The strategic, tactical and operational problems and tasks related to the management of logistics operations in supply chains are considered: the formation of loading units, transportation of goods, loading and unloading Vehicle, warehousing and cargo handling, picking orders to customers, shipment, consolidation and disaggregation of consignments, marking, sorting, order operations management, preparation of shipping documentation, customs clearance import-export of goods, insurance of goods and liability of carriers (forwarders), Information support logistics operations. The emphasis is on optimizing logistics solutions in transportation, warehousing and cargo handling, managing information flows that accompany logistics operations.
TRANSPORT IN SUPPLY CHAINS
WHAT IS THE ROLE OF TRANSPORTATION IN LOGISTICS?
Characteristic features of the functioning of transport enterprises in the conditions market economy are such objective circumstances as market formation transport services, increased competition between enterprises and various types transport, tightening requirements for tariffs and the quality of transport services by consumers. At the same time, the modern practice of transportation from the point of view of logistics service can be briefly formulated as follows: desired product required quality and quantity at a given time and at optimal cost. In almost all countries, a significant proportion of logistics costs falls on the transport component, so logistics management should pay increased attention to optimizing transportation solutions. According to various estimates, transportation costs range from 20 to 70% of the total logistics costs, while the transport component in the price of goods varies depending on the type of product: 2-3% for electronics, 5-6% for food, 7 -12% for machinery and equipment, 40-60% for raw materials, 80-85% for mineral building materials and can reach up to 300% of the cost of production for various industries and companies.
Transport has a special role in the formation and development of logistics in our country. Domestic transport and forwarding companies involved in international transportation of goods were the first to feel the need to introduce modern logistics technologies for transportation and cargo handling: inter-, multimodal and terminal cargo transportation systems, transportation technologies LT and "door-to-door", modern telecommunication systems for escorting cargo transportation, etc. Large Russian state and private transport and forwarding enterprises began to actively create terminal networks, cargo distribution and logistics centers, information and computer support systems for logistics services. Nevertheless, the potential of logistics in the transport complex is not used enough.
An analysis of the state of the transport and terminal and warehouse complex in most Russian regions made it possible to identify the following shortcomings in the transport and logistics service:
- insufficient study marketing strategies functioning of the transport complex;
- low quality of logistics service that does not meet international standards;
- low level of development of the production and technical base, transport service infrastructure, information systems support of the logistics process during transportation;
- lack of a unified innovation and investment policy;
- the complexity and imperfection of existing document management systems and customs procedures cargo clearance;
- low level of interaction and information communication between the participants of the transportation process, terminals, warehouses, customs, other enterprises and consumers of their services;
- significant disunity of interests of partners in the transport and logistics service;
- lack of a unified regulatory framework, modern laws in the field of transport logistics;
- lack of modern logistics technologies for forwarding activities.
The modern concept of cargo transportation in our country has changed significantly with the development market relations from an industry equated to industrial sectors of the economy, to the service sector - transport service. Therefore, consumers of transport services choose such modes of transport and methods of transportation that would provide best quality logistics service.
Transport service in modern conditions includes not only the transportation of goods from the supplier to the consumer, but also a large number of forwarding, information and transaction operations, services for cargo handling, insurance, security, etc. Therefore, we can say that transportation - is a logistics function associated with the movement of products by a certain vehicle or means, according to a certain technology in the supply chain, and consisting, in turn, of logistics operations and functions, including forwarding, cargo handling, packaging, transfer of ownership of the goods, risk insurance, customs procedures, etc.
Transportation for most industrial and commercial enterprises is not core competence therefore often outsourced specialized companies- logistics intermediaries, the main ones in transportation are carriers and forwarders.
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Transport- it is a means of satisfying needs through the transport of goods and passengers.
Transport- a link between the elements of logistics systems. Transport logistics- is the movement of the required quantity of goods to the desired point, the optimal route for the required time and at the lowest cost.
The main factors for the allocation of transport in independent region logistics applications:
1) the ability of transport to implement the basic idea of logistics, i.e., to create a reliable, stable and optimally functioning "supply-production-distribution-consumption" system;
2) the inevitability of solving a number of complex transport problems when choosing channels for the distribution of raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products within the logistics system;
3) a high share of transportation costs, the maximum value of which reaches 50% in the total logistics costs for promoting goods from the primary source of raw materials to the final consumer of finished products;
4) a high share of the transport component in the foreign trade price of goods (especially for countries with long transportation distances);
5) the presence of a large number of forwarding enterprises, which play an important role in organizing the optimal delivery of goods, both in domestic transportation and in international communications.
The tasks of distribution of goods include:
Warehousing of ready-to-ship products;
Transportation of finished goods to specific delivery points.
Transportation means changing the location of goods by means of means of transport.
Features of different types of transport.
