Subunit management consists in the purposeful activity of commanders in maintaining a constant high combat readiness of subunits, preparing them for combat and leading them in the performance of assigned tasks. Success in combat in most cases depends on the quality of management. The experience of wars shows that skillful leadership of troops made it possible to crush the enemy with the least losses and achieve victory in short time.
AT Russian Federation the main link in the management system military organization state is national center Defense Command (NTSUOG) i. It links the existing departmental management and monitoring systems - the General Staff, the crisis center of the Ministry of Emergencies, Rosatom, Roshydromet and others - into single system and is designed to coordinate the activities of all federal ministries and departments of the Russian Federation in the interests of ensuring the defense and security of the state.
The main content of command and control of subunits are measures to increase (maintain) their high morale and psychological state and combat readiness, to ensure (restore) their combat capability; continuous acquisition, collection, study, display, generalization, analysis and evaluation of situational data; making decisions, setting tasks for subordinates, organizing and maintaining interaction, organizing and implementing measures for educational work and comprehensive combat support; organization of management, control over the preparation for combat and the fulfillment of assigned tasks by subunits.
AT modern conditions command and control is the most important link in the system of combat operations. The ability to lead troops in practice embodies the tactical skill of commanders and staffs, their ability to organize a battle, develop an expedient plan, translate it into a decision, carefully plan combat operations, set tasks for subunits, coordinate their combat efforts, and comprehensively ensure combat.
Now the complexity has increased exponentially management activities commander in battle, the vulnerability of the control system to the effects of weapons of destruction, electronic suppression, air and airborne landings and sabotage and reconnaissance groups of the enemy has increased.
Timely and well-organized uninterrupted command and control of subunits contributes to seizing and maintaining the initiative, secrecy in the preparation of battle and surprise in delivering strikes against the enemy, rapid use of the results of nuclear and fire engagement of the enemy, and timely implementation of measures to protect subunits from weapons of mass destruction. In addition, it allows more efficient use of the combat capabilities of the forces and means involved in combat.
Unit management can only be successful if it is sustainable, continuous, operational and covert.
Sustainability management consists in knowing the actual situation; quick restoration of disturbed control and means of communication; timely collection of data on the situation, decision-making, report to his senior commander and communication to subordinates; maintaining reliable communication with subordinates, interacting units and senior commanders; reliable protection of the control center from all types of weapons used by the enemy, as well as from interference from his electronic means.
Continuity command consists in the constant influence of the commander on the course of the battle with all the means at his disposal in the interests of the successful fulfillment of the assigned task by the subunits. In combat, the commander of a platoon (squad, tank) is obliged to closely monitor the course of the battle, continuously conduct reconnaissance of the enemy, timely set or clarify tasks for squads (tanks), as well as attached and supporting subunits. An indispensable condition for achieving continuity of control is constant knowledge of the situation on the battlefield in front of one's own units and neighbors, its analysis and foreseeing the most significant changes. This will allow the commander to skillfully use regular and attached fire weapons in the course of the battle and effectively use the results of nuclear and fire engagement of the enemy.
In order to achieve continuity of control, it is necessary to skillfully choose the location of the command and observation post, locate it covertly and move it in a timely manner, especially when fighting at night, in fog, blizzard and in difficult terrain. The commander must be in the most important direction in this moment and in a timely manner to influence the course of the battle with all the forces and firepower at his disposal. In difficult moments of the battle, he, by personal example, showing courage, initiative and resourcefulness, must lead the units and carry out the combat mission, in spite of any difficulties, inspiring this determination to all subordinates.
Efficiency management is:
- in the timely and rapid implementation of all measures related to the leadership of subunits in preparation for and during the conduct of combat;
- constant knowledge of the situation and quick response to its changes;
- timely clarification of the decision made and the tasks assigned to the subdivisions;
- the commander's ability to apply the most expedient method of work and accomplish the assigned tasks within the time limits that ensure the advance of the enemy in actions; in the ability to work on regular means of communication.
Particularly high efficiency in work is necessary when preparing a battle in a short time and in the dynamics of its conduct. The rapid acquisition of information about the enemy, the timeliness of reports from subordinate commanders, and well-established information from the senior commander and neighbors are of decisive importance for maintaining command and control efficiency.
stealth management. In modern combat, it acquires even greater significance in connection with the growing role of surprise actions, the increase in enemy reconnaissance capabilities, and also with the use of nuclear and precision weapons. Therefore, keeping secret all measures related to the preparation and conduct of combat is the most important condition for the secrecy of command and control. It is achieved by strict observance of the established mode of negotiations on technical means of communication, the use of various ciphers and codes; the use of tables, call signs and signals, negotiation tables and chart coding, the prohibition of open negotiations; reliable camouflage of command and observation posts.
In modern conditions, when combat operations are developing at an exceptionally high pace, characterized by extreme tension and abrupt changes in the situation, only a single commander, endowed with great rights, is able to direct the efforts of his subordinates to the successful completion of the task. That is why the commander of a platoon (squad, tank) is entrusted with full and personal responsibility for combat readiness, training of a platoon (squad, tank), weapons, military equipment for combat and the successful completion of a combat mission within the established time limits, as well as for education, military discipline, psychological preparation and the political and moral state of the personnel.
The main indicators of the effectiveness of the management system are considered to be the following:
- a) time indicators:
- - speed of obtaining, collecting, analyzing, summarizing and evaluating situational data, making and formalizing decisions, timely bringing tasks to subordinates and planning a battle;
- - the speed of response of command and control bodies to changes in the situation in the course of hostilities;
- - the time spent on restoring the system of interaction, control and combat capability of units after the enemy has delivered a massive strike with high-precision weapons;
- b) qualitative indicators of the effectiveness of the management system:
- - the ability of command and control bodies to achieve accurate and timely fulfillment of assigned combat missions;
- - achieving reliable fire damage to the enemy to the entire depth of his location;
- - ensuring the continuity of leadership of units during the entire battle;
- - stability of management;
- - high efficiency in the work of commanders and headquarters, their ability to preempt the enemy in delivering a strike, to rebuild the control system in a timely manner, to adapt it to changes in the situation;
- - ensuring secrecy of management.
- Fundamentals of command and control in combat. M. : Military publishing house. 1977. S. 51-57.
38. Management of subunits (personnel) consists in the purposeful activity of the commander to maintain them in constant combat readiness, prepare subunits (personnel, weapons and military equipment) for combat (performance of the assigned task) and guide them in the performance of tasks.
Management must be stable, uninterrupted, operational and covert, ensure the constant combat readiness of subunits, the effective use of their combat capabilities and the successful fulfillment of assigned tasks on time and in any situation.
The stability of management is achieved by: correct understanding of the task set by the senior boss; persistent implementation of the decisions made; skillful organization of work on means of communication; maintaining stable communication with the senior boss, with subordinate and interacting units.
Continuity of management is achieved by: constant knowledge and comprehensive assessment of the current situation; timely decision-making and clear assignment of tasks to subordinates; skillful use of communications; restoration of impaired control in the shortest possible time.
Efficiency of management is achieved by: quick response to changes in the situation; timely influence on the actions of units in the interests of fulfilling the assigned tasks.
Secrecy of control is achieved by: covert placement and movement of the command and observation post (commander in battle order); strict observance of the rules and procedures for the use of communication facilities, the established modes of their operation and radio masking measures; education of personnel in the spirit of high vigilance.
Control of subunits (fire weapons, personnel) is organized and carried out on the basis of the decision of the commander.
39. The commander of a platoon (squad) manages units (personnel, crews) by radio, voice commands, signal means, and personal example. Inside the combat vehicle, the commander controls the actions of his subordinates by commands given through the intercom, by voice or by set signals.
In defense, a command and observation post is created in a motorized rifle (grenade launcher, anti-tank) platoon, which is deployed in the combat order of the subunit in such a way as to ensure its protection from small arms and mortar fire, the best observation of the enemy, the actions of his subordinates, neighbors and the terrain, as well as continuous platoon control.
In an offensive, when a motorized rifle platoon operates on foot, the platoon (squad) commander is located in a place that provides effective management units (subordinates) and fire.
To control subunits and fire, the senior commander establishes uniform control signals.
40. When working at radio stations, the rules of negotiation are strictly observed. In combat, all commands are transmitted by radio using a speech masker or in clear text. When sending commands in plain text, commanders of squads (tanks) are called by call signs, points of the terrain are indicated from landmarks and conditional names, and executive commands are indicated by established signals. When the enemy creates radio interference, the radio stations, at the command of the company (platoon) commander, are tuned to spare frequencies.
To transmit pre-established signals, signaling means are used: signal flares, flags, electric lights, searchlights of military vehicles, tracer bullets (shells) and various sound means (electric and pneumatic signals, whistles, etc.). Signals can be given with weapons, headgear and hands.
Units should only follow the signals of their immediate commander and circular warning signals. They are served until a response (review) is received or the command (signal) starts to be executed.
When managing subunits (subordinate) signals, it must be remembered that signal means unmask the location of the commander.
Notification of personnel about an air enemy, an immediate threat and the beginning of the enemy's use of weapons of mass destruction, as well as about radioactive, chemical and biological contamination is carried out by uniform and permanent signals.
- 41. Fire control is the most important duty of a platoon (squad, tank) commander. It includes: reconnaissance of ground and air targets, assessment of their importance and determination of the order of destruction; choice of the type of weapon and ammunition, type and method of firing (shooting); target designation, issuing commands to open fire or setting fire missions; monitoring the results of the fire and its correction; ammunition control.
- 42. For fire control, the senior commander assigns uniform landmarks and signals. They are not allowed to be replaced. If necessary, the platoon commander can additionally assign his own landmarks at a rate of not more than five (on the direction of operations of the squads, the boundaries of the zone and the additional sector of fire). When reporting to the senior boss and maintaining interaction, only the guidelines indicated by him are used.
Highly visible local objects are chosen as landmarks. When using night sights, local objects with a high reflectivity within the range of the sights are selected as reference points. Landmarks are numbered from right to left and along the lines from oneself towards the enemy, and when organizing defense in a fortified area, they can be numbered from oneself in a clockwise spiral. One of them is designated as the main one. In addition to landmarks, well-visible local objects can be used to control fire.
- 43. Reconnaissance of ground and air targets must ensure the detection of the enemy in front of the front and on the flanks of a platoon (squad, tank, weapon), and when performing tasks independently, in a circular sector. Target reconnaissance is conducted by all personnel of a platoon (squad, tank, crew) in designated sectors.
- 44. Assessing the importance of targets consists in determining enemy targets that can have the greatest impact on the progress of a combat mission by a subunit. The sequence of their defeat is determined by the unit commander, based on an assessment of the importance of the targets. First of all, anti-tank weapons, machine gun and mortar crews, snipers, artillery spotters, aircraft gunners, control vehicles and commanders of enemy units are destroyed. The choice of means of destruction should ensure the destruction of reconnoitered targets.
- 45. When setting (specifying) fire missions, commanders indicate: to whom (which unit), where (target designation), what (target name) and the fire mission (destruction, suppression, destruction, or other).
