Program-targeted planning is one of the types of planning and management, which is based on the orientation of activities towards achieving the set goals. Program-target planning is built according to the logical scheme "goals-paths-methods-means". In program management, the undeveloped organizational structure, and the management of program elements, program actions.
In general, program-target methods of planning and management are methods in which the goals of the plan are linked to resources using programs. These methods represent the application of a systematic approach to solving a strategically important task and consist in: · identifying all components of the problem and their interrelations; in determining the system of goals, the achievement of which will ensure the solution of the problem; ·in the creation of mechanisms for the distribution of resources; ·in the creation of organizational systems for managing the implementation of the program; ·in the development, implementation and control of the effectiveness of the entire set of measures aimed at solving the problem by the participants of the system.
Thus, the main features of the program-target approach are consistency, focus on achieving a specific goal or system of goals, consistency and organizational isolation of targeted programs.
The main components of the program-target method are: a set of measures aimed at solving the problem; · organizational system program management; · system of distribution/stimulation of attraction of resources; a system for monitoring the implementation of the program and evaluating its effectiveness; legislative and regulatory framework programs.
Functions and tasks solved with the help of the program-target approach: setting the system development vector based on the analysis of the existing interrelationships of the system components, trends in their change and the system's potential. Determination of the target state of the system; · coordination of the development of various subsystems (for example, economic, social, scientific and technical, environmental), in order to achieve a multiplier effect; creation of a basis for making managerial decisions by all subjects of the system (in the case of a regional economic system: executive and municipal authorities, departments, private business, population); balancing the interests of the participants in the system.
Program-target methods give the best results when applied simultaneously with methods of macroeconomic and regional forecasting, as well as indicative planning. This relationship is determined by the need to create and track a system of performance indicators for managing the implementation of targeted programs.
A feature of the program-targeted approach is that it allows solving complex problems that are at the intersection of departmental and industry competencies, powers and areas of responsibility of business entities, executive and municipal authorities, by coordinating common efforts to solve the problem. Therefore, there must be organizational mechanisms for such connections.
In this way, key feature program management is that the tasks solved with the help of the PCM cannot be solved using the standard "routine" management procedures of the authorities, municipal government and commercial structures, as well as within the framework of actions exclusively by one of the parties to the process. Therefore, one of the main features of the program-target approach is its complexity and the availability of appropriate organizational forms program implementation.
Applying a Programmatic Approach to the Solution operational tasks management is not appropriate, since the program approach is more complex and costly from an organizational point of view, and its use will be justified only if it is possible to achieve a noticeable and significant multiplier effect.
Examples complex tasks socio-economic development, for which the program-target approach is most often and successfully applied, are: 1) equalization of the level of socio-economic development of the regions; 2) increasing the uniformity of the distribution of productive forces; 3) the creation of new capital-intensive industries of strategic importance for the state; 4) creation of clusters, SEZs, territorial production complexes; 5) effective organization of the budget system; 6) raising the level of scientific and technological development; 7) creation and capital reconstruction of engineering and transport infrastructure; 8) reproduction of resources with a long investment cycle.
The main prerequisites for the application of program-target methods of planning and management at the state level are:
1) Large area of the territory, its geographical heterogeneity and administrative fragmentation.
2) The presence of heterogeneities and disproportions in: Spatial distribution of production factors; Socio-economic level of regional development; Sectoral structure of the economy; Structure of the external trade balance; Living standards of various segments of the population (Ginny index); Ethnic and religious composition of the population .
3) The presence of stable negative trends: a decrease in the population; high wear and tear and obsolescence of fixed assets; · the outflow of natural, financial and intellectual resources abroad; · the growth of corruption and crime.
4) Lagging behind developed countries in terms of key factors, determining labor productivity: · the level of scientific and technological development; · the energy intensity of the economy; · the quality of labor resources (health and education of the population).
At present, the program-target method serves as the most important tool for the implementation of the state social and economic policy development of the country and its individual regions, along with methods of forecasting and indicative planning. Target programs are complexes of research, development, organizational, economic and other activities linked by resources, performers and implementation timeframes that provide an effective solution specific tasks in the field of state-federative construction, scientific and technical, economic, investment, socio-demographic, foreign economic, cultural, environmental and regional development Russian Federation.
Practice shows that targeted programs can be effectively used to manage social and economic processes in the regions. The use of the program-target method at each level - national, regional, municipal - is basically determined by the nature and territorial scale of occurrence complex problem affecting the reproductive process as a whole.
Thus, for the national level, the subject of program study is the problems that have a global impact on the dynamics of the country's economy and are associated with the implementation of the regional section of state policy.