Features of railway transport:
1. Inseparable connection with industrial enterprises and Agriculture
2. Possibility of building railway lines in almost any land area of the country
3. High carrying capacity and throughput
4. The possibility of carrying out mass transportation of goods, combined with a relatively low cost of transportation
5. The possibility of uninterrupted and uniform transportation in all seasons and periods of the day
6. Comparatively high speed movements and delivery times
7. Delivery of goods and passengers on a shorter route
8. Relatively high economic indicators and sufficiently advanced transportation technology
Features of maritime transport:
1. Ability to provide mass intercontinental transportation
2. Communication routes do not require the cost of building or maintaining them in operational condition
3.Unlimited Bandwidth
4.Comparatively low fuel and energy consumption
5.Long distance transportation lower cost of transportation
Disadvantages of maritime transport:
1. Dependence on natural geographical conditions
2. The need to build a complex port economy on the sea coasts
3. Limited use of maritime transport in direct maritime communications. Communication routes pass on the outskirts of Russia
Features of river transport:
1.Large carrying capacity on deep water rivers
2. Relatively low cost of transportation
Disadvantages of river transport:
1. Tortuosity of the path and the ship's course
2. Restriction in the use of rolling stock associated with the seasonality of work
3. Extension of cargo routes
4.Small in comparison with other modes of transport, the speed of transportation of goods and passengers
Peculiarities road transport:
1.Great maneuverability and mobility
2.High speed of delivery of goods and passengers
3. In some cases, a shorter way for the movement of goods and passengers
Disadvantages of road transport:
1.Comparatively high cost of transportation
2. Relatively high cost of the material and technical base of service
3.Insufficient length and poor condition of existing highways
Air Transport:
Main advantages– high speed and the ability to reach remote areas
Flaws– high freight rates and dependence on weather conditions
Advantages of pipeline transport:
1. Possibility of widespread pipe laying and mass pumping of oil and oil products
2.Smaller pumping distances than when transported by rail or river transport
3.Low cost of oil transportation
4. Ensuring the safety of petroleum products due to the complete sealing of the process
5.Full automation for loading, pumping and unloading oil and oil products
6. Elimination (with appropriate insulation) of a negative impact on environment
Disadvantages of pipeline transport:
1. Narrow specialization
2. The need for a stable and sufficient flow of goods
1. Transport logistics solves the problems associated
a) with the movement of goods by various means of transport
b) with the purchase and registration of vehicles
c) with the establishment, registration and organization of the activities of transport and forwarding enterprises
2. The task of the logistics manager in the field of transport is not
a) coordination of the transport process with warehouse and production processes
b) organizing the movement of goods within the warehouse
c) routing of transportation and control of cargo movement in transit
3. The role of transport in supply chain supply of goods is determined by the fact that
a) the costs of transportation of raw materials, materials, finished products are predominant in the structure of logistics costs
b) transport has a significant impact on the costs in the core business of carrier companies
c) a significant number of companies own vehicles
4. Cargo delivery using Just in time technology
a) appropriate for implementation in all cases to meet the demand for various products, materials, raw materials
b) requires significant costs for the maintenance of warehousing
c) increases the load on the administrative apparatus for planning, controlling and dispatching deliveries
5. First of all, the principles of logistics are applicable
a) when transporting dangerous goods
b) in the delivery of bulk raw materials
c) when delivering valuable high-tech goods
6. The process of delivering goods to consumers is not complicated when
a) increase in the range of goods
b) increase in the amount of delivered goods
c) expanding the geography of product distribution
d) growth in the number of consumers
7. Containerization and packaging operations
a) complicate the technology of delivery of goods while increasing its efficiency
b) simplify the technology of goods delivery and do not require additional equipment and additional operations with the goods from the consignor and consignee
c) do not affect the complexity of the technology of delivery of goods
8. Which group of transport is not allocated when classifying by purpose
a) transport common use providing transport services to cargo owners on a commercial basis
b) transport belonging to the owners of the goods and providing their transportation needs
c) vehicles owned by specialized freight forwarding companies
9. Cargo owners use the method of transportation in their activities
a) minimal modal
b) multimodal
c) quasi-modal
10. Multimodal transportation is usually understood as
a) cargo delivery by several modes of transport
b)
c) delivery of cargo using integrated technologies for transshipment and warehouse processing
d) delivery of cargo by any mode of transport with the obligatory participation of an automobile
11. Unimodal transportation is usually understood as
a) delivery by several modes of transport of cargo formed into cargo units - "units"
b) delivery of goods by one mode of transport
c) delivery of cargo using unified transshipment and warehouse processing technologies
12. For the carriage of goods by several modes of transport, the term is not used
a) multimodal transportation
b) intermodal transportation
c) multimodal transport
d) combined transport
e) unimodal transportation
13. Advantage multimodal transportation is
a) cheaper delivery
b)
c) ease of organization
14. The advantage of unimodal transportation is
a) cheaper delivery
b) no reloading operations
c) delivery just in time
15. What doesn't make unimodal transportation easy
a) unnecessary coordination of transportation conditions between several participants
b) reduction in the number of paperwork