Target designation can be carried out from landmarks (local objects) and from the direction of movement (attack), along the azimuth indicator, tracer bullets and shells, from shell bursts, signaling means, as well as pointing instruments and weapons at the target.
Correction of fire is carried out from the location of the target, landmarks (local objects) and shell explosions, indicating the magnitude of the deviation in range and direction.
46. The call and correction of supporting artillery fire is carried out, as a rule, through artillery commanders (spotters), and in their absence, personally by the platoon commander. When calling for fire, the platoon leader indicates: the nature and location (number) of the target; shooting task (suppress, destroy, destroy, illuminate, smoke); the timing of the fire mission, and when adjusting the fire - the nature and location (number) of the target; the magnitude of the deviation in range and direction.
Target designation for helicopter (aircraft) crews is usually carried out by order of the senior commander by designating the target location with small arms fire, armament of combat vehicles, tracer bullets (shells), and flares. The task of designating the target location is set in the same way as the fire task, indicating the time of opening fire.
When supporting a platoon (squad, tank) battle with artillery fire, air strikes or other means of destruction, the commander is obliged to indicate the line of safe removal from explosions of his shells (rockets, mines).
The basics of the commander's work in preparing for the battle (performing the assigned task) and in the course of it
- 47. Preparation of the battle (performance of the received task) includes: its organization; preparation of a platoon (personnel of the squad (crew), weapons and military equipment) for combat (performance of the assigned task); practical work commander in units (work to control the fulfillment of assigned tasks and provide assistance) and other activities.
- 48. The work of the platoon commander in preparing the battle (completion of the task received), as a rule, begins after orientation about the combat task received by the battalion (company) and instructions from the senior commander on the implementation of measures that must be taken immediately. On the basis of orientation and received instructions, the platoon commander sets tasks for the preparation of personnel, weapons and military equipment for the upcoming actions. At the same time, he indicates to the commanders of regular and attached units: what actions to be prepared for; terms, volume and procedure for the preparation of weapons and military equipment; time, place and procedure for replenishment of stocks of missiles, ammunition and other materiel; the procedure for refueling vehicles with fuel and lubricants; the location of the ammunition supply point and the medical post of the battalion (the ammunition supply point and the medical post of the company).
Organizing the implementation of the instructions of the platoon commander, the squad (tank) commander indicates: the timing and procedure for the preparation of weapons and military equipment; the time and procedure for replenishing stocks of missiles and ammunition, water supplies and other materiel; the location of the ammunition supply point and the medical post of the Company and other issues. The crew of the combat vehicle is additionally indicated: type and scope of maintenance; measures to improve security and patency; time and order of refueling; location of the filling station.
- 49. The organization of the combat (performance of the assigned task) of a platoon (squad, tank) begins with the receipt of a combat task and includes: making a decision; conducting reconnaissance (if necessary); setting combat missions; organization of interaction, comprehensive support and management. It is carried out, as a rule, on the ground, and if this is not possible, on a map (scheme) or on a layout of the area. In this case, the combat missions of the squads (tanks, personnel) and attached assets are specified by the subunit commander on the ground in the course of their taking up positions (advancing them to the line of transition to the attack).
- 50. The decision to fight (fulfillment of the assigned task) is made by the platoon (squad, tank) commander solely on the basis of understanding the task and assessing the situation.
Understanding the task, the commander must understand: the purpose of the upcoming actions; tasks of the battalion (company) and platoon (platoon and squad (tank); the plan of the senior commander (especially the methods of defeating the enemy); landmarks assigned to him; what objects (targets) in the direction of the platoon (squad, tank) are affected by the means of senior commanders; tasks of neighbors , conditions of interaction with them, signals of control, interaction and notification and the procedure for actions on them, as well as the time of readiness to complete the task Based on the understanding of the task, the platoon commander calculates the time for preparing the battle (performing the received task).
The assessment of the situation is carried out taking into account the forecast of its development during the preparation and in the course of performing the assigned task. It consists in the study and analysis of the factors and conditions affecting its implementation, and includes: assessment of the enemy; assessment of subordinate units (fire weapons) and neighbors; assessment of the terrain, weather conditions, time of year, day and other factors affecting the performance of the task.
As a result of understanding the assigned task and assessing the situation, the commander determines the main stages of its implementation, the main content of which is tactical tasks.
In the decision, the commander of a platoon (squad, tank) determines: the plan of the battle (performing the task received); tasks for elements of the battle formation (subdivisions, fire weapons, personnel); the main issues of interaction, comprehensive support and management. The basis of the decision is the idea.
When developing a plan, the commander must, by stages of accomplishing the assigned task, determine: the sequence and methods of actions, indicating the procedure for destroying (engaging) the enemy by fire from subunits (personnel), standard and attached fire weapons; distribution of forces and means (building a combat (marching) order); ensuring secrecy in the preparation and execution of the received task.
In the tasks of the elements of the combat order (subunits, fire weapons, personnel), the commander determines their combat composition, tasks to be performed, directions of action, assigned positions, and other issues.
In the main issues of interaction, tasks are defined for which it is necessary to coordinate the efforts of the elements of the combat order (subunits, fire weapons, personnel) among themselves, with neighbors, as well as with the forces and means of the senior commander performing tasks in the interests of the platoon (squad, tank).
In the main issues of comprehensive support, the main measures for combat support and the procedure for the implementation of measures for moral, psychological, technical and logistic support, the sequence and timing of their implementation, the forces and means involved.
In the main issues of control, the following are determined (specified): the places and time of deployment of the command and observation post (the place of the commander in battle order); the procedure for using means of communication in the preparation and in the course of performing the task received; the procedure for bringing to the subordinate signals of control, interaction, notification, identification and transfer of control.
- 51. Reconnaissance consists in a visual study of the enemy and the terrain in order to clarify the decision made. It is carried out by the platoon commander with the involvement of subordinate commanders, and in some cases, driver-mechanics (drivers) and gunners of combat vehicles.
- 52. The assignment of combat missions to subordinate and supporting subunits (fire weapons, personnel) is carried out by issuing combat orders and instructions on the types of comprehensive support personally by the commander orally and by technical means of communication. Assignment of tasks, as a rule, is carried out on the ground.
In the combat order, the platoon (squad, tank) commander indicates:
in the first paragraph - landmarks;
in the second paragraph - brief conclusions from the assessment of the enemy;
in the third paragraph - the combat composition, tasks of the senior commander and platoon (squad, tank) with specification of the number of missiles and ammunition allocated for the battle;
in the fourth paragraph - the tasks performed in the interests of the unit by the forces and means of the senior commander;
in the fifth paragraph - the tasks of neighbors and interacting units;
in the sixth paragraph after the word "I order" - combat missions for elements of the battle order (subdivisions, fire weapons, personnel) with clarification of their combat strength;
in the seventh paragraph - the timing of the implementation of measures to prepare for the battle (fulfillment of the task received) and the time of readiness;
in the eighth paragraph - his place and deputy.
- 53. The commander of a motorized rifle (grenade launcher, anti-tank) platoon organizes interaction, comprehensive support and control with the involvement of commanders of full-time and attached units, and the commander of a tank platoon - with all personnel.
- 54. Interaction is organized according to the stages of the implementation of the received task, areas of action, boundaries and time. In the course of its organization, notification signals, interaction, control and the procedure for acting on them, as well as identification signals and methods of target designation and fire adjustment are brought to the attention of subordinates. If there is time, the order and methods of joint actions are practically worked out with subunits (personnel).
As a result of the organization of interaction, the commander must achieve a common understanding by the commanders of regular and attached subunits (fire weapons) of the assigned task and methods for its implementation, knowledge of warning signals, interaction, control and the procedure for actions by all personnel.
- 55. The organization of comprehensive support includes the organization of combat support and the organization of the implementation of measures for moral, psychological, technical, logistic support. In the instructions, the platoon (squad, tank) commander determines: the main measures of the type of comprehensive support, the time, place and procedure for their implementation, the forces and means involved, as well as the tasks of the units (personnel).
- 56. Organizing control, the commander of a platoon (squad, tank) brings (specifies) radio data and the procedure for using communications equipment, determines the procedure for monitoring the signals of the senior commander.
- 57. Preparation of a platoon (personnel, weapons and military equipment) for the performance of the assigned task includes: additional staffing, weapons and military equipment; replenishment of the stock of missiles, ammunition and other materiel up to the established norms; refueling vehicles with fuel, lubricants and coolant; Maintenance and preparation for use combat use) weapons and military equipment; preparation of initial data for shooting and other activities. If necessary, events can be organized and carried out to coordinate subunits and combat groups, as well as exercises with personnel in relation to the nature of the forthcoming actions.
- 58. In the course of practical work, the platoon commander must hear and clarify the decisions of his subordinates (if necessary), the tasks solved in their interests by the forces and means of the senior commander, and also make sure that the battle (fulfillment of the task received) is fully prepared and the units (personnel, weapons and military equipment) are ready to carry out the tasks assigned to them.
In the course of work, the platoon leader must check the knowledge of all personnel of the opposing enemy; their tasks, methods and sequence of their implementation; order of interaction; control signals, interaction, notification, identification and the procedure for actions on them; the quality of preparation of weapons, weapons and military equipment for use (combat use); the equipment of the personnel, their provision with ammunition and other materiel, their knowledge of consumption rates, the size of the emergency reserve and the procedure for replenishing ammunition in the course of performing the assigned task.
In the course of work, the platoon commander identifies existing problems, assists subordinates in eliminating the identified shortcomings, concentrating the main efforts on the fulfillment by subordinate commanders of measures to prepare for the battle (completion of the task received) in full.
If subordinates, weapons and military equipment are not ready to perform the assigned task, the commander is obliged to immediately report this to the senior commander.
59. The management of a platoon (squad, tank) in the performance of assigned tasks consists in monitoring the results of actions and fire, clarifying the decision made on the current situation (techniques and methods for performing the assigned task), setting (clarifying) tasks for subunits (subordinates) and fire weapons.
Reporting to the senior commander and informing neighbors about the situation are the most important duties of the platoon (squad, tank) commander in the performance of the assigned task. The report to the senior chief indicates: where and what task the unit performs; the position of the neighbors; composition and nature of enemy actions.
The commander of a platoon (squad, tank) immediately reports to the senior commander: about a sudden attack by the enemy or his appearance where he was not expected; about the detected barriers and zones of contamination; capture of prisoners, documents, weapons and equipment of the enemy; the use by the enemy of new means of armed struggle and methods of action; a sharp change in the actions of the enemy (sudden retreat, transition to defense, counterattack) and the position of neighbors, as well as the loss of interaction with them; every decision taken on its own initiative in connection with a change in the situation.
1. MANAGEMENT BASICS
Management consists in the purposeful activity of commanders to maintain high combat readiness of subunits, prepare them for combat and guide them in the performance of assigned tasks, as well as in the timely implementation of measures to ensure the organization and conduct of combat.
The highly maneuverable nature of combined-arms combat, the continuous improvement of the technical equipment of troops, which entailed an increase in the volume of tasks solved by the commander both during the organization and during the battle, have a significant impact on the conditions, content and methods of command and control of subunits.
