basic elements are the unification of the efforts of scientific and technical organizations, scientists and specialists from different countries, as well as the remote use of intellectual foreign resources based on modern information and communication computer tools.

Today, the globalization of the innovation sphere is accompanied by the rapid spread of technological innovations through the channels of world trade, through global production and distribution networks transnational companies. In addition, progress in development electronic means Communications and the internationalization of science have led to a trend towards increased international cooperation in the field of R&D. At the same time, a tendency has become noticeable to adapt national systems of science regulation to the requirements of international cooperation on the part of state bodies of different countries.

From 1978 to 1985, issues of legal regulation in the field of international technology transfer were considered as part of the work to establish a "new international economic order" launched by developing and former socialist countries. The essence of this activity was to create conditions favorable for the development of third world countries and to provide access to advanced technologies. As a result of intergovernmental negotiations from 1978 to 1985, UNCTAD prepared a draft International Code of Conduct on Technology Transfer. However, this document was never adopted, as the states failed to overcome differences on issues of restrictive practice and the definition of jurisdiction.

In 1978, the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) also began to consider the issue of unifying the rules for international technology transfer, along with issues of transnational corporations, restrictive business practices, the elimination of discrimination in trade, and the obligation to cooperate in trade relations.

In 1987, UNCITRAL adopted the Legal Guide for the Drafting of International Contracts for the Construction of Industrial Facilities. Chapter 6 of the Guidelines describes the legal regulation of the transfer. This chapter contains information on methods of technology transfer, permissible restrictions on the use of technology by the customer, methods of payment of remuneration for the use of technology, contractor guarantees that the technology complies with the established parameters, settlement of disputes with third parties, the procedure and conditions for the protection of confidential information, training and retraining of personnel. Licensing of intellectual property objects and "know-how" in the manual is not regulated, since this issue is well covered in the documents of the World Intellectual Property Organization (for example, "Exchange Value. Negotiating Technology Licensing Agreements: a Training Manual, 2005", "Successful Technology Licensing , 2004”), the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (“The Role of Intellectual Property Rights in Technology Transfer and Economic Growth: Theory and Evidence, 2006”) and UNCTAD (for example, “Transfer of technology, 2001”).

The results of years of intergovernmental negotiations within UNCTAD and UNCITRAL were reflected in the World Trade Organization Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, 1-994 (TRIPS). While Article 27 of TRIPS provides that WTO Members are required to provide patent protection in all technological areas, Section 8 of the Agreement allows WTO Members to regulate in their legislation those licensing practices that may lead to the abuse of intellectual property rights, adversely affecting competition in the relevant market. . As examples of this practice, Article 40 of TRIPS provides exceptional conditions for the return of technical information from the buyer to the seller of a license, conditions that prevent the validity of a license from being challenged, and a mandatory package of license conditions.

Since the 1960s The United Nations promotes the use of science and technology for the development of its Member States. The Commission on Science and Technology was established in 1992 and is a functional commission of ECOSOC. It1 promotes the development of science and technology policy in developing countries. The Commission is composed of 43 Member States and holds annual sessions, and in the intervals between sessions selects various topics for discussion. In 2010, two overarching themes were considered: "Improvements and innovations in existing financial mechanisms" and "New and emerging technologies". Substantive and secretarial assistance to the Commission is provided by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD).

Dynamics and structure of the international high technology market

Relatively low growth rates of European IT markets were the result of automation of business processes in large enterprises in the past more favorable period. Now, in a high-cost environment, businesses have reduced their budgets and the share of IT spending. In this situation, small and medium-sized enterprises cannot afford significant investments in IT due to high energy costs and lower sales and imports. Asian economies, on the other hand, managed to compensate for the rise in oil prices due to cheap labor, which neutralized dumping in the export of IT technologies.