At the regional level, the program approach requires the solution of such problems as the implementation of fundamental structural changes in the economy, the creation of favorable general economic conditions for the functioning and development of enterprises in the region.
At the level of municipalities, the subject of program study may be participation in the development of market infrastructure facilities of local importance, problems social orientation- support and development of socially significant facilities: hospitals, schools, children's institutions, etc.
At the same time, in order to solve problems that are subject to program study, first of all, resources of the level at which the problem arose should be involved. Resources of other levels should be attracted in an ascending or descending line according to the residual principle.
At the same time, deep crisis deformations of the economy of individual regions, the extreme insufficiency of their own resources at the regional and municipal levels, aggravated by the desire federal center to excessive centralization of financial resources, lead in some cases to abnormally high differences in the socio-economic situation of regions. To overcome them, the possibilities of the program-target method can also be used.
In the current economic environment, ensuring the flexibility and modifiability of the management system for the fastest and most effective response to significant changes external environment. More than ever, a project-oriented approach to management is becoming in demand, considering a significant number of risks, uncertainties and changes as a given and ensuring that these factors are taken into account when planning and implementing work.
In the context of increasing state control in all significant sectors of the world economy, both the optimization of the regulation scheme itself and the ensuring of the effective functioning of enterprises in the new economic conditions come to the fore.
Enterprises, when planning their activities in the new economic conditions, should strive for a project-based philosophy for managing risks, changes, budget, quality, personnel, etc. Moreover, it is necessary to start with the formation of the company's strategy, taking into account the uncertainty of the external and internal environments of the enterprise, to apply a systematized system of project-oriented management to business planning, justification of initiatives, estimating the value of the enterprise, the actual implementation of projects, optimizing the business processes of the enterprise both from the technological and from a financial and organizational point of view.
The systematic application of the project approach will allow enterprises not only to survive, but also to strengthen their positions in the current conditions.
From the point of view of public administration, the use of project methods will make it possible to build a system of necessary and sufficient control, management of the priorities of the economic life of our country. Honored by the President low speed response to changes now will be significantly increased with the improvement of the quality and efficiency of decisions.
At the same time, one should not consider a project-oriented approach to management as a tool for working exclusively in extreme conditions. On the contrary, when entering the growth phase of the economy, culture project management will significantly improve the efficiency of the company.
Undoubtedly, substantive and pragmatic cooperation between the state and private business will allow Russia to significantly strengthen its position in the global economy, having passed the test with dignity and efficiency.
Thus, in modern public administration In Russia, the implementation of project management is determined by a number of factors:
· goals are initially only outlined, and there is a need to adjust them as intermediate results are achieved, their quantitative and qualitative assessment is difficult;
· the terms and duration of the project depend on probabilistic factors or are just outlined and subsequently subject to clarification;
· the costs of the project, as a rule, are not optimized and depend on budget allocations;
Resources are allocated as needed within the limits of the possible;
· there is an administrative formalism in which innovations are introduced that only look modern without a proper analysis of their effectiveness in specific conditions;
Changes in legislation occur without carrying out basic transformations;
organizational culture does not provide for risk and innovation;
· there is inertia of civil servants who perceive only initiatives coming down from above.
These and other factors predetermine a list of problems, the solution of which will expand the use of project management in Russian authorities and companies with state participation:
· Lack of a detailed methodology for the implementation of project management and the basis for the legal regulation of project management in the executive authorities;
· Project management is not used as a tool to achieve strategic goals;
· The rigid organizational structure in the executive authorities does not allow to form teams for the implementation of projects in accordance with the tasks;
· Lack of project management specialists, state civil servants are not trained in project equation methods and their low motivation;
The need for a unified, flexible and accessible software to support project activities.
However, no managerial innovation will bring its effect in an unprepared environment. The introduction of innovative information and management technologies should be accompanied by a change in the very organizational culture and motivation of government employees.
