The library fund consists of over 300,000 copies. documents.

Types of funds according to the documents contained in them:

• book;
• newspaper;
• magazine;
• audiovisual materials and electronic resources on CD-ROM;
• abstracts of dissertations;
• dissertations.

The formation of the library fund is carried out in accordance with the Regulations on the formation of the library fund of the Ural Institute of Management RANEPA.

The book fund is organized according to the system thematic principle with the allocation of large thematic complexes:

Educational literature in all academic disciplines in accordance with the working curricula of the academy

Scientific literature on the following branches of knowledge:

• Social Sciences
• Culture. The science. Education
• Natural Sciences
• Healthcare. medical sciences
• Art
• Philological sciences in general
• Linguistics
• Technique
• Physical Culture and sports
• Bibliographic aids. Reference publications

Fiction and literary criticism (Russian, foreign prose, poetry, literary criticism, etc.)

The fund of periodicals is organized according to the thematic principle, taking into account the periods of storage of publications:

• Newspapers (storage up to 3 years)
• Persistent logs
• Long-term storage magazines (up to 10 years)
• Temporary storage magazines (up to 3 years)

Fund of the electronic reading room

Dissertation Fund

All dissertations are defended or submitted for defense in the Dissertation Council for the defense of dissertations for the degree of Doctor of Sociology D 502.009.01 at the Ural Institute of Management RANEPA.

Dissertations are stored in the reading room (k.203) and are issued only for work in the reading room.

Photocopying - only with the permission of the Chairman of the Dissertation Council.

Reference and search apparatus (SPA)

The reference and search apparatus (SPA) of the library consists of a system of catalogs and file cabinets, a fund reference publications and bibliographic aids.

Card catalogs and file cabinets are located on the 2nd floor, in the library lobby. The card index of the book supply of academic disciplines is located in the reference and bibliographic department.

Working with the Consolidated Electronic Catalog is possible on any computer connected to the Internet.

The fund of reference and bibliographic aids is located in the reference and bibliographic department and in the reading room.

Catalogs

Card

• Alphabetical catalog
• Systematic catalog

Electronic

• contains bibliographic records for publications since 1996, stored in the main funds of the library, as well as for all publications stored in the reading room of the library of the Institute.
• The consolidated electronic catalog contains bibliographic records for publications stored in the libraries of the city, including the library of the Ural Institute of Management RANEPA

Alphabetical catalog (AK) reveals the content of the entire book fund of the library. Bibliographic records in the AK are arranged in alphabetical order of the names of individual authors, names of collective authors (more than 3) or titles of publications.

The Alphabetical Catalog should be consulted if:

• known author of the book
• the title of the book (if it has more than 3 authors) or collection is known

The alphabetical catalog of the library consists of two parts:

I. Alphabetical catalog of publications up to 1960

II. Alphabetical catalog of publications since 1960

The systematic catalog (SC) reflects the content of books and brochures and is intended for searching by thematic queries. SC is a library catalog in which bibliographic records are arranged by field of knowledge in accordance with the Library and Bibliographic Classification (LBC) system.

LBC is a classification information retrieval language with structural elements in the form of auxiliary tables of typical divisions.

The main divisions of the library and bibliographic classification (LBC) used in the organization of the SPA library

• 1 General scientific and interdisciplinary knowledge
• 2 Natural sciences
• 3 Technique. Technical science
• 4 Agriculture and forestry
• 5 Health. medical sciences
• 6/8 Public and humanitarian sciences
• 60 Social sciences in general
• 60.5 Sociology
• 60.6 Statistics
• 60.7 Demographics
• 63 History
• 65 Economy
• 66 Politics. Political science
• 67 State and law. Legal Sciences
• 68 Warfare. military science
• 70/79 Culture. The science. Education
• 80/84 Philological sciences. Fiction
• 85 Art
• 86 Religion. Mystic. freethinking
• 87 Philosophy
• 88 Psychology
• 9 Literature of universal content (encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books, bibliographic manuals)

File cabinets

• Card index of book supply
• Card file of publications of the RAGS and regional civil service academies
• Card file of abstracts of dissertations
• Card file of training subscription journals
• Card file of federal laws of the Russian Federation
• Card file of laws of the Sverdlovsk region
• Systematic Card Index of Articles (SCS) - not maintained since 2001.

For thematic search information about articles from periodicals are used:

- Consolidated electronic catalog СONSENSUS OMNIUM (bibliographic level of search in the catalog - "analytical")

Consolidated database of the project "Interregional analytical list of articles" (MARS) (work with the database "MARS" is possible in the electronic reading room)

• Card file of works of art published in magazines - until 1995
• Card file of works of art published in literary and art magazines
• (foreign literature) - until 1995
• Card index of reviews - until 1990
• Card index of serial publications - until 1990
• Card file of publications of Moscow State University, Leningrad State University, AON under the Central Committee of the CPSU - until 1991
• Card file of abstract journals (RF) - until 1992
• Card file of abstract collections (RS) and reviews - until 1992
• Card file of publications for official use - until 1991

Directory. - St. Petersburg: Profession, 2007. - 664 p. - (Series "Library").
The first reference edition about working with electronic documents, catalogs and collections. Characterizes the regulatory and technological requirements for the search, acquisition, description, accounting, use of electronic sources of information. The issues of information security of the electronic part of funds - storage conditions, backup, access authorization are considered. Possibilities of creating electronic collections, virtual reference services, electronic delivery of documents, use of information resources of remote access are shown.
The manual is intended for managers and employees of public libraries, it will be useful to students of higher education institutions of culture and library colleges, as well as to a wide range of creators of electronic collections in institutions and enterprises.Authors.
List of accepted abbreviations.
List of abbreviations for the names of institutions and organizations mentioned in the text.
Preface.
General idea of ​​the electronic document.
The content of the concept of "electronic document".
Properties of electronic documents.
Typification of electronic documents.
Technological features of electronic documents.
Carriers of electronic information.
Valuable properties of electronic documents.
Unique electronic resources.
Trends in the development of electronic resources.
The main types of electronic documents.
Electronic books.
Electronic periodicals.
Documentary databases.
Reference books and factographic databases.
Electronic textbooks.
Websites.
Electronic libraries and collections.
Electronic libraries.
Electronic collections.
Electronic catalogs and guides.
Electronic catalogs: creation and use.
Electronic summary catalogs.
Electronic bookstores.
Branch electronic resources.
Electronic information resources in the field of law.
Electronic information resources of the economy.
Electronic information resources of pedagogy.
Electronic information resources in the field of fiction and literary criticism.
Electronic information resources of non-humanitarian areas of science and practice.
Legal basis for the creation and use of electronic resources.
Objects of legal protection in a public library.
Copyright and related rights in the processes of use information technologies.
Software used.
Inclusion of publications and collections in the electronic fund of the library.
Network information resources.
Internet law.
Ensuring the availability of information and copyright.
Forms of the author's agreement.
Basic legal requirements for the work of libraries with electronic resources.
Technological bases of work with electronic resources.
Technology of work of libraries in the electronic environment.
Search for information.
General problems of information retrieval.
Types of search engines.
Means of localization of search of electronic documents.
Trends in the development of information retrieval systems.
Acquisition of electronic resources.
Modeling the fund of electronic documents.
Market of electronic resources.
Information support of acquisition.
Completion technologies.
Formation of contractual relations. Licensing.
Analytical-synthetic processing of information.
Cataloging of electronic resources.
General scheme of the bibliographic record.
Features of the formation of a bibliographic record for electronic resources.
Corporate cataloging based on automated library and information systems.
Bibliographic description of online electronic documents when compiling lists and references.
Annotation and abstracting of electronic documents.
Indexing of electronic documents.
Systematization of electronic documents.
Accounting and storage of electronic documents.
Accounting for electronic documents.
Storage of electronic documents.
Management of funds of electronic publications.
The main directions and forms of management of funds of electronic publications.
Information security of electronic resources of libraries.
Reference and bibliographic service of readers in the electronic environment.
Resource base for reference and bibliographic services for local users.
The composition of the resource base.
Creation of a reference and bibliographic fund of network resources in the library.
Forms of presentation of electronic reference and bibliographic funds.
Evaluation of reference and bibliographic funds of libraries.
Online reference and bibliographic service.
Tasks for servicing remote users.
Asynchronous and synchronous service modes.
Virtual reference services.
Reference expert systems.
Execution of complex queries.
Electronic delivery of documents.
Information service for readers.
Organizational bases of work with electronic documents.
General characteristics of assistive technologies.
Competitor's professional skills.
Library staff training.
Formation of a team to work on the project.
Development of library informatization strategy.
Extrabudgetary financing of informatization projects.
Implementation of an innovative project.
Applications.