c) exclusion of settlements with other modes of transport
d) use of modes of transport with low cost of transportation
16. The attractiveness of multimodal transport is ensured by
a) unnecessary coordination of transportation conditions between several participants
b) reducing the number of paperwork
c) exclusion of settlements with other modes of transport
d) use of modes of transport with low cost of transportation
Topic 2. Characteristics of modes of transport
17. The features of railway transport include
a) traffic regularity and sustainable transport links between regions
b) greater maneuverability and mobility
c) high speed of cargo delivery
e) high costs in transit
18. The features of road transport include
a) high carrying and carrying capacity
b) low energy intensity of transportation
d) significant environmental impact on the environment
e) low cost of transportation of 1 ton of cargo
19. The features of water transport include
high cost of transportation of 1 ton of cargo
restriction of the possibility of transportation by climatic conditions
relatively low fuel consumption
20. The features of air transport do not include
low energy intensity and transportation costs
high speed of cargo delivery
minimum time spent on the way
high cost of transportation
small carrying capacity
21. The criterion of the maximum carrying capacity of transport is best met by
automobile transport
railway transport
water transport
air Transport
22. The criterion of readiness for transportation at an arbitrary point in time is best met by
a) road transport
b) rail transport
c) water transport
d) air transport
23. The criterion of the minimum cost of transportation of 1 ton of cargo is best met by
a) road transport
b) rail transport
c) water transport
d) air transport
24. The criterion of the minimum time spent by the cargo in transit is best met by
a) road transport
b) rail transport
c) water transport
d) air transport
25. The criterion of the minimum time spent by the cargo in transit meets the least
a) road transport
e) rail transport
b) water transport
c) air transport
26. The criterion of minimum risk of late delivery is least met by
a) road transport
b) rail transport
b) water transport
c) air transport
1.1 Logistics system enterprises.
There are several (or several dozen) definitions of logistics, which are followed by certain specialists in this field. Most definitions of logistics contain such concepts as management, the flow of materials, information and finance, the movement of products from the manufacturer to the end consumer, and the assessment of the costs of promoting the product. Those. logistics is usually understood as the management of material (or service) and related information and financial flows in order to reduce the total cost of promoting goods (or services) from the manufacturer to the final consumer.
The material flow consists of resources (raw materials, basic and auxiliary materials, semi-finished products, components, assembly units, fuel, spare parts, etc.), work in progress and finished products. Recently, logistics technologies have been developed passenger traffic, so under material flows one can also understand the movement of people by vehicles in various situations.
The role of information and financial flows in logistics can be understood in two ways. On the one hand, they can be considered the object of managerial influences. On the other hand, these are material flow controls: managerial decision is transmitted through information channels and, in essence, is information for performers, and the attraction of financial resources is necessary for the implementation of a management decision.
Logistics is a specification of a systematic approach in relation to the management of flow processes.
There are two levels of logistics systems: micro- and macro-logistics. Micrologistics systems are understood as in-house systems, as well as systems closed within technological cycle the manufacture of any product.
Macrologistic are systems that operate within a region (city, district, region) or a group of enterprises that have one object of activity or similar functions ( construction companies and etc.)
The central concept of the logistics approach is the concept of a logistics chain, which combines such concepts as: supply chain; logistics process; logistics channel; value chain; demand chain.
In the manufacture of any product, several supply chains are usually implemented. ( For example, to make a car, it is necessary to supply sheet metal, polymer metals, electrical equipment, etc. to the factory.. Each component needs its own supply chain)
Main source of receipt economic effect logistics is a reduction in the time of movement of goods through the supply chain. First of all, it is necessary to exclude unproductive time expenditures: lying goods in a warehouse, downtime of vehicles and handling equipment, loss of time by personnel, and others.
The purpose of logistics is to optimize costs in the links of the logistics chain in order to reduce total costs. Setting the goal of optimizing costs does not necessarily mean minimizing them. The level of costs should be such as to ensure the delivery of the object of movement in compliance with all delivery parameters and the required level of quality. ( These parameters differ depending on the object: the delivery of sand to a brick factory is estimated by one indicator, and the transportation of an accident victim to an ambulance hospital is completely different.)
With regard to the delivery of goods, it can be argued that a key role in the management of material flows is played by public transport and forwarding enterprises, wholesalers and commercial intermediary organizations that provide services for organizing the wholesale circulation of goods, and manufacturing enterprises.
The logistics system of the enterprise is formed by a subsystem for the physical provision of the flow of raw materials from suppliers to the manufacturer and a subsystem for the physical distribution of finished products from the manufacturer to the consumer. It functions cyclically according to the scheme "order receipt - supply - production - transportation - distribution - order delivery".
Order management (order processing) is the activity between the moment an order is received and until the moment the warehouse is instructed to ship the finished product to the consumer.