8. Status and rights of citizens of the Russian Federation.
The place and role of the individual (man and citizen) in the legal system, in relationship with the state, public organizations and other individuals can be most fully disclosed through the category of the legal status of a person, which allows you to determine the legal and, to a certain extent, the actual position of a person in society. The legal (legal) status of an individual is understood as a set of legal norms that enshrine the rights, freedoms and obligations of an individual (citizen, foreigner, stateless person) in relation to society, the state and other individuals and at the same time the rights and obligations of the latter in relation to this individual . The legal status expresses the legal limits of the freedom of the individual, the scope of his rights, legitimate interests and duties. It is established by the state in the norms of the Constitution, laws and by-laws. In the Russian Federation, articles 2, 3, 6, 7 are devoted to this issue, the entire chapter. 2, separate norms of Ch. 4, 5, 7, 8 of the Constitution. Important points of the legal status of the individual are enshrined in the Federal Constitutional Laws: - "On the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation"; - "On the referendum in the Russian Federation"; - "On the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation"; in the laws: - "On Citizenship of the Russian Federation; - "On the Right of Citizens of the Russian Federation to Freedom of Movement, Choice of Place of Stay and Residence within the Russian Federation"; - "On Basic Guarantees of Electoral Rights and the Right to Participate in a Referendum of Citizens of the Russian Federation"; as well as many other federal laws and regulations, in regulations accepted in the subjects of the Russian Federation. In the field of regulation of the legal status of the individual, the Federal Law "On legal status foreign citizens in the Russian Federation", which entered into force on November 1, 2002. In addition, by regulating legal status person and citizen, the Russian Federation uses the generally recognized principles international law and international treaties that have become an integral part of its legal system(for example, the "Declaration on the Rights of Man and Citizen" of 1948, agreements with some countries on the recognition of dual citizenship). The role of law, first of all, is manifested precisely in the fact that its norms support the historically determined place of the individual (personality), although it should be remembered that the legal status of a person and a citizen is largely determined by: - the socio-economic situation of the state; - the degree of development and democracy of the political regime; - moral and other conditions of society. Fixing the complex of rights and obligations, which is necessary, first of all, from the point of view of the state and society, as well as a measure of the legal freedom of the individual, the law provides guarantees for their implementation, ways of protection by the state, forms of responsibility for violations of rights and freedoms. individuals, including, and first of all, state bodies obliged to protect the legitimate interests of a person and a citizen. The law does not allow discrimination in the enjoyment of rights and freedoms on grounds not recognized by law. First of all, the state recognizes this person subject to the law in force in the country.
Among the fundamental rights of citizens of the Russian Federation, which are an integral part of their administrative and legal status and are essential in terms of relations between citizens and authorities state power, local self-government, public associations, administration of enterprises, institutions, as well as the organization of the state administration system, first of all, the following should be mentioned.
Right to liberty and security of person. Arrest, detention and detention are allowed only by a court decision. Before a court decision, a person cannot be detained for a period of more than 48 hours (Article 22 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation);
Right of private property. No one can be deprived of his property except by a court decision (Article 35 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation);
Right to inviolability of the home. No one has the right to enter a dwelling against the will of citizens living there, except in cases established by federal law or on the basis of a court decision (Article 25 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation);
Right to immunity privacy, personal and family secrets, protection of one's honor and good name. Restriction of the right to privacy of correspondence, telephone conversations and other messages are allowed only on the basis of a court decision (Article 23 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation);
Right to move. Everyone who is legally on the territory of the Russian Federation has the right to move freely, choose a place of stay and residence. Everyone can freely travel outside the country, and citizens of the Russian Federation can freely return to Russia (Article 27 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation);
The right to participate in government, including electing and being elected to local self-government bodies of state power, as well as participating in a referendum. Citizens of the Russian Federation have equal access to public service(Article 32 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation);
The right to apply personally, as well as to send individual and collective appeals to state bodies and local governments (Article 33 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation);
Right to association, including the right to create trade unions to protect their interests (Article 30 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation);
The right to hold meetings, rallies, demonstrations, marches and picketing(Article 31 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation);
The right to compensation by the state for damage caused by illegal actions or inaction of public authorities and their officials(Article 53 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).
These and some other rights of citizens of the Russian Federation are of fundamental importance in the implementation of public administration, largely determine the nature of the administrative legal relations between citizens and other subjects administrative law. These rights have found their development and detail in a number of laws and by-laws that regulate the administrative-legal sphere and establish the administrative-legal status of public authorities and local self-government.
Citizens of the Russian Federation, having rights, must also fulfill the duties assigned to them by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and laws. Among the constitutional ones that are essential for organizing the process of public administration, one should indicate such obligations as: to protect the Fatherland, pay legally established taxes and fees, preserve nature and the environment, take care of natural resources, etc.
The electoral system in the Russian Federation.
The bodies of state power in the Russian Federation are formed in two ways: through elections and through appointment. But the appointment to the highest positions in the executive and judicial authorities is also carried out through elections.
The essence of the elections is that all citizens of the Russian Federation could express their will, and the state power - to be created and act in accordance with this will.