In the context of the widespread use of nuclear and modern systems conventional weapons, as well as means electronic warfare very strict requirements are imposed on the management of departments. First of all, it must be resistant to the impact of various means of destruction of the enemy, as well as his means of electronic warfare, continuous, solid, flexible, operational and covert.
Control stability is achieved by the commander's skillful choice of his place in battle, the timely change of operating frequencies, and the secrecy of negotiations.
Continuity of control is expressed in the commander's constant knowledge of the situation in front of his unit's front and on the flanks, constant influence on the course of the battle in the interests of fulfilling the combat mission. The continuity of command and control of subunits is ensured by uninterrupted communication with subordinates and the senior commander (chief), the presence of commanders with subunits or in their immediate vicinity, as well as timely reports from the bottom up and constant information from top to bottom and neighbors about the situation. In a platoon, the continuity of control is ensured by active observation, stable communication with subordinates, with senior commanders and with neighbors.
The firmness of control consists in the persistent implementation of the adopted decision in order to accurately and completely fulfill the combat mission.
Success in combat largely depends on the commander's firm will and his ability to mobilize his subordinates in extreme moments of combat to accomplish the assigned task, to overcome the difficulties of the combat situation.
Flexibility of management is ensured by constant knowledge of the situation and timely response to its changes, clarification of an earlier decision or adoption of a new decision in accordance with the changed situation.
The effectiveness and high quality of command and control in a subunit depend to a decisive extent on the efficiency of the commander's work. Efficiency is understood as the ability of unit commanders to quickly assess the current situation, make appropriate decisions, clearly and competently set tasks (give orders and give commands) to subordinate units. Particularly high efficiency is necessary for the commander of a platoon (squad, tank) when performing tasks in reconnaissance and marching security; the slightest delay of the commander in issuing commands in the event of a sudden encounter with the enemy can lead to grave consequences.
Secrecy of control plays an important role in modern combat. It is ensured by the high vigilance of all personnel, a strict regime and a clear order of radio conversations, as well as compliance with camouflage measures.
The foundation on which the administration building is being erected is the scientific prediction of the upcoming battle. Here it is appropriate to recall the statements about the foresight of General of the Army P.I. Batov. Front-line commanders know how much thoughts are crowded when for the last time you peer into the area of the upcoming battle. Like any creation of the hands and will of people, the battle is carried out twice - first in thoughts, and then in reality.
“He (the commander - P. B.) must, by the power of fantasy, straining the sharpness of the sense of foresight, survive this first mental battle, the details of which are sometimes imprinted in memory, like frames on a photographic film” (Batov P, I. In campaigns and battles. M. , 1966. S. 200.)
Thus, the commander's foresight and forethought play an exceptionally important role in directing subunits in combat.
Of course, you cannot foresee all the options and they cannot be turned into a template. But if we creatively foresee the development of modern combined-arms combat, then it is precisely along the path of its detailed development options and must be followed. This will ensure the stability and continuity of platoon control in combat. The commander is the organizer of the battle. His will, expressed in orders, directives, commands, sets the units in motion, gives them the most advantageous battle order, directs their joint efforts to achieve victory over the enemy.
The platoon commander, as a rule, organizes the battle on the ground, and if this is not possible, in the initial area on the map or on the layout of the area. In this case, the combat missions of the squads (tanks) and attached assets are specified by the platoon commander on the ground during their advance to the line of transition to the attack.
The management of a subunit in combat is based on the commander's firm conviction that his subordinates are capable of successfully completing the assigned task. Such confidence comes from the level of training, initiative and creativity of each soldier, sergeant, ensign, officer individually and their high personal responsibility for the performance of a combat mission.
While trusting the squad (tank) commanders, the platoon commander at the same time, possessing knowledge and experience, constantly monitors (supervises) the progress of preparation of subunits for combat and, if necessary, must provide them with assistance at any time.
The commander of a motorized rifle (tank) platoon controls the platoon by radio, commands given by voice and signal means, and sometimes actions on the principle of "do what I do."
Inside the combat vehicle, the commander of a platoon, squad (tank) controls the actions of his subordinates by commands given through the intercom, by voice and by set signals.
Communication must be organized in such a way that, firstly, it is uninterrupted and reliable, and, secondly, it ensures a quick and covert report of decisions and the transmission of orders, instructions, signals,
The main means of visual signaling are signal, lighting cartridges, smoke bombs, hand smoke grenades, lighting and smoke shells and mines, flags, lanterns.
The order of designation of the forward edge, the reached lines and their location, signals of mutual identification (at night), as well as identification of their units by aviation, are established by the higher commander and brought to the commanders of units and personnel when setting tasks.
When operating on foot, the commander of a motorized rifle platoon dismounts and stays behind the platoon chain (at a distance of up to 50 m) in a place from where it is more convenient to see his platoon and control it. The squad leader advances directly in the chain. Drivers (drivers), gunners (machine gunners) and the deputy platoon commander remain in the combat vehicles, through which the platoon commander controls the fire and movement of the combat vehicles.
: In defense, the commander of a motorized rifle platoon is located at the command and observation post (CNP), which is equipped during the message, or in the BMP (BTR) in a place from where the best observation of the terrain, the enemy, the actions of his subordinates and neighbors is ensured, as well as continuous platoon management. Together with the platoon commander there are liaison officers from the squads, they also perform the duties of observers.
A command and observation post should not be singled out in battle order; for its location it is necessary to skillfully use the protective and camouflaging properties of the terrain.
The main means of communication in a tank platoon is radio.
Each tank has internal and external communication channels. For internal communication, there is a tank intercom (TPU), which provides telephone communication between crew members and the landing commander, as well as connecting the tank commander and gunner to the tank radio station for external communication.
When working at a radio station, you must strictly follow the rules of negotiation. In a platoon, all commands in combat are transmitted over the radio in clear text. When transmitting commands, units are called by call sign, and points of the terrain are indicated from landmarks and by conventional names.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE PLATOON COMMANDER FOR UNIT MANAGEMENT
The commander is the leader of the battle. Therefore, the correct determination of his place in battle plays an important role in achieving success.
The platoon commander, combining high political consciousness and ideological conviction with good vocational training, must be able to successfully resolve issues of unit management in complex modern combat.
Depending on the nature of the forthcoming actions, the conditions of the situation, and especially the availability of time, the commander must organize his work in such a way as to make a timely decision and assign combat missions to his subordinates, giving them as much time as possible to prepare for battle.
In conditions where combat operations are developing at an exceptionally high pace, characterized by extreme tension and abrupt changes in the situation, only a single commander, endowed with great rights, is able to direct the efforts of his subordinates to the successful completion of the assigned task. That is why the platoon commander is given full and sole responsibility for combat readiness, preparation of the platoon, weapons, military equipment for combat and the successful completion of a combat mission on time, as well as for political work, education, military discipline, psychological preparation and political and moral state. personnel.
Within the limits of the opportunity given to the commander and within the framework of the combat mission, he must act independently.
During the battle, the platoon leader must:
- know the situation on the battlefield and make timely decisions, set tasks for subordinates and achieve their steady implementation;
- constantly monitor the progress of the battle;
- conduct reconnaissance of the enemy in front of the platoon's offensive front and on the flanks;
- skillfully use all fire weapons, as well as the results of nuclear and fire destruction of the enemy;
- be an example of activity, courage, endurance and diligence for subordinates, especially in difficult moments of battle;
- timely organize the maintenance of military equipment and weapons, and in case of damage, report to the company commander and organize repairs;
- monitor the consumption of ammunition and fuel, take measures to replenish them; to spend the emergency stock of material resources only with the permission of the company commander; when using up 0.5 and 0.75 of the portable (portable) stock of ammunition and refueling, report to the company commander.
2. THE WORK OF A PLATOON COMMANDER TO ORGANIZE THE BATTLE
The preparation of subunits for combat must be carried out secretly from the enemy. At the same time, one should always strive for a wide manifestation of creativity and initiative.
Under the organization of the battle should be understood the work of the commander, during which he understands the combat mission, assesses the situation, makes a decision, conducts reconnaissance, gives a combat order, organizes interaction, combat support and control, after which he checks the preparation of personnel, weapons and military equipment for battle and at the appointed time reports to the company commander on the readiness of the platoon to perform a combat mission.
SEQUENCE AND CONTENT OF THE WORK OF A PLATOON COMMANDER TO ORGANIZE COMBAT
The work of the platoon commander in organizing the battle will be directly dependent on the evolving combat situation, the combat mission he has received and the availability of time to prepare for its implementation.
In all cases, the platoon commander, without waiting for the instructions of senior commanders and receiving the task, must organize the preparation of weapons and military equipment for combat use, and the personnel for the performance of a combat mission.
The platoon commander, starting work on organizing the battle, outlines the activities and the timing of their implementation.
The work of organizing combat by the platoon commander begins with the receipt of a combat mission. Usually it is carried out in the following sequence:
- clarification of the received task;
- assessment of the situation;
- decision-making;
- conducting reconnaissance;
- issuance of a combat order;
- organization of interaction, combat support and control;
- checking the readiness of personnel, weapons and equipment for combat;
- a report to the company commander on the readiness of the platoon to perform a combat mission.
Understanding the received task, the platoon leader must understand:
- the task of the company and platoon;
- what objects (targets) in the direction of the platoon's actions are affected by the means of senior commanders;
- tasks of neighbors and the order of interaction with them;
- time to complete the task.
Based on the understanding of the task, the platoon leader usually determines:
- the place and role of the platoon in the task performed by the company;
- what objects (targets) need to be hit by means of a platoon;
- at what stage of the battle and with which of the neighboring units it is necessary to maintain the closest interaction, how to build a battle formation;
- how much time is available for the organization of the battle and how best to distribute it.
When clarifying the mission, the platoon commander must understand the company (battalion) commander's intention, as well as the place and role of the platoon in the implementation of this intention.
In order to understand the senior commander's intention, it is necessary to comprehend the content of the combat mission, which enemy is destroyed and in what sequence, the order in which the senior commander uses weapons, in which direction efforts are concentrated and the formation of battle formation.
When determining the place and role of his platoon in the implementation of the company (battalion) commander's plan, the platoon commander must understand the content of the combat mission, in what echelon of battle formation and in what direction the platoon will operate.
The results of the clarification of the mission should form the basis of the platoon commander's decision to fight.
Before proceeding to assess the situation, the platoon commander determines the measures that must be carried out immediately in order to prepare for the battle in a timely and complete manner. In each specific case (based on the availability of time and the combat mission), they will be different. These usually include the organization of intelligence, the issuance of advance orders, the organization of reconnaissance, etc.
When assessing the situation, the platoon leader examines:
- the composition, position and possible nature of the enemy's actions, the location of his fire weapons;
- the state, security and capabilities of the platoon and attached units;
- composition, position, nature of actions of neighbors and conditions of interaction with them;
- terrain, its protective and masking properties, conditions for observation and firing;
- the most probable directions of action of aircraft and helicopters at low and extremely low altitudes;
- time of year, day and weather conditions.