The freight forwarder occupies an important place in the order management system. He, as a participant in the order fulfillment system, determines the terms of delivery, facilitates the implementation of customs procedures, ensures the settlement of payments for delivery, draws up transportation documents, organizes loading and unloading, transport and storage operations.
The process of delivery of goods can be very complex and then it is necessary to separate the tasks of its coordination into a separate area. The functions of a logistics provider (coordinator of the actions of participants in the delivery process) can be performed by forwarding companies, warehouses, which are independent entities economic activity, information intermediary firms that have a data bank.
The order cycle includes the operations performed from the moment the order is received until the consumer receives the ordered product. An order is understood as the order itself, as well as a document that contains the wishes of the consumer.
In general, the order cycle consists of the following stages: order planning; order transfer; Order Processing; selection and completion of the order; order delivery.
The interaction of transport and the final points of the material flow is most often the main problem of improving the efficiency of managing the movement of goods. The organizational and technological aspects of this problem are usually exacerbated if transport services are provided by a carrier that is an independent entity. economic activity. In this case, it is necessary to regulate the contractual relations between the cargo owner (customer of transport services) and the carrier.
In practice, logistics often translates into the work of transport and warehouse and the organization of their interaction. This is explained as follows:
1. The interaction of transport and warehouse is present in all logistics systems, and many times throughout the entire supply chain: it is like a logistics module;
2. Most often, when transport and warehouse interact, there are significant losses in the speed of material flow;
3. Transport and logistics centers usually provide warehouse cargo processing and transportation of cargo to consumers.
However, logistics is not limited to transport and warehouse. It includes supply planning, purchasing, inventory management, warehouse processing, transport and warehouse interaction, transportation; then all this is repeated until the goods reach the end consumer from the supplier.
1.2. Supply chain links.
The main links in the supply chain are transport and warehouse. These two links are interconnected not only because the loading of transport and the receipt of the delivered goods is carried out at the warehouse, but also in a broader sense. The development of a system of peripheral warehouses makes it possible to bring them closer to consumers, and this reduces transport costs for the delivery of goods to final recipients. However, storage costs increase. The decision should be made on the basis of a comparison of all costs and the resulting cost savings.
The supply of manufacturing enterprises can be implemented in various ways: payment for purchased materials and components by bank transfer Money or transfer of cash, through financial lease (leasing). Material resources can be rented (for example, transport or technological equipment). Barter or gratuitous transfer is also possible.
Supply operations are performed in the following sequence:
Selection of suppliers;
Negotiating delivery terms;
Conclusion of an agreement; acceptance of goods from the supplier;
Transport and warehouse works
Organizationally, supply functions are carried out depending on the existing organizational structure enterprise or one or more divisions of the enterprise. As part of the enterprise, for example, a supply and transport department can be distinguished, or separately, a transport department and a supply department.
When solving the problems of supplying an enterprise, a number of basic procedures are performed:
Analysis of the enterprise's need for material resources, definition of requirements to them;
Solving the problem of "produce or purchase";
Procurement market research and supplier selection;
Procurement budget calculation;
Procurement and supply control Optimization of stocks of purchased products;
Optimization of operational logistics costs.
Production logistics considers the management of material flows within the enterprise. ( It could be manufacturing enterprise, which manufactures any product and sells it on the consumer market, or an enterprise that provides material services (storage, packaging, assembly, packaging, etc.). From this point of view industrial enterprise, for example, a car building plant, and a warehouse are similar.)
Intra-production logistics systems are an element of macro-logistics systems, since it is outside the enterprise that the sources of supply of resources are located. Similar consumer markets, where the company's products are sold, are also outside it.
System production logistics unites the micrologistic subsystems of the enterprise, providing for the purchase, inventory management, warehouse processing, transportation, information exchange and marketing of finished products.
Important results of production logistics are the reduction of the time for performing basic and transport and warehouse operations, ensuring the quality of products, and reducing intra-factory transportation.
The main systems for managing material flows in the intra-production logistics system are "push" logistics (the MCI system ( Material Requirements Planning- planning the need for materials) in various modifications) and "pulling" logistics (Kanban system), in which the principle of JIT ("just in time") is implemented.
The "push" system of organization of production is controlled centrally and organized according to a predetermined production schedule. It requires the creation of intermediate (buffer) stocks between technological stages production process. The advantage of the "push" system is the maximum utilization of production capacity. With this system, preference is given to high-performance specialized equipment; the plan is literally the law of the life of the enterprise; To ensure the continuity of production, production warehouses are used, which store buffer stocks of raw materials and semi-finished products; as well as stocks of finished products, etc.
The "pull" system is characterized by the orientation of production to a change in demand, for which universal reconfigurable equipment is used; ensuring the arrival of all materials at the place and time of their consumption, without intermediate storage; replacement of stocks with information about the place and time of the rapid acquisition of the necessary materials; replacing the policy of selling manufactured products with a policy of producing salable goods; bringing the optimal batch size to the minimum possible.
