Innovative activity is an activity aimed at finding and implementing innovations in order to expand the range and improve product quality, improve technology and organize production. [Link]

Innovation activities include:

• Identification of enterprise problems;
• implementation of the innovation process;
• organization of innovation activities.

The main prerequisite for the innovative activity of an enterprise is that everything that exists is aging. Therefore, it is necessary to systematically discard everything that is worn out, outdated, has become a brake on the path to progress, and also take into account mistakes, failures and miscalculations. To do this, enterprises periodically need to conduct certification of products, technologies and jobs, analyze the market and distribution channels. In other words, a kind of radiograph of all aspects of the enterprise's activities should be carried out. This is not just a diagnosis of the production and economic activities of the enterprise, its products, markets, etc. Based on it, managers should be the first to think about how to make their products (services) obsolete themselves, and not wait until competitors do it. And this, in turn, will encourage enterprises to innovate. Practice shows that nothing makes a leader focus on an innovative idea as much as the realization that the product being produced will become obsolete in the near future.

Where do innovative ideas come from? There are seven sources of such ideas. Let's list the internal sources; they arise within an enterprise or industry. These include:

• 1. unexpected event (for an enterprise or industry) - success, failure, external event;
• 2. non-congruence - a discrepancy between reality (what it really is) and our ideas about it;
• 3. innovations based on the needs of the process;
• 4. sudden changes in the structure of an industry or market.

The next three sources of innovation are external because they originate outside the enterprise or industry. It:

• 1. demographic changes;
• 2. changes in perceptions, moods and values;
• 3. new knowledge (both scientific and non-scientific).

An analysis of these situations when considering a particular type of change allows us to establish the nature of an innovative solution. In any case, you can always get answers to the following questions. What happens if we use the created change? Where will this lead the business? What needs to be done to turn change into a source of development?

However, of the seven sources of change, the third and seventh are the most important, as they are the most radical.

The change caused by the need of the process is much more important than the first two. An old proverb says, "Necessity is the mother of invention." In this case, the change is based on the needs of practice, life. (Replacement of manual typing in typography, keeping food fresh, etc.) At the same time, the implementation of this type of change implies the need to understand that:

• It is not enough to feel the need, it is important to know and understand its essence, otherwise it is impossible to find its solution;
• It is not always possible to satisfy the need, and in this case, only the solution of some part of it remains.

In any case, when solving a problem of this type, it is necessary to answer the following questions. Do we understand what and what changes the process needs? Are available necessary knowledge Or do you need to get them? Are our decisions consistent with habits, traditions and goal orientations? potential consumers?

The most significant changes, one might say radical ones, occur on the basis of "new knowledge". Innovations based on new knowledge (discoveries) are usually difficult to manage. This is due to a number of circumstances. First of all, there is, as a rule, a large gap between the emergence of new knowledge and its technological use, and secondly, a lot of time passes before new technology materializes in a new product, process or service.

In this regard, innovations based on new knowledge require:

• careful analysis of all necessary factors;
• a clear understanding of the goal pursued, i.е. a clear strategic orientation is needed;
• · the organization of entrepreneurial management, since it requires financial and managerial flexibility and focus on the market.

An innovation based on new knowledge must "ripen" and be accepted by society. Only in this case it will bring success.

What is being done to introduce new technologies:

• 1. Purposeful systematic innovation activity requires continuous analysis of the possibilities of the above sources of innovation.
• 2. Innovation must meet the needs, desires, habits of the people who will use it. Innovation should be simple and have a clear purpose. The greatest praise for innovation is: "Look how simple it is! Why didn't I think of that before?"
• 3. Innovate more efficiently with little money and few people, limited risk. Otherwise, there is almost always not enough time and money for the many refinements that the innovation needs.
• 4. An effective innovation should be aimed at leadership in a limited market, in its niche.

Innovation is a job that requires knowledge, ingenuity, talent. It is noted that innovators mostly work in only one area.

Finally, innovation means changes in the economy, industry, society, in the behavior of buyers, producers, workers. Therefore, it should always focus on the market, be guided by its needs.

Innovative activity in industry

Innovative activity in industry covers the implementation of innovative processes, the result of which are industrial innovations in the form of new technologies, techniques, materials, which are the basis of scientific and technological progress in enterprises. At the regional level, innovations determine the economic and social behavior of citizens, the competitiveness of the region, and the development of the industrial sector.

In the context of a systemic crisis in production, the development of innovations in enterprises is especially relevant; it should cover various areas of activity related to innovation cycles, combining research methods, technologies and an enterprise management system. Foreign experience in introducing innovations at manufacturing enterprises should be actively applied in Russian conditions in relation to independent subjects of the economy, factors and driving forces of the innovation process on the part of companies. At the same time, innovation processes and their impact on the state of the economy and society are characterized by significant differences.

Research on the organization of innovation in industrial enterprises, the possibilities of enhancing innovation activity are a new direction of scientific thought. To introduce innovations at industrial enterprises, it is necessary to develop a methodology for determining the social economic efficiency new technology, management of scientific and technological progress and efficiency. The innovative path of development requires the intensification of industrial activity at the level of economic entities - this is the creation of appropriate scientific and technical developments, investments. To start introducing innovations in the conditions of industrial activity, it is necessary to consider the following factors:

• * consideration of innovation as a continuous process;
• * focus on the controllability of the process, i.e. the ability to influence him;
• * the presence of general dependencies between certain factors and conditions of innovation at the level of an industrial enterprise.

The main task of the modern socio-economic development of a manufacturing enterprise is to enter an innovative trajectory, to maximize the use of fundamentally new growth factors. This approach will make it possible to reorganize enterprises on the basis of science-intensive production. In order to select the most effective tools for managing the innovative activity of an enterprise and assessing the innovative potential, it is necessary to develop ways to increase innovative activity at enterprises in the industrial sector. This will increase the competitiveness of the enterprise, quickly identify internal opportunities for innovation, discover hidden reserves for the development of the organization in order to increase its efficiency. commercial activities. To implement an innovative strategy at industrial enterprises, it is necessary to improve existing ones and search for new ones. methodological approaches to the organization of innovative activity at the enterprise, taking into account the state of external and internal environment, the current conjuncture and tasks of the strategic development of the economy in the market.