The term "electoral system" is often used in relation to the procedure for determining the results of voting. There are proportional and majoritarian electoral systems.
proportional electoral system- the procedure for determining the results of voting, in which the distribution of mandates between the parties that nominated their candidates for the representative body is made in accordance with the number of votes they received. The party puts forward its own list of candidates, and the voter votes for this list.
AT federal law“On Basic Guarantees…” an addition was made - elections under the proportional system should be held in a single constituency.
Majoritarian system- the candidate who received during the elections the largest number of votes of voters who took part in the voting in relation to another candidate, but not less than 25% of the number of citizens included in the lists of voters, is considered elected.
The concept of "suffrage"(in the narrow sense) is understood as a system of norms governing the procedure for granting the right to participate in elections. The right to vote can be active (this is the right to participate in elections and vote) and passive (this is the right to be elected). Occurs from the age of 18.
Principles of suffrage(requirements for the holding of elections, in case of non-compliance with which the elections may be declared invalid):
Universality of elections All adult male and female citizens have the right to vote.
Equal suffrage- all citizens who meet the requirements of the law and are not excluded from voting on legal grounds have equal rights and obligations as voters.
International legal standards for holding elections:
Elections must be free- Elections must be held in an atmosphere free of pressure and intimidation of voters, respecting all fundamental human rights.
fair- a guarantee of universality and equality of elections by secret ballot.
Genuine- the possibility of citizens exercising democratic electoral and other rights.
Election stages:
Calling elections (The authorized body is obliged to make a decision on calling elections, determine the date of voting day and publish its decision for public familiarization within the time limits specified by law)
The work of election commissions Sverdlovsk region, district and city territorial election commissions. As well as commissions formed at the time of the election campaign: these include district election commissions and precinct election commissions).
Registration and registration of voters. Compilation of voter lists. (A register of voters (referendum participants) was created, on the basis of which the number of registered voters is established, using the information contained in the register, voter lists are compiled and updated, polling stations and electoral districts are formed).
Formation of constituencies and districts.
Nomination and registration of candidates.
Implementation of pre-election campaigning and financing of elections.
Referendum
In world practice, a referendum is the approval (or non-approval) by citizens of a draft of any document or decision, agreement (or disagreement) with certain actions of the parliament, head of state or government, carried out by secret ballot.
A referendum is held in the following cases:
Achieving the highest legitimacy on some of the most important issues (amending the Constitution, etc.);
The desire of the state authorities to obtain the approval of some act, in cases where the authorities themselves do not dare to take responsibility for resolving this issue.
When holding a referendum in the Russian Federation, there are general principles suffrage: universal equality and direct expression of will by secret ballot.
The constitutions and charters of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation provide for the right of citizens to directly participate in the exercise of state power in the form of a referendum. Issues that are within the jurisdiction of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation may be submitted to a referendum. Issues that are within the jurisdiction of local self-government may be submitted to a local referendum.
The scale of innovation and, accordingly, innovation processes has wide boundaries. On an enlarged basis, two levels of innovation activity (innovation) can be distinguished: operational and strategic.
Operational innovation serves current short-term goals of organizations- receipt of current profits due to stable production and cost reduction in real time. Basically, this is the implementation of local innovations - individual improvements in products, technologies, services. We are talking about changes in the design and technological support of production, as part of its technical preparation. Such changes occur in the life of the enterprise quite often, and they need to be managed. As a rule, this objects functional management.
Purpose of functional management - conservative. It is designed to support and maintain stable conditions for the production and implementation of local innovations that neutralize individual environmental disturbances, as well as help reduce costs. Specialists involved in the organization of functional management rightly consider operational innovation to be one of the functions of an enterprise, like production and marketing.
Strategic innovation designed to solve the global goals of organizations, according to their survival in the long term, contribute to the achievement of goals aimed not at obtaining current profits, but at consumer satisfaction.
Innovative activity of such a scale cannot be limited to one function (even if called design), since it organically represents the business as a whole (in a holistic perception - from the idea of a product to its commercial implementation), integrating performers of all stages of the cycle of creating and implementing a new product, those. performers of all functions of the organization. Here we are already dealing not with a function, but with a project. Since strategic innovation requires significant organization resources, project executors compete in resource consumption with executors of current stable processes. For the simultaneous implementation of both types of activities, it is required to separate them organizationally.
When organizing strategic innovation, it is necessary to do a lot of work on the transition from the functional thinking of managers and performers, leading to a limited perception of tasks and avoiding responsibility for the final results of the whole business, to design thinking and project management, in which all functions, including design itself, and production, and marketing, are just links in one chain that should serve one goal, which is to release a new product that solves consumer problems.
