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Methods of sociology
A method is defined as a method, a set of techniques for studying an object. It is also defined as the technological principle of studying a subject. Sociologists distinguish three groups of methods. The first group is general scientific methods (analysis and synthesis, ascent from the particular to the general, statistical, etc.). The second group is often referred to as general approaches. The third group consists of methods of specific sociological research.
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Applied direction of sociology
Sociology as a science must be based on precise, concrete data about individual social facts that make up the process of change and the structure of society. These data are collected by researchers using a set of empirical research methods. At the empirical level, sociologists collect numerous facts, information, opinions of members of social groups, personal data, their subsequent processing, generalization and formulation of primary conclusions regarding specific phenomena of social life.
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The system of concepts of sociological research
Method is the main way to collect, process and analyze data. Method tools - a set of research documentation (questionnaires, forms, observer diaries, etc.) that ensure the implementation of the method. A method procedure is one single operation of the method implementation (for example, filling out a researcher's diary). Method technique - special techniques that increase the effectiveness of the method (development of its tools and implementation of procedures). The technology of the method is the sequence of procedures and techniques of the method used. The methodology of sociological research is a collective concept that summarizes all the methods used in research, their tools, procedures, techniques and technologies.
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Structural elements of SI
The purpose of the research should always be result-oriented, should help to identify ways and means of solving the problem through implementation. Research objectives - a system of questions to be studied, the answer to which ensures the achievement of the research goal. The object of the study is real social processes that contain contradictions or a problematic situation. The subject is the sides, properties, relations of the object, the boundaries within which the object is studied in this case. A hypothesis is a preliminary assumption that explains a social fact for the purpose of its subsequent confirmation or refutation. Three types of hypotheses: 1) on quantitative ratios (they can be exact, approximate, preliminary); 2) to explain and identify the elements of the system (when it is necessary to explain why it happens this way and not otherwise); 3) forecast, foresight, prediction (is complex, reveals the mechanism of causation).
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1. Conceptualization - defining the purpose of the study, putting forward hypotheses, clarifying concepts and their operationalization. 2. Schematization - establishing the procedures to be applied during the interview and deciding on the nature of the required sample. 3. Preparation of tools - compiling a questionnaire or interview form, determining the number and order of questions, preparing the necessary visual aids or any other auxiliary means. 4. Planning - consideration of financial, administrative, logistical and personnel issues associated with the conduct of the survey. 5. Sampling - the selection of prospective respondents according to the method best suited to the purposes and means of the study. 6. Briefing - training interviewers, coders and other survey personnel to work with respondents and to process data; supply of personnel with the necessary material resources. Stages of sociological research
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7. Pre-testing - testing the selected tool on a small sample size to check that the respondents understand the instructions and questions correctly, and to check that their answers correspond to the expected type of answers. 8. Survey - in the form of a questionnaire or interview - obtaining information from sample participants using pilot instruments. 9. Observation of the course of the survey (monitoring) - checking the correctness of the application of the methodology by the interviewers, as well as monitoring that only the participants in the sample are strictly interviewed (checking the records of interviewers, cases of respondents refusing to survey, etc.). 10. Control check - verification (through additional contacts with respondents) whether all members of the sample were actually covered by the survey, and whether all of them returned questionnaires. 11. Coding - converting the collected data into numerical form. 12. Processing - preparing data for analysis. 13. Analysis - processing data using statistical and other means in order to obtain meaningful conclusions. 14. Reporting - presentation of the results of the analysis in the form of a research report.
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The program of sociological research is a strategic research document, it is a thesis statement of the concept of the organizers of the work, their ideas and intentions.
It consists of two parts: methodological: includes the formulation and justification of the problem, the indication of the goal, the definition of the object and subject of research, the logical analysis of the basic concepts, the formulation of hypotheses and tasks; methodological - the definition of the surveyed population, the characteristics of the methods used to collect primary sociological information, the logical structure of the tools for collecting this information and the logical schemes for its processing on a computer.
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The elements of the program are: definition of the problem and research topic; formulation of its goals and objectives; theoretical analysis of the problem; hypotheses; selection of the principal research plan; definition of the object, sample type; development of a method for collecting material; creation of data collection technique; search for a method of material processing; drawing up a work plan.
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Research program requirements
explicitness of the program - all provisions must be clear, all elements - thought out in accordance with the logic of the study and clearly formulated; the logical sequence of all elements of the program - it is impossible to start with the choice of a principal plan without seeing the purpose and objectives of the study; program flexibility - separate provisions may be corrected as errors are discovered. In the working plan of the study, the stages and terms of the work are outlined, the number of employees is justified, the performers are fixed, the cost estimate is drawn up, the deadlines for the presentation of preliminary and final results of the study are determined clearly determine what the customer expects from the planned study and what, from the point of view of sociologists, can be implemented accurately , which may or may not work at all.
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Types of sociological research
A pilot study is a pilot study designed to test the quality of the main study, covering small populations based on a simplified program. All elements of the future research are checked, difficulties that may be encountered during its implementation are identified, new hypotheses are formed and operational sociological data are collected.
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Descriptive research is more complex, since in terms of its goals and objectives it involves obtaining a holistic view of the phenomenon under study. It is carried out according to the full program with the appropriate tools. Descriptive research is carried out when the object of study is a large community of people with diverse characteristics. You can identify and compare the links between them, make a comparison and comparison. Analytical research is the most in-depth type of sociological analysis. Its purpose is to identify the reasons underlying the process and determining its specificity. Its preparation takes a lot of time. It is complex.
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Depending on whether the subject is being studied in statics or in dynamics, there are: - Point (one-time) - reflects an instant cut of the characteristics of the object, - Repeated studies are trend, panel and longitudinal. trend ones are carried out on similar samples with a time interval within a single general population. There are: cohort (when they study a certain age group - a cohort) and historical (when the composition of cohorts changes). A panel study is a survey of the same people at regular intervals. It is important to maintain uniformity. Information is received about individual changes. The main difficulty is the preservation of the sample from one study to another. Lungitudinal research is called if the moments of repeated research are chosen taking into account the genesis (development over a long time) of the studied population, then this.