To adapt innovation programs, it is necessary to analyze the innovation management system industrial enterprises, to determine the trends in the development of innovative activity in Russian conditions. In addition, it is necessary to develop an algorithm for organizing innovation activities at an industrial enterprise, create a model of the innovation process, and develop a program for innovation management. To create an effective model for introducing innovations in a manufacturing enterprise, it is necessary to evaluate such indicators as: competitiveness, performance, source of occurrence, source of financing, degree of risk, source of creation, costs. A method for rational distribution of enterprise funds is also needed to plan the implementation of innovative projects.

The integrated innovation process model will reduce the time it takes to develop and bring an innovation to the market, as well as increase the efficiency of this process. Methodology effective management innovative activity at an industrial enterprise should contain an evaluation system of indicators of the effectiveness of the organization of innovative activity.

In today's market conditions, ensuring the innovative orientation of industrial enterprises will increase the consumption of manufactured products and help the balance and efficiency of the functioning of markets as a whole. With this approach, innovation can be considered the key to sustainable economic development.

The introduction of innovations can be highly risky only for those manufacturing enterprises that do not have a well-thought-out and developed model and methodology for introducing innovative development programs. The key to successful implementation and organization model of innovative activity of the enterprise and the innovative process can be the restructuring of the industrial enterprise.

Restructuring at the enterprises of the industrial sector can be a process of complex change in the methods and conditions of the company's functioning in accordance with external market conditions and its development strategy. As a tool for improving innovation, restructuring can affect the innovation process of producing new products and operations, their implementation, promotion and distribution. However, restructuring is difficult economic process and it should be carried out taking into account all external economic factors in the development of an enterprise in the industrial sector.

Making a decision on improving the innovative activity of an enterprise, including improving the model of its organization and developing a model of a comprehensive innovation process, requires an assessment of the economic efficiency of the measures taken. To determine the effectiveness, it is necessary to develop a methodology for determining the quality of the innovative activity of an industrial enterprise as a balanced scorecard.

The system of indicators of innovative activity will help the enterprise to analyze its ability to innovate, the quality of this work, the innovative activity of the enterprise, the competitiveness of products.

Thus, the system of innovation indicators creates a basis for making managerial decisions, expressing the strategic interests of the enterprise and motivating staff to take initiative. It is also necessary to take into account that even the most perfect system of indicators is vulnerable to the influence internal factors staff receptivity to innovation. An analysis of industrial enterprises that successfully carry out innovative activities shows that the basis for success is a well-organized mechanism for introducing innovative processes.

The condition for the introduction of innovations is the existence of an effective marketing and sales system, which connects the enterprise with end users in terms of the quality of the goods produced. Innovation comes from new knowledge, and customers want new benefits. Thus, a correctly implemented innovation policy by an industrial enterprise increases its competitiveness in the market. The intensity of the innovative activity of the enterprise determines for it more competitive advantage.

The innovative activity of an enterprise is characterized by the efficiency and regularity of innovations, the dynamics of actions to create and implement innovations. The higher the innovative activity of the enterprise, the more expedient its functioning and existence. Thus, innovative activity as a measure of the intensity of innovation in an enterprise is a modern strategic characteristic of its effectiveness. The use of innovation will help industrial enterprises accelerate their growth, develop new markets, and create new jobs.

The main source of financing for innovation activities at industrial enterprises are financial resources. In this case, the basis of the financial and economic problem is the lack of own Money. The lack of own funds, which are the main source of innovation financing, leads to the problem of developing the production and technological base. However, one of the main problems of introducing innovations is not a financial and economic problem, but the management of innovative processes, the lack of the ability to organize their development and implementation. The manager's qualification becomes the most important factor in ensuring the effectiveness of the innovation process. Properly chosen structure allows the enterprise to provide full time personnel, flexibility in the use of resources and compliance with market requirements.

Thus, it is necessary to reorganize the management system of innovative activity of the enterprise. Managing such activities is much more difficult than the current, repetitive production. It is necessary to improve the model of organization of innovation activity. For this, an industrial enterprise needs to go through several stages:

• * selection and implementation of the innovative strategy of the enterprise, which is based on material, technical, financial, personnel, information and other types of resources;
• * an integrated approach for an industrial enterprise;
• * to distribute the risk, it is necessary to form an innovative portfolio, create innovation program enterprises and the constant redistribution of funds from completed innovative projects to those under development.

Approaches to modeling the innovation process require careful development of an innovation policy model and a strategy for its implementation as an object of management and a means of long-term development of production in different periods of time. A comprehensive innovation process at a manufacturing enterprise will allow us to evaluate the market, scientific, technical, production and financial prospects of innovation. In addition, share responsibility between performers innovative project. It is also necessary to have a managerial understanding that innovations are strategic, since all further activities of the enterprise depend on them. For the successful implementation and subsequent functioning of an improved model for organizing the innovative activity of an enterprise and the developed model of a complex innovative process, it is required to improve the innovative activity of an enterprise. Also, the decision to introduce innovations at an industrial enterprise, including the decision to improve the model of its organization, requires an assessment of the economic efficiency of the measures taken. For this, it is necessary to develop a methodology for determining the effectiveness of the innovative activity of an industrial enterprise as an evaluation system of indicators.

Enterprises use various approaches to measure their innovative activity, some of them have a holistic system of indicators of innovative activity, which is combined with the strategic interests of the enterprise. Most often, the evaluation of the effectiveness of innovations in industrial enterprises is carried out using "classical" financial indicators. However, the system of innovation performance indicators should also include not only financial, but also qualitative indicators, the dynamics of changes in which will help to identify problems in the innovation management system in time and take measures before the onset of a crisis. The system should become part of the internal corporate system of indicators and be periodically reviewed taking into account changes. environment enterprises. For effective evaluation indicators, you can use a balanced scorecard to evaluate the innovative activity of an enterprise. Balanced system indicators include several economic indicators and can be applied at any industrial enterprise carrying out innovative activities.