An important factor hindering the growth of the IT market, starting from 2005, which will continue to operate in the future, is the overproduction of information systems. There is an effect when a company launches products on the market that differ only in details. Given the significant number of distributors, there is competition between the products of one manufacturer. In such conditions, three types of competition appear on the market: between brands; between products within the same brand; between versions of the same software product. Intra-brand competition is caused by the fact that manufacturers, fearing the loss of market share, are forced to constantly release new products with minor modifications. This leads to a drop in prices for a product released earlier, from which the company has not yet had time to receive all the planned profit. The price strategy of the consumer in this case is characterized by the expectation of a price reduction due to the inability to withstand a pause on the supply side. These circumstances are a hint of the expected stagnation of the market.

The IT technology market is represented not only at the country level, but like no other it is characterized by the active activity of TNCs. Among the largest manufacturing companies are US corporations: Cisco, Apple, Intel; Europe: Nokia, Ericsson; Asia: Samsung, Canon (see Appendix 5).

When considering the IT technology market, special attention should be paid to such a segment as the telecommunications services and equipment market, in its largest segment represented by the mobile and cellular communications market, as well as the digital data transmission market. It follows from the analysis that the growth rate of this market in the period from 2000 to 2008 averaged 7% annually (see Annex 6).

Major companies mobile communications present different countries: China, Great Britain, Mexico, Japan, India and even Russia. This fact speaks of the truly international nature of telecommunications services (see Annex 7).

The high-tech materials market is represented by composite structures and nanotechnologies. The leaders in developments in the field of nanotechnology are the USA, Japan and Germany. China is rapidly increasing its performance in this area. For example, for the period from 1995 to 2006. American scientists published about 43,000 articles on nanoscience and technology, and Chinese specialists came in second with 25,000 articles. And this is despite the fact that China is ten times behind in financing this area. China ranks first in the speed of development of nanotechnology. Thus, in 2006, 6,000 articles on nanomathematics were published, which is more than in the USA and Japan. Nanoprograms are implemented in 50 Chinese universities, 20 institutes of the Academy of Sciences and 300 enterprises, the number of scientists employed in them exceeds 3,000 people.

Over the past few years, public and corporate investment in research and technological development in various areas of nanotechnology has increased significantly in some countries. The number of scientific publications and patents has increased significantly, more than 10 thousand companies have been created using or producing nanoproducts. Today, nanotechnology is used in the production of at least 80 groups consumer goods and over 600 kinds of raw materials, components and industrial equipment. Products obtained using nanotechnology account for about 0.01% of global GDP.

The structure of production and consumption of nanoproducts has not yet been formed. The markets of nanopowders, nanotubes, LEDs and scanning microscopes are rapidly gaining momentum. A breakthrough to the world market of displays, fuel cells, solar batteries may soon occur. It is expected that nanopowders from oxides and metals will receive the highest share of the revenues of the global nanomaterials market in the short term. Demand for single wall tubes and dendrimeters is expanding. The end-demand areas of the nanomaterials market are dominated by healthcare and electronics, and while electronics is the largest consumer of nanomaterials, healthcare is considered the most promising in terms of the application of nano- and nanobiotechnologies.

A strategic forecast by Global Industry Analysts, Inc. (2008) estimates the global market for nano products at $10 billion by 2012.

It is assumed that by 2015 the volume of the nanotechnologies market will exceed $1 trillion, and more than half of medicines will be produced on their basis, and the computer industry will also be transformed. In general, it can be expected that the share of products manufactured on the basis of nanotechnology will exceed 15% of the output of the world manufacturing industry.

High-tech market Vehicle includes all types of modern land, sea and air transport, as well as spacecraft. The development of this segment is included in the number of priority areas for many European countries and the United States due to the growing international mobility of production factors. Also at the junction of the segments of high-tech transport and military equipment is the field of space research.

The development of high-tech military equipment has been put at the forefront in modern Russia in connection with the reform of the army and the growing geopolitical threats. This market includes aircraft strategic purpose, ground-based melee artillery, missile defense systems, combat equipment for infantry and special forces, submarines and military vessels.