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Sample
- this is a research method, when a certain part of it (sample population) is selected from the general studied (general) set of homogeneous units, and only this part is subjected to examination.
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Sampling Procedures:
1) determination of the strata and groups of the population to which the results of the survey are supposed to be extended (general population); 2) determination of the number of respondents necessary and sufficient to represent the general population; 3) determination of the rule for the search and selection of respondents at the last stage of selection. Sociologists usually use random sampling in their research. In random sampling, researchers randomly select research subjects using either random numbers or systematic sampling. If the sample population is too large, a quota sample is taken, which involves dividing it into strata by sex, age, social class, and place of residence.
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Basic SI methods
Observation This is a method of collecting primary social information about the object under study through directed, systematic and direct perception and registration in terms of the goals and objectives of the study. Observation is used when the information needed by the researcher cannot be obtained in any other way, for example, when studying the behavior of people at rallies, rock band concerts, etc.
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Observation is used: - in the study of people's behavior in habitual, often recurring circumstances, - when the actions of individuals and groups become automated, - in extreme cases, to identify typical reactions of people to emergency situations. Observation purposes: - can be used as a source of information about the studied social object. - with its help you can get additional information about the object under study. - capable of serving as a means of verifying data obtained by other means. There are two variants of this method: non-involved observation, which is conducted "from outside", included - carried out with the participation of the observer himself.
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This is a set of methodological techniques and procedures used to extract sociological information from documentary sources in the study of social processes and phenomena in order to solve certain research problems. A document in sociology is a specially created object designed to transmit and store information. Document analysis
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Two main methods of document analysis
Traditional analysis is an independent creative process, which depends on: 1) the content and direction of the document itself; 2) conditions, goals and objectives of the study; 3) scientific qualifications and talent of the researcher. This shows that the Traditional analysis carries the possibility of violating the principle of objectivity in the explanation of the document. Formalized or content analysis. This type of analysis is focused on extracting sociological information from large arrays of documentary sources that are difficult to traditional intuitive analysis. In its process, certain content elements of interest to the researcher (terms, names of political figures, judgments, points of view, various types of publications, etc.) are highlighted in the text being studied. They are classified, counted and quantified.
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This is a research method that allows you to obtain information about the quantitative and qualitative changes in the performance of the studied social object as a result of the impact on it of new factors introduced or modified by the experimenter and controlled by him. A sociological experiment is based on the development of a hypothetical model of the phenomenon or process being studied. Experiment
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This is a data collection method in which the researcher obtains information directly from members of the population, selected in such a way that, based on their answers, conclusions can be drawn with reasonable reliability about the entire population or about some part of it. Interview
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The persons who answer the questions are called respondents.
The survey provides the researcher with five types of information: Facts. In the category of facts, biographical information about the respondent, which may be significant in the interpretation of other data. Knowledge. The category of knowledge includes the judgments of the respondent about the world around him, that is, what a person knows about him. Opinions. In the category of opinions are the respondent's judgments about his preferences or views on certain objects and events. Relations. Relationships include relatively stable moods of respondents and their assessments of certain events, phenomena, people. behavioral reports. Behavioral reports are the respondents' statements about how they act in a particular case.
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Questioning is a survey method in which communication between the researcher and the respondent, who is the source of the desired information, is mediated by a questionnaire. Questionnaire - a set of interrogative judgments ordered in sequence, content and form, embodied in the form of a questionnaire. Questions can be open, when the respondent is required to freely express his opinion, and closed, if you need to choose one of the proposed alternative answers. questioning
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Questionnaire quality
1) the wording of questions should correspond to the research task, that is, to provide information about the studied trait. 2) the wording should correspond to the capabilities of the respondent as a source of information, that is, questions should not make unbearable demands on the respondent, on his memory, analytical capabilities, and his ideas about self-esteem.
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Interview method
The interview is based on a conversation on a previously developed detailed plan However, more often sociologists conduct interviews on the basis of a pre-prepared questionnaire, in which all questions of interest are given in a certain sequence and with given wording. The participation of the interviewer allows you to maximally adapt the questions of the interview form to the capabilities of the respondent.
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Three types of interview
Formalized - means strict regulation of communication between the interviewer and the respondent with a detailed questionnaire and instructions. Focused - aims to collect opinions of assessments about a specific situation, phenomenon, its consequences or causes. Respondents are introduced to the subject of the conversation in advance. Although questions are prepared in advance, they can be asked in any sequence and in a different wording. The main thing here is to get information on each issue. A free interview is conducted without a pre-prepared questionnaire or conversation plan, only the topic of the interview is determined. The information obtained in this way is unique and is not processed statistically, but using traditional document analysis methods.
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A kind of survey is a research conversation, as well as an expert survey. The research conversation is close in form to a free interview, characterized by a joint search for truth by the researcher and the respondent, and is methodically close to an expert survey.
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Peer review method
It is used in a situation where it is difficult or even impossible to single out an object - the carrier of the problem and, accordingly, use it as a source of information to assess a phenomenon. Most often, such situations are associated with an attempt to predict the change in a particular social phenomenon, process; with the need to present the state of the subject of interest to the researcher in one, two, five or more years, or to give an objective assessment of such aspects of the activity and qualities of people for which their self-esteem may be distorted.
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Socio-psychological methods
the method of independent characteristics, used, for example, if it is necessary to study hidden phenomena and processes in a military collective, when knowledge about them belongs to all members of the collective and, to a lesser extent, to officials. a method of sociometry that studies the structure of a social group (for example, a labor collective) in order to identify microgroups and leaders in it based on mutual assessments of all members of the collective. methods of studying personality, with the help of which personal qualities individual individuals and members of the team in the process of their interpersonal interaction.
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Observation method Sociometric method Prepared by: 4th year student 3 gr. Poryadina Svetlana
Observation in sociology is a method of purposeful, in a certain way fixed perception of the object under study. In the process of its implementation, the sociologist directly perceives the actions of people in specific conditions and in real time, and he fixes not only the state, but also the development of phenomena and processes, as well as the interaction of all participants in the observation.