This system of indicators will help the enterprise to analyze its ability to innovate, the quality of this work, and will also allow to evaluate the innovative activity of the enterprise, the competitiveness of products. Thus, the application integrated approach introduction of innovations at the enterprises of the industrial sector will lead to the dynamic development of the enterprise, strengthening competitiveness, strengthening the marketing policy.

Innovation activity as a basis effective development enterprises

Kurta Elena Evgenievna ,

undergraduate Kerch State Marine Technological University.

Modern economic realities show that achieving the success and goals of an enterprise is possible only under the condition of purposeful innovation, the introduction of new technologies, the implementation of which will create an opportunity to improve the efficiency of enterprises and increase their competitiveness in the market. These circumstances actualize the need for the development of innovative activities, including the improvement and reorganization of activities, the renewal of production, the replacement of some structural elements with others, as well as the addition of existing technologies with new ones.

The main elements of innovation in enterprises are the means of production, organizational development, technological processes, human potential, as well as products and their quality.

Innovation activity is understood as activity aimed at the implementation of experimental developments, the implementation of which will produce a new or improved product, which will subsequently be in demand on the market. In addition, innovation activity involves the improvement or development of a new technological process, subject to its further application in the production activities of the enterprise.

Innovation is one of the forms management activities managers of the enterprise, taking into account both the influence of the external environment and changes Russian market innovations occurring under the influence of general and specific factors.

The basic principles of organization and implementation of innovative activities are shown in Figure 1.

Rice. 1. Principles of organization of innovative activity.

The principle of target orientation provides for the need for continuous implementation of innovative activities.

The principle of consistency is understood as a clear organization of innovation activity, which provides for the allocation of clearly defined functions, their performers and the relationships between them.

Adaptability provides for a timely response of the organization to changes in the external environment and the adoption of managerial decisions aimed at leveling the negative impact on the process of introducing innovations.

Optimality is understood as the creation of a system of interaction between the powers of various performers and the definition of the responsibility of departments.

Economy is defined as the implementation of innovation activities in such a way as to achieve optimal efficiency of the innovation process, while special attention should be paid to shortening the innovation cycle while increasing the competitiveness of new products and responding in a timely manner to the changing needs of potential consumers.

Hierarchy provides for the implementation of effective interaction between the elements of innovation, between the vertical and horizontal levels of the system.

It should be taken into account that the introduction of new technologies leads to the need to apply adequate changes in the existing forms and methods of organizing management, which leads to the further development of innovations in the field of managerial decision-making.

The innovative activity of an enterprise is influenced by general and specific factors.

The most influential common factor is the cyclical fluctuations of the economy. Specific factors include the commercial and political conditions for the implementation of specific products of innovative activity on the market, the state of the scientific and technical potential of the production sector.

The mechanism for the development of innovative activity is understood as a set of organizational and economic forms of implementation and stimulation of its implementation, the formation of innovative solutions, methods of their regulation.

The application of this mechanism is carried out at three levels - the federal, regional and micro levels (enterprise level).

At the macro level (federal), a state innovation strategy is being developed, which manifests itself in the creation of a favorable legislative innovation climate both for individual enterprises and organizations in a particular industry, and for the state as a whole.

At the regional level, similar issues are resolved, but taking into account the specifics of specific regions.

At the same time, both at the macro- and at the regional level, the main decisions should be aimed at improving the regulatory framework in the field of innovation; providing investors with certain benefits and privileges, training competent specialists in innovation activities.

If the innovative development of an enterprise becomes a priority, then for its implementation it is necessary to make changes in production and marketing activities, in the distribution of financial and investment resources and in marketing policy.

These changes should be based on two principles:

- the balance of interests of the consumer and the manufacturer must be observed, that is, the innovative product being introduced must meet both the requirements of the market and meet the needs of the development of the enterprise;

- the investment activity of the enterprise must be carried out continuously.

When introducing innovations, enterprises should take into account that this activity is inherently high risk, which must be identified in a timely manner, adequately assessed and developed effective management measures.

Due to the fact that in the innovation process there are several participants, there is a need for a clear distribution of functions and responsibilities between them, as well as determining the degree of responsibility between them for the decisions made. There is a need for a clear setting of tasks for each of the participants on the timing of the implementation and implementation of innovative solutions, the limits for spending money on the introduction of innovations.

All this necessitates a clear coordination and control of the implementation of innovative activities, and special attention should be paid to the development of legally competent contracts.

Thus, at present, innovations determine the orientation of the enterprise towards long-term development, and, consequently, the innovative and strategic activities of the enterprise are fully combined with the development of the market.

Under the condition of successful implementation of innovative activity in the process of enterprise functioning, new ideas, improved products, technological processes appear, more advanced forms of organization and management of enterprises and various sectors of the economy and its structural elements arise.

However, it should be borne in mind that the ways and scope of solving specific problems of innovative activity will be determined by the resource capabilities of the organization itself.

Literature

1. Alekhin S.P. Actual problems and prospects for the development of small industrial enterprises in the innovation economy. / Alekhin S.P., Tepanov A.A. and others - M.: Publishing House"Centrosoyuz", 2010, - S. 192.

2. Galetov I.D. Innovation and investment projects in modern Russia/ Galetov I.D., Cherkasov M.N. / Economics and modern management: theory and practice. - 2014. - No. 34. - P. 186-191.

3. Logunova N.A. Innovative development of the enterprise - the vector of modern economic policy of the state / N.A. Logunova, N.A. Krasovskaya //Economy: problems, theories and practices. – 2010.–T. 256.–No. 2.–S.317-328.

4. Logunova N. A. Economics and organization of innovation activities: textbook. allowance / N A. Logunova, L. V. Aleksakhina, N. A. Krasovskaya. - K .: Condor-Publishing House, 2014. - 278 p.