The development of the high-tech military sector in Russia is directly linked to global geo-economic trends. The armed forces play an important role in ensuring the global dominance of the United States and its allies. The military spending of OECD countries is more than 70% of the world's, while they serve only a quarter of the personnel of all the armies of the world. In general, the expenditures of the 15 leading states account for 82% of the world's military expenditures, of which the US share is about half. In 2006, global defense spending reached a record amount in history and exceeded the mark of 1,059 trillion dollars (of which the United States - 561.8 billion dollars). The US owns 95% of the military bases in the world, and the remaining 5% belongs to France, Great Britain and other countries. In 2005, the US had 737 military bases located on five continents, and their total cost was about 127 billion dollars. U.S. military power controls critical sources natural resources world, and the primary direction of US policy remains the neutralization of the actions of energy exporting countries not controlled by developed states to strengthen their positions and coordinate work in the energy markets.

And it can be assumed that military force will remain one of the most powerful arguments in resolving geopolitical and economic conflicts of the 21st century.

The pharmaceutical and biotechnology markets include medical devices, medicines, biological fertilizers, and many frontier studies in the field of human genome and genetic engineering.

Position of Russia in the international market of high technologies. Scientific and technical potential of the country

The prospects for Russia's integration into the international high-tech market cannot be considered outside the context of modernization and transfer of the Russian economy to an innovative path. In the developed countries of the world today there is a process of transition from an industrial society to a post-industrial one. From this point of view, let us consider the prospects for the modernization of the Russian economy in two aspects: global, related to what has been happening in the world in recent decades, and local, related to what is not happening in Russia.

The post-industrial economy, or knowledge economy, is inherently not designed to be accelerated by mobilization efforts. The creative activity that underlies post-industrial economies is based on motives associated with maximizing free time and self-realization in the workplace. It does not imply the mobilization paradigm that has always been realized with accelerated industrial development. In the information economy, there is no proportional relationship between costs and returns, so the mobilization of resources does not always give the result that can be expected in an industrial economy. The transition to the post-industrial paradigm led to the fact that Western society began to use the non-material factor of production, i.e. the sector of the economy that creates informational, symbolic values.

So, the problem of transition to an innovative way of development lies in the fact that an innovative economy cannot be built by directive methods. Innovation cannot be assigned or selected, hence inefficiency government programs in the development of Russian innovations is caused not by the fact that money is invested in “the wrong” projects, but by the lack of ground for the growth of innovations. High technologies develop where a suitable environment is created for them. A vivid example of the unforced development of innovations is the policy of the United States of America. At one time, the Americans abandoned the centralized development of science and took a different path than Soviet Union, - along the path of investment in science through grant programs with open participation, investment in general university infrastructure, and funding for public education systems at the state level. One of the central tasks Russian government there will be the creation of an environment in which high technologies can emerge and develop independently, without stimulation from outside senior management, and financed by the state only in a small part.

In recent years, Russia has been following the path opposite to other countries and is striving not for the creation of a post-industrial society and not even for modernization, but for de-industrialization. And in the 2000s, in this regard, they became an even more lost time than the 90s, because the use of the energy sector became a priority. However, the global financial and economic crisis and the extent to which it has affected our country make it necessary to recognize the course of the last decade as erroneous and reorient development from a raw material bias to the industrial sector.

Historically, most Russian modernizations were of a catch-up nature and were caused by a growing break with developed countries. Today you can see a similar picture. However, for the modernization of the beginning of the XXI century, other resources are needed than before. This is management literacy, accuracy in setting goals, effective management by people responsible for the development of the national economy, a clear positioning of the country in the world economy. With almost unlimited access to modernization resources, the elite's interest in this can be considered the main factor in the success of reforms and Russia's effective integration into the globalizing world space. However, the modern Russian elite is the main beneficiary of the rollback to the raw material model of the economy. Its economic interests lie mainly in the exploitation of natural resources and are partly determined by the sphere of financial speculation.