Types of Surveillance Unstructured surveillance (sometimes called unsupervised) usually does not have a clear plan. In the course of such observation, the elements of the object under study are not determined, the problem of units of measurement, their quality is rarely raised, and the proportion of redundant information is high. Hope rests mainly on the intuition of the observer, whose goal is to obtain primary information about the object. It is typical for cases when the general situation is not clear to the sociologist, indicators are not defined, research documents are not developed.
Structured (controlled) observation involves: - development of a system of documents and indicators characterizing the elements of the object selected for observation; - availability of a developed plan; - analysis of observers' attitudes regarding the nature and structure of the object under study. Controlled observation serves as the main method of collecting primary information or complements other methods of sociological research. With its help, the main hypotheses are tested, as well as data obtained using other methods.
Non-involved observation (sometimes called external) is conducted by a researcher who is outside the object and tries to minimize his interference in the course of events. Such observation is practically reduced to the registration of events. When observation is included, the sociologist participates in the processes being studied, interacts with workers, and can even interfere in events.
Differences in field and laboratory studies are related to the difference in the conditions of observation. Field research is carried out in a natural environment for a given object. Laboratory research is artificially organized by a sociologist who creates an experimental situation, models its external conditions. systematic and random observations differ in frequency and specificity of the purpose of research. The former make it possible to reveal precisely the dynamics of the processes under study.
The main stages of observation: the establishment of the object and subject of observation; definition of its goals and objectives; obtaining relevant decisions, establishing contacts; choice of method and type of observation, determination of basic procedures; preparation technical means and documents; collection of information (direct observation), accumulation of information; fixing the results (brief recording, filling out data registration cards, observation protocol, diary, technical record); control of observation by other sociological data; observation report.
The position of the observer The level of standardization of procedures The requirement for the situation Time regulation The use of technical means The social level of the object Does not communicate with members of the group Programmed - with registration of signs in special cards Laboratory - with given parameters of the observed situation Systematic - with a given regularity of registration of signs Audio-visual - cinema, photo, TV, radio Communities, groups (regional, ethical, functional) “Private trader” - partially enters into communication Partly standardized - using protocols or diaries , breeders Collectives, institutional groups Fully involved in the activities of the group Uncontrolled - with a diary entry Field - natural observation Random - not provided by the program fixing Computers Small, non-institutional groups Turns on incognito Without the use of technical means - manual processing Personality “Self-observer” - registers the facts of his actions, states
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SERVICE AND PERSONNEL POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF PUBLIC SERVICE UNDER THE PRESIDENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION Author: Doctor of Social Sciences Korostyleva N.N. "Sociological analysis of research and teaching activities in the field of personnel management" 1. Sociological analysis: concept and main characteristics. 2. Sociological analysis of the professional development of personnel. Sociology The term sociology comes from two words: the Latin "societes" - "society" and the Greek "logos" - "word", "concept", "doctrine". Thus, sociology can be defined as the science of society. Sociology is the science of the laws of the formation, functioning, development of society as a whole, social relations and social communities, the mechanisms of interconnection and interaction between these communities, as well as between communities and the individual Levels of sociological knowledge Most sociologists distinguish three levels of sociological knowledge: general sociological theory, special ( private) sociological theories, empirical sociological research. Empirical sociology is a set of methodological and technical methods for collecting primary sociological information. Empirical sociological research is specific detailed information about the processes taking place in society (observations, surveys, comparisons). Any empirical sociological research is aimed at identifying or solving a specific problem in a specific place and at a specific time. As a fundamental science, sociology explains social phenomena, collects and summarizes information about them. As an applied science, sociology makes it possible to collect and generalize social facts and, on the basis of them, to predict social phenomena. Macro- and micro-sociological analysis The macro-sociological level means an orientation towards the analysis of social structures, communities, large social groups, layers, systems and processes taking place in them. The macrosociological approach to phenomena is associated with social world systems and their interaction, with various types of cultures, with social institutions and social structures, with global processes. The microsociological level concerns the analysis of specific social processes in certain areas of public life and social communities. Microsociology addresses social behavior, interpersonal communication, action motivation, incentives for group and individual actions. It is studied mainly by empirical research methods. Empirical sociological analysis is carried out on the basis of sociological research. What is sociological research? Sociological research is a process consisting of logically consistent methodological, methodological and organizational-technical procedures, connected by a single goal - obtaining reliable data about the phenomenon under study for subsequent practical application. There are three main types of sociological research: intelligence (probe, pilot), descriptive and analytical. Intelligence research Intelligence research is the simplest type of sociological analysis that allows you to solve limited problems. In fact, when using this type, there is a test of tools (methodological documents): questionnaires, questionnaires, cards, study of documents, etc. The program of such a study is simplified, as is the toolkit. The survey populations are small - from 20 to 100 people. Intelligence research, as a rule, precedes a deep study of the problem. In the course of it, goals, hypotheses, tasks, questions and their formulation are specified. Descriptive research Descriptive research is more complex view sociological analysis. With its help, empirical information is studied, which gives a relatively holistic view of the studied social phenomenon. Object of analysis - large social group, for example, the workforce of a large enterprise. In a descriptive study, one or more methods of collecting empirical data may be applied. The combination of methods increases the reliability and completeness of information, allows you to draw deeper conclusions and substantiate recommendations. Analytical research The most serious kind of sociological research is analytical research. It not only describes the elements of the phenomenon or process under study, but also allows you to find out the reasons underlying it. It studies the totality of many factors that justify a particular phenomenon. Analytical studies, as a rule, complete exploratory and descriptive studies, during which information was collected that gives a preliminary idea of certain elements of the social phenomenon or process being studied. 