5. Sharenkov S.B. Formation of process innovation projects by enterprises of the Russian Federation / Sharenkov S.B., Cherkasov M.N. / Economics and modern management: theory and practice. - 2014. - No. 34. - S. 201-205.

The teacher is an integral part of the process of his professional development. For those who work in the traditional system, it is enough to master the technique, which is a set of teaching skills. This alone will make it possible to carry it out in full and achieve certain successes. However, for the implementation of innovative activities of a teacher, one of his vocational training turns out not to be enough. At the same time, the readiness of the teacher himself to become on the path of improvement is also important.

Concept definition

What do we mean by innovative activity of a teacher? This is something new, if compared with the previous one, aimed at improving the quality of education. In general, the term "innovation" in its modern sense means the manifestation of new elements or forms. The synonym for this word is "innovation".

The modern teacher is considered somewhat deeper, while having a broader semantic designation. It is understood as the purposeful work of a teacher, based on understanding their own professional experience by studying and comparing the educational process in order to change it and receive a better education.

We can say that the innovative activity of a teacher is a phenomenon that reflects the creative potential of a teacher. If we consider this term from the point of view of its application to the general educational process, then we can talk about its relative youth. And this explains the existence of different approaches to explaining this concept.

On the one hand, pedagogical innovations are understood as various innovations aimed at changing the technology of education and training in order to increase their effectiveness. But sometimes this concept has a different meaning. Innovations include not only the creation and dissemination of innovations, but also changes and transformations in the style of thinking and in the way of activity that are associated with these innovations. In any case, it is something progressive, useful, advanced, modern and positive.

At present, processes of standardization of all levels of education without exception are taking place in Russia. This led to the creation of the FGOS. The purpose of this work is a certain unification and accessibility for widespread practical use of scientifically supported experimental work in education and training. The innovative activity of the teacher in the context of the implementation of the Federal State Educational Standard is designed to make positive changes in the current education system. This is necessary for Russia to enter the international market that offers such services, and to bring the curricula of schools and preschool educational institutions into line with those that are considered generally accepted throughout the world.

Signs of innovation activity

The process of introducing various innovations into the educational process largely depends on the potential of the teacher himself. How to determine the teacher's readiness for innovative activity? The potential of the individual in this case is associated with such parameters as:

The presence of a creative ability to generate and produce new ideas and ideas, as well as design and model them in practice;

Readiness for something different from existing ideas, a new one, the basis of which is panorama and flexibility of thinking, as well as tolerance of character;

Education and development in cultural and aesthetic terms;

The desire to improve their activities, as well as the presence of internal methods and means that will ensure it.

The readiness of a teacher for innovative activity is also understood as the presence of a great working capacity, the ability to restrain strong stimuli, a high emotional status and a desire to approach their work creatively. But in addition to personal teacher must have some special qualities. These include knowledge of new technologies, the ability to develop projects, mastering the latest teaching methods, as well as the ability to analyze and identify the causes of existing shortcomings.

Specificity of innovation

The participation of teachers in innovative activities has its own characteristics. It presupposes the presence of the necessary degree of freedom in the respective subjects. Indeed, due to its specificity, the innovative activity of a teacher in a preschool educational institution and in schools is most often carried out as if by touch. The fact is that such solutions are beyond the available experience. It is also worth noting that today the innovative activity of a teacher in the implementation of the Federal State Educational Standard is regulated and controlled only partially. In this regard, one has to trust the innovator, the researcher, assuming that everything that he does in the process of searching for new solutions and truth will not harm the interests of society.

This approach leads to the realization that the freedom of creativity should go along with the high personal responsibility of the teacher involved in innovative activities.

Importance of innovation

Is it so necessary to organize the innovative activity of a teacher? The importance of this direction is due to the fact that in modern conditions the development of education, culture and society is impossible without:

Socio-economic changes, suggesting the need to update the entire training system, as well as technologies and methods of organization cognitive process in OS of various types;

Strengthening the humanization of the content of curricula, which is expressed in a continuous change in the volume and composition of disciplines, the introduction of new subjects, involving a constant search for improved learning technologies and organizational forms;

Changes in the attitude of the teacher himself to the application and development of innovations;

Entry of educational institutions into the system market relations which will allow to form their real degree of competitiveness.

What, ultimately, caused the need to develop the innovative activity of the teacher? The main reason for this direction is the fierce competition that every team offering services in the field of education faces almost everywhere.

To date, all educational institutions must independently improve their level of work, monitor and be able to predict the situation that has developed in the relevant market, and be a little ahead of everyone else, using the latest scientific and technological achievements.

Signs of innovation

What can we say about the participation of teachers in innovative activities? This question is both complex and simple. On the one hand, it is easy to determine latest approaches and methods used by the teacher. After all, they have differences from those that were used before their introduction. On the other hand, it is very difficult to describe and justify innovative activity. After all, innovation is not just fixing a certain fact. Each of the forms of innovative activity of a teacher is a whole system.

Its description must contain the purpose and content, the timing of implementation, existing problems and their solution. That is, everything that innovation is aimed at. Methods for analyzing the results obtained should also be explained. It is necessary to give an indication of the forms of innovative activity of the teacher.

Classification of innovation

According to their purpose, all the latest implementations in the training system are conditionally divided into:

1. General. These are global concepts available in modern education. They find their manifestation in the optimization of the UVP, the development of humanistic provisions, practical and information technologies, as well as in the organization and management of pedagogical processes.
2. Private. They take place in those cases when the innovative experimental activity of teachers is in the form of author's innovations, developed in accordance with the modern directions of the educational process, and implemented in a separate educational institution.

