LESSON DEVELOPMENT "Coding text information"
Grade : Grade 9
lesson type:
§ introduction to new material
§ practical lesson.
Type of lesson: combined.
Lesson objectives:
§ Didactic: provide an initial understanding of the new content of the material.
§ Pedagogical: lead students to understand the reasons for and ways of converting and storing textual information on a computer in the form of binary code.
Lesson Objectives:
Educational :
§ Introduce the concepts of textual information, encoding of textual information, code table.
Developing:
§ Learn to determine the character code and the character by code using code tables and a text editor.
§ Learn to encode and recode textual information.
Educational:
§ Continue the formation of interest in the subject, the formation of a worldview.
§ To cultivate a culture of behavior in the classroom, accuracy, independence, the ability to listen.
§ educate personal qualities: activity, ability to cooperate and work in a group.
§ Prepare students for life in a rapidly changing information world.
Lesson equipment:
§ Textbook N.D. Ugrinovich Informatics Grade 9, BINOM, Knowledge Laboratory, 2014.
§ Teacher's workplace.
§ Student workstations: PC with Windows XP operating system installed.
§ Text editor Notepad.
§ Multimedia projector.
§ Presentation "Coding of textual information".
§ Practice cards.
§ encoding tables.
Forms of study : frontal, individual, group (work in pairs).
Teaching methods and techniques: explanatory and illustrative, partially exploratory, verbal (frontal conversation), visual (demonstration of a computer presentation), practical (performing practical work on a PC), reflection (frontal survey).
During the classes
Lesson stage
Activity
Time (min)
Organizational
moment
Checking readiness for the lesson (the availability of notebooks, textbooks for students)
Update
knowledge, repetition of what has been learned
Preparation for the study of new material, frontal survey
Learning new
material
Accompanied lecture multimedia presentation, writing on the board and in notebooks
Performing a practical task on a computer
Consolidation.
Work in pairs
Self-compilation of a task for your friend, checking the correctness of the execution
Summary of the lesson. Reflection
Teacher's message, frontal survey
Homework
Diary entry
After studying the topic, students should
know:
§ the principle of encoding textual information in a computer;
§ the principle of storing textual information;
§ the concept of an encoding table;
§ modern encoding tables;
be able to:
§ determine the character code in the specified encoding table;
§ find a character by a given code;
§ choose and change different character encodings for text.
Stage 1 of the lesson. Organizing time
Greetings. Check readiness for the lesson.
Lesson topic message "(slide 1).
Setting goals for the lesson (slide 2):
§ To get acquainted with the concepts of textual information, coding of textual information, code table.
§ Learn to determine the character code and character by code using code tables and a text editor.
§ Learn to encode and recode textual information.
Stage 2 of the lesson. Knowledge update. Repetition of what has been learned
The children are invited to answer the questions (slide 3):
1. What is information?
Answer: this is information about the surrounding world (object, process, phenomenon);
it is a reflection of the surrounding world in the form of signals and signs.
2. What types of information on the presentation form do you know?
Answer: Numeric, text, graphic, sound, video, combined.
3. What is coding?
Answer: The process of presenting information using a sign system.
Stage 3 of the lesson. Learning new material
Textual information is information expressed using natural or formal languages in writing(slide 4).
Text information includes:
§ Letters of the Russian alphabet
§ Latin alphabet letters
§ Numbers
§ Signs
§ Mathematical symbols
Question: What is natural language and what is formal language?
Answer: A natural language is a language that has historically developed, that appeared naturally. For example, Russian oral.
Formal language is a language artificially invented, with strict rules. For example, algebra language, computer language.
To encode textual information, 256 different characters are enough! Let's recall the basic informatics formula and calculate the amount of information needed to encode 1 character (slides 5, 6):
N = 2 i , where
N – number of code combinations
i is the length of the binary code
256 = 2 i 28 = 2 i I = 8 bits
To process textual information in a computer, it is necessary to represent it in a binary sign system. A person distinguishes signs by their style, and a computer by their binary codes. When we enter textual information into a PC, it is binary encoded, i.e. the sign image is converted into its binary code. When you press a key, a sequence of 8 electrical impulses enters the computer. The sign code is stored in RAM (slide 7).
In the process of displaying on the screen, the reverse process occurs (slide 8).
Question: what device is engaged in converting information into binary code and vice versa?
Answer: microprocessor.