In a supply chain system, warehouses are used to store goods in anticipation of buyers. The warehouse can be located at any link in the supply chain: at the beginning, at the end or at an intermediate link.
In warehouses, operations are performed to prepare goods for movement along the supply chain. Warehouse stores goods as entrepreneurial activity and provides services related to storage.
The tasks of warehousing logistics are:
Organization of acceptance, placement, storage, preparation for consumption and release of goods;
Optimization of technical and technological equipment of warehouse processing processes;
Information Support warehouse technological processes;
Determination of the optimal number and placement of warehouses in the distribution system of goods;
The choice between organizing your own warehouse and using general-purpose warehouses.
Warehouses are classified depending on the functional purpose, from organizational form warehouse management, the nature of storage, the degree of mechanization and automation, depending on storage modes, depending on the number of storeys, depending on the existing transport infrastructure. On these grounds, there are: production and commodity warehouses; general use, joint use and individual warehouses; sorting, etc.
Commodity warehouses are divided into general warehouses (for goods that do not require regulated storage modes); to specialized warehouses (for one selected group of goods) and universal warehouses.
1.3. The role of transport in the supply chain of goods.
Transport support of logistics solves the problems associated with the movement of goods by various means of transport.
The role of transport in the logistics supply chain of goods is determined by two main factors:
1. The cost of transporting raw materials, materials, finished products are predominant in the structure of logistics costs.
2. Transport has a significant impact on the costs in the field of core activities of companies - customers of transport services.
When organizing a logistics chain for the movement of goods, it is necessary to take into account the discrepancy between the interests of the cargo owner and the carrier. ( For example, the carrier is interested in the highest possible tariff for transport services, while the owner of the goods and the customer of transport services seeks to minimize this amount. The cargo owner is attracted by the opportunity to send the cargo in the shortest possible time from the moment the order is received, while the carrier is interested in some time lag from the moment the order is received to the moment the transport is delivered. The cargo owner is interested in minimizing the transportation time, while the carrier must take into account the condition of the road, the dynamic qualities of the vehicle, the requirements of the work and rest regime of the personnel and is interested in having some reserve so that the influence of various random factors can be mitigated)
The role of transport in increasing the economic efficiency of the main activities of cargo-owning companies is clearly manifested in the use of Just in time technology. When delivering the required goods within a predetermined time frame, no storage facilities are required (this saves costs for the use of land, construction of buildings, staff salaries, acquisition of technological equipment) and accelerates the turnover of capital.
At the same time, working on a tight schedule increases the burden on the administrative apparatus for planning, controlling and dispatching deliveries. In the event of unforeseen failures in violation of the transportation schedule, participants incur significant financial losses. If the shipper did not have time to prepare the cargo for transportation at the agreed time, then he still pays for the use of transport, as if the transportation had taken place.
First of all, the principles of logistics are applied in the transportation of bulk cargo (coal, iron ore, oil products, and others) on technological routes between senders and recipients. For such transportation, special main railroad tracks are allocated. Cargoes are transported according to a strict schedule, which makes it unnecessary for consumers to create stocks of raw materials and fuel.
As a result, dead capital in stocks is reduced, the need for warehouse space is reduced, and cargo transshipment is eliminated. ()
The more significant the range of goods, the wider the geography of distribution and the greater the number of consumers, the more difficult it is to organize a single technological process delivery of goods to consumers and the higher the effect of the development and implementation of logistics technologies. The complication of delivery technologies occurs due to the operations of containerization, packaging, formation of cargo units. The operations of route planning, vehicle selection, accounting, control and analysis are becoming more complicated.
By purpose, there are two main groups of transport:
Public transport providing transport services to cargo owners on a commercial basis;
Transport belonging to the owners of the goods and providing their transportation needs.
To the main tasks transport support logistics include:
Choice of transport and technological scheme of delivery;
The choice of the carrier, which includes the definition of the mode of transport, the operator of transportation (forwarding company) and the type of vehicle;
Coordination of the transport process with the work of the warehouse;
Placement of goods inside the vehicle;
Routing of transportation and control of the movement of cargo in transit;
Ensuring the safety of cargo during transportation;
Joint planning of different modes of transport in the case of multimodal transport;
The solution of these problems is the subject of activity of logistics managers.
Companies - cargo owners use two main methods of transportation in their activities:
Multimodal (transportation of goods in succession by two or more modes of transport);
Unimodal (transportation of goods by only one mode of transport).
The terminology in the field of cargo transportation cannot currently be considered fully established. For transportation by several modes of transport, the terms are also used:
Intermodal transportation (the cargo owner enters into an agreement for the entire route with one person, called the transportation operator; in this case, the cargo unit is not subject to reorganization);
Multimodal transportation (transportation by no more than two modes of transport);
Combined transportation (transportation by two or more modes of transport with the obligatory participation of a motor vehicle, which brings the cargo as short as possible to the main mode of transport).
According to another definition, combined transport means, in contrast to mixed transport, transport involving more than two modes of transport.