As a result of assessing the situation, the platoon leader determines:
- what strength of the enemy is expected in front of the front of the platoon, his strengths and weak sides, the possible balance of forces and means;
- combat formation of a platoon, combat missions for squads (tanks), distribution of forces and means;
- at what stage of the battle and with which of the neighbors to maintain the closest interaction;
- the procedure for masking and using the protective properties of the terrain.
Clarification of the received task and assessment of the situation are the stages of the platoon commander's thought process in making a decision. The result of this process is the choice of the most appropriate solution for the fight.
Decision-making is the most crucial moment in the commander's work, since it determines all the main issues on which further work on organizing the battle is based.
In the decision The platoon leader usually determines:
- order of execution of the received task;
- tasks for squads (tanks), attached units and firepower;
- the order of interaction.
Determining the order of accomplishment of the received task, the platoon commander must take into account that this item expresses the main, guiding idea of the decision, being, as it were, his plan for battle. Therefore, it should reflect the sequence of destroying the enemy, the order of defeating him with regular and attached fire, the battle order.
Combat missions for squads (tanks) are determined strictly in accordance with the procedure for performing the combat mission assigned to the platoon. Thus, in defense, the task of the detachment is to firmly hold the indicated position, to prevent the penetration of enemy tanks and infantry through it in depth and inflicting significant losses on him. In an offensive, the combat mission of a squad (tank) is to destroy enemy manpower and fire weapons in trenches or other fortifications of a stronghold, as well as tanks, guns, machine guns and other enemy fire weapons located separately in the offensive direction.
Determining the order of interaction, the platoon commander outlines the main measures for coordinating the actions of the squads (tanks) of the platoon among themselves, with neighboring subunits, reinforcements, as well as with fire strikes inflicted by senior commanders at various stages of the battle.
An important step in the work of the platoon commander is reconnaissance which is carried out in order to clarify the decision made on the ground. Not only commanders of squads (tanks), but in some cases also mechanics-drivers (drivers) can be involved in it.
When carrying out reconnaissance, the platoon commander on the ground indicates landmarks, the position of the enemy (the direction of his actions), and the location of his fire weapons; clarifies tasks for squads (tanks) and indicates dismounting points motorized rifle squads(places of positions of squads, firing positions of infantry fighting vehicles, armored personnel carriers, tanks and other fire weapons),
The adoption by the platoon commander of the correct decision to fight does not in itself ensure the successful fulfillment of the combat mission received. The decision becomes the basis for the management of squads (tanks) and the law for subordinates with each of them receiving a specific combat mission. Therefore, bringing combat missions to the performers is one of the most important duties of a platoon commander.
When organizing a battle, combat missions are brought to the attention of subordinates, as a rule, in the form of a combat order. The platoon leader must state it briefly, clearly and in such a way that subordinates clearly understand their task,
In combat order platoon leader indicates;
- the composition, position and nature of the enemy's actions, the location of his fire weapons;
- the task of the company and platoon;
- objects and targets in the direction of the platoon's actions, hit by the means of senior commanders, as well as the tasks of neighbors;
- combat missions for squads (tanks), attached subunits and firepower, and the commander of a motorized rifle platoon, in addition, to a sniper and an orderly gunner;
- time of readiness to perform the task;
- his place and deputy.
During the battle and when immediate action is required, the commander sets combat missions by issuing commands by radio, by set signals, by voice.
The commander who gave the order must make sure that the subordinates have correctly assimilated the task received, requiring them to repeat it if necessary.
Clarification of the mission, assessment of the situation, decision-making, reconnaissance, issuance of a combat order must be carried out promptly and with full responsibility.
After setting combat missions, the platoon commander organizes interaction, which is the concretization of the order of coordinated actions determined by him in solving.
The organization of interaction depends on the type of battle and the conditions of the situation. The platoon commander must coordinate the efforts of regular and attached fire weapons for the successful completion of the assigned task, achieve a correct and unified understanding by all squad (tank) commanders of the combat mission and methods for its implementation, organize continuous communication and assistance to each other, especially with fire of all types on tasks, boundaries and time, as well as indicate alerts, control, interaction and the procedure for them.
Interaction is not in vain called the basis of success in modern combat. Only the coordinated efforts of units of all branches of the armed forces can lead to victory in single combat with a strong, well-armed enemy. As the experience of the exercises shows, subdivisions of various branches of the armed forces equipped with complex military equipment will participate in modern combat, even on a small scale. Artillery, tanks, flame-throwers and other means can become powerful tools in the hands of a combined-arms commander only if he is sufficiently aware of their combat capabilities and the specifics of their tactics. Without this, it is impossible to effectively use them in a given tactical situation.
The foundations of interaction are laid when making decisions and setting combat missions on the basis of combat foresight. Then, in the course of reconnaissance, the combat efforts of all units participating in the battle are coordinated. When the situation does not allow this, interaction is organized on maps or on a layout of the area. However, in the subsequent course of the nomination, all the main issues are clarified directly on the ground.
Along with instructions on interaction, the platoon commander organizes combat support. Depending on the current situation and the nature of the upcoming don, the platoon commander draws the attention of his subordinates to the implementation of the necessary combat support measures, and above all, to organize reconnaissance, protection against weapons of mass destruction (incendiary and high-precision weapons), camouflage, engineering, chemical support and security. The organization of combat support is carried out in the form of separate instructions as necessary.
Reconnaissance is the most important type of combat support. It includes measures to obtain information about the enemy, the terrain and the weather necessary for the organization and successful conduct of combat operations. Exploration must be carried out continuously, actively, in a timely manner, ensuring the reliability of the data.
In each platoon (squad, tank) in all types of combat, reconnaissance is organized and conducted by observation, and at night and in other conditions of limited visibility, observation is supplemented by eavesdropping. Observation of the enemy is carried out continuously personally by the commander of a platoon (squad, tank) and specially appointed observers.
A motorized rifle (tank) platoon can be assigned to a reconnaissance (separate reconnaissance) and combat reconnaissance patrol, as well as to set up an ambush, and a motorized rifle platoon, in addition, to conduct a search.
When conducting reconnaissance at night and in other conditions of limited visibility, the platoon uses night vision devices for observation.
Protection against weapons of mass destruction is organized in full, regardless of whether or not nuclear weapons are used in combat. It is carried out in order to minimize the destruction of subunits by nuclear, chemical and biological weapons, maintain the combat capability of the platoon personnel and ensure the successful completion of the assigned combat mission.
The fulfillment of this goal is achieved by conducting radiation, chemical and biological reconnaissance; timely provision and skillful use of protective equipment; using the protective properties of the terrain and engineering structures; timely notification of personnel about radiation, chemical and biological hazards; carrying out anti-epidemic, sanitary-hygienic and special preventive medical measures; ensuring the safety and protection of personnel during operations in contaminated zones, areas of destruction, fires and floods; timely liquidation of the consequences of the enemy's use of weapons of mass destruction.
Camouflage is the most necessary and most massive manifestation of military cunning and ingenuity. It is organized by the platoon commander in accordance with the combat mission received, the instructions of the company commander and the prevailing situation. Camouflage is intended to hide from the enemy the true position of his subunits from visual, optical, radar and aerial reconnaissance of the enemy and to mislead him regarding the formation of the combat (marching) order and actions of the subunits. It is also the most important means of achieving surprise and reducing the losses of their units.
Masking must be continuous and active. In all conditions of the situation, it is carried out by the forces of a platoon (squad, tank crew), while weapons, military and other equipment are masked in the first place. The restoration of the broken masking and the elimination of unmasking signs are carried out immediately.
The fulfillment of camouflage tasks is achieved by maintaining military secrecy; covert placement and movement of personnel, weapons, military and other equipment through the skillful use of service and local camouflage, smoke and aerosols, painting weapons, military and other equipment to match the background of the surrounding area; the use of masking properties of the terrain, local objects, dark time of the day and other conditions of limited visibility; compliance with the measures of light and sound masking, especially at night, as well as the rules of radio traffic; maintaining the previous regime of activity when changing units and preparing them for the implementation of a new combat mission; the strictest observance of the requirements of camouflage discipline.
When organizing camouflage, the platoon commander indicates: what service and local means to use for camouflage, the timing of its implementation; the procedure for implementing and maintaining camouflage during combat.
Engineering support is organized and carried out in order to create a platoon necessary conditions for the successful completion of a combat mission, as well as to increase the protection of personnel and military equipment from all means of destruction.
Engineering support is a set of engineering activities carried out (performed) by regular and attached units based on the decision of the commander. It includes the equipment of a strong point (locations) and its camouflage, the installation of mine-explosive and non-explosive barriers; making passages in enemy obstacles and destructions, reconnaissance of enemy obstacles, water barriers and roads. The sapper squad attached to the platoon conducts engineering reconnaissance, destroys long-term enemy firing structures, sets up barriers and makes passages in enemy minefields, acting together with the platoon.
The platoon commander, organizing engineering support, indicates the tasks and the procedure for their implementation, the amount of engineering work, forces, means and deadlines for their implementation.
When determining the scope of engineering work and the time for their implementation, the platoon commander takes into account the degree of training and training of the squads (crews), their equipment with engineering equipment, the capabilities of the assigned engineering forces and assets, as well as the measures taken by the senior commander in the interests of the platoon.
To perform engineering support tasks, the platoon uses attachments, mine sweeps, engineering ammunition, standard camouflage equipment, entrenching tools and local materials.
Chemical support is organized in order to create the necessary conditions for the platoon to perform the assigned task in an environment of radioactive, chemical and biological contamination, as well as to mask their actions with smoke and aerosols.
The chemical support of the platoon includes radiation and chemical reconnaissance, the timely and skillful use of personal and collective protective equipment, dosimetric control, special processing of the unit and materiel, the use of fumes and aerosols.
Chemical support measures are carried out by the personnel of the platoon, subdivisions of the chemical troops, as well as by the forces and means of the rear services.
Security in a platoon is organized in order to exclude a surprise attack by a ground enemy and to ensure time and favorable conditions for deployment and entry into battle. It is constantly carried out by specially appointed observers, in defense, in addition, by fire weapons on duty, and when the platoon is located separately from the company, by direct security, which is carried out by pair patrols bypassing the platoon location area.
When organizing guarding, the platoon commander indicates the procedure for observing the terrain, the air and the signals of the company commander, appoints an observer, indicates his place and task, determines the procedure for the platoon personnel to act in case of a sudden attack by the enemy. In defense, in addition, the platoon commander determines the required number of fire weapons on duty, their place and task, and when the platoon is located in place separately from the company, the composition of the direct guard, its route, task and pass.
For every day, a pass and recall are established to identify their military personnel.
The pass is the name of the weapon or military equipment, for example: “Automatic”, and the recall is the name of the settlement, starting with the same letter as the pass, for example: “Azov”.
The pass is reported orally to the entire composition of the outpost (post), reconnaissance and persons sent outside the unit, and at night - within the location of their unit; recall - to the commanders of these units, as well as to persons sent to transmit oral orders.
A pass is requested from all persons passing through the security line and following the location of the unit at night, and a recall is requested from persons transmitting the order of the commander, and from the commanders of the units conducting reconnaissance.