By belonging to the educational process, innovative activity is associated with:

1. With the introduction of an integrated approach into the education system. After all, the traditional system of obtaining knowledge is guided by the already achieved level of technology and science and is not able to meet the requirements of a society that is in its dynamic development.
2. With the organization of the entire educational process and the introduction of the latest pedagogical technologies, which are the main factor in the development of innovative methods and means of obtaining knowledge.
3. With specialization and profiling of general education. Such directions involve the formation necessary conditions innovative activity of the teacher with its transition to a system of flexible and open continuous individualized learning of the individual throughout her life.
4. With the professionalization of existing management activities. This is one of the conditions for the effectiveness and success of innovative directions in educational institutions.

Based on the concept of renewal and content educational processes Innovative activity of a teacher is divided into method-oriented, as well as problem-oriented. Let's consider them in more detail.

Methodologically oriented activity

When it is applied, it is supposed to implement one or another technology of education. It could be:

Use of the latest information technologies;

Application of the principle of integration to the content of education.

In addition, based on the experience of the teacher's innovative activity in the framework of method-oriented work, he can use training:

Developing;

differentiated;

Design;

problematic;

Programmed;

Modular.

As part of the application of such technologies, a prerequisite is the preparedness and competence of a teacher who is able to use approaches such as:

1. Person-oriented. It can be achieved by implementing a strategy of support and respect, understanding, assistance and cooperation of the preschool administration in the field of choosing the means and methods of the teacher's work.
2. Essential. It is reflected in the interaction of teachers with students to develop their abilities in order to form essential systemic knowledge and establish interdisciplinary connections.
3. Operational and activity. This approach is based on the positions of the GEF. Students form the ability to act during the educational process, assimilating knowledge through their practical application.
4. Professionally oriented. This is a competency-based approach. It allows students to develop professional attitudes.
5. Acmeological. This approach is closely related to the essential one. It is used in the organization of innovative education with the development of new ones, as well as updating already existing methods and teaching aids. This approach allows students to develop creative thinking and contributes to their self-development, self-improvement, self-education and self-control.
6. Creative development. This approach is designed to form productive thinking. It develops in students a creative attitude to their activities, as well as the abilities and qualities of a creative person, skills and abilities of a scientific and creative nature.
7. Contextual. This approach allows you to bring the content of the subjects of the training program into line with the state standard of education developed in the country.

Problem-oriented activity

Such innovative processes provide for the solution of a certain type of tasks that are associated with the formation of a high degree of competitiveness in a person.

At the same time, the activity of the teacher is aimed at developing in students:

Awareness of one's personal and social significance;

Ability to set the goal of self-complication of problems and tasks, as well as self-actualization, which is a prerequisite for the creative development of a competitive personality;

An adequate sense of freedom and justified risk, which contributes to the formation of responsibility in the decisions made;

The maximum concentration of one's abilities in order to realize them at the most opportune moment, which is called "delayed victory".

One of the most urgent problems that the modern education system is trying to solve is the education of a socially competitive person. This concept includes professional stability, social mobility personality and its ability to carry out the process of professional development. At the same time, students should be taught receptivity to innovation. This will allow them to easily change the field of activity in the future, and be always ready to move into new area labor, which is more prestigious.

It is possible to form a competitive personality at this stage of the development of society only through the introduction and inclusion of methodological and problem-oriented innovations in the learning process.

Additional classification

Also, the following types of innovations are distinguished in the education system:

1. In terms of scale - federal and regional, national-regional and at the level of educational institutions.
2. By - isolated (local, private, single, that is, not related to each other), modular (a chain of private innovations interconnected), systemic.
3. By origin - improved (modified), combined (attached to a previously known component), fundamentally new.

Problems of introducing innovations

Often, the conduct of innovative activities causes difficulty for teachers. This is what affects the need for scientific and methodological support of their work. The formal nature of the ongoing pioneering work, which can often be observed in the OU, is caused by:

Low level of basic training of teachers;

Formation of the activity environment in the classical, traditional mode;

Low degree of readiness for innovative activity;

Lack of motivation due to overload;

The inability to determine for themselves the most priority, which causes dispersion of activity and does not give a tangible result.

At the same time, it is impossible to imagine the work of a modern educational institution without innovative methods. But in order to achieve the intended goals, teachers need certain types of support. For some, psychological support is important, for others - individual consultation of a methodologist or a practicing teacher. One of mandatory conditions innovative work is the presence of a sufficient amount of special educational and methodological literature, as well as the latest material and technical base.

The innovative activity of teachers in the modern education system should become a personal category, a kind of creative process and the result of creative activity. It also implies the presence of some degree of freedom in the actions of the relevant subjects.

The main value of the innovative activity carried out by the teacher lies in the fact that it allows you to form a personality capable of self-expression and the use of their abilities simultaneously with creativity. Those difficulties that arise in the process of such work, according to many practitioners, can be resolved on their own.

The main result will be:

Creation that will ensure the study, sustainable development and further implementation of best practices;

Occupation of the leadership position of educational institutions in the field of educational services;

Creation of a positive image of the staff of the educational institution.

Innovative activity can be organized by different levels management - directly at the enterprise, within the framework of the association of enterprises, at the regional and state levels. At each level, their own ways and methods of organizing innovation activities are applied.

Innovation strategy at the micro level, i.e. at the level of an enterprise or organization (Fig. 19.1), is determined by the basic strategies for the development of an enterprise, the nature of the innovative tasks that arise in this case, and the presence of innovative potential in an enterprise.

The innovation strategy determines the type of innovation activity, its forms, as well as the specific methods of its organization. The organization of innovation activities is aimed at streamlining the processes of generating new ideas, searching for and developing technical solutions, creating innovations, their implementation in production and company management, and commercializing innovations.

Rice. 19.1.

Organization of innovation activity includes the formation and reorganization of structures that carry out innovative processes. Such work can take place in various forms, the main of which are the creation, absorption, allocation.

Creation - this is the formation of new enterprises, structural divisions or units designed to carry out innovative activities. These can be design and scientific and technical departments and independent organizations created both inside and outside the parent organization.