These features are more clearly visible from the results of successfully completed innovation projects.
In domestic practice, project management technology has long been widely used at the state, regional and industry levels, as well as at the enterprise level. However, some features of its application should be taken into account:
At the state (regional and sectoral) level, the project acts only as an element of a program of a certain level, and we are talking about program-targeted management from the standpoint of this level;
At the enterprise, each project reflects a specific problem solved in the program-target management system.
The Government of the Russian Federation uses program management methods. They are based on a system of programs and projects. Programs are the basis of the budgetary policy pursued by the state, focused on the implementation of the most important development tasks. Allocate federal, presidential, regional, sectoral and object target programs (TsP) and projects. Depending on the importance of the tasks, regional and sectoral programs may be given federal status.
The CPU development process is based on the concepts and principles of program-targeted planning:
purposefulness- target orientation of programs to achieve final results;
consistency- development of the entire set of measures necessary for implementation;
, complexity- compliance with private goals (subgoals) of the general goal;
security financial, informational, material and labor resources;
priority - ranking projects and programs according to the urgency of execution and provision of resources;
economic security program projects;
consistency programs various levels;
timeliness achieve the desired end result.
Control questions for the chapter:
1. What is the innovative potential of the enterprise?
2. What is the structure of the internal environment of the enterprise?
3. Approaches to the assessment of innovative potential.
4. The essence of a detailed approach to the analysis of the enterprise environment and the assessment of its innovative potential.
5. Scheme of detailed analysis.
6. The essence of the diagnostic approach to the analysis of the enterprise environment and the assessment of its innovative potential.
7. Scheme of diagnostic analysis.
8. The essence of the diagnostic analysis of the innovative environment of the enterprise according to the methodSWOT-analysis.
9. General form matricesSWOT-analysis. Matrix fields.
10. The structure of the macro environment of the enterprise.
11. The structure of the microenvironment of the enterprise.
12. The essence of operational innovation.
13. What are the differences between functional and project management of innovations?
In domestic practice, project management technology has long been widely used at the state, regional and industry levels, as well as at the enterprise level. However, some features of its application should be taken into account:
at the state (regional and sectoral) level, the project acts only as an element of the program certain level and we are talking about program-target management from the standpoint of this level;
at the enterprise, each project reflects a specific problem solved in the program-target management system.
The Government of the Russian Federation uses program management methods. They are based on a system of programs and projects. The programs will be the basis of the budgetary policy pursued by the state, which will become focused on the implementation of the most important development tasks. Allocate federal, presidential, regional, branch and object target complex programs (TsKP) and projects. Depending on the importance of the tasks, regional and sectoral programs may be given federal status.
The process of developing the ICT is based on the concepts and principles of program-targeted planning:
purposefulness - target orientation of programs to achieve final results;
consistency - development of the entire set of measures necessary for implementation;
complexity - compliance with private goals (subgoals) of the general goal;
provision with financial, informational, material and labor resources;
priority - ranking projects and programs according to the urgency of execution and provision of resources;
economic security of the program projects; consistency of programs at various levels; the timeliness of achieving the desired end result. Modern ideas about the content of project management innovative activities. The problems of project management (PM) are given more and more attention in the world, congresses and symposiums devoted to these issues are regularly held. In order to disseminate knowledge and experience in the field of PM, to develop contacts between specialists in this field, in 1965 the International Project Management Association - INTER.NET (headquartered in Zurich) was established. Russia in INTER.NET is represented by Russian association UP - 80\^ET, established in October 1990
In September 1993, an international symposium "Project Management in Russia and Eastern Europe (INTERNET 93)" was held in Moscow, organized by INTERNET and 80\WET. The report of INTERNET President M. Fangel (Denmark) examined the main trends in the development of the theory and practice of PM. Comparing UE in the 1970s and 1990s, the speaker noted that earlier UE was oriented mainly towards solving specific problems using special methods. At present, PM uses a wide range of methods related to the general theory of management, strategic planning, marketing and personnel management.
As the main trends in the development of UE in the 90s, M. Fangel identified the following: 1)
transition from the implementation of traditional investment projects to manage almost all types of tasks (including unique ones); 2)
transition from consideration in the PM process of only the “project” period (from the moment the contract is concluded to the end of the project) to the analysis of the entire life cycle project, starting with its concept and ending with the stage of disposal of the final product; 3)
transition from the creation of highly specialized, national project "teams" to interethnic cooperation in the field of PM; four)
transition from managing each individual project to work on it as an element in a network of projects and other activities; 5)
transition from focusing on individual parameters (quality of management, timing, resources, etc.), presented in a strictly defined framework, to a comprehensive consideration of all project characteristics, taking into account environment; 6)
transition from looking at the UE as a task only for its leader to understanding the role of all persons interested in the implementation of the project; 7)
transition from applying one concept in all phases of PM to choosing the most appropriate concept for each main phase of the project life cycle.