Multimodal transportation (transportation by no more than two modes of transport) is divided into two types:
Separate (transportation is carried out according to several transport documents);
Direct (the cargo owner enters into an agreement with the first carrier, which acts on its own behalf and on behalf of the carrier by another mode of transport).
The advantage of multimodal transportation is the reduction in the cost of delivery when using modes of transport that have a low cost of transportation and low transport tariffs.
The advantage of unimodal transportation is the high speed of delivery, the absence of reloading operations and ease of organization,
1.4. Indicators of the quality of transport services.
The quality of transport services - the main groups of indicators. The increasing demands placed on transport customers in today's supply chains and the growing competition among transport operators have brought the quality factor to the fore. transport service. It is especially important in the logistics of consumer goods and high-tech products, where the share of transport costs does not exceed 7-10% of the final product chain and the consumer is ready to pay additionally to the transport operator for "a set of service characteristics that determine its ability to satisfy the established or implied needs of the consumer" - this is how the concept of service quality is defined by the Russian standard (GOST R 50691 – 94. Service Quality Assurance Model, M., 1994).
Despite the growing attention paid to the quality of services in theoretical studies, there is no single generally accepted system of indicators for the quality of transport services. This is due to the exceptional variety of conditions in which transport operators and consumers of their services have to operate. The set of quality indicators and their relative importance can change even for the same client, depending on the type of goods transported.
Most of the indicators used in practice that characterize the quality of transport services can be classified into one of three groups:
1) time indicators;
2) reliability indicators;
3) indicators of flexibility.
Temporary indicators. This group of indicators characterizes the ability of the operator to meet the requirements related to the time aspects of transport services. It includes, in particular:
1. speed of cargo delivery. Contrary to popular belief, the maximum possible delivery speed is not the main time requirement in modern logistics, but there are groups of goods for which it is relevant. These include:
a) goods for which the transportation time is comparable to the life cycle time: flowers, chilled food, some biologicals and medicines, etc.;
b) goods that must appear on the market as soon as possible in order to eliminate the shortage that has arisen. Such situations arise, for example, on the eve of holidays, when some retail chains, underestimating the level of demand, seek to compensate for the missing supply by switching the supply of goods from sea to air transport;
c) the most expensive consumer goods(primarily consumer electronics), for which a long period of transportation requires too much volume working capital;
d) equipment and spare parts necessary for the urgent elimination of accidents in production, the downtime of which brings significant losses;
2. certain time of delivery of vehicles for loading("feed window"). For many customers, this requirement is determined by the desire to reduce the time between the occurrence of the need for transportation and its fulfillment. In some cases, the “delivery window” is associated with the work technology of the consignor - for example, if delivery from a warehouse is carried out within a certain time interval;
3. specific delivery time to the final recipient("delivery window"). In modern logistics, this requirement for transport systems is one of the most significant. It is undesirable not only to be late, but also to deliver too early, which can create a problem for the recipient with a shortage of storage space. Guaranteed delivery accuracy allows the client to plan deliveries in production and distribution chains with high reliability, thus reducing inventory levels and costs;
4. The frequency of departures characterizes the quality of linear services. It is generally accepted that in modern supply chains, line services can be in demand provided that at least one shipment per week is performed. More shipments are welcomed by users as they allow them more flexibility in adapting to market needs and production capabilities. At the same time, an increase in the frequency of services increases the operator's costs and can lead to loss of line profitability.
Reliability indicators. Reliability is understood as the ability of the transport system to provide the declared performance characteristics. Reliability can be assessed by the following indicators:
1. Punctuality characterizes the reliability of providing temporary service characteristics. Punctuality is measured by the percentage of maintaining time characteristics within the interval declared or agreed with the client (for example, the percentage of on-time deliveries, deliveries, etc.). Additionally, such a value as the average delay time can be estimated. ( For example, if two operators have the same delivery rate at the agreed time, then the Goth of them, whose average delay time will be less);
2. the safety of goods can be measured by the proportion of goods (measured in volume, value terms or in the number of packages) delivered without damage. An additional indicator may be the average amount of damage per unit of weight or per unit of value caused to the transported goods.
3. indicators of flexibility. Service flexibility refers to the ability of the transport system to adapt to changing service conditions. Flexibility indicators are the least measurable, but qualitatively it is possible to fairly reliably assess the service features characteristic of a particular transport operator, in particular:
Accelerating or delaying delivery at the request of the client;
Cargo forwarding;
Providing additional carrying capacity in excess of a pre-agreed volume;
Successful completion of delivery in case of an unexpected change in transportation conditions (traffic congestion, adverse weather), etc.
Transport service quality management tools. Despite the variety of transport services and the conditions for their provision, there are applied tools quality management. The most common are the ISO 9000 series of standards and market standards for the quality of transport services.