In some cases, a very effective organizational mechanism can be absorption a large company of small innovative firms whose activities are included in the circle of interests of this company. This mechanism leads to a significant reduction in the time to enter the market with a new product, and in addition, it allows you to get a synergistic effect from combining innovative achievements. Small innovative firms themselves may also be interested in takeovers, since they do not always have sufficient funds to continue innovative activities.

A mechanism that complements the takeover is the establishment of close ties between a large company and small innovative firms based on long-term contractual relationships. This partnership creates an innovative environment for a manufacturing company.

Selection - an organizational mechanism that involves the creation of independent innovative companies, previously former part holistic formations. It is advisable to carry out such actions when a new line of activity is formed that is not related to the main specialization of the company, diverting its resources to itself. A dedicated structure can be created as a subsidiary of the parent company, as a separate small enterprise under the foundation of a large parent company, in order to then be transformed into an outsourcing company serving the innovation process of the customer firm.

The firm's innovation strategies can be divided into two groups: R&D strategies and innovation implementation and adaptation strategies. The first group of strategies includes the following:

• 1) licensing strategy. Unfinished or completed developments are acquired for the purpose of their further development and use;
• 2) parallel development strategy. This strategy involves the simultaneous acquisition of a technological license for the finished product and the implementation and development of their own developments;
• 3) a research leadership strategy aimed at achieving leading positions in the field of certain R&D.

The second group of strategies is related to the introduction of innovations. Among them:

• 1) product line support strategy. Its meaning is to improve the consumer properties of manufactured traditional goods that are not subject to severe obsolescence;
• 2) the strategy of product and process imitation, in which the enterprise borrows technology from outside;
• 3) the strategy of radical technological and product advance. This is a rather expensive and risky strategy, but in some cases it leads to success;
• 4) strategy of waiting for the leader. Adopted by large leading enterprises during periods of new products entering the market, the demand for which has not yet been determined. Entering the market initially small firm, and then, if successful, the leader seizes the initiative.

An important factor in the success of the innovative activity of an enterprise is the stimulation of the creative activity of its employees. How to achieve the participation of each specialist in the search for new technologies, products and management decisions? How to develop a creative attitude towards your work in everyone? How to awaken the motivation for change among employees of an entrepreneurial structure? The answers to these questions lie not only in management theory, but also in the practical activities of the company. In order for the author or authors of an idea to undertake its implementation with enthusiasm, they need support. That is why organizations need to develop special programs to support and encourage experiments and experimenters. To everyone who has expressed new idea or developed one or another innovative project, with certain conditions management support is guaranteed, which may relate to finances, and consultations, and supplies, and production areas, and working hours of other employees, and equipment, and raw materials, and components.

The main source of change in every business structure is always people. Many specialists have the ability to generate new ideas and implement them. However, this ability is used for the benefit of the company only if the following conditions and prerequisites are realized:

• - people are committed to the goals of their organization;
• - employees have a coordinated vision of problem solving;
• - each member of the team has a real opportunity to do something in practice, using their ability to innovate.

One of the elements of the innovation climate is the formation of a motivating vision among employees. Vision - This is a set of ideas of employees of an organization (enterprise) about what this organization (enterprise) should become in the future. Creating a vision is a more important task than forming traditional plans. In creating a vision, not only the mind is involved, but also emotions. In this regard, elements of the organization's culture are primarily involved in the formation of the vision.

Organizations often use external sources innovation, in particular by creating or participating in the creation of venture capital firms. Venture capital firms, as being subject to increased risk, force almost every employee with redoubled energy to generate new ideas and work on their implementation. The result of the activities of most venture capital firms is known: either they suffer a financial collapse, thereby “closing” an unpromising direction of search, or they succeed, and then, as a rule, a stronger venture company is bought by large firm, who participated in its creation, and the founders of a venture capital firm receive a very significant amount equivalent to the value of their company as a reward for risk, a successful search and the results achieved. Thus, any large innovative firm can conduct not only within its walls Scientific research and to conduct experimental design, helping in the formation of a number of venture companies, it can expand the field of its research and experiments, and conduct them "foreign hands", acquiring teams of highly motivated enthusiasts as researchers and experimenters.

Many firms successfully apply the motivation mechanism by creating internal risky projects within their structures. Internal ventures create additional motives for creative work, form a favorable innovation climate within themselves, a true passion for change, and contribute to changes in the entire company as a whole.

It is impossible to create an innovative climate at the enterprise by order, for example, by placing this responsibility administratively on any structural division of the enterprise.

The most effective factor in the formation of an innovative climate in an enterprise is the creation of autonomous groups (teams) to carry out activities and manage any work. Groups (teams) become the main "building" block of the company. The group can include representatives of all functional services, it is provided with the necessary resources.

Leaders innovative organizations seek to develop the ability of management personnel to innovate, cultivating and encouraging the qualities of people that meet the following requirements:

• openness, receptivity, readiness for new experience;
• independence, non-conformism;
• flexibility, willingness to abandon previous ideas and models;
• tolerance for others and for other ideas and worldviews.

One of the effective forms of enhancing the innovative activity of employees are the so-called retreats.

Retreat - it is a form of employee training as part of regular staff meetings with a fixed agenda. Retreats are often held in non-working hours, for example on Saturday, and are accompanied by informal communication employees, which contributes to the establishment of productive communications between team members. This form of improving the efficiency of the work of teams has become a kind of form of advanced training and training. It also allows you to unleash the innovative potential of employees, involve them in creativity, in the search for new, best approaches to your work. Retreats take the form of informal discussions, during which employees in a relaxed atmosphere put forward their own solutions to the problems of the development of a unit or company as a whole.

The functions of the state in the field of innovation management include the following:

• formation government programs and setting development priorities in the scientific and technical sphere;
• financing fundamental research which determine the future level of development of the country, the development of fundamental science;
• the development of education, the creation of conditions for the fruitful integration of science, universities and business, the organization of the training of scientific and engineering personnel;
• regulation of activities in special economic and technological innovation zones;
• development of venture funds;
• formation and development of a national innovation system that provides an innovation climate (Fig. 19.2).