Control questions for chapter 4.4 1.
What is the innovative potential of the enterprise? 2.
What is the structure of the internal environment of the enterprise? 3.
Approaches to the assessment of innovative potential. four.
The essence of a detailed approach to the analysis of the enterprise environment and the assessment of its innovative potential. 5.
Scheme of detailed analysis. 6.
The essence of the diagnostic approach to the analysis of the enterprise environment and the assessment of its innovative potential. 7.
Scheme of diagnostic analysis. eight.
The essence of the diagnostic analysis of the innovative environment of the enterprise according to the method of 5\A / OT-analysis. 9.
General view of the S\A/OT-analysis matrix. Matrix fields. ten.
The structure of the enterprise macro environment. eleven.
The structure of the enterprise microenvironment. 12.
The essence of operational innovation. 13.
What is the difference between functional and project management of innovations? fourteen.
What is the difference between a manager and a leader? fifteen.
What is the concept of the project? 16.
What are the features of strategic innovation as an object of management? 17.
What is the approach to the distribution of powers in the development and implementation of the project? eighteen.
What is the project team? 19.
What are the structural changes before the project is executed? twenty.
What is the strategic partnership in the implementation of the project? 21.
Indicate what are the ratios of project and program-target management.
Source: A.G. Porshneva, Z.P. Rumyantseva, N.A. Salomatina. Organization Management: Textbook. -2nd ed., revised. and additional - M.: INFRA-M, - 669 p.. 2000(original)
The essence of the program-target method is to identify a set of problems and a system of goals for the development of a particular object or sphere of the economy and life of the region; in the development and implementation of the entire range of measures necessary to achieve these goals, i.e.
Actually targeted integrated programs; in combining and coordinating the resources and capabilities of enterprises, territorial and central bodies to solve regional problems. At the territorial level, the value of the program-target method is increasing. This is due to the complexity of the structure of control in the region, limited opportunities for solving major problems by individual economic units.
Performance Indicators of Criteria Features According to Porter and Harrington
However, the most common point of view about the relationship between quality and efficiency in management is the recognition that quality is one of the criteria for efficiency. "One of the best ways to increase efficiency is to improve quality in every possible way." In management theory, a new approach- "quality management", the main representative of which is considered to be J. Harrington and others. The methodological basis of this approach is the recognition of the following two as the fundamental principles of the company's activities:
"1. Employees performing the work assigned to them must understand its essence and be responsible for the quality of the results of their activities.
2. It is necessary to create a mechanism for monitoring the effectiveness of the work of each contractor with the simultaneous right to make changes in the labor process and provide it with the means to constantly improve the quality of work "
The criterion for the effectiveness of the current strategy is the financial position of the organization in recent times:
market share, place in the industry;
profit dynamics (in comparison with competitors);
trend in net profit on investment;
whether the company's sales are growing faster (slower) than the market as a whole;
the amount of loans;
image in the eyes of consumers;
leadership (in technology, innovation, quality, etc.).
Nevertheless, the desire to create reference strategies does not leave specialists in this field. For example, Michael Porter in the early 1980s put forward ideas about competitive strategies derived from some basic postulates. In The Strategy of Competition, he presented three types of general strategies aimed at increasing competitiveness: leadership in reducing costs (maintaining costs at a lower level than competitors); differentiation (as the production of unique products); focusing (as focusing on a specific group of customers).
Porter's concept of general (reference) strategies has a number of disadvantages. Thus, the concept of differentiation and cost leadership have much in common: when differentiating, you need to remember about the cost, and when reducing costs, you should not forget about quality standards. And cost leadership does not always bring more benefits than second or, say, third place in an industry. In addition, difficulties arise due to the inconsistency of the requirements for the organization of activities, which each of the strategies implies. And it is not clear why it is necessary to choose only one of the strategies, while the best solution may be a combination of several of them.
Sections: School administration
Currently, the government of the Russian Federation has defined and is quite successfully implementing a set of long-term goals and objectives that are aimed at developing the education system. The priority of state policy in the field of education is associated with the growing role of human capital as a leading factor effective development the country's economy. Within the framework of the Concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020, a need has been identified for the formation of an education system that should meet the urgent demands of the labor market, as well as the interests of the national economy.