3. PLATOON CONTROL DURING BATTLE
In the course of the battle, when operating on combat vehicles (tanks), the platoon commander controls the platoon by radio, commands and signals. When working on radio facilities, commanders must strictly observe the rules of negotiation. When commands are given, the commanders of squads (tanks) are called by call signs, and points of the terrain are indicated from landmarks and by conventional names. The procedure for issuing commands (signals) by radio should be as follows. The called station's call sign is called once; the word "I" and the call sign of your radio station - once; the content of the command (signal) - once; the word "I" and the call sign of your radio station is one. once; the word "reception" - once, For example: "Birch-13, I am Ash-21, advance in the direction of landmark 4, the bend of the Rotten stream, I am Ash-21, reception." "Birch-13, I am Ash-21, 222, I am Ash-21, over." On the received command (signal), the squad leader (slipper) immediately gives confirmation by the exact repetition of the command (signal) or only the word “understood” indicating his call sign. For example: "Ash-21, I am Bereza-13, I understand, step in the direction of landmark 4, the bend of the Rotten stream, I am Bereza-13, over." “Ash-21, I am Bereza-13, I understand, 222, I am Bereza-13, over.” “I am Bereza-13, I understand, welcome.”
With poor audibility and strong interference, the platoon commander of the command (signals) can transmit twice. For example: "Birch-13, I am Ash-21, reduce the distance, reduce the distance, I am Ash-21, reception."
Commands (signals) relating to all combat vehicles are given by the platoon commander using a circular call sign. At the same time, he repeats the content of the command (signal) twice. For example: “Thunderstorm, I am Zarya-20, in the direction of landmark 5, the “Round” grove, into the battle line, directing - Zarya-21 - to battle; in the direction of landmark 5, the Kruglaya grove, to the battle line, directing - Zarya-21 - - to battle, I - Zarya-20, "reception". In this case, squad (tank) commanders do not give confirmation for the command, but immediately start its implementation. With a stable connection, it is allowed to work with shortened call signs or without call signs. For example: "10th, I am 20th, increase the distance, I am 20th, reception" (work with shortened call signs). distance, reception". "Understood, reception" (work without call signs).
Inside the combat vehicle (tank), the platoon (squad, tank) commander controls the actions of his subordinates by commands given via an intercom or by voice, and by set signals.
When fighting on foot, the commander of a motorized rifle platoon controls his subordinates by issuing commands by voice, signals, and through messengers. He uses the radio station he has with him to control the actions of military vehicles. He issues commands and sets up combat missions for opening fire from the BMP (BTR) armament through his deputy and gunners-operators remaining in combat vehicles.
When managing single military personnel operating on foot, the team usually indicates the rank and surname, what action to perform, the executive part of the team. For example: "Private Petrov - to battle." "Private Ivanov to run across to a separate tree - go ahead." "For Corporal Sidorov to crawl over to a separate bush - forward."
A platoon operating on foot without combat vehicles deploys from marching formation to pre-combat formation on command (signal). For example:
"Platoon, in the direction of such and such an object (to such and such a line), in the line of departments - march." The first compartment extends in the indicated direction. The remaining squads, regardless of the order in the platoon column, move forward at the commands of their commanders: the second - to the right, the third - to the left, maintaining alignment with the first squad, with an interval of up to 100 m between squads, they continue to move.
Depending on the situation and the decision of the platoon commander, the places of the squads in the pre-battle order of the platoon may change. In this case, the platoon commander determines the locations of the squads with a command, for example: “Platoon, in the direction of a group of birches, to the line of a forest ledge, building; guide - the second compartment; first branch - to the right; third branch - - to the left - march. Squads at the command of their commanders advance to their directions and, maintaining alignment with the leading squad, continue to move. With the beginning of deployment in pre-battle order, the squad leaders establish observation of the signals of the platoon commander.
A platoon operating on foot, from a pre-battle order or from a column, bypassing the pre-battle order, is deployed in a chain on command, for example: “Platoon, in the direction of a dry tree, to the line of a hillock, ruins, directing - the second squad - to battle, forward" or "Platoon, follow me - to battle, forward." When deployed into battle formation from the pre-combat formation, each squad, at the command of its commander, deploys into a chain and, maintaining alignment with the leading squad, continues to move in the indicated direction (at an accelerated pace or run).
To repulse the enemy with fire from a place, the platoon commander gives the command "Platoon - stop", according to which the personnel lies down, applied to the terrain, and is prepared for firing. To resume movement, the platoon leader gives the command "Platoon - forward", and adds (if necessary) - "run".
A platoon from a line of squads or from a chain into a column is rebuilt on command, for example: “A platoon in the direction of the barn, into a column one at a time (two at a time,
three), directing - the first squad - march "or" A platoon behind me, in a column one at a time (two, three) - march. Squads on the move, in numerical order, take their places in the platoon column and continue to move in the indicated direction.
The most important duty of a platoon commander in combat is fire control. It includes reconnaissance of ground and air targets, assessing their importance and determining the order of destruction; the choice of the type of weapons and ammunition, the type of fire and the method of its conduct; target designation, issuing commands to open fire or setting fire missions; monitoring the results of the fire and its correction; fire maneuver; ammunition control.
Observation and reconnaissance, organized by the platoon commander while organizing the battle, continue uninterruptedly in the course of its conduct.
When evaluating the importance and determining the order of hitting a target, the platoon leader must proceed from what damage this target, in terms of its fire capabilities, is capable of inflicting on the platoon in battle. Important targets are those whose defeat under the given conditions of the situation can facilitate and accelerate the accomplishment of a combat mission.
Important targets are usually enemy firepower (tanks, armored personnel carriers, self-propelled artillery mounts, anti-tank guided missiles, machine guns, anti-tank grenade launchers), observation posts, radar stations, etc. In the case when these targets are from platoon units within their range of actual fire, they are called dangerous. Especially dangerous targets in all cases are the means of an enemy nuclear attack - launchers and weapons that use nuclear weapons.
Those important targets that are at distances from the platoon that exceed their range of actual fire are considered non-dangerous at the moment of the battle.
Such a division of targets into important and less important, dangerous and non-dangerous allows the platoon commander to quickly and correctly make a decision on the sequence of their destruction; dangerous targets should be destroyed first, important targets second, and then all the rest.
The commander must have comprehensive information about the enemy's defenses and fire weapons that need to be suppressed and destroyed. Having this data at hand, the commander gets the opportunity to distribute fire missions between the weapons at his disposal and build a battle to the full depth, i.e. to achieve a fire buildup from the depth so that at all lines of attack (especially at the line of transition to attack) the onslaught and fire the influence of the units not only did not weaken, but was continuously increased.
The ability of a platoon commander to issue a command clearly and confidently, even in difficult battle conditions, largely determines the success of the battle. Commands for opening fire and setting combat missions should, in addition to their direct purpose, be a disciplinary and organizing tool.
The sequence in which the command to open fire is given by the platoon (squad) commander may be as follows:
1. To whom to open fire. For example: "Second squad", "Machine gun crew", "Grenade launcher".
2. Target designation. For example: "Landmark 3, left 40, machine gun in the trench."
3. Installation of the sight. For example: "Permanent", "Seven", "Five".
4. Setting the rear sight or the amount of offset of the aiming point in the figures of the target. For example: “Two rear sights to the left”, “Two figures to the left”.
5. Aim point. For example: “Under the target”, “To the belt”, “To the head”.
6. Queue length. For example: "Short", "Long", "Continuous".
7. The moment of opening fire - indicated by the word "fire".
For firing from an infantry fighting vehicle and a tank, the command is given in the following sequence:
1. What projectile (grenade) to fire. For example: "Armor-piercing", "Splinter"; to open fire from a machine gun at the beginning of the command is indicated: "Machine gun". According to these commands, the coaxial machine gun gun is loaded.
2. Target designation.
3. Distance to the target in meters. For example: "1600", "800", "1200".
5. The moment of opening fire - indicated by the word "fire".
In the command to open fire from an automatic grenade launcher, the platoon leader indicates:
1. Who to fire. For example: "Platoon", "First squad".
2. Purpose. For example: “According to the mortar battery”, “According to the ATGM”.
3. Sight, goniometer. For example: “Sight 10-15, goniometer 30-00”, “Seven on the grid”.
4. Shooting method. For example: “On the go”, “From the spot”, from a short stop - “Short”.
5. Aiming point (aiming) for each squad. For example: “To the first one aim at the mortar near the bush, to the second - to the right of 0-50, to the third - to the left
0-50"; "Point into the corner of the trench."
6. Method of shooting, rate of fire. For example: "With dispersion along the front of the target, the pace is maximum."
7. Number of shots (ammunition consumption). For example: "Expense - 15", "Expense - 10".
8. Queue length. For example: "Short", "Long".
9. The moment of opening fire - indicated by the word "fire".
Sometimes the platoon commander controls the fire of regular and attached subunits by setting fire missions; while he points out:
1. Which unit (whom) is assigned a fire mission.
2. Name and location of the target (target designation).
3. Type of fire to hit the target (“destroy”,
"suppress", "prohibit").
The choice of the type of weapon that can most effectively accomplish a fire mission (with the least amount of ammunition and in the shortest possible time) depends primarily on the importance of the target, its nature, remoteness and vulnerability.
The fire of tank guns is used to fight tanks, self-propelled artillery mounts and other armored targets, to destroy defensive structures, to suppress and destroy enemy artillery and manpower.
Platoon small arms are used to destroy enemy manpower with concentrated fire at a distance of up to 800 m. PK and P.KT machine guns are used to destroy enemy manpower and fire weapons at a distance of up to! 000 m. can destroy manpower and firepower of the enemy at a distance of up to 2000 m.
The commander of a tank platoon in battle has to decide on the most expedient choice of ammunition for hitting a target, in accordance with the presence of shells in the ammunition load. At the same time, it should be remembered that HEAT shells are used for firing at tanks at medium and short ranges (for example, from ambushes); sub-caliber shells - against tanks and all fast-moving armored targets, starting from the maximum firing ranges; high-explosive fragmentation grenades - for armored personnel carriers and manpower with the installation of a fuse for fragmentation action and for high-explosive or delayed action when firing to destroy dugouts, long-term firing structures (DZOS, DOS), brick buildings, etc.
Skillful target designation in combat is one of the most important conditions for timely fire control by a platoon (squad, tank) commander. In motorized rifle and tank platoons (squad, tank) it is carried out from landmarks (local objects) and from the direction of movement (attack) with tracer bullets and shells, shell bursts and signal means, as well as by pointing devices at the target.
Target designation between infantry fighting vehicles and tanks, as well as between platoons (squads, tanks) is carried out mainly from landmarks (local items) with tracer bullets and shells.
Inside an infantry fighting vehicle (armored personnel carrier) and a tank, target designation between members of the landing force (crew) is usually carried out from landmarks \ "(local objects), pointing weapons at the target or from the direction of movement.
When targeting, the following sequence is usually observed:
- the position of the target is indicated (from the landmark or from the direction of movement);
- the name of the target is given, characteristics targets or terrain;
- the task is set - to clarify the actions of the target, observe, etc. For example: "Landmark 2, to the right 50, closer than 100, ATGM near the green hillock" or "Angle of the grove, to the right 10, further 150 - black forges, to the left 20 - machine gun" .