Not only in Russia, but also in many developing countries in recent years, a deep rejection of the ideas of globalism has been noticeable. But a powerful breakthrough in the development of a number of states, such as South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, Brazil, was made thanks to the possibilities of globalization. Many studies by Russian and foreign experts have shown that at the current stage of globalization of world economic relations, the development of the financial market, subject to certain conditions, can become a catalyst for the development of the real economy. Strengthening the country's export potential involves attracting foreign direct investment from more developed countries, which bring with them not only and not so much financial resources, but advanced technologies, know-how, effective management and marketing. The opening of markets, the influx of investments, the opportunities for borrowing technology, the transfer of enterprises from abroad to these countries - this is what allowed them to make an industrial breakthrough. The disadvantages of globalization manifested themselves when the economy was not ready for certain conditions.

For example, under the pressure of growing economic imbalances, changing market demands and leading international economic organizations developing countries were forced to speed up the liberalization of transactions on the current and capital account of the balance of payments and pledged to support the free conversion of national currencies. In combination with the liberalization of domestic prices and the customs regime, this immediately involved local producers in global competition in terms of costs and quality. In connection with the liberalization of the trade and political regime within the framework of the GATT / WTO, the arsenal of “legitimate” instruments of state regulation of the economy has been significantly reduced. As a result, developing countries found themselves in the same position as the states of the world economic vanguard, with much less readiness for open competition. A lot of problems are also created by the need to match the norms of economic activity on one’s own territory with general rules cross-border movement of goods, services and capital. This reduces the possibility of differentiated taxation, subsidies, the use of incentives and other selective support tools for strategically important areas of national industrial development, including export support.

Today, one of the most important tasks of Russia's foreign economic policy is accession to the World Trade Organization. According to the majority of Russian experts, WTO membership will create a number of new opportunities and systemic advantages for our country, incl. formation of more favorable conditions for access to world markets for goods and services; access to the WTO dispute resolution mechanism, which ensures the protection of the national interests of the country; the possibility of solving strategic trade and economic problems through participation in the adoption of new rules for international trade.

Despite the actual consensus on the necessity and expediency of Russia's accession to the WTO, the country continues to debate the consequences of this step for certain sectors of the domestic economy. A number of experts express concern that the further opening of the Russian market for foreign companies and goods will adversely affect the position of some sectors of the Russian economy, primarily high-tech ones. Among the high-tech sectors at risk of suffering, economists name the aircraft and automotive industries, telecommunications, and the pharmaceutical industry.

In the modern international economy, scientific and technological progress and innovation have become the main factor that forms the comparative advantages and determines the international competitiveness of the country. However, differences in the availability of basic factors of production, their qualitative characteristics against the background of the desire for countries to obtain technological and economic leadership objectively determine the need for international scientific and technological exchange.

The intensive development of international scientific and technological exchange, due to the acceleration of the pace of scientific and technological progress and a radical reduction in the time interval between the emergence of a new technology and its use in mass production, has been observed since the second half of the 20th century. In modern conditions, it has become the most dynamic form of international economic relations, and in the future these trends will continue.

In addition to high rates of development, the leading modern trends, which will also be preserved at least in the short term, of international scientific and technological exchange should include:

▪ formation of a two-level structure of the global technology market – high technologies are exchanged between industrialized countries, low (morally obsolete) and medium (traditional) technologies are transferred from industrialized countries to developing countries, which consolidates the existing technological gap between them;

▪ sustainable dominance of industrialized countries in the world technology market – their share in the international scientific and technological exchange is almost 90%;

▪ the concentration of technological resources in a small number of countries - more than 60% of the total

the volume of international scientific and technological exchange is accounted for by the five most developed countries of the world - the USA, Japan, Great Britain, Germany and France;