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ELECTRONIC creation and use in public libraries librarians and collections e doc u n t a n d e n c o n u tio n s F o n d a s e n d elec tronic publications servic e r t e r e r t i o n e r e n d e T b g - j i w M l, i "r t k / Il k n * c a . r j w t, ^ #M^ f "wk ✓ 11 g i ^ i< 1.4, csoftware; Creation local network for the needs of the library; Choosing an Internet provider; Placement of electronic products of the library on the Internet). Gordukalova Galina Feofanovna, Dr. Ped. sciences, prof. SPbGUKI - Foreword; The content of the concept of "electronic document"; Valuable properties 3 ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTS of electronic documents; Unique electronic resources; Trends in the development of electronic resources; Electronic periodicals; Handbooks and factual databases; Electronic collections; Electronic information resources of the economy; Information activities of the library (subsection: Analytical survey references); Implementation of an innovative project (subsection: Development of a library informatization strategy); applications 7.8. Gradoboeva Natalya Vladimirovna, Ph.D. ped. Sciences, Associate Professor SPbGUKI - Electronic information resources on art. Donchenko Natalya Grigorievna, Dean of the Correspondence Department of St. Petersburg State University of Culture and Arts - Acquisition objects; Market of electronic resources; Information support of acquisition; Selection of electronic publications in the library fund; Formation of contractual relations. Licensing; Forms of organizing the fund of electronic publications in libraries; Picker's professional skills; appendix 5. Zhabko Elena Dmitrievna, Ph.D. ped. Sci., Head of the Department of Information Services of the Russian National Library - Resource base for reference and bibliographic services for local users; Online reference and bibliographic service; virtual reference services; Reference expert systems; Electronic delivery of documents. Zakharov Viktor Pavlovich, Ph.D. philol. Sciences, Associate Professor, St. Petersburg State University; Art. scientific collaborator Institute of Linguistic Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences -Technological features of electronic documents; Search for information. Zakharchuk Tatyana Viktorovna, Ph.D. ped. spider, associate professor of St. Petersburg State University of Culture and Arts - Value properties of electronic documents; e-book; Electronic periodicals; Library websites; Electronic information resources in the field of law; Information resources of pedagogy; Electronic information resources of non-humanitarian areas of science and practice; applications 7, 8. Ilyina Olga Nikolaevna, Ph.D. ped. Sci., Associate Professor, St. Petersburg State University of Culture and Arts - Electronic resources in the field of fiction and literary criticism. Ilyinskaya Inna Anatolyevna, librarian for working with electronic resources of the Library. S. and D. Green of the Florida International University (USA) - Technology of Libraries in Electronic!! environment; appendix 6. Kamskova Tatyana Alexandrovna, Ph.D. ped. spider, chief Department of Bibliography and Bibliography of the Orenburg State Institute of Arts. L. and M. Rostropovich - Electronic resources of public public libraries - Appendix 4.2. Kolkova Nadezhda Ivanovna, Ph.D. ped. Sci., Associate Professor Kem GAKI - Documentary databases. Kolpakova Natalya Vladimirovna, Ph.D. ped. spider, Deputy director of scientific work BAN - Extra-budgetary financing of the informatization project. Konyukhova Marina Viktorovna, Head of the Center for Business and Legal Information VV Mayakovsky Current state of the fund of electronic documents of the business and information center of the TsGPB 4 Authors im. V. V. Mayakovsky; Electronic resources of public public libraries - applications 4.1, 4.2. Kreidenko Vladimir Semenovich, Dr. Ped. sci., prof. SPbGUKI - Information activities of the library (subsections: Thematic collections; Electronic digest (reader)). Leichenko Elena Viktorovna the media library of the UITs of the Northwestern Technical University - the media library in the public library. Ligun Tatyana Anatolyevna, Deputy director for scientific work of the Scientific Library. M. Gorky St. Petersburg State University - General technological scheme for the work of libraries with electronic documents; Accounting for electronic documents; Storage of electronic documents; The main directions and forms of management of funds of electronic publications. Linden Irina Leandrovna, Ph.D. ped. sciences, deputy director of RN B - Electronic periodicals. Linden Frederick Charles, Director of Science Communications and Library Research, Brown University (Providence, USA) - Electronic Periodicals. Lyashenko Tatyana Vasilievna, Ph.D. ped. Sci., Associate Professor, St. Petersburg State University of Culture and Arts - Corporate cataloging based on automated library and information systems. Maistrovich Tatyana Viktorovna, Dr. ped. sciences, head. the Sector of Electronic Libraries of the Research and Development Department of Library Science of the RSL - The content of the concept of "electronic document"; Properties of electronic documents; Typification of electronic documents; Electronic libraries; Acquisition objects; Acquisition technologies; Accounting for electronic documents; Checking funds; Evaluation of the safety and disposal of electronic documents. Mangutova Svetlana Dmitrievna bibliographer, group of literature and art of IBO RN B - Electronic guides to reference resources; Bibliographic description of online electronic documents when compiling lists and references. Nikolova Svetlana Gennadievna prey. SPbGUKI - Implementation of an innovative project. Orlov Igor Vladimirovich, Doctor of Biol. sciences, head. Department of Scientific Systematization of Literature BAN - Extra-budgetary financing of informatization projects. Pavlenko Elena Alexandrovna librarian of the department of processing and catalogs RN B - Electronic resources of remote (network) access; Carriers of electronic information; Indexing of electronic documents. Salangin Stanislav Vladimirovich, expert of the portal "Distance learning -report.ru" - Electronic textbooks. Smirnova Anastasia Valerievna, teacher SPbGUKI - The content of the concept of "electronic document". Sokolinsky Evgeny Kirillovich, Ph.D. art history, sector of the consolidated catalogs RN B - Electronic consolidated catalogs. 5 ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTS Stegaeva Maria Vitalievna, Art. scientific collaborator department of processing and catalogs RNL - Cataloging of electronic resources; General scheme of bibliographic record; Features of the formation of a bibliographic record for electronic resources. Stepanov Vadim Konstantinovich, Ph.D. ped. sciences, prof. MSU KI - Training of library staff (subsections; Advanced training in the library; Training program). Strelkova Elena Valentinovna Director for Informatization of the Leningrad Regional Children's Library - Objects of legal protection in a public library; Basic legal requirements for the work of libraries with electronic resources. Sudarikova Elena Pavlovna, Ph.D. ped. Sci., Associate Professor SPbGUKI - Electronic information resources in the field of law. Trapeznikova Ludmila Viktorovna, Ph.D. ped. Sciences, Associate Professor, St. Petersburg State University of Culture and Arts - Technology of Libraries in the Electronic Environment; Systematization of electronic documents. Trubina Ekaterina Igorevna, researcher collaborator Department of Bibliography and Local Lore of the Russian National Library - Local Lore Resources on the Sites of Russian Public Libraries - Annex 4.4. Utivalieva Aigul Aitkaleevna, Ch. librarian of NMO Orenburg Regional Universal Scientific Library named after V.I. NK Krupskoy - Electronic resources of public public libraries - Appendix 4.2. Khodorovsky Vadim Vilenovich, Ph.D. Phys.-Math. in Science, Associate Professor, St. Petersburg State University of Culture and Arts - Information Security of Electronic Resources of Libraries. Shekhurina Lyudmila Diodorovna, Ph.D. ped. Sci., Associate Professor, St. Petersburg State University of Culture and Arts -Electronic bookstores. Eidemiller Irina Vsevolodovna Research and Development Department of Library Funds RN B - Acquisition Objects; Modeling the fund of electronic documents; Market of electronic resources; Information support of acquisition; Selection of electronic publications in the library fund; Registration of contractual relations. Licensing; Forms of organizing the fund of electronic publications in libraries; Choice of hardware and software; appendices 1-3, 5. Contents A ut r s ................................................ ................................................. ................................................. ...................... 3 List of accepted abbreviations ............................................... ................................................. .................... 9 List of abbreviations for the names of institutions and organizations mentioned in the text. . . 11 Foreword.................................................... ................................................. .................................................. 14 Section 1. Understanding e-document c u m e n t e .............................................. ..... 18 The content of the concept of "electronic document" .................................................. ............................... 18 Properties of electronic documents ............................... ................................................. .......................... 23 Typification of electronic documents ............................... ................................................. .............. 27 Technological features of electronic documents .............................. ...................... 39 Electronic media .................................. ................................................. ............... 57 Valuable properties of electronic documents .............................. .............................................. 61 Unique electronic e s u r s .......................................... ............................................................. 67 Trends in the development of electronic resources ................................................. ......................................... 70 Section 2. Main types of electronic documents .......... .................................... 76 E-books .......... ................................................. ................................................. .......... 76 Electronic periodicals .............................................. ................................................. ..... 79 Documentary databases .................................................. ................................................. .............. 88 Handbooks and factual databases .............................................. .................................... 98 Electronic textbooks ........... ................................................. ........... ......................................... 108 Websites..... ................................................. ................................................. .............................. 115 Section 3. Digital Libraries and Collections .......... ................................................. ...................... 130 Digital Libraries.................................... ................................................. ......................... 130 Digital collections .......................... ................................................. .................................. 155 Section 4. Electronic catalogs and guides .......... ................................................. .............................. 169 Electronic catalogs: creating and using .............................................. ............................... 169 Electronic union catalogs ............................... ................................................. .................................. 189 Electronic bookstores .................................. ........ ................................................. ...................... 205 Section 5. Industry Electronic Resources .......... ................................................. ...................... 211 Electronic information resources in the field of rights .............................................. ...................... 211 Electronic information resources of the economy ............................... .................................... 223 Electronic information resources of pedagogy .......... ................................................. 257 Electronic information resources in the field of fiction and literary criticism.................................................................. ................................................. ......................................... 263 Electronic information resources of non-humanitarian fields of science and practice .............................. ................................................. ................................................. .................... 306 Section 6. Legal basis for the creation and use 338 Objects of legal protection in a public library .................................. .............................................................. 338 Copyright and related rights in the processes of using information technologies. ................................................. ................................................. .................................. 341 Software in use .............................. ............................................... .................................. 341 Inclusion of publications and collections in the electronic fund of the library .............................. 343 Network information resources............................................................... ....................................... 344 Internet law ........ ................................................. ................................................. ......................... 344 Accessibility and copyright .................................................. ......... 345 Forms of the author's agreement .................................. ................................................. .........347 Basic regulatory requirements for the work of libraries with electronic resources and .............................................. ................................................. ................................................. ....... 349 Section 7. Technological basics of working with electronic resources and .............................. 355 Technology of work libraries in the electronic environment .................................................. .........................355 11search for information............................... ................................................. .................................................. 358 General problems of the information supply to a ................................................ ......................................... 358 7 ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTS Types of search engines .................. ................................................. ..................................................362 Means of localization of search of electronic documents. ................................................. ...387 Trends in the development of information retrieval systems .............................................. .........................388 Compiling electronic resources.................................................. ...................................................390 Modeling fund of electronic documents .......................................................... ....................................391 Market of electronic resources .............................. ................................................. ...... .................................. 392 Information support for acquisition .............................. ..................................................399 Picking technologies....... ................................................. ............................................... 400 Registration of contractual relations. Licensing ................................................................ ..... 414 Analytical and synthetic processing of information .............................................. ............. ..................... 418 Cataloging of electronic resources............................................... .................................................418 General scheme of bibliographic record..... ................................................. .................. 420 Features of the formation of a bibliographic record for electronic resources .............................. ................................................. ................................................. ........ 421 Corporate cataloging based on automated library information systems .................................................. ................................................. .................... 428 Bibliographic description of online electronic documents when compiling lists and references .................. ................................................. .................. 430 Annotating and summarizing electronic documents .................................. .............. 436 Indexing electronic documents.................................... ............................................... 440 Organizing electronic documents ..................... ................................................. ..............453 Accounting and storage of electronic documents .............................. ................................................... 454 Accounting electronic documents .................................................................. ............................................. 454 Storage of electronic documents. ................................................. .................................463 Section 8. Management of funds of electronic and buildings ..................... ................................................. ... 468 The main directions and forms of management of funds of electronic publications ............... 468 Information security of electronic resources of libraries ....... ..................480 Section 9. Reference and bibliographic service of readers in the electronic environment .................................. ................................................. ............................... ...............................496 Resource base for reference and bibliographic services for local users.................................. ................................................. ................................................. ............496 Composition of the resource base .............................. ................................................. ....................................... 