2. Sociological analysis of the professional development of personnel. Professional development is the process of measuring the qualities of employees as subjects of professional work, the result of increasing professionalism and special education, professional development and self-education of an employee. Professional development management is a process of purposeful influence of the heads of management bodies and personnel services to improve professionalism, expand professional competence (a range of opportunities for the manifestation of knowledge and skills) and increase competence (the degree of expression of professional experience and knowledge in a person) of personnel development of personnel, due to their promotion and the organization's need for the most efficient use of the labor potential of each employee. - Sociological research in the field of professional development of personnel is a tool for the sociological study of phenomena and processes in professional labor activity using methods that allow quantitative and qualitative collection, measurement, generalization and analysis of sociological information in the professional field for adoption management decisions and development of measures for professional qualification, personnel and social development of organizations. The goals and objectives of sociological research are complex and diverse and depend on the specifics of the enterprise, working conditions in it, on management quality, from social structure personnel, from social and personnel processes. from style management activities. from financial condition enterprises. Areas of sociological research in the field of professional development As a rule, the goals of sociological research in labor area concern, first of all, 1. The study of professional knowledge, skills and abilities of employees in order to increase the social and economic efficiency of their labor activity, 2. Provide professional and career development workers, 3. meeting their professional needs, 4. Definitions of professional and job requirements from the side of management to personnel 5. removal of contradictions and conflicts in the team and the formation of positive labor relations. 6. Evaluation of individual properties and qualities of personnel. 7.Wages various categories workers. 8.Professional development management in the organization. The organization of sociological research requires drawing up a research program, identifying an object, developing research methods, collecting and analyzing the material obtained. The object of study is the carrier of the problem situation, as a rule, the staff of the organization or part of it, as well as a social group, if the study concerns the study of a wide range of organizations (workers, employees, managers, managers, etc.). The object of research should always be clearly quantified, limited in time, and described in terms of a system of factors influencing its state. The subject of research is certain parties the object to be studied (team relations, leadership style, causes of conflict, staff turnover, decreased motivation, reduced performance standards, state and hierarchy of labor values, etc.) After determining the object and subject, a program of specific sociological research is drawn up. The program of sociological research is a consistent presentation of the theoretical and methodological foundations of research (its general concept), hypotheses, rules, procedures and operations. It contains two sections: methodological and methodical (procedural), as well as applications. Program section Content Methodological section Statement of the problem Formulation of the goal and objectives Definition of the object and subject Clarification of the basic concepts Preliminary system analysis of the object of study Proposing working hypotheses Methodological (procedural) section Presentation of the principal (strategic) plan Substantiation of the sample Determination of the sequence of basic procedures for collecting and analyzing initial data Description of the working plan indicating the stages, deadlines, performers and necessary resources. appendix List of leaders and participants Research plan Sociological tools Sociological research is carried out in several stages. Stages of sociological research Stages Name first Preparation for the study second Collection of primary information third Preparation of the collected information for processing fourth fifth Analysis of information, drawing up conclusions and proposals Preparation of a report on the results and provision of practical recommendations Methods of sociological research Source of information Methods Documentary Analysis of documents, content analysis. External manifestations of social phenomena Observation Person Poll (questionnaire, interview) Small group Sociometric survey social experience Expert survey Organized group Experiment The main research methods used in the labor field are: study of documents, observation, survey and experiment. The analysis of documents is considered by the sociologist as a source of information about the facts of interest. To analyze the documentation at the enterprise, official and unofficial documents are used. Legal documents are particularly reliable. They help to give a balanced assessment of the processes taking place in the organization. Observation is the direct recording of events by the researcher. Observations at the workplace provide significant information about the individual and in-line nature, content and working conditions, the rationality of labor operations, as well as relationships in the team, the causes of conflict situations. Survey methods are the most common of all methods for collecting primary information. There are two classes of survey methods: interviews and questionnaires. An interview is a direct communication between the respondent and the interviewer. A questionnaire is a survey using a questionnaire, a document containing questions that must be answered in writing. These research methods help to establish cause-and-effect relationships of many social and labor processes at the enterprise, show trends in the development of the workforce, eliminate barriers and attitudes that prevent staff from performing their duties with high quality, etc. The success of interviews and questionnaires largely depends on the correct wording and sequence of questions. The experiment helps empirically, by modeling situations and phenomena, to analyze a specific problem. This method is used both to study the behavioral models of employees (cooperation, competition) and to optimize production processes , the introduction of innovative technologies. Questionnaire Questionnaire (French - investigation) - a questionnaire, independently filled in by the interviewee according to the rules specified in it. Respondents are considered as the object of research. The questionnaire cannot be called any list of questions. She only calls what is addressed to a multitude of people who are interviewed in a standard way. It should not last more than 30 - 40 minutes, otherwise the respondent gets tired, and the last questions remain without full answers. It is important that interest in the subject of the survey does not decrease, but gradually increases. Therefore, more complex in content (and perception) questions should follow the simpler ones. The first question should not be controversial or alarming. It is best if it is neutral. Difficult questions should be placed in the middle so that the respondent "turns on" to the topic. Questions should be clear, concise, understandable to the interviewee (everyone without exception). Questions must meet the requirements of logic: in the beginning, we should talk about establishing a fact, and then about its assessment. This is the most important requirement of sociological research. A sample is a set of elements of the object of sociological research, subject to direct study. 1. The sample should take into account the relationship and interdependence of qualitative characteristics and features of social objects, in other words, the survey units are selected based on the most important features of a social object - education, qualifications, gender. 