Problem lies in the fact that a professional school evaluates and values the ability of school graduates to solve cognitive problems in learning situations, and modern society- ability to solve communication and other practical problems in real life situations.
Key idea associated with the development of students' competencies associated with the ability to independently solve problems (of social, personal and predominantly cognitive significance) through the purposeful creation of conditions in the educational process for the formation of experience in solving them.
Thus, we consider a person as a subject of activity, capable of performing various tasks. social roles. Any human activity can be seen as a problem-solving process. Education should provide experience in problem solving.
The implementation of this goal involves the solution of a number of such priority tasks as ensuring the quality of education and the effectiveness of the management of educational institutions. To achieve them, you need to use modern technologies in training and management, and their implementation should be based on the principles of project activities.
In accordance with the definition of the State Standard, project is a unique process consisting of a set of coordinated and controlled actions, with a start and end date, taken to achieve compliance with specific requirements, including time, cost and resource constraints
At its core, design is a way of planning and implementing a change in reality, in which one should not only think over the image of the future (i.e., make a model of it), but also develop a system for implementing one’s ideas. In this case, the following stages are distinguished:
- development of a design concept (situation analysis, problem analysis, goal setting, planning);
- implementation of the design intent (implementation of planned actions);
- evaluation of the results of the project (assessment and prospects of a new, changed state of reality).
What if the changes affect multiple issues?
This means that we must have a program that will help us develop a path of movement. educational institution in time to the desired goal.
This is how we “enter” the Gymnasium Development Program.
Having comprehended the social order as the need to create conditions for social adaptation and the success of each, we analyzed the external and internal factors activities of the gymnasium (we used SWOT-analysis technology), which revealed strengths educational process and problems requiring transformation. This is how the idea, tasks, directions of the Development Program were formulated.
The priority areas of the Program are:
- updating the content of education in accordance with the GEF,
- usage innovative technologies in the educational process,
- improving the management of the gymnasium on the basis of research and implementation of the social order for new educational results,
- creation within the framework of the organization of extracurricular activities and additional education of conditions that form new educational results of students related to the competence of solving problems, using subject knowledge in real life situations,
- improvement of methodological support of the educational process;
- development of a system for monitoring educational results in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standards,
- protecting students and teachers from overload, preventing an increase in personal "price" and costs to obtain new educational results.
For their implementation, a long-term project "Introduction of the program-target method and project technologies in the management of the gymnasium" would be developed.
In accordance with this project, we have developed the target programs “New Education” and “Development of the Information Environment”. In accordance with these programs, the following educational projects:
- "New education standards»,
- "Successful High School Student"
- "Successful Teacher"
- "Improving the work of the methodological service",
- "Profile school and pre-profile training",
- "Research culture of students",
- "State-public administration",
- "Improving the ICT competence of participants in the educational process",
- "Introduction of innovative technologies",
- "Updating the material and technical base."
All educational projects are conceptually aimed at the implementation of the Gymnasium Development Program. Each project has its own coordinator and during its existence goes through 4 phases of development:
- development key concepts the project (defining the goal, formulating the expected result, isolating the forms of organization of activities, determining the conditions, pronouncing the expected restrictions and risks in the implementation of the project);
- planning (decomposition of project activities into understandable actions of project participants, discussion of funding sources);
- implementation (work according to the plan);
- summing up the results of the work, setting tasks for the future.
In 2017, within the framework of the “Development of the Information Environment” program, the project “Creating innovative models of a developing educational environment through organizing the work of a media studio in educational organizations different levels." This project is being implemented on the basis of an agreement on network interaction with MADOU " Kindergarten No. 7 "Firefly".
The relevance of this project lies in the fact that one of the tasks modern education is the upbringing of a new generation that meets the conditions of the information society in terms of its level of development and lifestyle. The skills of collecting information, transforming it into a form convenient for students to perceive, are one of the types of self-expression and disclosure of the creative potential of students.
Project goals:
- Creation of a media studio in educational organizations.
- The upbringing of the creative individuality of the child by means of artistic activity, the disclosure of the personal creative potential of students in modern technical means learning.
- Identification and support of gifted children.
- Integration of children with special needs in the society of healthy children.
Introducing a child to the world of animation and cinema has a number of positive sides, both in terms of the development of his personality, and for further study school subjects and further vocational training facilitating the socialization of the child, his entry into the information society. This is project novelty.