The state develops a strategy and priorities for the development of science, engineering and technology. The state places orders for research, development and production of priority products for state needs, and also forms guidelines for national economic needs in certain types and groups of goods, which are advisory in nature.

Rice. 19.2.

The essential role of state authorities is to ensure the conditions and the ability of enterprises to innovative development. The ability for innovative development is a property of a market economic system that allows generating own basis innovations that ensure the competitiveness of the system in interaction with external forces. For purposeful actions but to stimulate and regulate the innovative activity of enterprises, the state has the following levers and tools:

• stimulating credit and financial, tax and depreciation policy;
• a system of economic benefits for subjects of innovation and investors;
• production support new products.

The state can act directly as an economic entity (investor) in the implementation of socially significant innovative projects: modern technologies, products and services in the fields of transport, communications, energy, housing and communal services. At the same time, favorable interest and tax rates, the scale of credit resources are of fundamental importance for the implementation of the innovative strategy of enterprises.

The state creates conditions for positive changes in the innovation sphere. It provides support and incentives for investors investing in science-intensive, high-tech production by establishing tax incentives, state guarantees and subsidizing loans. One of the essential functions of the state in the innovation sphere is the improvement of the tax system in order to create favorable conditions for conducting innovation activities by all entities, regardless of ownership and types of financing. In modern economic conditions, this is, first of all, the clarification of the taxable base, the formation of a depreciation policy that stimulates investment in high technology equipment.

The state creates conditions for the formation of joint organizations with foreign partners for the production of domestic products and their sale on the foreign market. Also, the state can contribute to the promotion of domestic innovations abroad, support exhibition and fair activities, information exchange in innovative areas, create forms of interaction with member countries of the EU, the CIS, and other states in the scientific and technical field.

When implementing the innovation policy, the state uses such tools as public-private partnership in the scientific and technical sphere, the Fund for Assistance to the Development of Small Forms of Enterprises in the Scientific and Technical Field, the Russian Fund for Technological Development (RFTD), the Development Bank (VEB), the Russian Venture Company, technoparks, science cities, special economic and technology-innovative zones. The innovative policy of the state is also aimed at increasing the level of protection intellectual property. The implementation of innovation policy involves increasing the degree of implementation of laws, strengthening civil liberties and political rights of citizens. Among other activities of the state to increase the innovative nature of the country's economy are strengthening political stability, strengthening anti-corruption measures, and expanding freedom of the press. One of the most important objects of government activity in the innovation sphere is education. Improving the quality of both average and higher education, development of business education, increasing the intensity of staff training in public and private organizations - all these are important areas of the state's innovation policy.

Modern means of implementing innovative activity both at the state level and at the enterprise level are being transformed and modified under the influence of modern information and communication technologies, the capabilities of computers and the Internet. AT recent times they were supplemented by a relatively new crowdsourcing technology based on the massive exchange of knowledge of many participants.

The term "crowdsourcing" is a neologism, it combines two English terms: crowd- crowd and source- source. crowdsourcing means the assignment of a task, usually carried out by the staff of an organization or an external contractor, to an unspecified, usually large group of people in the form of an open offer. This proposal is aimed at creating new knowledge. This can be either the creation of a new technology, a new product in the form of an operating system, or the creation of an encyclopedia ("Wikipedia"), or the processing of a large amount of data. In other words, crowdsourcing is a technology for using resources (usually intellectual) of a large number of people within a single project.

A striking example of the use of crowdsourcing in the development of innovative activity is the activity of the company "InnoCcntivc", which carries out the so-called open innovations. This company widely uses crowdsourcing for research in various fields - from engineering to management. "InnoCentive" proposes a number of problems for open discussion on the Internet, and also accepts the proposed solutions. In existence since 2002, this open innovation hub brings together a large number of research firms and organizations interested in attracting intellectual resources, as well as more than 125,000 researchers offering their solutions for specific companies. For the most interesting solutions, the company provides for rewards, but a significant part of the ideas comes to them free of charge. Anyone with Internet access can become a member of this community.

The results of using crowdsourcing by IBM are impressive. As part of a program called Innovation Jam, attracted more than 150,000 people from 104 countries who participated in the virtual brainstorming dedicated to new ideas in the field of transport, environmental protection, finance, commerce. IBM subsequently selected the most interesting in terms of commercial use ideas, of which it formed 10 large-scale projects with an initial investment of $100 million, which made it possible to obtain a significant commercial effect in the first year after their implementation. A similar procedure for concentrating innovative activity with the help of modern information technologies was applied to innovations in the non-profit sphere - in the preparation and holding of the UN Conference on Cities in 2006. It was carried out by IBM and was called Value Jam. As part of this procedure, it was possible to achieve mass participation in the development of new ideas regarding the organization of life in cities using the achievements of new technologies.

Thus, crowdsourcing has recently become powerful tool innovative activity. Currently, companies can develop and manufacture their own products directly with the participation of consumers, attracting the intellectual resources of a large number of people. The use of crowdsourcing in domestic innovation can bring significant results in many areas.

conclusions

• 1. Innovation is an innovation in the field of engineering, technology, labor organization or management that improves efficiency.
• 2. Innovation management is aimed at studying the mechanisms for stimulating and effectively managing innovation processes at the macro and micro levels in order to ensure the development and strengthening of the competitive positions of organizations, countries and regions through the creation, development and commercialization of innovations in various sectors of the economy.
• 3. Innovative activity includes, in addition to the development and production of new products, a wide range of activities but effective promotion innovation to the market, sale and acquisition of patents and licenses, knowledge management, etc.
• 4. The organization of innovative activity at the enterprise includes the formation of an innovative strategy, stimulation of creative activity, the activities of small creative groups, the use of knowledge management methods, the organization of internal and external ventures.
• 5. The functions of the state in the field of innovation management are: in the formation of state programs and the establishment of development priorities in the scientific and technical sphere; funding fundamental research that determines the future level of development of the country; in the development of fundamental science; in the development of education, the formation of conditions for the fruitful integration of science, universities and business, the organization of the training of scientific and engineering personnel; in the regulation of activities in special economic and technology-innovative zones; in the development of venture funds; in the formation and development of a national innovation system that provides an innovative climate.
• 6. Among the modern means of implementing innovative activity both at the state level and at the enterprise level, under the influence of modern information and communication technologies, the capabilities of computers and the Internet, a relatively new technology of crowdsourcing has emerged, based on the massive exchange of knowledge of many participants. Thanks to this technology, companies and authorities can develop and produce products or services directly with the participation of consumers, attracting the intellectual resources of a large number of people.