2. The second condition: when preparing a sample, it is necessary that the selected part be a micromodel of the whole, or the general population. To a certain extent, the general population is an object of study to which the conclusions of sociological analysis apply. FORMATION AND SAMPLING METHODS At the first stage, any labor collectives, enterprises, institutions are selected. Among them, elements are selected that have characteristics typical for the entire group. These selected elements are called - units of selection, and units of analysis are selected from among them. This method is called mechanical sampling. With such a sample, selection can be made after 10, 20, 50, etc. people. The interval between the selected is called the selection step. if we have a general population of 5,000 people, of which 2,000 women and 3,000 men, then in the quota sample we will have 20 women and 30 men, or 200 women and 300 men. Quota samples are most often based on demographic criteria: gender, age, region, income, education, and others. FORMATION AND SAMPLING METHODS Serial sampling is quite popular. In it, the general population is divided according to a given attribute (sex, age) into homogeneous parts. Then the selection of respondents goes separately from each part. The number of respondents selected from the series is proportional to total number elements in it. Sometimes sociologists use the method of nested sampling. As research units, not individual respondents are selected, but entire groups and teams. A clustered sample provides evidence-based sociological information if the groups are as similar as possible in terms of the most important characteristics, for example, by gender, age, types of education. The study also uses purposeful sampling. It most often uses the methods of spontaneous sampling, the main array and quota sampling. The spontaneous sampling method is a regular mail survey of TV viewers, readers of newspapers, magazines. Here it is impossible to determine in advance the structure of the array of respondents who will fill out and send the questionnaires by mail. The conclusions of such a study can be extended only to the surveyed population. Questionnaire questions According to the form, the questions are divided into: 1. Open questions suggest an original narrative answer in the form of a word, sentence or several sentences. Formally, these questions are distinguished by the fact that they are followed by several empty lines, which should be filled in. In this case, the response received is natural in nature and provides maximum information on the research topic, which is very important for a sociologist. However, there are difficulties associated with the processing of the received answers, their encoding, which inevitably leads to a significant limitation in the use of computers. 2. Semi-closed questions. Here, along with a set of certain answer options in a situation where it is impossible to choose the appropriate option from the proposed list, the respondent is given the opportunity to express his opinion on the problem under discussion in a free form, i.e. signs of openness and closeness are combined. Survey questions 3. Scale questions. The answer to these questions is given in the form of a scale in which it is necessary to mark one or another indicator. Questions menu. Here the respondent is asked to choose any combination of the options offered. Alternative questions suggest answers on the principle of "yes - no", are mutually exclusive. At the same time, the proposed list of alternatives must be completely exhaustive, and the alternatives themselves must be mixed without bias in any direction, i.e. balanced. 5. Question with a preamble. A question about facts, like any other, can be perceived as an evaluative characteristic of the respondent, therefore it is advisable in some cases to ask it in a form that somewhat weakens its evaluative nature. For example: “Some people clean the apartment every day, others do it from time to time. What do you do most of the time?” The indication contained in the preamble to the question that not all people act in the way that seems to be customary allows the respondent to more freely talk about his behavior. 6. Questions - tables are very convenient for the researcher. These are difficult questions, in which the respondent has to make a number of efforts to answer them. In such questions, we are talking about things that can be answered only when the knowledge and mental abilities of the respondents are used. After such questions, it is desirable to move on to simpler ones. The functions distinguish:: 1) the main questions formulated to obtain necessary information about the subject of research; 2) control questions, the functional purpose of which is to check the veracity of the answers to the main questions, clarify the information received. Filter questions - belong to the class of non-basic questions of a sociological questionnaire, since their task is not to clarify the content of the social phenomenon under study, but to establish the main addressee of the question. The need for them arises when the researcher needs to obtain data that characterizes not the entire population of respondents, but only some of it. In order to separate the part of the respondents of interest to the researcher from all others, filter questions are asked. The composition of the questionnaire The composition of the questionnaire includes: 1) title page. The title page must contain the name of the organization conducting the sociologist. research and topic; 2) introductory part (contains an appeal to the respondent, a brief indication of the purpose of the survey, the anonymity of the survey, the organization that conducts the survey, instructions for filling out the questionnaire, an expression of gratitude to the respondent); 3) the main (content) part (questions of the questionnaire aimed at researching the problem); The structure and sequence of questions in the questionnaire, in essence, represent the sociologist's attitude to the development of communication with the respondent: arousing interest, gaining trust, confirming the respondents' confidence in their abilities, and further maintaining the conversation. 4) socio-demographic part (passport). It is necessary to analyze the collected data, to assess the representativeness of the results, to conduct comparative studies, etc. You can not start a survey with a "passport", which generally worries some people. Information about the demographic data of the interviewee is useful at the end of the questionnaire. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
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Author: Doctor of Social Sciences Korostyleva N.N. “Sociological analysis of research and pedagogical activity in the field of personnel management” 1. Sociological analysis: concept and main characteristics. 2. Sociological analysis of the professional development of personnel. DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SERVICE AND PERSONNEL POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF PUBLIC SERVICE UNDER THE PRESIDENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
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Sociology The term sociology comes from two words: the Latin "societes" - "society" and the Greek "logos" - "word", "concept", "doctrine". Thus, sociology can be defined as the science of society. Sociology is the science of the laws of the formation, functioning, development of society as a whole, social relations and social communities, the mechanisms of interconnection and interaction between these communities, as well as between communities and the individual
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Levels of Sociological Knowledge Most sociologists distinguish three levels of sociological knowledge: general sociological theory, special (private) sociological theories, and empirical sociological research. Empirical sociology is a set of methodological and technical methods for collecting primary sociological information. Empirical sociological research is specific detailed information about the processes taking place in society (observations, surveys, comparisons). Any empirical sociological research is aimed at identifying or solving a specific problem in a specific place and at a specific time. As a fundamental science, sociology explains social phenomena, collects and summarizes information about them. As an applied science, sociology makes it possible to collect and generalize social facts and, on the basis of them, to predict social phenomena.
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Macro- and micro- sociological analysis The macro-sociological level means an orientation towards the analysis of social structures, communities, large social groups, layers, systems and processes taking place in them. The macrosociological approach to phenomena is associated with social world systems and their interaction, with various types of cultures, with social institutions and social structures, with global processes. The microsociological level concerns the analysis of specific social processes in certain areas of public life and social communities. Microsociology addresses social behavior, interpersonal communication, action motivation, incentives for group and individual actions. It is studied mainly by empirical research methods. Empirical sociological analysis is carried out on the basis of sociological research.
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What is sociological research? Sociological research is a process consisting of logically consistent methodological, methodological and organizational-technical procedures, connected by a single goal - obtaining reliable data about the phenomenon under study for subsequent practical application. There are three main types of sociological research: intelligence (probe, pilot), descriptive and analytical.