▪ the transformation of transnational corporations into the main subjects of international technological exchange - in modern conditions, up to 2/3 of new technologies are transferred through intra-corporate channels, more than 60% of license receipts from industrialized countries are also intra-corporate (in the USA - 80%);

▪ high level of monopolization of the global technology market (more than 90%) compared to other areas of international exchange, which is associated both with the unique properties of the objects of trade themselves, and with the concentration of a significant part of scientific and technical developments in transnational corporations and their setting monopoly high prices for patented products;

▪ growth of participation in the international technological exchange of "venture" firms - small and medium-sized firms, on which big business transfers the risk of research and development, development new products, testing innovations;

▪ increase in the share of science-intensive high-tech goods in the overall structure of world exports.

There are a number of reasons that reduce the effectiveness of the process of developing technology trade in the world and the “erasing” of disproportions in this matter between developed countries and countries that are developing:

1) One of them, the most important, is the absence in many countries of a mechanism for regulating foreign trade in licenses, which leads to the gratuitous loss of international intellectual resources.

2) Insufficient level of qualification of specialists in this new activity for most enterprises.

3) Many enterprises in developing countries are trying to transfer abroad latest knowledge in its pure form, and do not take into account the contribution of industrial knowledge, secrets and engineering services. Such a strategy differs sharply from the trends of highly developed countries, where one of the most characteristic features of modern license exchange is the intensification of competition and the significant complication of access to the latest technologies and the restriction of their commercial use.

4) Most enterprises in developing countries do not have a unified policy for the protection of industrial property and the export of goods and technologies, which sharply reduces the possibility of expanding the sale of licenses.

6) A lot of technologies have limited industrial implementation. From this follows the next problem of the low price of exported such licenses, which is complicated by the non-use of price calculation methods by enterprises.

7) The import of licenses and equipment from developing countries is carried out without taking into account such an important factor in international trade as the rights that licensed enterprises have.

8) An important problem of importing licenses is its economic significance. Unfortunately, not all enterprises in developing countries, when buying licenses, are aware that license fees are only a part of imports. Often the cost technological equipment and components necessary for the implementation of technology, two to three times the cost of the license itself. And delaying the introduction reduces the novelty and competitiveness of licensed products.

9) Also a significant problem of the structural development of the market for licenses and know-how is the “brain drain” from developing countries abroad, the inability of such states to form certain conditions to create objects for licensing, which also does not contribute

The solution of these problems should be a significant step in the disproportions in the development of the global technology market, form further prospects for its development, and also become a new step towards creating a competitive position in the global technology market.

Given the solution of the above problems, the following prospects for the development of the global technology market can be formed:

1) Since inventive and patent activity is the main prerequisite for scientific and

technological exchange, it will be important for developing countries to integrate into the international market of patents and inventions, which will give them the opportunity not only to use inventions whose patents are owned by subjects of other countries, but also to develop their own inventive and patenting activities.

2) A priority measure in conquering world markets is the effective protection and preservation of ownership of inventions, utility models, industrial designs for inventors who could potentially act as licensors by concluding transactions with foreign partners.

3) The opening of world markets enables scientists to profitably use their intellectual baggage, but they mostly do not have entrepreneurial experience and do not always understand the rules of the game in the international intellectual property market. An important measure in this direction is to increase the level of information education of inventors with methods for assessing the value of intellectual property rights, their awareness of the activities of patent attorney institutions and relevant government agencies.

5) given the importance of the role of the state in creating favorable conditions for the development of the high-tech sector, it seems appropriate to provide support to inventors at all stages of patenting.

Practically all countries of the world have come to realize that, without creating favorable conditions for the development of high-tech production, without defining it as a priority direction for the development of the economy, they will lose not only income, but also the main engine of the country's innovative development. In addition, the country will be deprived of the right to influence in any way the policy that is implemented in the international market for high-tech products, and such countries as the USA, Great Britain, Germany, France and Japan successfully use this right.

