Today we will get acquainted with the Buk anti-aircraft missile system, which is considered one of the best representatives of its class on the world stage. The machine is capable of destroying enemy aircraft and missiles, ships and buildings. Consider also the options for execution and the differences between the modifications.
What is the air defense system (anti-aircraft missile system) "Buk"
The machine in question (Buk military anti-aircraft missile system), according to the GRAU index, is designated as 9K37, and it is known to NATO and the United States specialists as SA-11 Gadfly. The technique is classified as an anti-aircraft complex on a self-propelled chassis. Missiles are used to destroy targets. The complex is designed to destroy enemy aircraft, as well as other aerodynamic targets at low and medium altitudes, within 30-18000 meters. When creating, it was supposed to effectively deal with maneuvering objects that are capable of providing intense radio countermeasures.
The history of the creation of the Buk air defense system
Work on the creation of the machine began in January 197272, the start was given by government decree Soviet Union. It was assumed that the new car will replace its predecessor, the Cube, at the post. The developer of the system was the Tikhomirov Research Institute of Instrument Engineering, which at that time was managed by A.A. Rastov. It is noteworthy that the new car was supposed to be put into operation by the army literally three years after the start of development, which greatly complicated the task for the designers.
To make it possible to complete the work in such a short time, it was divided into two stages:
- First, a deep modification of the "Cuba" was put into operation - the Kub-M3 air defense system, index 9A38. A machine on a self-propelled chassis with 9M38 missiles was supposed to be introduced into each battery. In the course of the work, a complex was created with the M4 mark in the title, which was put into service in 1978;
- The second step meant the final commissioning of the complex, which included: a command post, a target detection station in the air, the self-propelled unit itself, as well as a launch-loading system and a missile defense system (anti-aircraft guided missile).
The designers coped with the task, and already in 1977, tests of both machines began. For two years, the capabilities and potential of the systems were evaluated at the Emba training ground, after which the installations began to enter service with the country.
It is worth noting that, in addition to the land variation of the system, an installation for the Navy was also created on a single missile defense system. The caterpillar chassis was created by the machine-building plant in Mytishchi (MMZ), the missiles were developed by the Novator bureau of Sverdlovsk. The target designation / tracking station was designed at NIIIP MRP.
The principle of operation of the Buk missile system
The characteristics of the complex make it possible to effectively deal with various air targets, the speed of which does not exceed 830 m / s, maneuvering with overloads up to 12 units. It was believed that the machine would be able to fight even with Lance ballistic missiles.
During development, it was supposed to achieve a two-fold increase in work efficiency existing systems Air defense by increasing the channeling when working with aerodynamic targets. A necessary part of the work was the automation of processes, starting with the detection of a potential enemy and ending with his destruction.
It was supposed to add an innovative installation to each battery of the Kubov-M3 regiment, which, with minimal cost allowed to increase the capabilities of the unit at times. The cost of funds for modernization amounted to no more than 30% of the initial investment in the formation, but the number of channels doubled (increased to 10), the number of missiles ready for combat missions increased by a quarter - up to 75.
It is worth noting that, based on the results of testing the systems, it was possible to obtain the following characteristics:
- in autonomous mode, aircraft at a three-kilometer altitude could be detected at 65-77 kilometers;
- low-flying targets (30-100 m) could be detected from 32-41 km;
- helicopters were spotted from 21-35 km;
- in a centralized mode, the reconnaissance / guidance installation did not allow the full potential of the complex to be fully manifested, therefore, aircraft at an altitude of 3-7 km could only be detected at a distance of 44 km;
- under similar conditions, low-flying aircrafts were spotted from 21-28 km.
Processing targets by the system offline takes no more than 27 seconds, the probability of hitting a target with one projectile reached 70-93 percent. At the same time, the means under consideration could destroy up to six enemy objects. Moreover, the developed missiles are able to work effectively not only against enemy aircraft and strike weapons, but also against surface and ground targets.
The guidance method is combined: when entering the flight path - an inertial method, an adjustment is made from the command post or the installation itself. At the final stage, immediately before the destruction of the target, a semi-active mode is activated using automation.
The last two options became possible to destroy thanks to the laser rangefinder, which appeared on the military modification M1-2. It is possible to process objects with microwave radiation turned off, which had a positive effect on the survivability of the entire system, its secrecy from the enemy, as well as immunity from interference. The mode of coordinate support introduced in the specified modification is aimed at combating interference.
The effectiveness of the installation is in its high mobility: it takes only 5 minutes to deploy from traveling to combat position. The system moves on specially designed tracked chassis, there are options with a wheelbase. In the first version, the car develops up to 65 km / h on the highway and rough terrain, the supply of fuel tanks allows you to march up to 500 km and still save the necessary volume for work for two hours.
The complex for coordinated work is equipped with the following tools:
- Communication - a channel for uninterrupted reception / transmission of information is formed;
- Orientation / navigation systems, for a minimum period of time, a binding to the terrain is formed;
- Equipment for autonomous power supply of the entire complex;
- Equipment for ensuring protection and life in the conditions of the use of nuclear or chemical weapons.
For combat duty, autonomous power systems are used, if necessary, it is allowed to connect external sources. The total duration of work without stopping is a day.
The device of the 9K37 complex
To ensure the operability of the complex, it includes four types of machines. There are attached technical means, for which the Ural-43203 and ZIL-131 chassis are used. The bulk of the systems under consideration is based on caterpillar tracks. However, some installation options were equipped with a wheel drive.