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Intelligence research Intelligence research is the simplest type of sociological analysis that allows you to solve limited problems. In fact, when using this type, there is a test of tools (methodological documents): questionnaires, questionnaires, cards, study of documents, etc. The program of such a study is simplified, as is the toolkit. The survey populations are small - from 20 to 100 people. Intelligence research, as a rule, precedes a deep study of the problem. In the course of it, goals, hypotheses, tasks, questions and their formulation are specified.
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Descriptive research Descriptive research is a more complex type of sociological analysis. With its help, empirical information is studied, which gives a relatively holistic view of the studied social phenomenon. The object of analysis is a large social group, for example, the workforce of a large enterprise. In a descriptive study, one or more methods of collecting empirical data may be applied. The combination of methods increases the reliability and completeness of information, allows you to draw deeper conclusions and substantiate recommendations.
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Analytical research The most serious kind of sociological research is analytical research. It not only describes the elements of the phenomenon or process under study, but also allows you to find out the reasons underlying it. It studies the totality of many factors that justify a particular phenomenon. Analytical studies, as a rule, complete exploratory and descriptive studies, during which information was collected that gives a preliminary idea of certain elements of the social phenomenon or process being studied.
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2. Sociological analysis of the professional development of personnel. Professional development is the process of measuring the qualities of employees as subjects of professional work, the result of increasing professionalism and special education, professional development and self-education of an employee. Professional development management is a process of purposeful influence of the heads of management bodies and personnel services on improving professionalism, expanding professional competence (the range of possibilities for manifesting knowledge and skills) and increasing competence (the degree of expression of professional experience and knowledge in a person) of personnel
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Professional development has two substantive aspects - professional and qualification development through advanced training, professional retraining and training of employees - professional job development personnel, due to their promotion and the organization's need for the most efficient use of the labor potential of each employee.
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Sociological research in the field of professional development of personnel is a tool for the sociological study of phenomena and processes in professional labor activity using methods that allow quantitative and qualitative collection, measurement, generalization and analysis of sociological information in the professional field for making managerial decisions and developing measures for professional development. qualification, personnel and social development organizations.
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The goals and objectives of sociological research are complex and diverse and depend on the specifics of the enterprise, working conditions in it, on the quality of management, on social personnel structures, from the social and personnel processes taking place in organizations. from the management style. from the financial condition of the enterprise.
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Areas of sociological research in the field of professional development As a rule, the objectives of sociological research in the labor sphere relate primarily to: 1. Studying the professional knowledge, skills and abilities of employees in order to improve social economic efficiency their work activities, 2. ensuring the professional and career growth of employees, 3. meeting their professional needs, 4. Defining professional and job requirements from the management to the staff 5. removing contradictions and conflicts in the team and forming positive labor relations. 6. Evaluation of individual properties and qualities of personnel. 7.wages of various categories of workers. 8.Professional development management in the organization.
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The organization of sociological research requires drawing up a research program, identifying an object, developing research methods, collecting and analyzing the material obtained. The object of study is the carrier of the problem situation, as a rule, the staff of the organization or part of it, as well as a social group, if the study concerns the study of a wide range of organizations (workers, employees, managers, managers, etc.). The object of research should always be clearly quantified, limited in time, and described in terms of a system of factors influencing its state. The subject of the study is certain aspects of the object that need to be studied (relationships in the team, leadership style, causes of conflict, staff turnover, decreased motivation, reduced performance standards, the state and hierarchy of labor values, etc.)
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After determining the object and subject, a program for a specific sociological study is drawn up. The program of sociological research is a consistent presentation of the theoretical and methodological foundations of research (its general concept), hypotheses, rules, procedures and operations. It contains two sections: methodological and methodical (procedural), as well as applications.
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Program section Content Methodological section Statement of the problem Formulation of the goal and objectives Definition of the object and subject Clarification of the basic concepts Preliminary system analysis of the object of study Proposing working hypotheses Methodological (procedural) section Presentation of the principal (strategic) plan Substantiation of the sample Determination of the sequence of basic procedures for collecting and analyzing initial data Description of the working plan indicating the stages, deadlines, performers and necessary resources. appendix List of leaders and participants Research plan Sociological toolkit
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Sociological research is carried out in several stages. Stages of sociological research Stages Title First Preparation for the study Second Collection of primary information Third Preparation of the collected information for processing Fourth Analysis of information, drawing up conclusions and proposals Fifth Preparation of a report on the results and provision of practical recommendations
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Methods of sociological research Source of information Methods Documentary Analysis of documents, content analysis. External manifestations of social phenomena Observation Person Survey (questionnaire, interview) Small group Sociometric survey Social experience Expert survey Organized group Experiment
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The main research methods used in the labor field are: the study of documents, observation, survey and experiment. The analysis of documents is considered by the sociologist as a source of information about the facts of interest. To analyze the documentation at the enterprise, official and unofficial documents are used. Legal documents are particularly reliable. They help to give a balanced assessment of the processes taking place in the organization. Observation is the direct recording of events by the researcher. Observations at the workplace provide significant information about the individual and in-line nature, content and working conditions, the rationality of labor operations, as well as relationships in the team, the causes of conflict situations.
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Survey methods are the most common of all methods for collecting primary information. There are two classes of survey methods: interviews and questionnaires. An interview is a direct communication between the respondent and the interviewer. A questionnaire is a survey using a questionnaire, a document containing questions that must be answered in writing. These research methods help to establish cause-and-effect relationships of many social and labor processes at the enterprise, show trends in the development of the workforce, eliminate barriers and attitudes that prevent personnel from performing their tasks with high quality. official duties etc. The success of interviews and questionnaires largely depends on the correct wording and sequence of questions. The experiment helps empirically, by modeling situations and phenomena, to analyze a specific problem. This method is used both to study the behavioral models of employees (cooperation, competition), and to optimize production processes, introduce innovative technologies.