Innovative and investment activities of the enterprise

Innovative activity of enterprises

Strategic management is a process that determines the sequence of actions of an organization to develop and implement a strategy.

The main task of any enterprise strategy is to achieve competitive advantages and the required profitability of production and economic activities. The solution to this problem is seen in determining the conditions that determine the position of the enterprise in a particular market.

These include:

The production potential of the enterprise is the availability of modern equipment, machinery and technologies and their rational use;

The economic potential of the enterprise is low production costs and financial stability enterprises;

The marketing potential of the enterprise is an effective marketing service, a developed sales network.

Also among the listed conditions it is necessary to include the innovative potential of the enterprise - the presence of a scientific and technical reserve, the availability of qualified scientific personnel, the ability to develop and master innovations, free access to modern information in the field of scientific and technical progress, etc.

Innovative potential indirectly characterizes the production, economic, and marketing potential of the enterprise.

It also characterizes their ability to strengthen in the future.

Consequently, initially any strategic decision is innovative in nature and is aimed at solving various problems: production, economic, marketing and others. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the place of innovation management in the process of strategic management.

At all stages of strategic management, one of the main components is the innovation component. This means that innovation management is modern level development of the economy is becoming a leading element of strategic management.

The word "innovation" is synonymous with innovation, or innovation, and can be used along with them (see English terminological dictionaries).

There are several approaches to defining the essence of innovation in the literature. Two points of view are most common: in one case, innovation is presented as the result of a creative process in the form of a new product (technology), technology, method, etc.; in another, as a process of introducing new products, elements, approaches, principles instead of existing ones.

Innovations are the result of a creative process in the form of created (or implemented) new consumer values, the use of which requires individuals or organizations using them to change habitual stereotypes of activities and skills.

The innovative activity of an enterprise is a system of measures for the use of scientific, scientific, technical and intellectual potential in order to obtain a new or improved product or service, a new method of their production to meet both individual demand and the needs of society for innovation as a whole.

Within the framework of the process approach, innovation is understood as a complex process that includes the development, introduction into production and commercialization of new consumer values ​​- goods, equipment, technology, organizational forms, etc.

The object-utilitarian approach to the definition of the term "innovation" is characterized by two main points.

First, an object is understood as an innovation - a new use value based on the achievements of science and technology.

Secondly, the emphasis is on the utilitarian side of innovation - the ability to satisfy social needs with a great beneficial effect.

In contrast to the object-utilitarian process-utilitarian approach to the definition of the term "innovation" lies in the fact that in this case, innovation is presented as a complex process of creating, distributing and using a new practical tool.

The innovation process involves the following features:

1) represents the implementation of research, scientific and technical, actually innovative, production activities and marketing;

2) it can be understood as time stages life cycle innovation from the emergence of an idea to its development and dissemination;

3) from a financial point of view, it can be viewed as a process of financing and investing in the development and distribution of a new type of product or service. In this case, it acts as an innovative project, considered as a special case of an investment project.

In the general case, the innovation process consists in obtaining and commercializing an invention, new technologies, types of products and services, decisions of an industrial, financial, administrative or other nature, and other results of intellectual activity Malakhov E.S. Theoretical basis innovative analysis of an economic entity//Handbook of an economist, 2008. - No. 9.

The appearance of the term innovation is dictated by the requirements of life.

Today, innovation is becoming more important than ever for businesses.

Instead of focusing only on cost reduction to stay ahead of traditional price competition, companies must think in terms of growth and added value and create them through the use of knowledge in innovation processes. Those companies that are first to market with innovative products enjoy first-mover advantage and generate increased revenue until competitors catch up.

An innovative product can be both new goods and new services. At the same time, the process of innovation is not limited to new production technologies, it also includes organizational systems.

The activity of the enterprise is associated with a continuous stream of diverse changes. Adaptation to innovations, their implementation requires a variety of transformations, as a rule, new for the organization and therefore of an innovative nature. The chosen innovation strategy must be implemented. In order to successfully achieve the set innovation goals, a way to manage innovative changes is needed.

In other words, an enterprise needs a model for managing innovation activities N.E. Investment activity in modern economic conditions. Bulletin of SevKavGTU, Series "Economics", No. 2 (13), 2004.

The embodiment of innovative processes in new products is the basis of economic growth. Scientific and technological progress has led to the emergence of new technologies and industries and has caused a significant transformation of the usual economic structure.

The expediency of choosing a method and option for technical and technological renewal depends on the specific situation, the nature of the innovation, its compliance with the profile, resource and scientific and technical potential of the enterprise, market requirements, stages of the life cycle of equipment and technology, and industry specifics.

There are two types technological innovation: food and process. The introduction of a new product is defined as a radical product innovation. Such innovations are based on fundamentally new technologies or on a combination of existing technologies in their new application. Product improvement - incremental product innovation - is associated with an existing product, when its quality or cost characteristics change.

Process innovation is the development of new or significantly improved production methods and technologies, changes in equipment or production organization.

According to the degree of novelty, innovations are divided into fundamentally new ones, i.e. having no analogues in the past and in the domestic and foreign practice, and innovations of relative novelty. Fundamentally new types of products, technologies and services have priority, absolute novelty and are original samples, on the basis of which they receive innovations-imitations, copies of Safronov by replication. Enterprise Economics: Textbook. M.: IFRA-M, 2007. -251 p..