The ISO 9000 series standards are a system that has summarized many years of world experience and has become a universally recognized basis for achieving stable quality by any enterprise, regardless of the type of its products or services. These standards have been adopted as national standards in almost 200 countries, including Russia.
The ISO 9000 system includes the following coordinated documents (the designations of the corresponding Russian standards are given in brackets):
1. ISO 9000 (GOST R ISO 9000-2008), which describes the main provisions of quality management systems and establishes the appropriate terminology;
2. ISO 9001 (GOST R ISO 9001-2008), which establishes requirements for quality management systems;
3. ISO 9004 (GOST R ISO 9004-2010), containing recommendations for improving the effectiveness and efficiency of the quality management system;
4. ISO 19011 (GOST R ISO 19011-2003), which gives guidelines for the audit (inspection) of quality management systems and environmental protection.
In modern conditions, voluntary certification of a company for compliance with the requirements of ISO 9001 is often key factor success in many markets or even entering them, confirming the company's belonging to a "civilized" business. However, it should be taken into account that the standards of the ISO 9000 system are not standards for the quality of services as such. Compliance, for example, with the requirements of ISO 9001 only indicates that the company has a quality management system and that it is carried out by management and staff. permanent job in this region.
Market quality standards. Along with the ISO 9000 system in countries with a developed market economy in all sectors, including transport, market standards for the quality of services have become widespread. They refer, as a rule, to rather narrow segments of entrepreneurial activity, where the uniformity of conditions and the large experience accumulated by the market make it possible to form a stable system of indicators and standards that determine the level of quality. Such standards are developed by market participants in the face of associations and unions of entrepreneurs, often together with users of transport services. Without being mandatory, market quality standards establish certain benchmarks both for the transport operators themselves, who can focus on the quality of service to the market leaders, and for consumers, who get the opportunity to compare operators and their prices, taking into account the real segment of the service quality market. The process of forming such standards is also underway in the Russian transport business.
Thus, a group of leading logistics companies operating in Russian market in cooperation with the logistics department public organization « Business Russia» the following quality standard has been developed, which sets out the requirements for automotive machine freight transport ()
Acceptance of a transport order:
In the city: until 15:00 at night (after 00:00 the next business day), until 16:00 the next morning (after 08:00 the next business day);
Intercity: 24 hours before the start of transportation (if the current day is not a working day - 48 hours before);
International: 3 days in advance with clarification a day before the start of transportation.
Submission of the car for loading:
In the city: in the range from 10 minutes to 0 minutes from the appointed time;
Intercity: in the range from 1 hour to 0 minutes from the appointed time;
International: in the range from 2 hours to 0 minutes from the appointed time.
Arrival of the car to the place of unloading:
In the city: in the range from 10 minutes to 0 minutes from the appointed time, agreed with the delivery time under the terms of the contract;
Intercity: in the range from 1 hour to 0 minutes from the appointed time, agreed with the delivery time under the terms of the contract;
International: in the range from 2 hours to 0 minutes from the appointed time, agreed with the delivery time under the terms of the contract.
Allowable downtime of transport without fines (time for loading and unloading goods) for all types of transportation except for intracity - 2 hours. For international transport- for loading and customs clearance (export from the Russian Federation) 24 hours, for customs clearance (import) and unloading - 48 hours.
Prevention of defects in transportation due to transport reasons:
Requires the appropriate experience of the carrier and the presence in the vehicle of means of securing goods (belts, eyelets in the semi-trailer for fixing belts, inflatable pillows, cushioning material);
Availability of an insurance policy covering the cost of cargo not more than 250,000 dollars per flight (for transportation within the Russian Federation) and on CMR terms (for international);
The number of flights in which the amount of defects does not exceed the allowable limits is at least 98% of the total number of flights.
Absence of shortages for transport reasons (accident, crime): not less than 99.5% of the total number of flights.
Return of documents with proof of delivery:
In the city: scan - within 24 hours from unloading, originals - within 5 working days;
Intercity: scan - up to 48 hours, originals - up to 12 working days from the date of unloading;
3) international: scan - up to 48 hours, originals - up to 15 working days from the date of unloading.
Besides, mandatory conditions are:
1) conducting a "white" business, the absence of "gray" schemes for avoiding VAT, paying wages employees in full, the absence of possible tax claims from working with the carrier;
2) the annual revenue of the enterprise is at least 60 million rubles. per year, the number of flights - at least 2000 per year;
3) long-term business (more than three years as a resident of the Russian Federation), regular tax reporting;
4) for transportation within the Russian Federation: at least 80% of transportation is carried out by rolling stock with a service life of up to 8 years and environmental standards no worse than EURO-2, while 100% of our own fleet also meets these requirements;
5) in the case of transportation of dangerous goods - the presence in the company of an expert in the transport of dangerous goods;
6) if it is necessary to transport expensive or oversized cargo, have an agreement with a licensed organization capable of providing escort or armed guards;
7) regular monitoring of contractors by their own security service;
8) regular training of personnel on quality standards;
9) knowledge of the procedures for the acceptance and delivery of cargo in accordance with the requirements of the client;
10) availability TMS (Transport Management System) with measurement capabilities like the KPIs mentioned above ( Key figures efficiency), and additional (punctuality, quality of equipment, quality of billing and supporting documents, the presence of marriage and shortages), storage of accompanying documentation
1.5. The cost of time in transit.
transport time and logistics costs related to each other in several respects.