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Questionnaire Questionnaire (French - investigation) - a questionnaire, independently filled in by the interviewee according to the rules specified in it. Respondents are considered as the object of research. The questionnaire cannot be called any list of questions. She only calls what is addressed to a multitude of people who are interviewed in a standard way. It should not last more than 30 - 40 minutes, otherwise the respondent gets tired, and the last questions remain without full answers. It is important that interest in the subject of the survey does not decrease, but gradually increases. Therefore, more complex in content (and perception) questions should follow the simpler ones. The first question should not be controversial or alarming. It is best if it is neutral. Difficult questions should be placed in the middle so that the respondent "turns on" to the topic. Questions should be clear, concise, understandable to the interviewee (everyone without exception). Questions must meet the requirements of logic: in the beginning, we should talk about establishing a fact, and then about its assessment. This is the most important requirement of sociological research.
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A sample is a set of elements of the object of sociological research, subject to direct study. 1. The sample should take into account the relationship and interdependence of qualitative characteristics and features of social objects, in other words, the survey units are selected based on the most important features of a social object - education, qualifications, gender. 2. The second condition: when preparing a sample, it is necessary that the selected part be a micromodel of the whole, or the general population. To a certain extent, the general population is an object of study to which the conclusions of sociological analysis apply.
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FORMATION AND SAMPLING METHODS At the first stage, any labor collectives, enterprises, institutions are selected. Among them, elements are selected that have characteristics typical for the entire group. These selected elements are called - units of selection, and units of analysis are selected from among them. This method is called mechanical sampling. With such a sample, selection can be made after 10, 20, 50, etc. people. The interval between the selected is called the selection step. if we have a general population of 5,000 people, of which 2,000 women and 3,000 men, then in the quota sample we will have 20 women and 30 men, or 200 women and 300 men. Quota samples are most often based on demographic criteria: gender, age, region, income, education, and others.
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FORMATION AND SAMPLING METHODS Serial sampling is quite popular. In it, the general population is divided according to a given attribute (sex, age) into homogeneous parts. Then the selection of respondents goes separately from each part. The number of respondents selected from a series is proportional to the total number of items in it. Sometimes sociologists use the method of nested sampling. As research units, not individual respondents are selected, but entire groups and teams. A clustered sample provides evidence-based sociological information if the groups are as similar as possible in terms of the most important characteristics, for example, by gender, age, types of education. The study also uses purposeful sampling. It most often uses the methods of spontaneous sampling, the main array and quota sampling. The spontaneous sampling method is a regular mail survey of TV viewers, readers of newspapers, magazines. Here it is impossible to determine in advance the structure of the array of respondents who will fill out and send the questionnaires by mail. The conclusions of such a study can be extended only to the surveyed population.
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Questionnaire questions According to the form, the questions are divided into: 1. Open questions suggest an original narrative answer in the form of a word, sentence or several sentences. Formally, these questions are distinguished by the fact that they are followed by several empty lines, which should be filled in. In this case, the response received is natural in nature and provides maximum information on the research topic, which is very important for a sociologist. However, there are difficulties associated with the processing of the received answers, their encoding, which inevitably leads to a significant limitation in the use of computers. 2. Semi-closed questions. Here, along with a set of certain answer options in a situation where it is impossible to choose the appropriate option from the proposed list, the respondent is given the opportunity to express his opinion on the problem under discussion in a free form, i.e. signs of openness and closeness are combined.
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Survey questions 3. Scale questions. The answer to these questions is given in the form of a scale in which it is necessary to mark one or another indicator. Questions menu. Here the respondent is asked to choose any combination of the options offered. Alternative questions suggest answers on the principle of “yes - no”, are mutually exclusive. At the same time, the proposed list of alternatives must be completely exhaustive, and the alternatives themselves must be mixed without bias in any direction, i.e. balanced. 5. Question with a preamble. A question about facts, like any other, can be perceived as an evaluative characteristic of the respondent, therefore it is advisable in some cases to ask it in a form that somewhat weakens its evaluative nature. For example: “Some people clean the apartment every day, others do it from time to time. What do you do most of the time?” The indication contained in the preamble to the question that not all people act in the way that seems to be customary allows the respondent to more freely talk about his behavior. 6. Questions - tables are very convenient for the researcher. These are difficult questions, in which the respondent has to make a number of efforts to answer them. In such questions, we are talking about things that can be answered only when the knowledge and mental abilities of the respondents are used. After such questions, it is desirable to move on to simpler ones.
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The functions distinguish: 1) the main questions formulated to obtain the necessary information about the subject of research; 2) control questions, the functional purpose of which is to check the veracity of the answers to the main questions, clarify the information received. Filter questions - belong to the class of non-basic questions of a sociological questionnaire, since their task is not to clarify the content of the social phenomenon under study, but to establish the main addressee of the question. The need for them arises when the researcher needs to obtain data that characterizes not the entire population of respondents, but only some of it. In order to separate the part of the respondents of interest to the researcher from all others, filter questions are asked.
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The composition of the questionnaire The composition of the questionnaire includes: 1) title page. The title page must contain the name of the organization conducting the sociologist. research and topic; 2) introductory part (contains an appeal to the respondent, a brief indication of the purpose of the survey, the anonymity of the survey, the organization that conducts the survey, instructions for filling out the questionnaire, an expression of gratitude to the respondent); 3) the main (content) part (questions of the questionnaire aimed at researching the problem); The structure and sequence of questions in the questionnaire, in essence, represent the sociologist's attitude to the development of communication with the respondent: arousing interest, gaining trust, confirming the respondents' confidence in their abilities, and further maintaining the conversation. 4) socio-demographic part (passport). It is necessary to analyze the collected data, to assess the representativeness of the results, to conduct comparative studies, etc. You can not start a survey with a "passport", which generally worries some people. Information about the demographic data of the interviewee is useful at the end of the questionnaire.
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Separate empirical sociological studies were carried out in foreign countries as early as the 19th century, but they became systematic only in the first half of the 20th century. In the 1920s and 1930s, a number of research projects. Regular empirical research has been carried out only since the second half of the 1950s. Currently, there are dozens of sociological centers, among which the most famous are the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Institute for Comparative Social Research, the Institute of Socio-Political Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Independent Institute of Social and National Problems, the All-Russian Center for the Study public opinion(VTsIOM), etc. Now there is practically no such sphere human life, which would not be studied by sociologists.