496 Creation of a reference and bibliographic fund of network resources in the library .................................. ....... ................................................. ................................................. 498 Forms of presentation of electronic reference and bibliographic funds. . . . 499 Evaluation of reference and bibliographic collections of libraries .............................................. 501 Online reference and bibliographic service .............................................................. ...502 Maintenance tasks for remote users.................................................... ................................. 502 Asynchronous and Synchronous Service Modes .................................. .................................503 Virtual Help Services .................................. ................................................. ................................. 505 Expert reference systems .............................. ................... .. ............................. ................................. 512 Completing complex queries .............................. ................................................. .........................................514 Electronic Document Delivery .................................. ................................................. ....................523 Section 10. Information service for readers .................. .. ............................................... 528 Section 11. Organizational bases of work with electronic documents and......................................... 540 General characteristics of assistive technologies .............................. ................................................. 540 Skills of a Picker .............................. ................................................. ..............542 Library staff training .................................. ................................................. .........................543 Forming a team to work on the project.................................... ..........................................548 Development of library informatization strategy.................................. .........................................................549 Extrabudgetary financing of informatization projects... .........................................551 Implementation of an innovative project.... ................................................. ................................. 557 Applications ............................... ................................................ ................................................. .................................................568 LIST OF ACCEPTED ABBREVIATIONS ABIS -automated library and information system LIIS -automated information search system AWP - automated workplace AS - automated system ASPI - analytical and synthetic processing of information AF - authoritative file BBD - bibliographic database LBC - Library and bibliographic classification DB - database G> 3 - bibliographic record BIS - library information system I> 0 - bibliographic description NSS - virtual reference service GRNTI - State rubricator of scientific and technical information GSNTI - State system of scientific and technical information DO - distance education LJ - live journal CJSC - closed joint-stock company IBO - information and bibliographic department 11KTs - information and cultural center 11II --- information need III 1C - info computer-based search system I11Ya - information retrieval language IIP - information resource K11A - classifier of legal acts KPK - pocket personal computer KUNB - regional universal scientific library L VS - local computer network L N - lexical unit 710 - linguistic support MBA - interlibrary loan ML - magnetic tape IPC - International Patent Classification MU - municipal institution MI [BS - interdistrict centralized library system 11B - scientific library IMI - research institute II BUT - research department 11R&D - research and development work R&D - research work 9 ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTS NMO - scientific and methodological department HIIK - national patent classification NPO - research and production association NTI - scientific and technical information NEL - scientific electronic library R & D - experimental design development OKS - All-Russian classifier with standards 0 0 0 - limited liability company OUNB - regional universal scientific library OE - required copy PC - personal computer software - AML software - search image of the document PPP - package of applied programs PR - subject heading PTsPI - public center of legal information PC - personal RVB electronic computer - Russian virtual library catalog of public libraries in Moscow SKBR - Consolidated catalog of libraries in Russia World Organization intellectual property NA - Supreme Court Russian Federation GARF - State Archive of the Russian Federation GIVC - State Information and Computing Center 11 ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTS GMC - Main Interregional Center GNPB - State Scientific Pedagogical Library. K. D. Ushinsky GPIB - State Public Historical Library of the State Public Scientific and Technical Library of the Russian Federation - State Public Scientific and Technical Library of the Russian Federation State Public Scientific and Technical Library of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences and ML I M. Gorky RAS INI ON - Institute for Scientific Information in Social Sciences RAS ISO - International Organization for Standardization IFLA -International Federation library associations and institutions KemGAKI - Kemerovo State Academy of Culture and Arts MSPU - Moscow City Pedagogical University MSU - Moscow State University. M. V. Lomonosov MGUKI - Moscow State University of Culture and Arts M I P I - Moscow Engineering and Physics Institute MIC - International Information Center for Libraries, Publishing Houses and Book Trade IEC - International Economic Committee Institute of Statistical Information System STC "Informregistr" - Scientific and Technical Center "Informregistr" NEICON - National Electronic Information Consortium RAS - Russian Academy of Sciences RAO - Russian Academy of Education RBA - Russian Library Association RSL - Russian State Library RSLBI - Russian State Library for Art RGDL - Russian State Children's Library RGNF - Russian Foundation for Humanitarian Research RSPU - Russian State Pedagogical University. A. I. Herzen (St. Petersburg) RSL - Russian State Youth Library RCP - Russian Book Chamber RM BI C - Republican Medical Library and Information Center of the Republic of Tatarstan RN B - Russian National Library Rosinformresurs - Russian association information resources for scientific and technological development Rospatent - Federal Service for Intellectual Property, Patents and Trademarks Rosstat -Federal Service of state statistics of the Russian Federation 12 List of abbreviations for the names of institutions and organizations ... Russian Federation SG16GPU - see RSGGU (St. Petersburg) SG16GTU - St. Petersburg State Technical University SPbGU - St. Petersburg State University SPbGUKI - St. Petersburg State University of Culture and Arts Communications and Information FIPS - Federal Institute of Industrial Property 1U PB - Central City Public Library named after V. V. Mayakovsky TsNMB - Central Scientific Medical Library TSNSHB - Central Scientific Agricultural Library of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences ARL - Assoc iation of Research Libraries (Association of Research Libraries) RLG - Research Library Group FOREWORD The reference book is dedicated to working with a huge array of electronic documents - their search, processing, accounting, storage and use in the library. In terms of content, it continues the previous guides of a librarian, bibliographer, information worker1, which reflect significant changes in the life of libraries associated with the use of modern information technologies. The country has created only the first generation of guidelines and standards for the typification, description and accounting of electronic documents. The current experience of domestic libraries in the development of electronic information resources requires continuous generalization. Therefore, employees of various libraries and universities took part in the work on the handbook. Authors from Novgorod, Orenburg, Moscow, St. Petersburg analyze the state of the electronic part of the collections and projects of more than 300 public libraries. The employees of the TsGPB them. V. V. Mayakovsky, a special survey was conducted, as well as a detailed description of the development of the fund of electronic documents in the Center for Business and Legal Information in the dynamics of its development over 11 years. The changing list of electronic publications of this fund reflects the most complex decisions of the assemblers on the acquisition or rejection of individual sources, helps to see their significant range to fulfill a wide range of readers' requests. The review of electronic local history resources of Russian libraries is presented. For operational needs, a non-traditional application for directories “100 practical advice”, as well as a glossary of key terms and useful tables that will facilitate the development of new technological methods. In particular, an electronic assistant "Internet navigator for a picker" is proposed. The theoretical aspects of working with electronic documents are presented in the minimum volume of the first section: many issues are still very controversial, they will not soon acquire the status of a coherent theory in changing world network communications. From the proposed materials it can be seen that a modern library employee has already appreciated the benefits of the gift of the 20th century - high-speed search and online access to remote arrays of multimedia information. The library community is also clearly aware of the negative user properties of machine-readable information and seeks to reduce their impact on the readership. Use of information 1 Reference book of the bibliographer. -3rd ed., non-rework. and additional / scientific ed. A. N. Vaneev, V. A. Minkina. - St. Petersburg: Profession, 2006; Librarian's Handbook. -3rd ed., not rerab. and additional / scientific ed. A. N. Vaneev, V. A. Minkina. - St. Petersburg. : Profession, 2005; Information Worker's Handbook / ed. R. S. Gilyarevsky, V. A. Minkina. -SPb.: Professiya, 2005. 14 The introduction of technologies does not reduce the status of the intellectual profession of a librarian, but allows it to be strengthened and enriched. For the first time, the experience of libraries in the field of library, reference and bibliographic services for local and remote users was combined: the creation of a virtual reference service, electronic delivery of documents, an electronic archive of completed references; organization of business information centers and media libraries; preparation of guidebooks and digests of the local press. In an electronic environment, you can simply and quickly provide an external document to the reader, but the processes of selecting documents according to content and quality criteria, describing and systematizing, and long-term storage of electronic documents become more complex. The largest section of the handbook is devoted to the most important technological problems. The authors of this section are innovators who seek to make it easier for public libraries to adapt to the new conditions of working with "hybrid" (mixed) collections. The section contains bit by bit useful material on specific topical issues of acquisition, processing, accounting, storage, analysis of electronic resources. Peter Waters, a well-known specialist in the field of document preservation, a participant in the rescue work of many funds, called the 20th century a “black hole of information”: a huge part of the data was lost, destroyed or made inaccessible due to software changes. A special section presents materials on the information security of the electronic part of the collections - the conditions of storage, backup, access authorization, etc. Today, the library is becoming an active creator and publisher, posting its electronic catalogs, collections of local lore, guidebooks, indexes, reviews. In this regard, the librarian-bibliographer for the first time enters into serious legal relations with a wide range of individuals and institutions. The editors managed to find not lawyers, but librarians who have gone through the difficult path of practical development of issues of copyright and related rights in the library. So far, there are no unambiguous recommendations in the section, but there are none in the legislative acts themselves. The main thing is that a wide range of legal situations for libraries of any type is shown. It was very difficult to develop a section conditionally called "Organizational bases of work with electronic documents". It includes "additional" technologies - the search for extrabudgetary funding for informatization projects, the placement of the library's electronic resources on the Web, and many others. The editors deliberately abandoned the complicated version of the presentation of these issues: it is hardly advisable to deliberately create a barrier in their assimilation. As a rule, meaningful recommendations are offered in a fairly simple form: experienced employees will use additional literature in the field of management and computer technology. This publication can not yet be fully called a reference manual - this is the first generalization of useful information about working with electronic documents 15 ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTS. The editors considered it necessary to preserve many of the author's ideas, as well as the emotional style of presentation in separate sections (in particular, the narrative of electronic resources in the field of fiction and art, professional approach to the problems of information retrieval). The editors also apologize for unintentional errors, possible shortcomings, lost email addresses. The work on the handbook made it possible to identify stable trends in the development of electronic resources by libraries: The "peaceful coexistence" of electronic and printed publications will continue, and the definition of a "hybrid" library introduced into the international lexicon will be lost as unnecessary. Libraries will become increasingly involved in the creation of electronic documents and their own collections. The subordination of all library processes to the quality of user service is being strengthened. The next generations of readers will differ significantly both in their information behavior and in terms of the range of requests to the library. In this regard, electronic training materials, interactive guides, the creation of a distributed reference service for remote users at libraries, and centers for social protection population, consumer rights, employment, etc. The publication is intended for managers and employees of public libraries, it will be useful for students of cultural universities and library colleges, as well as for a wide range of creators of electronic collections in institutions and enterprises. In professional library life, intensive work is carried out on the problems of informatization of libraries, their innovative experience is widely disclosed. The editors would like to thank each of the participants in the difficult innovative life in libraries. The authors express their personal gratitude for useful advice and rich publications to the presenter researcher Acquisition Department AI* Strange Literature RSL IT. N. Litvinova, leading Russian specialists in the field of library science and bibliography A. N. Vaneev, prof. SPbGUKI, I. G. Morgenstern, prof. Chelyabinsk State Academy of Culture and Arts. A serious indicator of active work with electronic resources of public libraries is the Guide to Local History Resources on Library Sites, available on the Web (RN B http://www.nlr.ru/res/inv/kray, RBA http://www .rba.ru/ir/index.htmt). Its compilers thank the staff of the RNB - editor N.M. Balatskaya and webmaster V.A. sites. 