List of sources used

1. Indicators of innovation activity [ Electronic resource]: HSE statistical collections. – Access mode: http://www.hse.ru/primarydata/ii2015.

2. Innovative activity big business[Electronic resource] // Official site of the rating agency "Expert RA". - Access mode: http://www.raexpert.ru/researches/expert-inno/part1/.

3. Korsunsky S.V. Transfer of technologies in the USA / For zag.ed. V.D. Parkhomenko. – K.: Ukrintei, 2015. – p.48

4. Terebova S.V. Transfer of technologies as an element of innovative development of the economy // Problems of development of territories. Issue. 4(50). - April June. - 2010. - P.33.

5. Technology transfer and efficient implementation innovations / Messi D., Quintas P. and Wild D. - M .: ANKh, 1999. - P.20.

6. Shaposhnikov A.A. Transfer of technologies in the scientific and educational sphere: abstract of diss.candidate of economics. - Tomsk, 2004. - P. 10.

11. The theory of absolute advantages

12. The theory of factors of production Appeared in the 30s. 20th century Authors: e. Heckscher, b. Olin.

39. International securities market.

15. Alternative theory of international trade.

17. .International trade in services

19. World market of objects of intellectual property (technology, knowledge, information).

18. Features of the functioning of the international market for services

20. World technology market: structure, features, current development trends

22. Foreign trade of the Republic of Belarus and its development trends

23. Foreign trade policy: concept, types. Free trade policy

21. Main forms of scientific and technical cooperation and mechanisms for the transfer of scientific and technical knowledge

26. Quantitative restrictions on foreign trade. export subsidies. Dumping

24. Protectionism. Arguments for and against protectionism

25. Theory of the customs tariff. Types of customs tariffs and their classification. Economic effects of the import tariff.

27. International trade policy. international trade organizations. Tools and methods for regulating trade by international economic organizations.

28. The role of GATT/WTO in the development of international trade

29. Foreign trade policy of the Republic of Belarus

30. International capital migration: concept, causes, economic consequences, features and trends.

31. Direct foreign investments (FDI): concept, forms.

34. FDI theories: the oli-advantage paradigm, the theory of "the path of investment development of nations".

36 Portfolio investment: concept, types. Causes and obstacles to the growth of portfolio investment.

37. International credit market: concept, classification of international loans, volumes and structure of international credit, economic consequences.

42International and regional financial institutions and their lending facilities. International Monetary Fund (IMF).

43 Problems and importance of attracting investments to the Republic of Belarus.

47 Integration: concept, background, forms

50 Integration in the Asia-Pacific Region (APEC).

51EurAsEC Regional Integration Association: Goals, Tasks, Principles and Functioning Mechanisms.

52 Common Economic Space (CES): goals, objectives, principles and mechanisms of functioning.

57. Monetary system: concept, forms, elements

61. Factors affecting the exchange rate. exchange rate regimes.

59 Currency: concept and types. Currency convertibility.

60. Exchange rate: concept, types, functions, establishment procedure. Currency quotes.

62. Foreign exchange market: concept, functions, institutional structure, types and features. Currency operations. Spot and forward rates. Futures and options. Fixed term contracts. Hedging. Speculation.