Fire on air targets is carried out in two ways: barrage and accompanying fire.
In the command for firing, the platoon leader indicates:
1. To whom to fire (subdivision).
2. Over what local object (landmark) to fire.
3. How to fire.
4. The moment of opening fire.
For example: "Squad - over the bridge, barrage - fire", "Squad - a helicopter over the grove, three, five figures to the left, long - fire."
Shooting at a fast-moving aerial target requires known skill and knowledge of the rules of fire. You need to know what lead to take when firing at one or another type of aircraft (helicopter). When the aircraft is flying at low altitude, it is in the firing zone for a matter of seconds. That's why very
it is important that each soldier instantly take aim and open fire on the plane (helicopter), no matter how sudden his appearance may be.
The constant readiness of all means to open fire on air targets is the basis of a platoon's air defense, no matter what conditions it finds itself in. Therefore, it is necessary that well-trained observers are constantly on duty in the platoon and squads (tanks), who promptly notify of the approach of enemy aircraft (helicopters).
The platoon commander is obliged to organize the matter in such a way as to provide a powerful fire impact both on the air and on the ground enemy, solving these two tasks as one. When the situation requires it, boldly direct the bulk of the fire at the aircraft (helicopters), so that, having repelled their raid, again fall upon the ground enemy with all their might.
Fire control does not end with the command to open fire. Errors in the preparation of the initial data lead to the need to correct the fire, i.e., to amend the initial settings to ensure effective shooting to hit the target. Therefore, shooters, commanders and crews of fire weapons (crews of infantry fighting vehicles, tanks) must monitor the results of firing in order to correct the fire and determine the degree of destruction of the target. .
The defeat of the target is evaluated by visible results: the target stopped moving or the DZOS was destroyed, the weapon was destroyed, the target was ignited.
Fire maneuver is the most important component of fire control. With the help of a fire maneuver, fire superiority is achieved on a chosen target at a given moment in the battle. It consists in concentrating the fire of a platoon (squad) on one important target, timely transfer of fire from one target to another, and firing by a platoon simultaneously on several targets.
Concentrated fire is used on an important target (group of targets) to destroy it with high-density fire in a short period of time. It is prepared in sections of the terrain on the paths of the probable movement of the enemy.
Fire transfer is used when a target is hit and another target needs to be hit, or a more important target needs to be hit.
The distribution (dispersal) of fire is a form of fire maneuver when a platoon (squad) simultaneously fires at several separate targets.
One of the duties of a platoon (squad, tank) commander to ensure organized and effective fire in battle is to control the consumption of ammunition. Commanders must constantly monitor the availability of ammunition in the subdivisions and take measures to replenish them.
in directions,
on circular routes,
Axis.
1. Direction of courier-postal communication – a method of organizing communication by mobile means between two control points (commanders, headquarters), in which secret and postal items are delivered along the route laid between them.
This method is usually used when providing FPS with a grouping of troops operating in separate directions, or with troops located at a considerable distance.
The advantage of this method of organizing courier-mail communication is faster delivery of all types of secret and postal items.
2. Circular courier-postal route - a method of organizing communication by mobile means between control points (commanders, headquarters), in which secret and postal items are delivered by one flight sequentially (alternately) depending on the route laid between them.
This method is usually used with a limited number of mobile means of communication and ensures the delivery of all types of secret and postal items in a longer time compared to communication in directions. It finds application in formations and units, as well as in the operational rear.
3. Axis of courier-postal communication – a method of organizing communication by mobile means of a senior command post (commander; headquarters) with two or more subordinate command posts (commanders, headquarters), in which secret and postal items are delivered through an exchange office deployed by a higher headquarters in the area of \u200b\u200bdeployment of subordinate units.
To ensure command and control of troops and weapons in all levels of command and control of the Armed Forces, both in peacetime and in war time a certain communication system is being created.
military communications system – an organizational and technical association of forces and means of communication, created to ensure the exchange of all types of information in the command and control system. The communication system is the most important component, the material and technical basis of the command and control system.
As an example
a variant of the structure of the communication system of a separate motorized rifle brigade is given.
As you can see, the communication centers of the command posts of the brigade and its subdivisions are interconnected by communication lines. On each direction of communication, various communication lines and channels can be organized - radio, wired, etc. The delivery of secret documents and mail from the command post of the brigade to the units will be carried out by the courier-postal communication station. It is deployed as part of the command post of the brigade. The composition of the military communications system is determined at the organizational and functional levels.
Elements of the communication system:
- communication centers of control points;
- backbone communication network (auxiliary communication nodes);
- direct communication lines between communication nodes of control points;
- binding communication lines;
- a network of courier-postal communication;
- system (organs) technical support communications and control automation;
- reserve of forces and means of communication (reserve of communications);
- communication control system (points).
Communication node - the main element of the communication system, which is an organizational and technical association of forces and means of communication and control automation deployed at a command post or at a distribution (switching) point for channels (messages) to ensure the exchange of information in the process of command and control.
According to their purpose, communication nodes are distinguished into:
- communication centers of control points,
- support nodes communications (automatic switching centers),
- garrison and auxiliary communications centers,
- nodes (stations) of courier-postal communication, etc.
Communication nodes can be stationary and mobile:
- stationary communication centers are equipped in protected and unprotected structures and are designed to ensure command and control of troops, both in peacetime and in wartime;
- mobile communication nodes equipped with:
- field- on cars, armored personnel carriers, trailers and in containers;
- air- by planes and helicopters.
Mobile communication nodes must be able to quickly deploy (collapse), establish communication in a short time and ensure its uninterrupted operation. They are deployed, as a rule, when troops are transferred to the highest levels of combat readiness or with the outbreak of hostilities. Field communications centers should be located in areas prepared in engineering respect using natural and specially created fortifications
The communication node of the control center is an integral part of the control center. It provides the commander and officials of the headquarters, the operational staff of the command post with access to the resources of the communication system for command and control of troops, communication with superior, subordinate and interacting commanders, headquarters and command posts in
deadlines with the required quality, as well as internal communication at the control point.
The communication centers of command posts include communication nodes of command posts and their elements, spare command posts and rear command posts. Communication nodes of control points are being deployed staff units and communications parts. Communication nodes of control points are the most important elements of the communication system.
To control units in the MSBR (tbr) deployed: communication centers KP and TPU, auxiliary (1-2) communication centers, on-board communication center VZPU, as well as communication centers at the KNP of motorized rifle (tank) battalions.
The communication center of the brigade command post may include the following elements: a KShM group with means of communication and control automation; telephone and telegraph stations; a group of radio stations (separate radio stations) of medium power; radio relay and tropospheric stations, space communication station; a group of ACS tools; communication control point; expedition; power stations; station (department) FPS; regulatory and technical group.
Auxiliary communication center (VUS) created to provide communication with units operating at a considerable distance (in isolated, hard-to-reach areas) from the command posts of the formation.
Communication line - an element of a communication system that connects two communication nodes. Communication lines are designed to form communication channels
Communication lines can be fixed and field:
Stationary communication lines are deployed in advance to ensure communication in peacetime and during the conduct of hostilities in the initial period of the war.
Field communication lines are deployed to provide communications during combat operations (exercises, maneuvers). For their deployment, field radio, radio relay, tropospheric, satellite and wire communications are used.
According to the means used, communication lines are divided into radio, radio relay, tropospheric, satellite and wire (cable);
by the nature of the equipment and operating conditions - for stationary and field;
by destination- on the direct communication line, binding, remote control, connecting and subscriber.
Direct lines deployed directly between the communication centers of command posts (commanders, headquarters). Communication lines can be deployed by wire, radio, radio relay, tropospheric, satellite communications.
Anchor links are deployed between communication nodes of control points and reference (auxiliary) communication nodes.
In order for the communications system to fulfill its tasks, it is required to build and deploy it in accordance with the adopted command and control organization, the tasks solved by the troops, and the basic principles of organizing communications and building a communications system.
Principles are understood the main provisions that guide the officials of the signal troops when planning, creating (deploying) and ensuring the functioning of communication systems for various purposes.
For a tactical command and control level, two basic principles for constructing a communication system are possible: the principle of direct connections between communication centers of control points and the principle of providing communication through auxiliary communication nodes (ACC). According to the first principle, communication nodes are located only in the control points of formations and subdivisions.
A communication system built according to this principle has a number of positive aspects: it is easier to solve the issues of establishing and maintaining communications, distributing responsibility for communications in areas, ensuring the management of the communications system, organizing the protection and defense of communications centers.
At the same time, the application of this principle leads to the concentration of control centers of a large number of different means of communication at communication centers, service personnel, reduces the efficiency of using multi-channel communication facilities. In addition, the electromagnetic compatibility of communication facilities and the masking of the communication center are deteriorating.
The second principle of building a communication system provides for such an organization in which communication from control points is provided not directly, as in the first case, but through auxiliary communication nodes.
The communication system built according to the 2nd principle has the following main advantages: more efficient use of multi-channel facilities (this applies to the operational link); reducing the bulkiness of communication centers, control points; increasing the reliability of the communication system by linking communication nodes to several VUS and by creating workarounds, the possibility of faster establishment of wire and radio relay communications when changing the battle formation and changing locations of command posts.
The main disadvantages of a communication system built according to this principle are the vulnerability of the communication system from enemy weapons due to the large number of VUS, the long length of communication lines, the issues of protection and defense of nodes and communication lines, etc.
At present, in practice, the communication system is based on a combination of both principles.
Communication system of any link management must meet the following basic requirements: always be in high combat readiness to ensure command and control of troops and combat means,
have the necessary stability, mobility and throughput and meet security requirements.
High combat readiness of the communication system characterizes its ability to perform tasks to ensure command and control of troops and combat assets in any situation.
Communication System Stability- this is its ability to provide command and control of troops and combat assets in conditions of massive impact of enemy fire and electronic means and is determined by survivability, noise immunity and reliability.
Mobility characterizes the ability of a communication system to deploy, collapse, move and change the structure of the formation in accordance with the prevailing situation within a specified period.
Bandwidth is the ability of a communication system to provide timely transmission of given information flows per unit of time.
Safety characterizes the ability of a communication system to withstand all types of enemy reconnaissance, the introduction of false information into it and unauthorized access to transmitted (received) messages. It is determined by the reconnaissance and stability of the elements of the communication system.
Solving communication problems, deploying communication systems and ensuring their functioning is assigned to - Signal Corps.
Signal troops are special troops and are designed to ensure command and control of troops (forces) in all types of their daily and combat activities. They must constantly be in readiness to perform tasks for their intended purpose in a timely manner.
Signal Troops of the Ministry of Defense classified on the following grounds:
- belonging to the control system, which they provide with communication– signal troops of the General Staff (central subordination); signal troops of the main headquarters of the armed forces; signal troops of operational-strategic commands (fronts, districts); operational commands (armies); associations of genera and types of aircraft; communications subdivisions of formations and subdivisions of the branches and types of the Armed Forces;
- organizational structure ‑ brigades (connections); shelves; battalions (field communication centers); companies; platoons; branches; crews; as well as institutions (research institutes, etc.); institutions (including educational); repair plants; storage bases; warehouses;
- functional purpose- connections and communication units are - nodal; linear; territorial, courier and postal communications; communication security control; technical support for communications and automated control systems.