16 Foreword Sincere gratitude is addressed to the leaders of the TsGPB them. V. V. Mayakovsky - 3. V. Chalova, O. Yu. Ustinova and M. V. Konyukhova for organizing and conducting a study on the use of electronic resources of public libraries in St. Petersburg, as well as specialists from Orenburg and Veliky Novgorod. The team of authors will gratefully accept feedback, comments, specific recommendations of colleagues, and will certainly take them into account in further work. Feedback and suggestions, please send to: 191002, St. Petersburg, PO Box 600, Publishing house "Professiya" or by e-mail: [email protected] SECTION 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ABOUT ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT The content of the concept of "electronic document" With the active work of libraries with electronic materials in international library practice, there is a continuous discussion of the varieties of electronic documents, promising possibilities for their processing, storage and use. Methodological decisions are made at different levels - international, sectoral, for certain types of libraries. In Russia, the basic concepts for the profession are defined in industry and intersectoral standards (GOST 7.83-2001 "Electronic publications. Main types and output information", GOST 7.82-2001 "Bibliographic record. Bibliographic description of electronic resources. General requirements and rules for compiling" and etc.). The following phrases have been widely used as initial for the library profession: "electronic information resources", "electronic document", "electronic publication". The term "electronic information resources" is a type-forming concept, and particular types of electronic documents are called "electronic publication", "electronic book", "electronic journal", etc. Resources that do not have a close prototype in the form of printed documents are designated without the definition of "electronic" - a website, page, "live journal", "chat session", etc. The boundaries between them are very conditional, and for a long time subordination and the content of these terms will be specified by specialists. GOST 7.82-2001 “Bibliographic record. Bibliographic description of electronic resources” standardizes in the professional dictionary the basic concept of “electronic information resources” as computer-controlled resources, including those that require the use of a peripheral device connected to a computer. Electronic resources are electronic data (information in the form of numbers, letters, symbols, or combinations thereof), electronic programs (sets of operators or subroutines that perform certain tasks, including data processing) or a combination of these types in one resource. In accordance with the current GOSTs, electronic resources, depending on the access mode, are divided into local and remote access resources. Electronic publications are typified according to the following features: 18 Section 1. General idea of ​​an electronic document distribution technology; the nature of interaction between the user and the electronic publication; the presence of a printed equivalent; the nature of the underlying information; structure; periodicity; way of presenting information; purpose of the electronic publication. The first attempt to standardize the status of an electronic document was made by the Federal State Scientific and Technical Center "Informregistr", which developed GOST 7.83-2001 "Electronic publications. () main types and output information”, which has the status of interstate. The main goal of GOST is to streamline the provision of output data in electronic publications similar to those adopted for printed publications. The requirements of library and bibliographic processing, stock accounting allow in the coming years to keep the "electronic document" as the main working term: "document on a machine-readable medium, the use of which requires computer equipment" (GOST 7.83-2001); “a document in which information is presented in electronic digital form”1 (FZ “On Informatization Information and Information Protection”). Electronic documents, previously referred to as "machine-readable", "digital" documents, "computer files", are a relatively new, diverse, but very rapidly developing variety of information products, for which fixation on a specific medium is not always a clear distinguishing feature. Electronic documents can be presented on physically tangible discrete media, for example, optical disks, or in fact, they have an exclusively digital form in the Internet information arrays, in relation to which the very concept of “carrier” is used rather conditionally. A distributed database can be stored on a set of servers from different institutions and countries. Modern electronic documents can be fixed simultaneously in several formats, on many media, including printed media. Significant for the library remains the sign of the purpose of the document, limiting the scope of its distribution in society. Libraries work with electronic documents intended for general or local use in the community. Taking into account the results of the discussion of the above and other definitions, an electronic document "can be understood as a meaningfully coherent document 1 The definition is given according to the already canceled Federal Law of 1995. no definition of electronic document 19 ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTS a formation intended for public use and fixed in electronic digital form. More stringent requirements are imposed on the characteristics of those documents that are classified in the group of electronic publications. GOST 7.83-2001 gives the following definition: "An electronic publication is an electronic document (a group of electronic documents) that has undergone editorial and publishing processing, is intended for distribution in an unchanged form, and has output information." Unfortunately, the requirements of editorial and publishing preparation, the immutability of the text and the constancy of quantitative characteristics are rarely feasible for the majority of Internet resources. For this reason (according to the definition), only electronic versions and analogues of printed publications - dictionaries, encyclopedias, journals certified by the database - can be fully recognized as publications. Due to the dynamism of computer technologies for the preparation and dissemination of information, more detailed definitions are gradually losing such features as format, semantic code, symbolic nature, immutability of content, target and readership of the document, its quantitative characteristics, etc. In particular, by definition According to V.N. Ageev, “an electronic publication is the process and result of organizing an author’s work of any sign nature into an information product on a digital medium in a way that allows it to be stored for a long time and distributed unchanged to an unlimited number of users through a computer environment”1. Despite the attempt to characterize the document through its authorization, integrity (“work”, “result”), this interpretation also shows a direct analogy with the definition of traditional printed publications. In particular, publications on paper have a finished form - their content cannot be changed, and the publication process includes a full cycle of editorial and publishing processing, during which the appearance of the document is formed in accordance with accepted rules. The content of many Internet documents is constantly changing, and the process of placing them on the Web often does not ensure the passage of editorial procedures: each owner of the Internet site is a publisher. The signs of "long-term storage", "unchanging form" are achieved in the library only by transferring an electronic document to a local medium - optical, hard disk, etc. The sign "unlimited range of users" for an online publication is relevant provided that the library there is a corresponding permission of the copyright holder in the form of a clause of the license agreement (see subsection "Copyright and related rights in the processes of using electronic technologies"). Thus, the overwhelming majority of web resources do not fall under the definition of an electronic publication, among which the “elementary particle” is a web page - a document with a static or dynamic structure1 Ageev V. N. Electronic book: a new means of social communication. - M.: Mir kn., 1997. -230 p. 20 I "a section 1. General idea of ​​an electronic document memo, provided with a unique address (URL). To refer to electronic materials located on the Internet, the term "electronic resource of remote access" is used. It is he who is used in the bibliographic description of network documents according to GOST 7.82-2001. If the description of electronic documents on local machine-readable media no longer causes great difficulties, then the situation is different with electronic resources of remote access. This situation is due to several reasons. and communication formats that speed up the exchange of information. In addition to the usual text books, IIIH magazine and newspapers, web documents, forum posts, news cops with guest books, e-mails, live magazines (J G), focused on dialogue, interaction, discussion of problems. Thanks to the strengthening of the communicative principle in the electronic environment, dictionaries and encyclopedias are collectively created, and an attitude to events is formed. They are united by the digital form of distribution - most of them do not exist in the form of printed versions. This causes distrust towards them as an object of long-term storage and use, despite the considerable interest of librarians in many of these sources of operational information. Dynamic resources. In addition to their original "virtuality", Internet documents are extremely volatile. This applies to both their location and content. The document on the World Wide Web remains unchanged for no more than six months. At any time, its address (URL) can change, the content is updated or it is permanently deleted from the server. Such a high mobility of the network documentary array creates serious difficulties precisely in the bibliographic accounting, description and citation of web resources. Integrativeness of resources. The complexity of the characteristics of Internet resources (neither lies in the fact that most often they are represented not by separate documents, but by their heterogeneous groups, which are combined on websites, portals, search engines, in large-scale information systems. The non-linear nature of a particular document manifests itself in the organization and maintenance of additional links between its parts, links with an array of single-text documents, with heterogeneous sets of electronic documents based on hypertext links and full-text search by user-specified features.As a result, the text is endowed with additional quality, and for network documents the automated generation of such links-links is also provided.Due to the violation of the one-dimensional ordering of the text, multidimensional displays of the object appear on the Web, the connection of fragments of knowledge about the object through lists of links on the topic.There is an increase and active manifestation of this property, the elements of which are already laid down in the ancient world in the form of notes to texts, subject and other auxiliary indexes to the book, as well as systematic and other catalogs in libraries, etc. Of course, references in the list can be random, distort the state of knowledge about the object, require methods and skills of their quick viewing and analysis, but this obvious and technologically supported tendency to integrate knowledge about an object gives rise to more complex synergistic effects in arrays in the form of non-evolutionary processes in the development of knowledge, the emergence of unexpectedly useful knowledge, instability, irreversibility changes in the environment of electronic information, regular threshold effects, etc. Comfort, diverse resource design. By combining text, image, animation and graphics, or by mapping materials, creators simplify the use of documents, increasing their comfort, which is difficult to measure, the "ergonomics" of the document. There is a creative diversity in the design of electronic documents, and the concept of "design" goes far beyond them. appearance, including a wide range of tasks in finding the optimal placement of information and navigation in it. At the same time, most sites do not have the title screen prescribed by GOST today, which is defined as “one of the first screens of an electronic publication (or a special system screen) containing output information.” The Internet has developed its own rules for the design of title pages, to which the requirements of GOST 7.83-2001 are poorly applicable, which creates additional difficulties in describing, determining the authorship and reliability of such sources. Thus, the vast majority of remote access documents do not meet the requirements of GOST 7.83-2001. Obviously, Internet resources are in their infancy. At this stage, it is difficult to talk about fairly well-established rules for the submission of electronic documents, including the observance of common approaches to their design by Internet publishers. For library practice, the most important features of an electronic publication are the independence of information from the carrier, which makes it possible to solve the problems of their long-term storage; data convertibility when changing hardware and software. In order for a document to be classified as an electronic publication, it must have certain features: independent execution, the presence of a set of formal features that allow its unambiguous identification; information about the responsibility for the publication (individuals or legal entities) with the previous editorial and publishing cycle; compliance with the standards and formats adopted for this type of publication (publication); the presence (or the possibility of assigning) a unique standard number in accordance with international requirements; introduction to public circulation in the accepted forms of distribution (promulgation, publication). 22 Section 1. General idea of ​​an electronic document Properties of electronic documents Properties of an electronic document can be differentiated on several levels: generic properties common with the class of machine-readable documents; specific for all electronic documents; private properties for certain types electronic documents. The generic properties of an electronic document include the symbolic nature of the message; the presence of a material carrier; "block" structure, which is understood as certain organization text, factual and illustrative materials. For example, the structure in a book is expressed in the form of a code, in an electronic journal - by saving headings, in a database - by a list of fields, etc. The most common system for organizing texts of electronic documents is now files (a group of files, a directory). According to S. I. Sampletov, a file as an electronic document is a separate static pseudo-material object with individual specific attributes1. The file organization makes it possible to ensure, when stored in the library, the relative stability of the form of an electronic document with an indication of the date of its copying, but in a few minutes a document of the same name of a different content may appear on the Web. We are not talking about the choice of a "canonical text" or the endless replacement of an early document with new Persians, but about the fact that these documents can only be identified by the full date and file size with unchanged technical parameters - format, font, etc. Increasingly used such a quantitative characteristic of an Internet resource as “the number of independent screens”. The structure of an electronic document is gradually becoming more complex, while at the same time obliterating its use. Hypertext technology, document-data clustering, site maps - new forms of material organization, document structure visualization. As a subclass of machine-readable documents, electronic documents have such characteristics-properties as: the inability to use outside technical means their creation and reproduction; the presence of a common carrier for a group of documents; the need for encoding to capture and re-encoding to reproduce the content; the possibility of multiple recording of different texts on the same media. The specific properties of an electronic document have not yet been disclosed sufficiently, but the following can be named as its main characteristics: 1. The absence of a rigid binding of the content (text) to a specific material carrier. "Migration" of a message from one carrier to another without 1 Semiletov S. I. Electronic document and documentation of information as objects legal regulation / / Informatization and communication. -2002. - № 2. - (6 0 -6 9 . 23 ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTS of any changes, and at the same time the possibility of the existence of the same text in different formats. 3. Possibility of direct multi-user access to a document 4. Availability of a common coding system (binary code), the same for fixing documents of any sign system (text, sound, image, graphics). It is this property that underlies multimedia documents.1 5. The fundamental possibility of concentrating many forms of messages (text, sound, image, including dynamic) in one document 6. The possibility of multiple recoding of the source text, the use of various methods of fixing and reproducing it. The presence of a unified carrier for all types of "texts" It is necessary to separately name the most important feature inherent in a certain part of electronic documents , called "interactive" - ​​the possibility of user intervention in its text and structure, works at its own discretion, rearrange the material and make additions2. This opportunity appears to the user when transferring a document to a local medium, or if there are external editing functions, a dialog. In addition, the author can make changes at any second to his document, even if it has all the features of an electronic publication posted on the Web. In this regard, the answer to the question becomes fundamental: is its immutability an indispensable attribute of an electronic publication? For traditional publications, this was not in doubt (it is not for nothing that quantitative characteristics are indicated in the bibliographic description as identifying parameters), and for an electronic publication on CD media, arbitrary change of parameters is also impossible. But with regard to interactive documents, there are practically no technical obstacles - the text can be repeatedly changed, supplemented, moved with a change in format and address, recopied. 1 "An electronic publication in which information of a different nature is present on an equal footing and is interconnected to solve problems defined by the developer, and this relationship is provided by appropriate software" (GOST 7.83-2001 "Electronic publications. Main types. Imprint". - Ed. . official - Minsk, 1999.) 2 "Interactive electronic publications - electronic publications, the parameters, content and method of interaction with which are directly or indirectly set by the user in accordance with his interests, goals, level of training, etc. on the basis of information and with the help of algorithms determined by the publisher, which disavows the requirement of editorial and publishing preparation, the invariability of the text and the constancy of quantitative characteristics (GOST 7.83-2001 "Electronic publications. Main types. Imprint." - Ed. official - Minsk, 1999). 24 Section 1. General idea of ​​an electronic document In this regard, certain types of electronic documents (mainly network ones) are characterized by the presence of life cycle stages, which are understood as a sequential set of static states of a document that differ from each other by at least one of the properties of the document ( filename, format, etc.). The library can make its own generic decision about how long to keep initial and intermediate versions of a document, or keep only its most recent content. A particular technical feature of networked electronic documents is a possible violation of its integrity in the process of transmission over communication channels. Technical failures are possible, as a result of which the document must be retransmitted. All electronic documents can be used only with the help of software, however, the criticality of this factor is not the same for their use. Some of them are rather "platform-independent", i.e., they can be adequately perceived on almost any computer. But to work with other documents, the installation of special applications is required, outside of which the electronic document cannot function. An equally important characteristic is the practical impossibility of isolating some electronic documents from the program shell and common arrays (for example, in a database). A special feature of electronic resources hosted on a separate computer or server is the absence of an individual carrier for each of the documents. A specific property of an electronic document is also the special conditions for its functioning, which, along with the physical safety of the material carrier, imply the provision of software support for documents and the availability of appropriate hardware for their adequate reproduction. Ensuring the safety of electronic documents, it is necessary to solve four groups of tasks: protection from viruses; protection against unauthorized access; prevention of data loss and change (distortion) of the text with each fundamental update of computer technology; preservation of the material carrier itself (cf. subsection "Information security of electronic resources of libraries"). Before inclusion in the collections of publications on machine-readable media, libraries, while maintaining the material basis of the publication, also provided the opportunity to read texts. However, the life cycle of an electronic publication (as well as any machine-readable document) depends almost entirely on the degree of adequacy of the forms of its presentation to modern technical capabilities. For electronic documents prepared in a shell with a specific content representation, the life cycle is related to the viability of the shell itself. If it is not developed and maintained, then the electronic document is difficult to use, save or restore without additional effort. 