Assigning a specific binary code to a sign is a matter of agreement, which is recorded in the code table (slide 9).
Encoding table- this is a table in which all symbols of the computer alphabet are assigned serial numbers - codes.
The international standard for PC is the table ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange (American Standard Code for Information Interchange).
The first 33 codes in this table do not correspond to characters, but to operations (space, line break, paragraph mark, and others). Codes from 33 to 127 are international (Latin characters, numbers, signs of arithmetic operations, punctuation marks). Codes 128 to 255 are national, i.e. in different national encodings, the same code corresponds to different characters (slide 10).
To encode Russian letters, there are currently 5 different encodings ( Windows, MS - DOS, Mac, ISO, KOI-8) (slide 11).
Historically, the national part of the code tables appeared inconsistently in different countries and in different operating systems. Code tables ISO and KOI-8 appeared in the USSR. code table MS - DOS was developed for the operating system Microsoft DOS , code table Windows - for the operating system Microsoft Windows . code table Mac used in operating systems Mac OS (slide 12).
Texts created in one encoding will not display correctly in another!
Sometimes it becomes necessary to use more than two languages in one text document. For example, when printing text on geometry, you may need Russian characters, Latin letters, Greek letters. How to be in such a situation?
In 1991 it was proposed new standard codes, where 2 bytes of memory were allocated for each character. The code table is called Unicode . In the code table Unicode 65536 characters. Such a number of code combinations allows you to encode the characters of the languages of almost all alphabets in the world! (slide 13).
4th stage of the lesson. Practical work on the computer
Let's remember the objectives of the lesson. The first goal - to get acquainted with the concept of encoding textual information, code table - we have achieved.
Learn to encode textual information, determine the character code and character by code, using code tables and a text editor,practical work will help us (slide 14).
Coding and processing of textual information Chapter II
2. Coding and processing of textual information 1.Coding of textual informationCoding of textual information 2.Creating and editing documentsCreating and editing documents 3.Formatting a documentFormatting a document 4.TablesTables 5.Computer dictionaries and machine translation systems Document Recognition Optical Document Recognition Systems
Encoding of text information
Text information Text information is information expressed in written form using natural and formal languages. Text consists of: letters (uppercase and lowercase letters of the Russian and English alphabets) numbers (1, 2, ... 9) characters? # % ^ &.) math symbols (+ - * / =) 4
Binary coding of text information To encode each character, 8 bits of information are required (N=2 8 N=256) Each character corresponds to a unique binary code from the interval from to (in decimal code from 0 to 255) 6
Code table Codes from 0 to 32 - correspond to operations (line feed, space input, etc.) Codes from 33 to 127 - international, correspond to characters of the Latin alphabet, numbers, punctuation marks and arithmetic operations Codes from 128 to 255 - national, those. in different national encodings, different characters correspond to the same code 7
Unicode - new international standard coding of text characters, which takes 2 bytes (16 bits) for each character. According to this standard, characters can be encoded (N = 2 16 N =) The Unicode table includes Russian and Latin alphabets, numbers, signs and mathematical symbols, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew and other alphabets 10
Tasks In text mode, the computer monitor screen is usually divided into 25 lines of 80 characters per line. Determine the amount of textual information that occupies the entire monitor screen in Unicode 2. A computer user who is well versed in entering information from the keyboard can enter 100 characters per minute. How much information can a user enter in one minute in Windows encoding? Unicode encoding? eleven
Practical work 2.1. "Coding Russian letters" To complete the task, use: OpenOffice Writer Program Calculator Save the file in your folder under the name "Coding Russian letters" 12 Unicode encoding (hexadecimal code) Decimal system Task: fill in the table
13
1. How much memory will the following text take if it is known that it uses the ASCII encoding table? Happy New Year, dear friends! 2. How many characters are contained in the text using the ASCII table, if it is known that it occupies a bit of memory? Task 2.2 Task for repetition Encoding textual information 14
Creating and editing documents
1. Simple text editors - allow you to edit text and format the font (Notepad); 2. Word processors - allow you to insert lists and tables, formulas, check spelling, work with graphics (MS Word, OpenOffice Writer); Types of text editors: 18
3. Desktop publishing systems - powerful word processing programs that allow you to create layouts for editions of books, magazines and newspapers (Microsoft Publisher, Adobe PageMaker); 4. Web editors - used to prepare Web pages and Web sites for publication on the Internet (Microsoft Publisher, Microsoft FrontPage). 20 Types of text editors:
Ways to create documents in text editors 1. Using the Wizard - to create documents with a complex structure (letters, resumes, faxes, calendars, etc.); the development of a document using the wizard is done by entering the necessary data into the dialog panels that appear in succession. 22
Page parameters 1. Page format - determines its size: A3 (42 × 29.7 cm) - for announcements, posters; A4 (21 × 29.7 cm) - for abstracts, letters, applications; A5 (21 × 14.8 cm) - for references, etc. 2.Page orientation - sets the location of the text and the appearance of the page on the monitor screen: portrait orientation - for plain texts; landscape orientation - for tables with a large number of columns. 3. Margins - determine the distance from the edges of the page to the borders of the text 25
Text document formats.txt - universal text format, files have a small information volume and can be read by various applications, text formatting is not saved; .rtf - universal extended text format, formatting results are saved, large information volume of files; thirty
1.Using the Wizard, create a calendar for the next month. 2.Use the Template to create your resume. 3.Save the created documents in your folder Text Documents Performed in MS Word 33 Practical homework performed on request for an additional mark
reference Information Key assignment: Key combination Purpose Enter Entering a command, moving the blinking cursor to a new line. ShiftAllows you to print uppercase characters and capital (uppercase) letters. Delete Deletes the selected object; deletes characters to the right of the blinking cursor. (Backspace) Deletes the characters to the left of the blinking cursor. Esc Cancel commands, exit the program. Caps Lock Changes to capital letters. Ctrl + Alt + Delete Unhooks the computer. Num Lock Turn on the right numeric keypad. Shift + Alt Switch the keyboard to another language. Shift + Ctrl Switch the keyboard to another language. 34
Reference information Selection of a fragment: 1. arbitrary fragment of text - put the mouse pointer at the beginning of the fragment and, with the LK pressed, move it through the text, highlighting letter by letter; 2. one word - 2 LK per word; 3. one offer - 1 personal account per offer with the Ctrl key pressed; 4. one line - 1 LC in the selection bar opposite the desired line (on the left margin of the document, the mouse pointer is -); 5. paragraph - 2 LC in the selection bar; 6. the whole document - 1 LK in the selection bar with the Ctrl key pressed; 7. vertical fragment of text - with the LK pressed and the Alt key pressed, move the mouse pointer down and to the right. 35
Task: Create a text file and insert the formula into it Save the file in your folder in odt format, under the name: "Insert formulas into the document" Detailed recommendations for implementation on the next slide 36 Practical work 2.2. "Insert Formulas in a Document"
37
Document Formatting
STRUCTURAL UNITS OF TEXT Text editor environment The text typed by the user on the keyboard is displayed in the working field of the editor on the screen. The place of impact on the working field is marked with a cursor. The cursor looks like a flashing dash or rectangle. Often text is larger than what will fit on the screen. In this case, only part of the text is located within the working field. The screen is a kind of window through which you can view the text. To move through the text, special keyboard keys or scroll bars in the document window. Briefly about the main thing A text editor (TP) is an application program designed to create and edit text documents, view the contents of a document on the screen, change the document format, print text on paper using printer. The standard components of the TR environment are: working field, text cursor, status bar, command menu, markup rulers, scroll bars. character word line paragraph section page 40
A font is a full set of characters for a particular drawing: – font name (Times New Roman, Arial, Courier New); – representation method (raster, vector); – character width (monospaced fonts); - serif and sans serif fonts (Times New Roman, Arial). 42
Numbered, bulleted and multilevel lists - used to place various lists in a document Numbered list: 1.First element 2.Second element 3.Third element Bulleted list: First element Second element Third element Multilevel list: 1.First element Second level 2.Second element 46 Lists
tables
Creating and modifying a table The sequence of creating a table: With further modification of the table, the following options are available: inserting and deleting rows, columns, cells; changing the width of columns, the height of rows (using the mouse or setting their exact values in centimeters or percentages); resizing individual cells, splitting into several or merging with neighboring ones. TableInsertTable 52
Lesson schedule for the week Days of the week n/p SubjectLesson start time Lesson end timeHomework Monday Tuesday Wednesday
Hypertext A hypertext document is a document that contains links to other documents. A hyperlink is a highlighted object linked to another file by a hidden address and responding to a mouse click. A hyperlink can point to bookmarks placed in the same document and to bookmarks in other documents. 56