63 Monetary policy of the state: concept, tools, directions.

64 State regulation of the exchange rate.

20. World technology market: structure, features, current development trends

The global technology market is segmented. It includes the market for patents and licenses, the market for science and technology-intensive products, the market for high-tech capital, and the market for scientific and technical specialists. In the first segment, technology acts as an independent factor of production. In other segments, the international movement of technology merges with the cross-country movement of goods, labor and capital. The main subjects of the global technology market are TNCs, where R&D results are shared by parent companies and foreign subsidiaries, as a result of which the global technology market is better developed than the national one. Moreover, the scientific developments carried out by TNCs are becoming more and more international in nature. This is reflected in the growth in the share of foreign affiliates in the company's total R&D; strengthening the role foreign affiliates in R&D carried out in host countries; an increase in the number of strategic alliances and increased patenting. The global technology market is a highly monopolized market. It is concentrated in the hands of a limited number of TNCs and countries. 4/5 of global spending on R&D is accounted for by the top 10 countries, of which only 2 are developing - China and South Korea. There is a direct relationship between government spending on R&D and exports of high-tech products. For example, in Japan these figures are 3.15% and 24%, in Singapore - 2.15% and 59%, in the USA - 2.6% and 32%, in the Russian Federation - 1.28% and 9%. According to statistics, the development of the country and their TNCs are actively involved Almost ½ of R&D expenditures, including at least 2/3 of commercial expenditures, are accounted for by TNCs. Of the 20 TNCs that invest the most in R&D, 8 are from the USA, 4 from Japan, 3 from Germany, 2 from Switzerland, 1 each from Finland, Great Britain, and Sweden. As a result, the level of monopolistic control in the field of technology reaches 80-90%. There is an aggravation of contradictions and rivalry in the global technology market. However, at present, interfirm cooperation is becoming the dominant line of behavior of TNCs. It includes venture agreements, joint research and development, technology exchange, direct investment, supply contracts, one-way technology transfer, etc.

22. Foreign trade of the Republic of Belarus and its development trends

The progress of the Republic of Belarus along the path of sustainable development depends to a decisive extent on the qualitative expansion of its ties with the outside world. This is due to the orientation of the most important sectors of material production and services to the foreign market and the significant dependence of the Belarusian raw material market on imports. The main republican body of state administration, carrying out foreign economic activity, is the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Republic of Belarus specializes in mechanical engineering and metalworking, chemical, woodworking, light and food industries, and agriculture. Our country is in the top ten in the production of rye (4th place), potash fertilizers (4th place), mineral fertilizers (7th place), tractors (7th place), potatoes (8th place). The most developed form of foreign economic activity of the Republic of Belarus is international trade. The basis of Belarusian exports are potash fertilizers, chemical fibers and threads, tractors and trucks, flax fiber, timber, and household appliances. Belarus' imports are dominated by oil, natural gas, electricity, ferrous metals, grain, vegetable oils, sugar. An important component of the foreign trade policy of Belarus should be the development of tourism, the service sector, the creation of science-intensive industries, the formation of a favorable climate for foreign direct investment. In terms of foreign direct investment, Belarus is in the last three among countries with economies in transition. The main investor countries are the Netherlands, Germany, USA, Poland. Deepening the integration of the Republic of Belarus into the world community is a strategic task.

Features of the modern global technology market:

· This is one of the most intensively developing world markets; in terms of the pace of development, technological exchange prevails over the traditional world economic flows of goods and capital.

· The global technology market is better developed than the national one. The main role in this process is played by TNCs, which have created a special mechanism for sharing R&D results between parent and subsidiaries.

The technological gap between countries at different stages of economic development determines at least a two-level structure of the technology market:

o high technologies circulating mainly between industrialized countries;

o medium and low technologies may be new to the market of developing and transforming countries and the subject of technological exchange between them.

· High concentration of technological resources in a small number of states.

· The degree of monopolization of the world market of technologies is higher than the world market of goods. In the 90s. TNCs controlled half of the foreign trade of countries, in the field of technology, the level of monopoly is 80%.

The strategy of behavior of TNCs in the global technology market in relation to independent firms and countries is determined by the "life cycle" of technology:

o at the first stage " life cycle"preference is given to the sale of finished products in which new ideas and principles are implemented;

o at the second stage, technological exchange is supplemented by foreign direct investment;

o at the third stage, the sale of pure licenses is carried out.

· Technology exchange is not based on random and episodic transactions, but has a prearranged character (due to strategic goals parent companies).

Since the 80s in the global technology market, instead of competition, the dominant line of behavior of TNCs is becoming inter-firm cooperation. It includes: venture agreements, joint research and development, technology exchange, direct investment, one-way technology transfer.