25 ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTS The rapid development of computer technology may pose a serious problem for libraries in the future: experts believe that if the production of computers of the existing class ceases, in 25 years there will be serious difficulties in extracting information from modern electronic publications. Therefore, in relation to electronic documents, preservation should be understood as ensuring the possibility of reading the text in ways and means adequate to the present time. Along with the physical safety of the media, it should be about keeping the data up to date (in accordance with the hardware and software at the level of the generally used standards in force at the time of the request). Thus, in relation to electronic documents, it is necessary to provide a guarantee of adequate reproduction of the text, regardless of changes in hardware and software, which change at a high speed in the field of computer technology. In the field of their preservation, several problem points or risk zones can be distinguished: not durability, the rapid emergence of new machine-readable media; obsolescence of hardware and peripherals; rapid change of software, incompatibility of some platforms, obsolescence of formats for presenting and distributing information (simultaneously with the emergence of new ones). A generalized understanding of the distinctive properties of electronic documents allows, when making a decision on the acquisition of library collections with electronic documents, to include the following characteristics among the selection criteria: Compliance of the electronic document with the basic standards of the publishing process and the availability of information about responsibility. Intended use of the document for long-term use - it is inappropriate to include resources for which the interpretation of the content is determined by the date of receipt or reading (for example, exchange rates, current stock quotes, price lists, catalogs) trading floors etc., unless the library makes a special decision to include them in the collection). The independence of a document is the possibility of its use (reading) without recourse to other documents or software, as well as the possibility of its cataloging within the framework of the existing library and bibliographic tradition. Accordingly, libraries should develop clear recommendations for isolating the necessary electronic documents from top-level objects (website, portal). Completeness, immutability of the document - dynamic resources (database, forum materials, etc.) can be acquisition objects in justified situations if the storage unit is their separate static fragments (archives and database reports with their fixed state at a certain point in time); if the value of the resource exceeds the economic costs, and its use is supported by the library hardware and software environment, etc. In other cases, the issue of occasional or regular access to them by library employees and readers should be considered. conditions specified in the license agreement. Suitability for long-term storage, as determined by the use of formats based on international open standards, the possibility of separating data from programs, and in cases where this is not possible, storing data only with programs using open codes. Technological parameters, including: Structural characteristics, such as the completeness of the document (fragment - whole); the presence of inextricable links fixed by the program with other documents. They can be critical for users if, if "and their violation (partial copying, lack of a program that reproduces them, etc.), the document loses all or part of its functional properties, and non-critical for the full presentation of the document; S data representation (used code pages, formats, software); ■S type of resource: static (completed or incomplete); modern conditions it is inappropriate to single out such a sign or selection criterion as the conditions for access to resources: free (free of charge); requiring user registration; commercial (paid). The terms of access are extremely variable, and the solution to the issues of using or borrowing electronic documents often has the character of a bilateral agreement on the terms of information exchange, mutual agreements, donations, etc. Typification of electronic documents Electronic documents are usually divided into two large groups depending on the method of their distribution, mode access: Local access electronic documents include documents recorded on separate (portable, removable) media (CDs, DVDs, etc.) with information recorded on a separate physical medium that must be placed by the user on a computer. ) these documents that exist as separate objects are called static, autonomous, “off-line” (off-line). Most of them can rightly be considered electronic publications, since they have not only a complete internal structure, but also many other formal features: circulation, imprint, information about responsibility, etc. 27 ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTS Local electronic publication - a publication intended for local use and issued in the form of a certain number of identical copies (circulation) on portable machine-readable media. In the future, in relation to them, we will use a generalized name - documentary/editions on CDs or CD-editions. Electronic resources of remote (network) access are dynamic or online (dynamic, on-line) documents stored on a computer (group of computers, server). The main feature of these documents is their placement on a common basis (computer hard disk), in other words, they are documents without an individual material carrier, connected, as a rule, by some set of links with related documents and search engines. The terms "online documents/publications", "Internet publications", or "online documents/publications" are used as synonyms. These resources include information resources hosted on the global Internet and in local networks - departmental, corporate and private (intranet). Internet information resources are a set of information technologies and databases that are available through these technologies. Traditionally, the site of the Swiss Laboratory of Atomic Physics (CERN) is considered to be the "beginning" of the Internet, where the technology of the World Wide Web WWW^ was born (see the subsection "Technological features of electronic documents"). At present, the Internet is a community of individual networks of different scales having common access points - search engines. Separate networks within the Internet are relatively independent and can develop according to their own laws and rules, while at the same time remaining part of a common structure that includes such components as a server, site, page. The concepts of "server" and "site" are often equated. A site is considered a more private element: a single "server" can host thousands of independent sites. However, it also happens that several servers serve one site, for example, this is the case with Microsoft's "network representation". Pages are separate hypertext documents, which together can form a single "organism" - a site. When working with it, one or several pages are displayed on the screen: A page is the minimum element of the WWW information structure. Website - logically complete information structure, consisting of one or more pages. A server is a computer connected to the Web that can host both sites and other structures, such as FTP archives. Internet information resources include: FTP file archive system; DB WWW; portals. 28 Section 1. General idea of ​​an electronic document The FTP file archive system is a distributed depository of various data accumulated over the past 10-15 years on the Web. In the FTP archives, you can find press releases, books on various fields of knowledge, etc. FTP is the second of the basic services and protocols (the File Transfer hotocol protocol). FTP servers, unlike the WWW, are simply file archives on a remote computer. You can work with them in the same way as with the arrays of your own computer - using Explorer or another program for working with files (file manager). The abbreviation f t p indicates that a network address belongs to this service: / / Information in the /TP archives is divided into three categories: protected information, the access mode to which is determined by its owners and is allowed under a special agreement with the consumer; information resources of limited use, i.e. resources of a limited time of use or duration, when the user can work with the current version at his own peril and risk, but no one will provide him with support; freely distributed information resources (freeware). These resources include everything that can be freely obtained on the Web without special registration. Archives are used to solve various problems, for example, to maintain a collection of regulatory documents. Distributed hypertext information system WWW - World Wide Web servers, " The World Wide Web ". It is with this, the youngest sermps of the Internet, that libraries work, using a page or website of some organization, creating their own website. WWW is a system of “pages” containing text, graphics, and sometimes sound files, video images. with WWW pages, you can use a special viewer program - a browser. Such as, for example, Internet Explorer. A feature of the system is the use of hypertext links, which make it possible to view materials in the order in which they were selected by the user. The original version of the WWW was a distributed hypertext (a system that allowed you to move from one text document to another by selecting a link word, built-in and text of the document. The user interfaces of this technology allow you to select the material of interest by pressing the manipulator button on the word or field I of the PDF image. The system of universal addresses allows you to specify almost all information resources of the Internet. WWW7 has a system of directories that allow you to navigate the Web, execute remote programs. The main task of the WWW server is to provide users with access to the database of II "I" ML documents. At present, the functionality of the server has expanded 29 ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTS 29 ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTS maintaining a hierarchical system of documents; volume on request; implementation of interaction with clients and other servers in the intermediary mode; implementation of built-in or interaction with external search engines. The server database (or, as it is also called, the Website) is the part of the file system dedicated to hosting HTML document files. For any database, the concept of a storage unit is defined - the minimum object that can be accessed from the outside or received as a response to a request. An HTML document is a standard storage object in the database of the CILU server; in addition, many servers support combined storage objects that are created in some cases from several files or generated by programs on the fly. The following objects can be distinguished: The World Wide Web database page is a dynamic information object that is displayed to the user when accessing the WWW 1 1 0 information resource, the universal identifier of this resource (URL, IP) or network address. A virtual page appears only when the client accesses the server and does not physically exist in the server's file system. In this case, document transformation commands are included in the document body and the server's document hierarchy description files. At the request of the user, the server accesses its database and returns the required information to the viewer. The prefixes http (denoting the Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and www prefixes indicate that the network address belongs to this service. Sometimes the h ttp:// prefix is ​​omitted from addresses. Then the network address takes on a more compact and convenient form: www.inion.ru. Portals are powerful information systems that provide both services (e-mail, forums, personal page builders) and their own content (news, weather data, financial indices, catalogs, and headings). Moreover, all these different resources are interconnected not only by a common interface and links, but also by a single search system, for example, the Cyril and Methodius portal (http://-www.km.ru). The first and most important part of the portal is the eponymous mega-encyclopedia, which has absorbed hundreds of thousands of articles from a series of individual electronic encyclopedias (http://mega.km.ru). The complex structure, the scale of many network sources of information, including search engines, only conditionally allow us to call them electronic documents. For this reason, they are often referred to as a combination of "Internet resources", "metadata". At the same time, it is important to take into account the presence and constant replenishment of the circle of electronic resources that are difficult to identify as a single document, for example, gaming sites, and from text - "live magazines", news feeds, " chats”, etc. With the development of computer technologies, the division into “online” and “offline” documents becomes more and more conditional - archives of online publications (most often magazines) are distributed on CD-media and can again be available on the Internet. On the other hand, a number of publications published on optical CDs have online updates. The Internet makes it possible to update the information recorded on the optical CD before the next electronic edition is prepared. For example, the ClioSoft firm, which released the four volume (on four discs) History of Russia: XX Century, provides updated and supplemented information on its website. The Information and Publishing Center "Statistics of Russia" publishes periodicals and collections in printed form, provides them both online and on CD-carriers. Multimedia textbooks from the publishing house "Multimedia Technologies and Distance learning» come out on CD-ROM, which are available both in the local network of institutions and through the Internet versions. Electronic publications of combined distribution, i.e., publications that can be used both as a local document and as a network document, are singled out as an independent variety. The best-known classifications of online electronic documents are the MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extention) scheme, the Dublin Core metadata classification, and the most common MARC document classification in the library community. The MIME specification was developed to Email , but with the advent of web technology, it has become more widespread. The MIME-rim schema distinguishes the data type itself (for example, text), some of its varieties (for example, plain text), and one or more of their parameters (for example, encoding type = ASCII). The subtype usually specifies the format of the information source. The classification of electronic resources was further developed in the final decisions of an expert group of specialists from many countries, known as the "Dublin Metadata Core". They single out several types of metadata, suggest indicators, rules for their identification, and characteristics. In practice, when cataloging documents in libraries, the classification of resources presented in the MARC format is most often used. And table 1 shows the main divisions of these classification schemes. 31 ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTS Table 1 Classification schemes for electronic sources of information: main divisions MIM E Dublin core M ARC Text objects 1. Text (smooth, markup, html) 2. Multi-part object (mixed, alternative, parallel, multipurpose) 3. Message (partial, external, RFC822). Non-text objects 1. Image Collection. A set containing Data elements. And the information is presented in a specific structure (eg lists, tables) Event. A short, time-limited phenomenon AND an image. A resource primarily intended to serve as a visual representation other than text An interactive object. An object of this type requires user interaction in order to be understood, executed, or implemented by the Service. A system that performs one or more functions for an end user. Software. A computer program in source or compiled code that is suitable for installation in an unaltered form on another Audio machine. A resource originally intended to serve as an audio presentation. For example, an audio CD, a recording of speech or sounds Text. Resource originally representing words for reading (images of text also refer to text) a = text materials, w jpeg, tiff) 2. Audio (basic, way) 3. Video (mpeg, quickdraw) 4. Applications (pdf) , ppt, msword) printed; b = text materials, handwritten; with “musical scores, printed; d = musical scores, handwritten; e = cartographic materials, printed; / = cartographic materials, handwritten; g = projection and video materials (movies, filmstrips, slides, film materials, video recordings); i = sound recordings, non-musical; j ■=sound recordings, musical; k - two-dimensional graphics (illustrations, drawings, etc.) P.); / “electronic resources (programs, databases, etc.); m = information on several media (for example, a book with an application of programs on a diskette, CD, etc.); r = three-dimensional art objects and realities GOST 7.83-2001 “Electronic publications. Main types and imprint” offers a classification of electronic publications, largely compiled by analogy with printed products (Table 2). 