Goods in motion are withdrawn from commercial circulation for the duration of transportation, which requires a corresponding increase in the working capital of the business. Along with this, a possible delay in delivery against a pre-planned time makes it necessary to create safety stocks in the supply chain. The higher the expected average delay time, the greater the size of such inventory and the corresponding costs. The equivalent of building a safety stock is shipping goods earlier, which provides buffer time in the supply chain.
As the analysis of a number of commodity markets shows, the costs associated with the mobilization of additional working capital and the creation of insurance reserves, with a product price ranging from 2 thousand to 5 thousand dollars per 1 ton, range from 0.75 to 2.5 dollars per 1 t per day.
This assessment is confirmed by the practice of transportation in those directions where there are competing transport services with different delivery speeds. The difference in the cost of such services corresponds to the willingness of cargo owners to pay for faster delivery, i. reflects the real market "price of time". The characteristic difference in the tariff rate for sea container lines is $20–30 per TEU ( Twenty foot equivalent (TEU or teu from English. twenty-foot equivalent unit) is a conventional unit for measuring the capacity of cargo vehicles. Often used when describing the capacity of container ships and container terminals. Based on the volume of a 20-foot (6.1 meters) intermodal ISO container, a standard size metal box that can be transported by various modes of transport: road, rail and sea) per one day, which is equivalent to 2-3 dollars per ton of goods per day.
This value is only about 0.05% of the value of the goods. Therefore, for the bulk of general cargo, the fastest possible delivery is not a logistical priority.
Meanwhile, for certain types goods price time is much higher. So, some companies supplying clothes from countries South-East Asia to Europe, send a small part of the production volume by air in order to compensate for surges in demand, as well as losses and damage that occur during the sea delivery of the bulk of goods. The cost of air transportation is about $2,500 per 1 ton, and delivery by sea is $180 per 1 ton. day.
Hewlett-Packard, one of the world's leading electronics manufacturers, switched the delivery of some of its products manufactured in China and addressed to Western Europe from the traditional sea route to the rail route passing through China, Kazakhstan, Russia, Belarus, Poland and Germany. The reason was a significant reduction in the speed of sea transportation, which went to most of the ocean container lines in the post-crisis period to reduce costs. As a result of slower delivery times, the company's product withdrawals have become too high and it has become difficult to respond to changes in market demand. Rail delivery costs the company 25% more than sea delivery, but the transportation time is reduced from five weeks to three.
Another aspect of the influence of the time factor becomes significant when the delay time exceeds allowable limit and safety stocks are exhausted. In this case, suppliers incur direct and indirect losses due to non-fulfillment of contractual obligations, loss of market reputation and clientele. Sales contracts usually include penalties for non-compliance with delivery dates. In some cases - for example, when transporting perishable goods - the delay of the goods beyond a certain period may cause the buyer to justifiably refuse to accept the entire lot.
The nature and size of the sanctions imposed on the seller depend on the type of product, the possibility of replenishing lost goods, the size of the lost profits of the buyer and a number of other factors. A study conducted by the world's leading container carrier Maersk among its customers showed that about 70% of the goods delivered for retail, loses 25% of the cost if the delivery is delayed for a week. At average cost of cargo in a container, equivalent to 30 thousand dollars, the price of a weekly delay is 7.5 thousand dollars per container, which is about 100 dollars per 1 ton of cargo per day. If consumer electronics goods are transported in a container, then the amount of losses is 40–50 times greater!
Thus, in practice, the relative importance of the speed of transportation and the punctuality of delivery should be determined for each value of deliveries, depending on the type of goods transported and the nature of the relationship between the participants in the chain.
If we express the corresponding costs in monetary terms and add them to the cost of transportation, then we can estimate the “full” cost of transport services, taking into account the influence of the time factor. For this, the following dependency can be used:
C=D+Rx (74 5), (1.1)
where C - total costs associated with the transportation of goods; D is the cost of transportation; R - "price of time" for this type of product; T - the average time of delivery of goods along the route; S is the margin of time that the supplier must allow for when sending the goods in order to ensure timely delivery.
The value of S depends on the punctuality of the transport system and on the admissible probability of delivery failure set by the supplier. It can be calculated under the assumption that the deviation of the transportation time obeys the normal distribution law.
So, if the supplier wants the probability of delivery disruption not to exceed 2.2%, and the standard deviation of the transportation time on this route is one day, then the required time margin should be two days (Fig. 1.1) from the allowable probability of delivery disruption
Rice. 1.1. Determining the required margin of time depending on