The main tasks of the signal troops are:
- operation of existing communication systems;
- carrying out activities to maintain communication systems in the established levels of combat readiness; - creation, development and improvement of communication systems, ensuring their reliable operation; - strengthening and building up communication systems during the transfer of the Armed Forces from peacetime to wartime;
- deployment of the field component of the communications system during the operational deployment of troops.
In relation to the Ground Forces, signal troops organizationally consist of battalions, companies, signal platoons, central and garrison communication centers, FPS communication centers and communications security control centers (points).
To ensure communications in motorized rifle and tank formations (units, subunits), formations (units, subunits) of military branches, special troops, rear, and technical support, communications subunits are included in their composition. As a rule, these include: communications battalions, communications platoons (control platoons), courier and postal communication stations, technical support platoons, communications repair shops. They are intended to provide communication in these formations, units and subunits and are organizationally subdivided into departments, platoons, companies and communications battalions.
Signal Battalion Omsbr (otbr) is designed to provide communication to the commander and headquarters of the brigade with the commander and headquarters of the operational command (army) and subordinate battalions (divisions) and companies of the brigade, as well as attached, supporting and transferred to operational subordination formations, interacting units and units.
The communications platoon of the MSB (tb) provides communication between the commander and headquarters of the battalion with the commander and headquarters of the brigade, with subordinate and interacting units.
Study question three: Basics covert control troops
Covert command and control (SUV)- this is a set of measures taken to keep secret from the enemy information used in commanding troops in peacetime and wartime - is an important condition for achieving surprise in battle.
It carried out for the purpose ensuring that the plan of the battle and measures for its preparation, the tasks communicated to the troops and the reports received from them are kept secret from the enemy. The SUV is organized and carried out in all conditions of troop activity.
Providing an SUV is complex task, in the solution of which all departments and services of the headquarters participate. The development, planning of measures to ensure the SUV and control over their implementation is carried out: in the unit - by the operational department, the state secret protection service and the communications department, in part - by the deputy chief of staff and the chief of communications under the leadership of the chief of staff.
Back to main events covert command and control(SUV) include:
1. Organization of counteraction to all technical types of intelligence
2. enemy.
3. Development and implementation of measures for masking and disinformation.
4. Compliance with the requirements of the secrecy regime
5. Organization and implementation of covert communications.
6. Protection of classified information when working with the means of an automated command and control system.
7. Education of the personnel of units and formations conscious
8. attitude to the protection of state secrets.
Covert command and control measures:
1) Measures to organize counteraction to the technical means of reconnaissance of the enemy:
ü fire damage to manned and unmanned carriers of reconnaissance equipment;
ü electronic suppression by massive radiation of the operation of radar stations, especially side-scan stations, tracking and direction-finding equipment, radio and electronic intelligence;
ü suppression of radio communications for the transmission of intelligence information and control and communication systems of intelligence agencies;
ü creation of electromagnetic curtains in the frequency range of operating radio-electronic means (RES) of their troops;
ü advancement and movement of control points along routes that are not visible and protected by natural, as well as artificial masks.
2) Measures to disguise and misinform the enemy(camouflage from means: radio, radio engineering, radar, thermal reconnaissance, etc.).
Disguise is a set of measures to mislead the enemy about the presence and disposal of elements of the control system, their state, combat readiness and information circulating in it.
Masking from radio reconnaissance means is ensured by: compliance with the established operating modes of radio, radio relay, tropospheric and space means, observance of the secrecy of control over technical means of communication and the placement of electronic means of medium and higher power outside the control points.
Masking from electronic intelligence means is provided by limiting the operation of electronic means.
Masking from radar reconnaissance means is carried out by using the masking properties of the terrain, using radar-absorbing coatings, interference masks and screen masks.
Masking from thermal reconnaissance equipment is carried out by creating smoke and aerosol screens, screens used to reduce
thermal radiation of military equipment and military facilities.
The effectiveness of camouflage is increased if it is carried out in combination with demonstrative actions and the creation of false areas with imitation circulating in the information management system. However, these activities are carried out only at the direction or with the permission of the senior chief, on the basis of the order for the SPM of the senior chief.
3) Strict observance of secrecy, well-defined security of control points and access control on them.
Privacy mode- is a collection requirements , rules, organizational, technical and other measures aimed at the safety of information constituting a state secret. These rules are determined by orders, instructions and instructions and are prerequisite permanent activity of the governing bodies.
To organize the regime of secrecy headquarters must :
ü establish a clear procedure for the use and mode of operation of communications equipment, a set of automation equipment and other technical means management;
ü to determine the list of persons who have the right to work on the means of communication and to exchange information by means of communication;
ü limit the circle of persons involved in the development of combat documents;
ü timely develop and communicate to units (subdivisions) documents on covert command and control of troops;
ü make the most of the means of covert communication;
ü constantly carry out measures to counter enemy reconnaissance and maintain secrecy;
organize access control at headquarters, at command posts, communication centers, work to increase the vigilance of personnel and instill in them personal responsibility for maintaining state and military secrets;
ü carry out constant control over the implementation of measures for the covert command and control of troops and the regime of secrecy.
These measures should exclude the loss of secret documents and the possibility of unauthorized persons entering the launcher.
Security, defense of the control point and access control organized by the chief of staff.
The direct protection of the objects of the command post, including in the PPD, is carried out by combat support and maintenance units.
At the same time, the area where the command post is located is being prepared for all-round defense, approaches and routes to it are blocked by posts, secrets and outposts, sentries, separate combat vehicles (armored personnel carriers, tanks) are set up at the main objects, signal mines and other engineering barriers are installed. The rest of the elements are guarded by sentinels. When moving along the movement routes, the columns are covered by combat units and helicopters.
For high-quality preparation of practical events, a plan for the protection and defense of PU.
4) Organization of classified communications is the principle of creating a single secret communication in the interests of the majority officials command, as well as the governing bodies of the armed forces and services. In addition, it is envisaged to provide predominantly autonomous secret communications to those officials of the formation and formation who have a decisive role in command and control of troops and the solution of combat missions, for example, the commander of the army, the chief of staff, the chief missile troops and artillery and others.
At the same time, it should be borne in mind that not all information transmitted via technical means of communication or with the use of SUV documents is subject to closure. Some information may be transmitted, and openly.
In everyday peacetime conditions during exercises, the use of unclassified radio channels for conducting open negotiations and transmitting open messages (radiograms) prohibited at all levels of management. Exceptions are allowed only for certain categories of unclassified conversations and transmissions provided for by the list of information permitted for transmission over open radio channels, and only in the absence of communication over closed communication channels.
5) Protection of classified information when working with the means of an automated command and control system, it is carried out by means of covert communication. Means of covert communication should be used in combination, in a reasonable combination with each other, ensuring high efficiency, uninterrupted and secure communication.
Therefore, the basis for the organization of covert communications is the integrated use of all means, based on the decision of the commander (commander) for an operation (battle), the features of control in various conditions of combat activities of troops, the nature of the tasks performed, the organization of communications, the availability of covert communications, as well as their capabilities. .
For the transfer of secret and official information, including for direct negotiations on top secret issues, first of all, classified telegraph equipment is used. During breaks in this type of secret communication and for encoding circular telegrams, coding machines are used, which ensures the greatest efficiency in the passage of information.
Negotiations between officials of the governing bodies on secret issues are provided with classified telephone equipment.
Even when there are no funds communication encryption equipment(SHAS) and there is no encrypted communication, the main means of covert communication are coding machines and documents of encrypted communication.
Secret and coded communication, as a rule, is organized by networks; in especially important cases, individual communication (communication by directions) can also be organized.
According to tables with recoding and coding machines, communication can be organized both circular and in directions.
6) Education of the personnel of units and formations of a conscious attitude towards the protection of state secrets Headquarters are developing general and special rules for the SUV.
7) Control of covert command and control activities is carried out according to a separate plan, for the implementation of which officers of the operational department, communication center, and HRT service are involved.
The use of technical means in the control system, the functioning of which is based on the use of electromagnetic energy, necessitates the protection of information constituting a state secret and information of limited distribution circulating in the respective networks.
Means of covert communication:
ü Classified communication equipment (3AC),
ü encryption and coding technique, manual ciphers,
ü coded communication documents (DCS).
Depending on the means of concealment used communication is divided into :
1. classified,
2. encrypted,
3. coded.
1. Secret communication is designed to close secret and non-secret messages transmitted via technical means of communication.
This is the most efficient and widespread type of communication and is one of the main means of SUV. This connection provides information transfer via various communication channels with given degree of protection using line encryption equipment.
Depending on the importance of the protected information, two classes of secret communication networks can be organized.
Class 1 secure communications network is intended (in accordance with its tactical and technical capabilities) to protect information that has a degree of secrecy not higher than "top secret", but can also be used to transfer (protect) other information constituting state secrets and official information.
Class 2 secure communication network is intended (in accordance with its tactical and technical capabilities) to protect information that has a degree of secrecy "secret", but can also be used to transfer (protect) any other service information.
2. Encrypted communication(encrypted communication class 1) - designed (in accordance with its tactical and technical capabilities) to protect information that has a degree of secrecy of "special importance" or "top secret", but can also be used to protect secret information and confidential information.
Encryption machines and manual ciphers are used as means of encrypted communication, providing guaranteed encryption strength.
Most are transmitted in cipher important documents related to the preparation and implementation of measures for the combat and mobilization readiness of troops, combat orders and orders, information on the combat and strength of troops and other important operational and mobilization documents. At the same time, information of the degree of "special importance" is allowed to be transmitted, as a rule, using manual encryption tools, and in their absence, preliminary encryption equipment.
3. Coded communication used mainly in tactical level and is based on the use of coding machines, coding devices and various tables developed directly at headquarters - coded communication documents (sometimes they are called documents of covert command and control of troops).
Coded communication (class 2 encrypted communication) - is intended (in accordance with its tactical and technical capabilities) to protect information: having a degree of secrecy "secret", but can also be used to protect urgent unclassified information and confidential information.
The following coding means are used to implement encrypted communication:
Technical (coding machines, coding and signal-code devices);
Manual Coded Communication Documents (DCS).
Open (unclassified) communication channels are channels that are not equipped with equipment for automatic classification of information.