32 Section 1. General idea of ​​an electronic document Table 2 Main types of electronic publications basically reproducing the corresponding printed edition (arrangement of text on pages, illustrations, references, notes, etc.); S independent electronic edition: an electronic edition that has no printed analogues The nature of the main information S text (character) electronic edition - an electronic edition containing text information, presented in a form that allows character-by-character processing; S pictorial electronic edition - an electronic edition containing predominantly electronic figurative objects, considered as integral graphic entities, presented in a form that allows viewing and printing reproduction, but not allowing character-by-character processing (pictorial publications include facsimiles, as well as texts in formats , not allowing character-by-character processing); audio electronic edition - an electronic edition containing a digital representation sound information in a form that allows listening to it, but not intended for printed reproduction; S software- an independent, alienable work, which is a publication of the text of a program or programs in a programming language or in the form of an executable code; ^ multimedia electronic publication - an electronic publication in which information of various nature is present on an equal footing and interconnected to solve problems defined by the developer, and this relationship is provided by appropriate software 1Imcnoe II. meaning ^ official electronic publication - an electronic publication published on behalf of government agencies, institutions, departments or public organizations containing materials of a normative or directive nature; S scientific electronic publication - an electronic publication containing information about theoretical and (or) experimental research, as well as cultural monuments and historical documents scientifically prepared for publication; / popular science electronic publication - an electronic publication containing information about theoretical and (or) experimental research in the field of science, culture and technology, presented in a form accessible to a non-specialist reader; Zach. 991 33 ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTS 2 Classification features Purpose Distribution technology Varieties of electronic publications identified in the standard , designed for specialists of various qualifications; S normative industrial and practical electronic publication - an electronic publication containing norms, rules and requirements in different areas production activities; S educational electronic publication - an electronic publication containing systematic information of a scientific or applied nature, presented in a form convenient for studying and teaching, and designed for students of different ages and degrees of education; / mass-political electronic publication - an electronic publication containing a work of a socio-political theme, of an agitation and propaganda nature and intended for a wide circle of readers; S reference electronic edition - an electronic edition containing brief information of a scientific and applied nature, arranged in an order convenient for their quick retrieval, not intended for continuous reading; S electronic publication for leisure - an electronic publication containing publicly available information on the organization of life, various forms of amateur creativity, various types of hobbies, computer games; ^ advertising electronic publication - an electronic publication containing information about products, services, events presented in an attention-grabbing form in order to create demand for them; S artistic electronic publication - an electronic publication containing works of fiction, fine arts, theatrical, variety and circus art, cinema, museum and other information related to the field of culture and not being the content of scientific research / local electronic publication - an electronic publication intended for local use and issued in the form of a certain number of identical copies (circulation a) on portable machine-readable media; S network electronic edition - an electronic edition available to a potentially unlimited circle of users through telecommunication networks; S electronic edition of combined distribution - an electronic edition that can be used both as a local and as a network 34 Section 1. General idea of ​​an electronic document End of the table. 2 Classification features The types of electronic publications identified in the standard. and electronic S non-derived (interactive) electronic edition - electronic edition is a throne edition, the parameters, content and method of interaction with which are directly or indirectly set by the user in accordance with his interests, purpose, level of training, etc. n. on the basis of information and with the help of algorithms determined by the publisher. ^ serial electronic publication is an electronic publication that comes out during a period of time, the duration of which is not predetermined, as a rule, numbered and (or) dated issues (volumes) with the same title; periodical electronic publication - an electronic publication that comes out at certain intervals, with a constant number of issues (issues) for each year, not repeating in content, of the same type, numbered and (or) dated issues, having the same title; S ongoing electronic edition - an electronic edition that comes out at indefinite intervals, as material accumulates, not repetitive in content, similarly designed numbered and (or l and) dated issues with a common title; S updated electronic edition - an electronic edition that comes out at certain or indefinite intervals in the form of numbered or dated issues with the same title and partially repeating content. Each issue contains the remaining relevant information and completely replaces the previous one. Structure one-volume electronic edition - an electronic edition issued on one machine-readable medium; S multi-volume electronic publication - an electronic publication consisting of two or more numbered parts, each of which is presented on an independent machine-readable medium, representing a single whole in content and design; S electronic series - a serial electronic publication, including a set of volumes united by a common idea, subject matter, target or readership, published in the same design 35 ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTS It is obvious that the first experience of the domestic classification scheme for electronic publications has been standardized. It greatly facilitates the transition of libraries to work with electronic documents, but artificially brings together the flows of printed and electronic documents. Many experts offer their own classification schemes, discuss individual segments of the electronic environment (works by V. N. Ageev, A. B. Antopolsky, O. V. Barysheva, V. A. Vul, R. S. Gilyarovskii, O. N. Kulish , N. N. Kushnarenko, I. G. Morgenstern, Ya. L. Shraiberg and others. ). A very detailed classification of electronic resources (documents and services) is given in the book by A. I. Bashmakov and V. A. Starykh1. When comparing the proposed classifications, it is easy to make sure that they structure the area of ​​electronic documents (resources) differently, and also allow mixing of division bases. All this causes significant difficulties in the practical determination of the types of electronic resources. Editions on CD-media, as well as printed ones, are mostly static, they can have reissues, come out in releases. Online electronic publications can be static and dynamic. The latter, in turn, can be divided into updated and replenished. Updated documents retain their name and author/publisher in all transformations, but not the content, such as websites or news feeds. With all the obviousness, the fact of updating an electronic edition can be compared with a reprint, but without saving the previous version, or draw an analogy with a printed edition with removable sheets. Replenished electronic documents also have analogies in the printed environment in the form of cumulative publications. However, an electronic document at a certain stage of its existence (sometimes quite long) can be considered as a manuscript in the process of work, when the text is constantly changing. An important characteristic of a traditional publication is information about the author or responsibility, which has not yet become a mandatory attribute of Internet publications. If we talk about the relationship between an electronic document and a printed analogue2, then we can distinguish two types of them: the original electronic edition and the second edition (reissue, reprint, republication). Original electronic publications include the following types: an original electronic document that does not have a printed counterpart, or, otherwise, a document of electronic origin; an electronic publication based on a scanned text that has functionality implemented in e-mail 1 Bashmakov AI, Starykh VA Systematization of information resources for education: classification and metadata. - M. : Foundation "European Center for Quality", 2003. -384 p. 2 This also applies to manuscripts, sound recordings, works of art and other special objects. 36 I "section 1. A general idea of ​​the electronic document, the throne environment, comments and other applications, an example of which is the project "Memory of Russia" or the CD-edition "Ancient Art of Siberia"; printed edition; digests, cumulations, collections, convolutes created on the basis of both printed editions and documents of electronic origin. The electronic representation of the printed publication, obtained as a result of scanning, often acts as a reprint. At the same time, the relationship 1 with the primary source may have a different character; the electronic edition is fully consistent with the original (which is achieved by its presentation in graphic formats); has “inherited content” (the format of the publication implies the complete preservation of the text, but not the image of the printed edition); captures the essential features of the original source. The characterization of the attributes of electronic publications on CD-carriers does not present much difficulty, since, as was shown earlier, their identification information is practically equal to that used in the field of book printing. Sufficiently complete and adequate (multiple sources of electronic documents) are gradually becoming possible, as exemplified by the main features of the Dublin Core1: title (the name by which the resource is known); creator (author, compiler); publisher (person responsible for quality, legitimacy and credibility of the resource) date (of creation or availability of the resource) type of resource format international identification numbers source (reference to the source from which the particular document was retrieved) By comparing these positions with a standard bibliographic description that is considered sufficient for identification of any printed publication, we will be able to talk about the fundamental consistency of printed and online electronic documents.In the electronic environment, there are almost all types and types of publications | are published on optical computers act discs - CD-ROM (Compact Disc Read Only for Memory). Optical CDs are a tangible medium on which any content can be recorded (see the subsection "Media | to "cron information"). From the very beginning, they were placed, in fact, 1 The elements of the Dublin Core are partially listed. See subsection "Technological Features of Electronic Documents" 37 ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTS. ■finished editions that have almost all the usual attributes - title, publisher, year of publication, circulation, etc. At the first stage, these were mainly dictionaries, reference books, bibliographic databases, and as well as software.Like printed, electronic publications on CTL-carriers can be single-volume and multi-volume, but the division into volumes is not always carried out by content. Quite often, one of the disks acts as a technological or software attachment to the main volume. At present, there are quite a few complex publications, where the text material is published in the form of a printed edition, and the illustrative material is on the optical CD attached to the book. Currently, there are almost all types of publications on CD-carriers, with a significant predominance of multimedia e-books, among which about 80% are games, children's developing and educational publications, reference books, dictionaries, training programs. In terms of content, CD editions generally follow the structure of the traditional book stream (of course, not yet reaching its volume and scope). Among them are what can be called collected works, annual and multi-year sets of newspapers and magazines, interactive fairy tales and much more. From the point of view of functional and intended purpose, online electronic publications can include: individual works (original and electronic representations of printed publications), collections (including conference materials), databases and websites. There is a scientific discussion about the question of the legitimacy of considering all sites as a publication. The essence of the problem lies in their complex hierarchical structure. The actual resource, which can be legitimately interpreted as a standalone document, can be located on any page of the site. On the other hand, there are sites that represent a certain publication (an encyclopedia or a journal), a collection of electronic publications, and an entire electronic library. Databases, according to some experts, do not even fit into the broadest understanding of the book, since each database is a separate information system, which is software package with a set of data (records, documents). Databases are classified in accordance with GOST 7.70-2003 "Description of databases and machine-readable information arrays". The library works mainly with the following types of databases: bibliographic and abstract databases (containing bibliographic records about documents); documentary full-text databases consisting of individual documents; factual reference databases containing text fragments, factual data about the object. As is known, databases can be monoobject (for example, bibliographic) and polyobject (for example, the database of the Ministry of Emergency Situations38 Section 1. A general idea of ​​an electronic document of the Russian Federation contains descriptions of emergency situations, lists of equipment, personalities, and much more). There is a clearly pronounced tendency to create databases and data banks of a mixed type, combining all types of information about the object, including the full texts of publications about them. In the law of the Russian Federation “On copyright and related customs”, databases are equated to collections (from the point of view of copyright), which makes it possible to approach their acquisition taking into account the general policy of fund formation. An independent class of electronic information resources are geoinformation systems (GIS) having a multilayer hierarchical structure of information linked to a geographic map (topographic basis). GISs have specific software tools, special functionality, technologies of formation and use, their own standards, etc., in connection with which their production is allocated to a separate area of ​​geoinformatics. Nevertheless, in theoretical terms, there is an indisputable analogy between GIS and traditional cartographic publications (atlases). The main question is the following: is this analogy sufficient to include GIS in acquisition objects according to the same model as traditional cartographic publications. While the practice of picking digital libraries gives a negative answer to this, which is primarily associated with the special functionality of GIS. Thus, in modern library practice, three approaches are used to identify Internet objects: based on a direct analogy with the source material (book, magazine, etc.); on the basis of reduction, i.e., consideration of Internet publications within the framework of the book printing tradition (magazines, books, albums, music collections, etc.); based on the most important functional features each object. Technological features of electronic documents Technological factors influence the species diversity and properties of electronic resources. This means that when working with electronic documents, library staff must master the basic data presentation formats, observe significant changes in their range. From a technological point of view, it is essential how electronic documents are created - by manual entry, scanning, borrowing from other sources; with the help of what software and hardware, for what purposes, etc. All this affects the structure, encoding and content of electronic documents, determines the possibility (necessity) of creating and storing intermediate and insurance copies. Media types can be important for organizing arrays of electronic resources. Among the main factors influencing the features of electronic documents are: linguistic means - recording standards - formats, codes, etc.; channels and data transfer protocols; means of indexing information; search capabilities of systems; used database management systems (DBMS). In the process of information technology development, electronic documents partially retain the properties of traditional documents with the simultaneous appearance of their new characteristics. The first machine-readable documents for libraries in our country were created already in the early 1960s. in the process of solving the problem of mechanization and automation of information retrieval: arrays of bibliographic records were formed on punched cards, punched tapes and magnetic media to search for information on request (experimental research and development under the guidance of A. V. Sokolov, S. A. Sbitnev, L. S. Kozachkova and others). The book of A. I. Mikhailov, A. I. Cherny, R. S. Gilyarevsky “Fundamentals of Scientific Information” (1965) summarized the world information experience, which introduced into scientific circulation all the fundamental ideas in the field of information support and was translated into many languages. For the younger generation, A. V. Sokolov and A. M. Sorkin in the well-known publication “I want to know everything!” in 1964 they showed the development of civilization from the creation of writing to the "electronic machine" and "telebook". At the dawn of automated information technologies, when the use of electronic computers was associated primarily with automation