The project is focused on the development of intellectual, communicative, aesthetic, research areas of students' activities and allows additional education form value orientations and master the basics creative activity, to show and realize their creative abilities in the system of continuous education, starting from preschool age up to senior school age, which creates conditions for a more complete disclosure of the natural inclinations of students and is preparatory stage for further professional activity. The media studio will give the child the opportunity to discover talent, which means it will help him find an attractive occupation, invest his time and energy in it, gradually complicate the conditions of classes and improve skills. Thus, he will enjoy and succeed in his occupation, and it is possible that he will acquire, step by step, a profession for life. Media studio projects will be presented at all-Russian competitions and festivals, at the Media Wave festival of the All-Russian children's center"Eaglet".
Joint activities in a media studio are able to develop the child's creative potential, influencing cognitive activity, the emotional-volitional sphere, forming the needs and value orientations of preschoolers. Acquisition of additional equipment and introduction of ICT in educational process give children the opportunity to revive their ideas about the world, happiness and learn to interact with each other and with adults. Later it will start teamwork adults and children to implement a common idea: the creation of cartoons and films.
The most optimal for our team was the matrix structure in the implementation of projects, in which teachers, fulfilling their official duties participate in educational projects.
The activities of the administration of the gymnasium are aimed at bringing to the level of understanding and acceptance by the participants in the implementation of the Development Program the goal they are working to achieve, their role in this work. The implementation of such activities gives the administration confidence that it knows what end result should be obtained by a certain point in time, what actions should be taken by whom and when to achieve the desired result.
The introduction of the program-target method and project technologies in the management of the gymnasium allow us to talk about some of the results achieved in the 2016-2017 academic year:
- According to the results of the state final certification in the form of the OGE, graduates of the basic school in all subjects showed a result higher than the result of 2016. Krol Anastasia scored the maximum number of points in the Russian language exam.
- Annually, students of grades 10 and 11 at the end of the academic year show a consistently high percentage of the quality of education. High school graduates, according to the results of the state final certification in the form of the Unified State Examination, show results above the district and regional levels. In 2017, one graduate (Daria Dolzhikova) scored the maximum number of points in the Russian language exam.
- 5 students of the gymnasium became scholarship holders of the Head of the Chudovsky municipal district.
- 46 students of the gymnasium took part in the regional stage of the All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren, of which 2 students became winners of the regional stage of the All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren and 3 students became winners of the regional stage of the All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren. One student took part in all-Russian stage All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren in economics.
- In 2017 Migunova Natalia Sergeevna, teacher primary school, took an honorable 3rd place in the regional competition professional excellence in the nomination "Health Teacher - 2017".
- Organized interaction with the publishing house " Russian word» on the issue of testing modern active methods and teaching methods in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard.
- Continued active implementation e-learning including through the educational platforms "Web Literacy", "Uchi.ru", "Infourok", "Enlightenment".
- The gymnasium is an interregional complex network experimental site "Designing the information and educational environment of an educational institution in the context of the implementation of federal state educational standards."
AT primary school Gymnasium in the 2016/2017 academic year conducted classes on the meta-subject course "Mouse House", which is built on the basis of a system-activity approach and is aimed at developing students' knowledge and skills related to:
- using ergonomic and health-friendly methods of working with ICT technologies;
- with the organization of activities for the search and fixation of information and its processing by various means of ICT;
- with the construction of the simplest models of objects and processes (basics of algorithmization).
Is it profitable for the gymnasium staff to work in a project mode?
We think yes:
- for the administration, this is convenient, since time is spent on developing the project, and then only on monitoring its implementation at key points. In this case, it is possible to “launch” several projects at once. And a good opportunity to explore personnel potential workers;
- for the project manager, this allows him to prove himself and gain experience and results as a leader, this experience goes into his “personal piggy bank” and becomes the basis for the next career development;
- for a member of the project team, this is an opportunity to prove themselves and expand their portfolio.
It is impossible to live in a changing world without changing ourselves and without changing the education system and a single educational institution.
And although our industry is called one of the most conservative, giving a better meaning to the meaning of this word, one cannot console oneself with the illusion that we are the keepers of the traditions of the past.
Preserve traditions, and those that will help us develop, i.e. traditions, which contain the potential for development, we must and must.
But at the same time, the main mission of the leader as a manager comes to the fore, the meaning of which lies in the ability to SEE state of the art, FOREIGHT the future situation, ACT in the face of change.
Thus, it can be stated that the transition from the classical program-target management of the education system to project-target management is due to objectively formed conditions. Without a project-target method of management, it seems unlikely to achieve the goals and solve the problems provided for in the strategic documents that regulate the long-term development of domestic education in the context of dynamic global changes. The use of this method of management will create conditions for process positive changes in the institution.