Practical work 2.4. "Creating and formatting lists" Practical work 2.4, page of the textbook. 58
Practical work 2.5. "Tables" Practical work 2.5, pages of the textbook. An example of a table is presented on slide 57 59
Create a table "Schedule of lessons for the week" The table should reflect the following information: - day of the week; - serial number of the lesson; - the name of the subject; - time of the beginning of the lesson; - the time of the end of the lesson; - homework. Performed in MS Word 60 Practical homework is optional for an additional mark
High speed translation of multipage documents (1 page/s) High quality translation technical documentation, business correspondence and other specialized texts Capabilities of computer translation systems Example: http\\ 63
OCR systems
Practical work 2.6. "Recognition of "paper" text and translation using a computer dictionary" 72 Task: 1. Recognize an encyclopedic article 2. Translate an encyclopedic article from of English language into Russian 3. create a glossary of terms (table 5 terms from the article) Recommendations for the work: Materials 2.6. Practical on recognition and translation
Postal codes - Volokolamsk - Chukhloma - Olonets - Boguchar - Surgut
Binary coding ABCW
How many characters do you need? In texts we use: uppercase and lowercase Russian letters Aa Bb Vv ... uppercase and lowercase Latin letters Aa Bb Cc ... punctuation marks!, ?. ... digits ... signs of arithmetic operations + - × ... other characters ([ \ ... 256 different characters are enough.
With 1 byte, you can get 256 different binary code combinations and use them to display 256 different characters. Coding consists in the fact that each character is assigned a unique decimal code from 0 to 255 or the corresponding binary code from to. Thus, a person distinguishes characters by their style, and a computer by their code.
CODING OF INFORMATION IN A COMPUTER Q B R C S D T E U F V G W
Code tables Correspondence of symbols and codes is set with the help of special code tables. In code tables, each character is assigned a unique string of eight zeros and ones. SymbolDecimal codeBinary code!…ABC!…ABC 33 … …
Assigning a specific code to a character is a matter of agreement, which is fixed in the code table. A code table is an internal representation of characters in a computer. The ASCII table (American Standard Code for Information Interchange - American Standard Code for Information Interchange) has been adopted as a standard worldwide. ASCII
AT recent times a new international Unicode standard has appeared, which assigns not one byte, but two, to each character, and therefore it can be used to encode not 256, but various characters. This encoding is supported by the latest versions of the Microsoft Windows&Office platform (since 1997)
Windows code table CharacterDecimal codeBinary codeCharacterDecimal codeBinary code Space! * +, -. /=? ABCDEZHZYKLMNOPABVGDEZHZYKLMNOP
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Slides captions:
11.04.17 Coding of textual information
11.04.17 Information expressed in written form using natural and formal languages is called textual information
Historical background Cryptography is a cryptography, a system of changing writing in order to make the text incomprehensible to uninitiated persons Morse code or an uneven telegraphic code in which each letter or character is represented by its combination of short elementary parcels of electric current (dots) and elementary parcels of triple duration (dash) Sign language is a sign language used by people with hearing impairments
Caesar's Code A B C D E E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W X Y Z 1 Julius Caesar (1st century BC) Replace each letter of the encrypted text to another by shifting in the alphabet from the original letter by a fixed number of characters! Encode BY T - shift 2 characters to the right We get: G W L F
Task: Decipher the phrase of the Persian poet Jalaleddin Rumi "kgnusm yoogkg fesl - tzfhya fzuzhschz fkhgrzh yorksp", encoded using the Caesar cipher. It is known that each letter of the source text is replaced by the third letter after it. Rumi 1207-1273 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W Y Y Z Answer: Close your eyes - let the heart become an eye
Binary coding of text information To encode 1 character, 1 byte of information is used. 1 byte 256 characters 66 letters of the Russian alphabet 52 letters of the English alphabet 0-9 numbers Punctuation marks
When processing text information in a computer, each character is represented by a binary code 1 character 8 bits From 00000000 to 11111111 Assigning a specific binary code to a sign is a matter of agreement, which is fixed in the code table
ASCII code table American Standard C ode for I nformation Interchange codes 0 to 32 function keys codes 33 to 127 English alphabet letters, math symbols, punctuation marks
Russian character encoding tables KOI-8 MAC ISO
Unicode encoding 1 character - 2 bytes (16 bits) that can encode 65,536 characters
On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes
Alphabetical approach to determining the amount of information. Units of measurement of information. Encoding of text information
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