When studying special literature, preparing a report, a lecture, it often becomes necessary to find, verify or clarify various facts and terms. To do this, you have to use almost all types of publications, but reference publications are the most convenient.

The fund of reference publications is a part of the library's reference and bibliographic apparatus, which includes 3 groups of materials: legislative materials, reference publications, and a fund of completed references.

Group 1 - legislative materials include universal and thematic collections of laws, decrees, resolutions and other legal documents adopted in the Russian Federation. For example, "Collection of Decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation."

Group 2 - includes encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books, calendars, etc.

Group 3 - each library collects a fund of completed references, this is a collection of copies of previously completed written bibliographic references.

Let's take a closer look Group 2 - reference publications. Nowadays, they are increasingly being published on CD.

1. Universal encyclopedias, encyclopedic dictionaries.

The Universal Encyclopedia is a one-volume or multi-volume reference publication containing, in a generalized form, basic information on all branches of knowledge and practice, presented in the form of brief articles arranged in alphabetical or systematic order. Reference articles, review articles, and interpretation articles are published in encyclopedias. In articles of the first two types, there are many references to printed works, they are accompanied by lists of basic literature on the topic of the article. Thus, encyclopedias can be used not only for factual, but also bibliographic searches.

Among the universal encyclopedias, the most famous is the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BSE), its 3rd edition (1969-1978) in 30 volumes contains more than 100,000 articles (1st ed. 1926-1947; 2nd ed. 1950-1958, in the modern period, TSB is released annually on CDs). Since 1957, the TSB Yearbook has been published. Yearbooks are structured uniformly: 11 sections reflect major events of the past year in our country and in other countries: the activities of international organizations, conferences, meetings, sports competitions, etc. At the end of the volumes are brief biographical notes about prominent public figures, scientists, writers, information about the winners of various awards. A reference apparatus is being created for encyclopedias. For the 3rd edition of the TSB, an Alphabetical Name Index was published, including about 100 thousand surnames.

The universal encyclopedias also include the Small Soviet Encyclopedia, the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary.

Of the pre-revolutionary ones, the most widely used were: “The Encyclopedic Dictionary” by F.A. gg.), "New Encyclopedic Dictionary" by the Granat brothers.

Large libraries have universal encyclopedias from different countries of the world (Encyclopædia Britannica, French, etc.).

2.Special encyclopedic editions.

The concept of "special" combines industry-specific and specialized encyclopedias and encyclopedic publications.

Industry encyclopedias, depending on the target and readership, sometimes form industry systems consisting of large (complete), small, popular encyclopedias and yearbooks. An example of such a system: "Big Medical Encyclopedia" (BME), "BME Yearbooks", "Small Medical Encyclopedia", "Popular Medical Encyclopedia". Encyclopedias of the sub-sector (“Pharmaceutical Encyclopedia”) adjoin these publications. Among the large branch encyclopedias are the "Soviet Historical Encyclopedia" in 16 volumes (1961-1976), "Philosophical Encyclopedia" in 5 volumes, "Literary Encyclopedia", "Musical Encyclopedia", "Pedagogical Encyclopedia", "Technical Encyclopedia", "Chemical encyclopedia”, “Agricultural encyclopedia”, etc.

There are also personal encyclopedias - "Shevchenko Encyclopedia", "Lermontov Encyclopedia".

3. References. They contain brief information of a scientific or applied nature, arranged in an order convenient for their quick search. Reference books are very diverse in subject matter, volume, structure and purpose.

Statistical reference books(complex and sectoral) contain digital information characterizing different aspects of people's life and activities. For example, "Russian Statistical Yearbook", "National economy of Primorsky Krai in ... year", "Trade in Vladivostok".

Scientific reference books focused on specialists (and students in the specialty), for example, "Handbook of a chemist", "Handbook of higher mathematics", etc.

Industrial directories usually designed for engineers and workers. For example, "Handbook of a civil engineer", "Handbook of a driver".

Popular reference books promote the achievements of science and production, culture and art. Companion reference books, reference books of the "questions and answers" type are widespread. Popular reference publications are guidebooks (for cities, memorable places), exhibition catalogs, annual calendars.

4. Dictionaries.

There are: linguistic and explanatory, terminological, biographical, bilingual and multilingual.

Linguistic, lexicographic and other dictionaries are created in order to present the vocabulary and grammatical norms of the literary language (“Spelling Dictionary”, “Punctuation Guide” by D.E. Rosenthal), interpretation of words and expressions (“Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” in 4 volumes V.I.Dalya, “Dictionary of the Russian language” by S.I. Ozhegov, “ Concise Dictionary Difficulties of the Russian Language”, “Dictionary of Abbreviations”).

Of great reference interest are the dictionaries of the language of writers (“Dictionary of the Pushkin Language” in 4 volumes), etymological, phraseological, dictionaries of synonyms (“Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language” by Z.E. Aleksadrova), antonyms, homonyms, paronyms, neologisms (“New words and meanings”), archaisms, anthroponymic, dialect, frequency, phrasebooks, etc.

Terminological dictionaries are used not only by specialists, but also by those who are engaged in self-education. There are also bi- and multilingual terminological dictionaries.

Biographical dictionaries contain information about the life and work of various individuals.

Test 6

1. TSB is

a) universal reference edition

b) special reference edition

2. How many volumes are in the 3rd edition of the TSB?

3. From which reference book can you find out about per capita income in 2005?

b) statistical handbook

in) economic dictionary

4. In which dictionary will we clarify the correct spelling of a word?

a) smart

b) linguistic

c) terminological

5. "Handbook of Higher Mathematics" is a reference book:

a) production

b) scientific

The current stage of development of libraries is characterized by a change in the main priorities of their activities. The functions of information centers that have electronic databases and ensure the use of world information networks. In-library technologies and forms of servicing library users are changing. Today, the setters are faced with the task of developing a fund formation system that will combine the acquisition of various types of documents. The creation of modern acquisition concepts in the field is one of the main strategic directions for improving the formation of library collections.

In SOUNB them. V.G. Belinsky, the main internal regulatory documents that reflect the management policy of the fund are the “Regulations on the Fund of SOUNB named after. V.G. Belinsky" and "Thematic and Typological Acquisition Profile". In these documents, along with printed publications, a place is determined in the general fund of the library and for electronic resources. The regulatory documents reflect the principles and criteria for the selection of electronic documents, fixed the position of their acquisition in the library fund at the expense of the budget of the Sverdlovsk region. Acquisition objects in SOUNB them. V.G. Belinsky are fund-forming electronic documents: on removable media, network local, network remote (received for temporary use by subscription).

The basic principles of acquisition are common to both traditional and electronic documents. At the same time, there are features of acquisition (selection criteria) for electronic types of documents.

Formation of a fund of electronic documents on removable media (CD, DVD)

Acquisition of this type of documents is carried out by the department of acquisition and accounting of funds with the participation of specialists from departments-fund holders. The content of the document, its scientific, cultural and historical significance, purpose and readership, information capacity are traditionally preserved as the main selection criteria for acquisition. The criteria for the distribution of electronic publications into collections are based on the features used in organizing the library's printed collections. The main part of the proceeds is directed to the specialized fund of the Department of Electronic Resources. The collections of other departments (local history literature, periodicals, literature in foreign languages, music literature) include publications within their area of ​​responsibility.

Extensive practical experience with this type of documents allows us to note their low demand: the number of requests received from users of the electronic resources department per year does not exceed 10. In our opinion, documents on removable media against the backdrop of the development of new information technologies become morally obsolete. Information quickly loses relevance, there are serious difficulties with its extraction, obtaining prompt access to it. Therefore, the acquisition of these documents is currently selective (Table 1).

Formation of a fund of network local documents

Acquisition profile of the fund SOUNB them. V.G. Belinsky determines the general policy for the formation of a fund of network local documents and specific parameters of the fund (acquisition object, content of the fund, restrictions on chronology, language, etc.). The sources of acquisition of the fund of network local documents are digitized printed editions from the library collection and documents received from copyright holders. The implementation of each of the technologies is carried out in accordance with a package of regulatory and technological documents and agreements concluded with the library. Digitization can be carried out at the request of SOUNB subdivisions, at the proposals of copyright holders, on orders from third-party organizations, on projects for creating digital collections, at the request of readers and subscribers. Accordingly, each category has its own selection criteria. Serious difficulties today arise with documents in electronic form, which the authors want to donate to the library. Often this is just text on a flash drive, with no publisher's data, no guarantee that this is the text of the donor author. What criteria should be used in such cases to select documents for the electronic library fund? There is no specific and clear answer to this question, so each individual library tries to solve this difficult task on its own.

Work on converting documents into electronic form in the library began in 2009 with the digitization of pre-revolutionary periodicals of rare and local lore collections. First of all, the newspaper "Ekaterinburgskaya Nedelya" from 1879 to 1896, rare books of the music and music department, as well as more than 200 books not subject to copyright were digitized.

In 2012, within the framework of the Federal Target Program "Culture of Russia" for the National Electronic Library, the digitization of the "Collection of Laws and Orders of the Government of the Russian Federation" was started. In 2014, within the framework of this project, the Mining Journal was digitized from 1885 to 1917.

Most of these documents are today included in the fund of the Electronic Library of the SOUNB named after. V.G. Belinsky (“Belinka Electronic Library”, http://elib.uraic.ru/), which began to be created in 2014. The electronic library consists of thematic collections, including pre-revolutionary and modern books, newspapers, magazines, materials of local history and library conferences. The library is in the process of formation and is actively replenished.

The formation of the fund of the electronic library is carried out by the Center for the creation of electronic copies of documents, the acquisition department, the Council for the formation of funds. DL documents have two copies: user (in presentation format) and archival (in storage format).

All documents of the archival fund are registered: they are entered into the Register of Digital Copies, one document is recorded on one disc, each disc is labeled with the current number, date of recording of the disc and inventory number of the electronic document. Today, the fund of network local documents is more than 10 thousand copies.

Formation of a fund of network remote documents

Acquisition of this type of documents is carried out by specialists of the Department of Electronic Resources and the Department of Literature in Foreign Languages ​​with the participation of specialists from departments-fund holders and the department of technical support.

Subscription funding for the last three years has been at the level of 1 million rubles, which is an average of 20% of the total subscription budget (Table 2).

The criteria for the distribution of network documents for remote access are based on the features used in the organization of the system of library collections. As a rule, access is issued to all computers of the library. In some cases, access may be granted to a limited number of computers; at the same time, the basic part of the documents is drawn up in the department of electronic resources, for the rest, the library subdivisions are selected for which the subject, species composition or other characteristics of the package documents are most relevant.

Online remote documents serve as a significant addition to the main collection of the library. Since the library fund is universal and diversified, when compiling, we try to present a wider species composition of documents: books, periodicals, dissertations and abstracts of dissertations, legal and regulatory and technical documentation, etc. The main subscription package has been formed and kept at the same level for several years. In 2014, the package included 25 databases in Russian and five databases in foreign languages, which in total amounted to more than 11 million document titles.

When compiling a collection of remote network documents, the main selection criteria, as well as when compiling traditional resources, are the content of the document, its scientific, cultural and historical significance, purpose and readership. Additional criteria for selecting electronic resources are also taken into account: technical aspects of use, functionality and reliability, resource provider support, delivery conditions, licensing, etc. All this is reflected in the Acquisition Profile of SOUNB them. V.G. Belinsky.

A number of important aspects should be highlighted when completing the collection with network remote documents.

1. Uniqueness of documents. Lack of analogue printed publications in the library fund.

A good example is the resources of the Electronic Library of Dissertations of the Russian State Library and the resources of the Presidential Library. B.N. Yeltsin. With all the desire, the regional library has never had and will not be able to have printed versions of these documents in its collection. And even such difficulties as frequent technical failures, the inability to create a copy of a document in electronic form, the mandatory registration of a user, a limited number of user places, do not affect the decision to subscribe to access to these resources. Since 2003, a virtual reading room of the RSL has been opened on the territory of the library, and in 2014, an electronic reading room of the Presidential Library.

Unique, in our opinion, are the electronic archives of the newspapers Pravda and Izvestia provided by IVIS. Subscribing to these resources gives the library the opportunity to provide our readers with an electronic archive of the Pravda newspaper from 1912 to 2013. and the Izvestiya newspaper from 1917 to 2013. Although these documents are present in the library fund, there are gaps, there are copies of very poor quality. The archives are equipped with a convenient search engine, so information that used to take days and hours to find when working with printed editions can now be found in a few minutes. A flexible pricing policy is also attractive (a combined model, a one-time payment for the archive and an annual payment for access to current content). Such resources are very valuable for regional libraries.

Reference and legal systems of the companies "ConsultantPlus", "Garant", "Kodeks" are in demand in our library, including legal, regulatory, technical and technological information, reference books, magazines, books and much more. A huge array of documents, prompt replenishment, convenient intelligent search - all this makes such databases indispensable for the work of our readers.

2. Replacing printed publications with electronic ones should be “beneficial” to the library.

The process of replacing printed versions with electronic versions is individual for each library. When replacing a traditional subscription with an electronic one, regional libraries have to be very careful, since they are entrusted with the duty of permanent storage of the fullest possible library stock.

VINITI abstract journals were the first documents that our library abandoned in the traditional way. In 2002, the library replaced the traditional subscription to RJ VINITI with an electronic one, much more convenient for users and beneficial for the library in financial plan. The purchase model is a fee for the use of individual materials, i.e. pay-per-view has become an argumentative factor in a period of underfunded libraries. According to the same criteria, we also abandoned the acquisition of patent documents, replacing the traditional acquisition with access to FIPS electronic databases. For 12 years now, our readers have been getting access to these resources in electronic form.