· The global technology market has a specific regulatory framework (for example, the International Code of Conduct on Technology Transfer of 1979), as well as international regulatory bodies: the UNCTAD Committee on Technology Transfer, the Meeting of Security and Technology Specialists, the World Intellectual Property Organization, etc. .

Modern trends in the development of the global technology market.

The dynamic development of the scientific and technical potential of the economy can only be ensured under the condition of an active regulatory and stimulating role of the state. This is evidenced by the experience of all advanced market states. It's about financial ensuring scientific and technological development, about organizational support, creation of the necessary legislative base.

As for financial support, it is this direction of state policy in Ukraine that is associated with the greatest objective problems, primarily with a lack of funds in the economy. It is not surprising that during the last years of the last century, an average of 0.4% of GDP was spent on science in the state, which is an order of magnitude less than the figure for the leading countries in the world economy. At the same time, the legislation of Ukraine, which regulates the scientific sphere, provides for the allocation of funds for science in the amount of 1.7% of GDP, which also does not meet the real needs of development. (For comparison: in 2000 in the United States, the amount of funds allocated to science and applied research increased to 2.7% of GDP compared to 2.4% in the early 90s of the twentieth century).

Financial and organizational support for science(this is evidenced by world experience) is sometimes the only method, for example, in the form of the creation of specialized budgetary and non-budgetary organizations that finance, lend and insure research and technological innovation projects. The same can be said about the complex of tax and other financial incentives for innovation, both at the national and regional levels.

It should be noted that the system of scientific and technical support for export production in the East, as a rule, does not have a pronounced independence, but is organically included in national projects and programs to stimulate the NDDKR, the practical use of innovations. Their feature is the nature of "science-production-consumption".

An important area of ​​optimization of the legislative framework and administration is settlement of problems of patenting inventions. Since now a patent for an invention that claims to be a scientific and technical novelty on a global scale is issued with a delay of 4-5 years, as a result of which not only the priority of domestic developments is lost, but also the time for introducing the invention.

Understanding the geostrategic prospects for the development of the Ukrainian economy is associated with taking into account the technological features of progress. In the natural-thing aspect, progressive technologies transfer social production from the sphere of practical use of various types of ceramics, fibers, polymers (for example, engineering plastics in construction, ceramic engines and parts instead of metal, fiber-optic communications instead of traditional metal-based cables), cultivation more productive animals and plants, etc. Of particular importance is transformation of information products to a still important object of consumption, which generally changes the nature of socio-economic relations.

Accordingly, in the sectoral plan, a progressive, material- and energy-saving type of management is associated with the development of such production areas as laser technology, modern types of communications, biotechnology (genetic and clinical engineering), the production of new materials and the creation of industrial technologies, in particular powder metallurgy, welding, etc., the use of new and restored energy sources, as well as computer science and microelectronics. The fundamentally new model of resource consumption relations is based production activity at technology parks.

The international cooperation in the scientific and technical field plays an active role in the formation of modern open economic system. Such cooperation contributes to:

· Improving the efficiency of national production, reproduction processes;

· Ensuring greater science intensity of national production due to both technological specialization and attraction of foreign technologies in the form of goods, know-how, etc.;

· Improvement of the ecological situation;

· Improving well-being.

An important potential for expanding the volume and structural optimization of the mechanism of international economic activity can be realized under the condition of a better technological, industrial, export policy, comprehensive development of industries that provide Ukraine's competitive advantages. Such industries are, first of all, rocket and space production, aircraft building, shipbuilding, non-ferrous metallurgy, the chemical industry, and nuclear physics.

For countries that have significant scientific and technological achievements, there is an opportunity to choose the path of advanced development. For Ukraine, which, as you know, may well be one of them, this means a chance to accelerate the process of overcoming the crisis, to abandon an unpromising model that dooms to many years of backwardness and the use of yesterday's technologies.