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In our time, humanity has become a rather highly developed community with a developed power structure, various social institutions. But before him, as before, there are various difficult and important problems. This may be, for example, an assessment of public opinion on a problem, etc. The question arises: how and in what way to resolve them? But for a rational solution of the tasks set, you need to have an idea about the problem, its cause. This is where sociological research comes to the fore. Sociological research, like any other research in any discipline or science, plays a very important role. It allows the researcher to move forward in his research, confirming or refuting his conjectures and conjectures, collecting and evaluating information about the phenomenon under study.
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Sociological research serves as a link between theoretical knowledge and reality. It helps to establish new patterns of development of society as a whole or any of its structural elements in particular. With it, you can solve a very wide range of issues and tasks, analyzing the data obtained and giving specific recommendations to solve the problem. Sociological research is one of the ways of developing and accumulating sociological knowledge, which consists in the conscious concentration of the efforts of an individual researcher on limited, more or less predetermined tasks. AT this moment As an example of the use of sociological research, we can cite a public opinion poll on the distribution of citizens' preferences for candidates for the City Duma. In principle, the voting process itself is a large state sociological study. Thus, the role of sociological research in the process of studying society can hardly be overestimated.
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Sociological research
A set of logical interrelated, consistent, methodological, methodical, and organizational technical procedures interconnected by a single goal: to obtain reliable objective data about the phenomenon under study, in the labor, political, economic spheres.
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Stages of sociological research
Sociological research includes four successive stages: research preparation; collection of primary sociological information; preparation of the collected information for processing and its processing; analysis of the information received, summing up the results of the study, formulation of conclusions and recommendations. Despite the fact that every sociological study, claiming to be whole and complete, includes the above stages, a single, unified form there is no sociological analysis suitable for studying problems of varying complexity.
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Basic concepts
Questionnaire (from the French Enquete - investigation) - a set of interrogative judgments ordered in sequence, content, content and form, embodied in the form of a questionnaire and intended to collect empirical sociological information in the form of written answers of respondents (respondents) on a formulated research problem. Questioner (Interviewer) - a person who collects empirical information through a questionnaire survey of respondents. Interview Form - A questionnaire used in face-to-face interviews.
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A question (in a sociological questionnaire) is a specially designed interrogative proposition addressed to a certain population of respondents and designed to receive in the form of answers the information necessary to solve a research problem. Data - the results of observations or information about the reality obtained in the course of the study. Interview (from the English interview - face-to-face conversation) is one of the main survey methods that uses the direct verbal interaction of the researcher with the respondent as a source of information in accordance with the research program.
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Interviewer (questionnaire) - a person who communicates directly with respondents using a questionnaire in order to collect information. Method (Greek methodos - "the path to something") - a way of studying phenomena or a systematic path of scientific knowledge and establishing the truth. A method in sociology is a way of obtaining information theoretically or empirically in the process of research; a set of techniques, procedures, operations of cognition social reality as well as social modeling.
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Methodology (gr. methodike) - a set of ways to expediently carry out any work. In sociology, it is a set of ways to identify specific social facts and means of obtaining and processing sociological information. A survey is a technique used to study the opinions, attitudes, or behavior of individuals. A pilot study is a small-scale test of the measures and procedures of a study, with the aim of identifying in advance any weaknesses in its plan or toolkit.
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The problem is the contradiction between knowledge about the needs of people in some results, practical or theoretical actions and ignorance of the ways and means to achieve them. Respondent - a person participating in the survey as a source or communicator of social information.
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Types of research by purpose
1. Intelligence research: carried out for a preliminary examination of a new social process or phenomenon, when the problem is either little or not studied at all; or to get additional information about the subject and object; covers, as a rule, small surveyed populations and is based on a simplified program and a compressed toolkit; makes it possible to obtain primary sociological information, i.e. non-generalized information subject to further processing and generalization. Intelligence research: small, simplest research, with a small number of respondents and a concise sociological research toolkit
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2. Descriptive research: a more complex type of sociological analysis, which allows you to get a relatively holistic view of the phenomenon under study, its structural elements; is carried out according to a detailed program and on the basis of methodically approved tools; makes it possible to group and classify elements according to those characteristics that are identified as significant in connection with the problem under study; in its course it is established whether there is a connection between the characteristics of the phenomenon under study; usually used in cases where the object is a relatively large community of people, characterized by a variety of characteristics (staff large enterprise, population of the city, district, region, region). Descriptive research: A deeper type of research with a larger community of people. Machine processing is applied.
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3. Analytical research: aims at an in-depth study of the phenomenon, when it is necessary not only to describe the structure, but also to find out what determines its main quantitative and qualitative parameters; has a particularly great scientific and practical value; it turns out whether the relationship between the characteristics of the phenomenon under study is causal; in each analytical study, a combination of factors (variables) is studied; it distinguishes between basic and non-core, temporary and permanent, managed and unmanaged. Analytical research: the most complex and deep research. It is not only descriptive, it covers a large number of respondents. Usually considers the dynamics of the phenomenon.
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Types of studies by location
Field studies. Field studies are studies carried out in the natural habitat of objects. Laboratory research. Laboratory research is called research in conditions artificially created by sociologists. sociological research
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Types of research in the place of a sociologist
Included. Included studies are those in which the sociologist is inside the object. Not included. Non-included studies are studies in which the sociologist is outside the object of study. when conducting sociological research
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Special Types of Sociological Research
1. The monographic study is aimed at a comprehensive, "global" study of the selected social process or phenomena on one of the objects, taken as a representative of a whole class of similar objects; 2. Cohort studies study specific populations of people during a certain time, for example, a year, who experienced the same event at the same time (married, drafted into the army, entered a university, etc.); 3. International, cross-cultural studies based on comparison and comparison of phenomena and processes in different countries.
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