An effective option, in our opinion, was a subscription to access to the resources of the National Electronic Library. A large number of documents in the public domain, benefits to public libraries, access to archives were weighty arguments for subscribing. For three years, we annually renew the subscription to 49 journals of the Academizdattsentr "Nauka". Under the terms of the agreement, the archive of journals will be available for 10 years, and then the journals are supposed to be made available to the public, so it was decided to abandon the traditional subscription to these journals. Another example. In 2014, Informkultura refused to issue printed current bibliographic indexes on culture and art, and the library signed a subscription to electronic versions of these documents.

3. Maintaining a well-thought-out balance between electronic and traditional resources.

Today, the complete replacement of printed sources with electronic ones is difficult, primarily due to the lack of sufficient permanent funding. Libraries often fear that funding for subscriptions may be reduced, then they will have to abandon this or that electronic resource. Accordingly, there will be gaps in the fund that are very difficult to restore. The library will remain without electronic and paper publications. In order not to end up in a similar situation, our library, having decided to subscribe to the Electronic Library of the Grebennikov Publishing House, has also retained its traditional subscription to the most requested publications.

The same principle is followed with a subscription to the resources of the Rubricon project: we annually prolong the access agreement, but the library continues to buy paper versions of reference books and encyclopedias.

It is impossible to provide access to all the necessary resources, new resources and new user needs are constantly appearing. It is important for the user to be confident in the constant access to electronic information. An example of such stability for us is our cooperation with IVIS, which has lasted for several years. Today, in our opinion, it is one of the largest Russian companies— distributors of electronic databases of periodicals of universal subjects. A wide range of subjects, the depth of the archive, full compliance with the printed version, the possibility of simultaneous multi-user access, reasonable prices - all this is an indisputable argument when choosing IVIS. In 2014, the library was subscribed to eight databases. Of the 300 titles of magazines that are available to us by subscription, we continue to receive 70 in print (as a rule, these are the most requested publications, according to the statistics of the periodicals department).

Cooperation with EBS

For the regional library, the main criteria for choosing an ELS are the universality of its collection, the possibility of obtaining copies and the cost of a subscription.

Most of the systems are created by publishing houses, therefore, in our opinion, the subject matter of digital libraries is one-sided. In addition, ELS is primarily designed for libraries of higher educational institutions, the fund is mainly educational, there is very little scientific and applied literature. In addition, good scientific publishing house knows his own worth, respectively, and the cost of access to the EBS is very high.

Based on the practical experience of working with remote network documents, it can be argued that today there is not enough scientific, technical and industrial literature, and the bases of publishers and aggregators mainly include publications of a humanitarian and socio-economic orientation. At the same time, in 2013 the category of readers "working professionals" in our library was 57%, so we are interested in access to resources that meet the needs of this category of users.

Often, aggregators of electronic resources, in particular periodicals, do not have the efficiency of publishing electronic publications, which should be an advantage of electronic periodicals. The package subscription is not always beneficial for the library: many publications remain unclaimed. A package subscription undoubtedly expands the information capabilities of the library, but at the same time the library pays for access to a whole block of publications, some of which are of little interest to users. If the library carries out several package subscriptions, it is possible that the same journal or book will be duplicated.

In the choice of EBS, we do not yet have a permanent preference. We signed up for access to the ELS "KnigaFond", "University Library Online", in 2014 we cooperated with the ELS Znanium.com. Each of them is good in its own way, but each has some parameters that do not suit us.

It should be noted that today ELS owners have an understanding of the situation that has developed in regional libraries: special subscription models are being developed, including collection on demand, the possibility of purchasing access in batches for library network branches and forms of remote connection of readers from home.

Problems and prospects

It is impossible not to touch upon the problems of completing municipal libraries with electronic documents on the example of the libraries of the Sverdlovsk region.

According to the report on the state of library services for the population of the Sverdlovsk region in 2013, only half of all municipal libraries in the Sverdlovsk region have Internet access. Printed editions continue to be the main documents in the funds. According to the results of a survey conducted among municipal libraries on acquisition issues, libraries from electronic documents are completed only with publications on removable media. The only exception is the Central City Hospital of Nizhny Tagil, which has a subscription to access the Lan and LitRes EBS. 20 CLSs get access to the resources of the ConsultantPlus company, four libraries get access to the resources of the Garant company.

Over the past three years, the number of documents purchased by municipal libraries on removable media has decreased. In the largest libraries, it makes up no more than 3% of paper documents. These are mainly reference publications, fiction. The main reason, according to the pickers, is the low demand for this type of documents.

At the same time, in our opinion, most of the municipal libraries are not yet ready to work with electronic documents. The market of electronic resources is not focused on municipal libraries.

According to the majority of respondents, regular funding is necessary for completing online remote documents.

It is necessary to revise the policy of distribution of budgetary funds - for the direct purchase of documents for the fund and for paying for access to electronic resources.

There is a need to create regional programs for the acquisition of libraries, the collective use of electronic resources on the basis of a centralized subscription. Today, only corporate interaction of libraries can solve the issue of high-quality acquisition of municipal libraries, prompt provision of resources to our users.

In connection with the expansion of the market of electronic resources, it is very difficult to navigate the stream of offers from publishers and aggregators. Collectors have a great need to hear a professional assessment of a particular resource (rating of professional assessments, collection and analysis of electronic resources, etc.).

A serious step forward for libraries was the adoption of the document “Procedure for Accounting for Documents Included in the Library Fund”, which for the first time clearly indicates the status of electronic documents, which will undoubtedly affect the quality and efficiency of user service.

With the advent of electronic resources in the library, printed publications have not become less in demand, so the main task in fund acquisition is to find the right balance between different types of information media and provide the user with the most complete amount of high-quality information.

Reference and Bibliographic Fund (SBF)- this is a part of the traditional reference and bibliographic apparatus, including publications and materials containing a variety of information and necessary for the implementation of all processes of the library's bibliographic activities. The following publications are allocated to the SBF from the general fund of the library:

Official periodicals (“Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation”, “Bulletin of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation”, “Bulletin of normative acts of federal executive bodies”, “Bulletin of labor and social legislation of the Russian Federation”, “Bulletin of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation”, “Bulletin of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation ”, “Bulletin of the Constitutional Court”, collections of materials “Library and Law”);

Official non-periodical publications of collections containing the texts of official documents - decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, laws, decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation;

Some scientific publications on various branches of knowledge, in which there is a book and article bibliography;

New educational publications ( learning programs and textbooks, primarily in the social sciences);

Popular science books containing, for example, the latest information on certain areas of natural science or medicine, as well as lists of additional literature on the topic (problem);

Reference publications for various purposes - encyclopedias and encyclopedic dictionaries (universal and sectoral), reference books (thematic, biographical, statistical, etc.), dictionaries (terminological, biographical, others), guidebooks;

Journals and periodicals on librarianship and bibliography (“Library”, “Library Science”, “Bibliography”, “World of Bibliography”, “Scientific and Technical Libraries”, etc.), in which, in addition to articles and other materials useful for work, many bibliographic publications - indexes, lists and reviews of literature (they are signed in the card index of bibliographic aids and are actively used).

In libraries where a large number of references are issued at one-time requests of readers and users, a fund of completed bibliographic references is organized and maintained (essentially, it is a fund of unpublished bibliographic aids - lists).

3.1. Reference publications

Reference publications are very diverse in their content and purpose. Of particular value are universal encyclopedias and publications of an encyclopedic nature.

Universal encyclopedias

Universal Encyclopedia- this is, as a rule, a multi-volume publication containing basic information on all branches of knowledge and practice. In terms of volume, this information can be from a few lines to a dozen pages. They are arranged in alphabetical order. They can be divided into reference articles, interpretation articles, the latter, as a rule, have lists of references at the end (i.e., bibliography, which allows using encyclopedias not only as reference publications, but also as a bibliographic source).

Of the universal encyclopedias published in the Soviet era, the third edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BSE), published in 1969–1978, is of the greatest importance. in 30 volumes and containing more than 100 thousand articles. To keep the encyclopedia up to date, the TSB Yearbook was published from 1957 until 1991. The importance of this TSB is evidenced by its appearance in an electronic version at the end of 1999.

More concise information is contained in the Small Soviet Encyclopedia (ITU), which still has not lost its relevance. It was published twice, but both times it was not finished. The second edition is out

in 11 volumes.

Industry encyclopedias

The content of articles in such encyclopedias is distinguished by a deeper disclosure of issues. As an example, we can cite such a solid publication in terms of volume as “Economic Encyclopedia. Political Economy”, published in four volumes in 1972. Similar encyclopedias were also published on medicine and agriculture. Since the beginning of 1960, many encyclopedic publications have appeared that have not lost their significance to the present day - “Physical Encyclopedic Dictionary”, “Chemical Encyclopedic Dictionary”, “Mathematical Encyclopedic Dictionary”, etc.

Reference books

Another group of reference literature is also diverse in its composition. Reference books are distinguished by readership and purpose, volume and structure, they reflect information of a scientific, industrial or applied nature. Distinguish:

Scientific reference books, which are addressed mainly to specialists involved in research activities; for example, "Handbook of Differential Equations" contains a large volume of articles, bibliography, subject index;

Production reference books intended for specialists who are engaged in practical activities, for example, “Handbook of Electronic Computing”;

The group of statistical reference books is intended both for scientists and other specialists, as well as teachers and students. These directories contain statistical data characterizing either the country's economy as a whole, or the state of individual sectors of the national economy, for example, the Murmansk region.

Dictionaries

There are many different reference publications, which are commonly called dictionaries. They can also be conditionally classified according to purpose and content. Distinguish sensible dictionaries explaining the interpretation of words and phrases. The famous “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” by V.I. Dahl in four volumes (the first volume was published in 1863-1866, today the dictionary has withstood

8 editions). It is distinguished by an exceptional wealth of words related to folk life, crafts and crafts, characteristic of the middle of the 19th century.

The same group of explanatory dictionaries includes “Dictionary of the modern Russian literary language”, “Dictionary of the Russian language” by S.I. Ozhegov.

To the group encyclopedic Dictionaries include “Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron. Biographies”, published in 29 volumes and containing more than 40 thousand bibliographic articles, a significant part of which are personalities of the 20th century.

The accelerated development of scientific and technological progress is accompanied by the emergence of new terminology in all fields of knowledge. Therefore, in addition to standards, industry terminological dictionaries. For example, in connection with the ongoing changes in the economy in recent years, such dictionaries as the Dictionary of a Businessman, the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Economics, the Universal Business Dictionary, etc. have been published.

Writers' language dictionaries are of great value. For example, “Dictionary of the language of A.S. Pushkin” in 4 volumes, “Dictionary of Literary Characters”, “Dictionary of Pseudonyms”, by which one can establish the author’s real name. For students in educational institutions and for those working with foreign literature, a large number of bilingual and multilingual dictionaries.

In modern conditions, there are ample opportunities for accessing dictionary and reference online publications. These include numerous encyclopedic and reference electronic publications and dictionaries located on servers around the world.

In the Russian-speaking part, the undisputed leader is the Megaencyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius. This is an abbreviated version of the encyclopedia of the same name, published on CD (more than 130 thousand articles). The encyclopedia "Brockhaus on-line" is based on the encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron of 1907. It can be searched only by the titles of articles. Among the wide variety of general and sectoral linguistic dictionaries, the English-Russian dictionary on the Rambler server stands out.

On-line - the translator of the company "Promt" - can translate entire phrases with a fairly high quality of translation. Of the foreign servers, the most authoritative publication on the Internet is the well-known encyclopedia "Britannica". Its electronic version allows you to search for any word from the text. And the list of search results contains indications not only of the articles from the encyclopedia itself, but also of the relevant Internet resources and publications of electronic periodicals.

Among the biographical materials presented on the Internet, the reference book on the Biography server stands out ( www. biography. com). It reflects information about more than 25 thousand people who gained fame in various fields of activity, in different countries of the world and in different eras - from the ancient world to the present.

The group of virtual linguistic dictionaries consists of the most famous sources, among which are the full version of the famous Webster explanatory dictionary and Roger's Thesaurus. Webster dictionary ( www/ m- w/ com/ nw/ netdict. htm) allows you to get the meaning of the entered English term with many shades and an example of use. Thesaurus Roger ( www. thesaurus. com) offers different variants of English words denoting the same concept.