When conducting open radio conversations prohibited:
name the actual or conditional names of associations, formations, units, subdivisions;
· directly or indirectly indicate their purpose, degree of combat readiness, deployment, belonging to the branch of the Armed Forces, branch of service, command and control level;
provide data on the presence or condition of weapons, military equipment, the number and morale of the personnel;
report on planned actions, redeployment or regrouping of troops (forces) and movement of command posts, routes of their movement and stations (airfields, ports) of loading (unloading), flights of aircraft (helicopters), assignments and movements (flights, crossings) of command, and also about the results of hostilities;
address each other by position, military rank, surname, mention positions, military ranks and the names of other persons (including radio operators);
Use telephone and telegraph call signs of communication centers, name the location (coordinates) of the radio station (station), report the weather in its area and provide other data from which you can directly or indirectly establish the location and belonging of the radio station (station);
· transmit openly the frequency ratings and the time of regular radio communication sessions (with the exception of radio communications carried out according to the rules of civil ministries and departments);
· mention that the data referred to in the negotiations were transmitted or will be transmitted in cipher, via ZAS or using coded communication means;
Ask questions, the answers to which must be coded (for example, ask for the coordinates of the correspondent in plain text);
· talk about the keys to the means of coding or to special documents of the communication authorities and the terms of their validity, to reveal the meaning of the signals.
In all cases of permitted open radio conversations, instead of the names of headquarters and command posts, the call signs of their radio stations are used, and the names of positions are replaced by numerical call signs in accordance with the instruction "On the procedure for the development and use of tables of call signs of officials in the Armed Forces." Instead of the true names or coordinates of points of the area, their conditional coordinates on the coded map are indicated.
Forbidden leave uncoded words, phrases, surnames, numbers and other elements of plain text in the transmitted encoded message, as well as use allegories (conventions) to transmit secret data, the true meaning of which can be established from the content of the negotiations.
If there are open communication channels between correspondents formed by various means (wire, radio, radio relay, tropospheric, etc.), preference is given to wired communication channels, through which official negotiations and transmissions on non-secret issues are allowed. The transfer of secret information over open wired communication channels is prohibited.
The use of open long-distance telephone channels is strictly limited, for which purpose lists of persons entitled to negotiate through these channels with higher and subordinate headquarters are compiled at each headquarters. The lists are signed by the chief of communications and approved by the chief of staff. Officials included in the lists are required to know the rules of negotiation and strictly follow them.
Coded communication documents should provide the possibility of negotiating and transmitting with directly subordinate commanders (headquarters) and one step lower.
To conduct negotiations (transfers) with commanders (headquarters) of neighboring and interacting formations (units), documents developed by a higher headquarters or these formations (units) are used.
The main documents of the SUV include:
ü code and negotiation tables,
ü signal tables,
ü system standard documents,
ü tables of call signs of officials and communication stations,
ü coded cards.
When developing negotiation tables and tables of signals, the nature of the upcoming combat mission and the specific conditions of the situation must be taken into account, i.e. these tables should contain such tactical values (vocabulary set) that will really be needed in command and control of troops. The most important and frequently encountered values, for example, reports of troops reaching one or another line, information about the discovery of enemy weapons of mass destruction, should be shown in the table more clearly so that they can be quickly found.
To conduct negotiations (transfers) with the commanders and headquarters of neighboring interacting formations (units, subunits), covert control documents developed by a higher headquarters are used, or these documents are mutually exchanged.
Coded communication documents can be formally divided into two groups.
First group- code, signal-code and nomenclature tables used in those communication networks where there are no technical means of coding, as well as in some specific parts. These coded communication documents with transcoding, like coding machines, provide guaranteed coding stability.
Second group- negotiation tables, tables of signals and coded cards are a personal means of covert communication between commanders and staff officers in command and control of troops through open communication channels .
Negotiations and transmissions using coded communication documents must be carried out under conditions that ensure the safety of both the methods of coding and the content of the transmitted information, and the documents themselves.
When negotiating, the open content of the message is recorded in the workbook. When coding, the text for transmission can be written in the same notebook or on a separate sheet in the following sequence:
ü the call sign of the radio station and the official to whom the codegram is addressed;
ü coded text groups (if points of the area are encountered in the transmission, they are encoded according to the coded map by four-, five-, six- or seven-digit groups of division into two-, three- and four-digit groups);
ü at the end of the transmission - the call sign of the radio station and the official from whom the codegram comes.
Data encoding of the address and service part of the radiogram header is carried out according to special tables of communication authorities.
When conducting negotiation and transmission tables, all entries must be recorded in a secret workbook or graphically plotted on a map. It is prohibited to record plain text on unaccounted sheets of paper, as well as to write plain text above or below groups of encoded text of telegrams.
All persons involved in the implementation of coded communication are responsible for the reliable safety of the means of coding and their correct use.
They are obliged:
ü firmly know and accurately comply with the requirements of the Manual on the organization and implementation of coded communications, the rules for working with tables and be able to quickly code;
ü in any conditions ensure the reliable safety of coding means, without disclosing the coding methods and information transmitted in coded form;
ü resolutely suppress any kind of violations in the coded communication, which may lead to the disclosure of the means of coding and the loss of secret data;
ü when using topographic maps, the coordinates of the area must be encoded.
Conclusion
At the present stage, the communications troops are the most dynamically developing branch of the armed forces. Every tenth serviceman in the RF Armed Forces is a signalman. In peacetime, duty shifts of communication centers are on combat duty and provide the leadership of the country and the command of the RF Armed Forces with stable control in solving various political, economic, and military tasks. Signal troops successfully solve the tasks of providing communications in peacetime and during combat operations in local wars, armed conflicts, counter-terrorism and special military operations.
In modern combat operations, command and control of troops is required to be carried out with high efficiency, and weapons - in real time. Communication systems of associations, connections, communication processes in them must meet the requirements for management. AT to a large extent solves this problem automated system communication management, which is an integral part of any communication system. The knowledge gained in the classes will allow you to correctly assess the importance of military communications, as well as focus on studying communications issues in subsequent military translation classes.
Assignment for independent work:
1. In workbooks, draw conventional tactical signs of communications.
2. Write down in the dictionaries the abbreviations used for the means of communication.
3. Using the "Combat Charter for the preparation and conduct of combined arms combat", part 2, battalion - company, art. 52, make a generalized summary on the topic of the lesson.
Unit management consists in the purposeful activity of the company (battalion) commander, his deputies and the battalion headquarters to maintain the constant combat readiness of units, prepare them for battle and guide them in the performance of assigned tasks.
Management of units includes: organization and implementation of measures to increase (maintain) their combat readiness and ensure (restore) their combat capability; maintaining a high morale and psychological stability in the units, strong military discipline, organization and constant combat readiness; continuous acquisition, collection, generalization, analysis and evaluation of situational data; decision-making; assignment of tasks to subordinate units; organization and maintenance of continuous interaction; organization and implementation of measures for educational work and comprehensive support; management organization. In addition, the commander and headquarters carry out practical work in subordinate subunits to direct their immediate preparation for combat, organize the fulfillment of assigned tasks during combat, and other measures.
It is known that with the development of the armed forces, the theory and practice of command and control also developed and changed. So, before the advent of mass armies, the leadership of the troops was carried out directly by the commander (commander), since at that time he could observe the actions of all his troops and, without the help of a special body (headquarters), could give necessary orders and dispose of the troops personally or through adjutants, orderlies and liaisons.
With the advent of mass armies, and consequently with the increase in the scope of hostilities and the change in the conditions for preparing and conducting combat, it becomes more and more difficult for one commander to lead troops, and he alone can no longer cope with this task. There is a need to create a permanent special governing body. To do this, first introduced the Military Council under the commander in chief, then in the middle of the XVIII century. the headquarters of the army was created, and at the beginning of the 19th century. Headquarters appeared in divisions, regiments and battalions, which were constantly developing, improving and improving, becoming indispensable assistants to the commander in commanding troops both in peacetime and in wartime.
In the course of the further development of the armed forces of many states, new types of troops and special troops appear, which began to take part in the battle. This led to a further expansion of the circle of officials involved in the leadership of formations, units and subunits. AT organizational structure troops, the chiefs of these branches of the military and special troops appear.
The main content of subdivision management is: maintaining a high morale and constant combat readiness of subdivisions; collection and study of situational data, revealing the intentions of the enemy; decision-making; bringing tasks to subordinates; organization and maintenance of interaction between units of the battalion and other branches of the armed forces participating in the battle; all-round support for combat, control over its preparation and performance by subunits of assigned tasks.
Timely and well-organized uninterrupted command and control of subunits contributes to seizing and maintaining the initiative, secrecy in the preparation of battle and surprise in delivering strikes against the enemy, rapid use of the results of nuclear and fire engagement of the enemy, and timely implementation of measures to protect subunits from weapons of mass destruction. In addition, it allows more efficient use of the combat capabilities of all forces and means involved in combat.
Division management conditions. In modern combat, in comparison with the Great Patriotic War, the conditions for commanding units have become much more complicated. In the last war, subunit control was carried out in a situation where the battle developed relatively slowly, and its outcome depended mainly on rifle subunits, sometimes reinforced by tanks and artillery fire.
Command and observation posts of companies and battalions, as a rule, were located in the combat formations of subunits, usually staying in the same place for a long time (especially in defense).
Modern motorized rifle company and the battalion became highly mobile and maneuverable. If a company (battalion) of the period of the Great Patriotic War had a rate of advance of 4-5 km / h, now it can march at an average speed of 20-25 km / h. In modern conditions, if the enemy uses nuclear weapons, then the commander will have to control his units fighting in the zones of infection, areas of destruction, fires and floods. Now the combat situation on the battlefield can often and significantly change, which will necessitate the clarification of the decision or its organization again.
The increase in the spatial scope of the battle, both defensive and offensive, as well as the pace of its conduct, leads to a more frequent change in the location of command posts and will force the commander to control subunits on the move. And this, as you know, makes it difficult to control units, complicates their protection from nuclear and high-precision weapons, air and artillery strikes, as well as from the actions of enemy sabotage groups, which, as a rule, will have the task of withdrawing command posts out of service
The changes that have taken place in the organization and technical equipment of our troops and enemy troops have led to significant changes in the content and nature of modern combined-arms combat, in the methods of its organization, conduct and control of subunits. Combat has become decisive, dynamic, maneuverable and fleeting. Significantly compared with the period of the Great Patriotic War, the spatial scope of the battle increased. Thus, a modern motorized rifle battalion can attack a prepared enemy defense on a front of up to 2 km and defend an area along a front of 3-5 km.
Under such conditions, the company (battalion) commander will control the units by means of radio communications, as a rule, on the move or from short stops. The amount of information about the enemy that needs to be quickly collected, summarized, studied, analyzed by the company (battalion) commander decision and report to the superior.
In modern combat, the commander of a company (battalion) will have to make a decision at least three or four times a day or clarify it, and in a shorter time than it was during the Great Patriotic War, and often in conditions where the command and observation post (KNP) will be in motion for a considerable time. Therefore, the time factor now has a decisive influence on all management processes. Under these conditions, the company (battalion) commander must think carefully and determine the location of his command and observation post and the organization of communication with subunits, neighbors and the senior commander from it.
The place of the company (battalion) commander should be where he can confidently lead his subordinates and exert effective influence on them in the preparation and conduct of combat. The presence in the company and battalion of communications equipment (especially radio equipment) provides the commander with greater mobility when choosing his place. However, the commander's attachment to communications should not contribute to the commander's refusal to contact subordinate, attached and supporting units.
The experience of the last war shows that the commander of a company (battalion) must, from his KNP, have a good look at the battle order of his subunit and the enemy with whom he is fighting.