The combat means of the complex are as follows:
- One command post coordinating the actions of the entire group;
- Target detection station, which not only identifies a potential enemy, but identifies its belonging and transmits the received data to the command post;
- Self-propelled firing system, which ensures the destruction of the enemy in a certain sector in a stationary position or autonomously. In the course of work, it detects targets, determines the ownership of the threat, its capture and shelling;
- Launcher-loader capable of launching projectiles, as well as loading additional portable ammunition. Machines of this type enter the formations at the rate of 3 to 2 SDA.
The Buk anti-aircraft missile system uses 9M317 missiles, which are classified as anti-aircraft guided missiles. Projectiles ensure the destruction of the enemy with a high probability in a wide range: air targets, surface and ground targets, subject to the creation of dense interference.
The command post is designated by the index 9S470, it is able to communicate simultaneously with six installations, one target detection system and receive tasks from the higher command.
The 9S18 detection station is a three-coordinate radar operating in the centimeter range. It is capable of detecting a potential enemy for 160 km, the review of space is carried out in a regular or sector mode.
Modifications of the Buk complex
With the modernization of aviation and means of protection against air defense, the complex was modernized to increase efficiency and speed. In parallel, the system's own means of protection were improved, which made it possible to increase survivability in combat conditions. Consider the modifications of the "Buk".
SAM Buk-M1 (9K37M1)
The modernization of the system began almost immediately after being put into service. In 1982, an improved version of the machine with the index 9K37 M1, using the 9M38M1 missile, entered service. The technique differed from the basic performance in the following aspects:
- Significantly expanded the affected area;
- It became possible to distinguish between ballistic missiles, aircraft and helicopters;
- Improved counteraction to enemy missile defense.
ZRK Buk-M1-2 (9K37M1-2)
By 1997, the next modification of the Buk air defense system appeared - the 9K37M1-2 index with a new 9M317 guided missile. Innovations affected almost all aspects of the system, which made it possible to hit Lance-class missiles. The radius of destruction increased to 45 km along the horizon and up to 25 km in height.
ZRK Buk-M2 (9K317)
9K317 is the result of a deep modernization of the base installation, which has become much more efficient in all respects, in particular, the probability of hitting enemy aircraft has reached 80 percent. The collapse of the Union ruled out mass production, but in 2008 the car nevertheless entered the Armed Forces.
ZRK Buk-M3 (9K317M)
A novelty of 2016 - the Buk M3 has received higher characteristics, has been developed since 2007. Now there are 6 missiles on board in closed containers, it works automatically, after launch, the projectile reaches the target on its own, and the probability of hitting the enemy is almost 100 percent, with the exception of a million chance of a miss .
ZRK Buk-M2E (9K317E)
The export version is a modification of the M2 on the chassis of the Minsk AZ.
SAM Buk-MB (9K37MB)
This option is a base developed by the military-industrial complex of the Soviet Union. It was presented by Belarusian engineers in 2005. Improved radio-electronic equipment, resistance to jamming and ergonomics of calculation workplaces.
Tactical and technical characteristics
Given the scale of modernization and the abundance of modifications, each model has its own performance characteristics. clearly combat effectiveness demonstrates the probability of hitting various targets:
Anti-aircraft missile system "Buk-M1"
Anti-aircraft missile system "Buk-M1-2"
| Parameter: | Meaning: |
| Aircraft | 3-45 |
| no more than 20 | |
| cruise missile | No more than 26 |
| Ship | No more than 25 |
| Height of hitting the target, km | |
| Aircraft | 0,015-22 |
| "Lance" | 2-16 |
| Airplane | 90-95 |
| Helicopter | 30-60 |
| cruise missile | 50-70 |
| 22 | |
| 1100 | |
Anti-aircraft missile system Buk-M2
| Parameter: | Meaning: |
| Distance of destruction of the enemy, km | |
| Aircraft | 3-50 |
| Ballistic missile, Lance class | no more than 20 |
| cruise missile | No more than 26 |
| Ship | No more than 25 |
| Height of hitting the target, km | |
| Aircraft | 0,01-25 |
| "Lance" | 2-16 |
| Probability of destroying the enemy with one missile, % | |
| Airplane | 90-95 |
| Helicopter | 70-80 |
| cruise missile | 70-80 |
| Number of targets fired simultaneously, pcs | 24 |
| Max speed shelled object, m/s | 1100 |
Anti-aircraft missile system Buk-M3
| Parameter: | Meaning: |
| Distance of destruction of the enemy, km | |
| Aircraft | 2-70 |
| Ballistic missile, Lance class | 2-70 |
| cruise missile | 2-70 |
| Ship | 2-70 |
| Height of hitting the target, km | |
| Aircraft | 0,015-35 |
| "Lance" | 0,015-35 |
| Probability of destroying the enemy with one missile, % | |
| Airplane | 99 |
| Number of targets fired simultaneously, pcs | 36 |
| Maximum speed of the fired object, m/s | 3000 |
Combat use
For a long history of combat duty in various countries, the Buk missile system managed to fight. However, a number of episodes of its use create a controversial picture regarding its capabilities:
- During Georgian-Abkhazian conflict An L-39 attack aircraft of Abkhazia was destroyed, which led to the death of the commander of the air defense of the state. According to experts, the incident occurred due to incorrect identification of the target by the Russian installation;
- A division of these machines participated in the first Chechen war, which made it possible to assess their potential in real conditions;
- The Georgian-South Ossetian conflict of 2008 was remembered by the official recognition by the Russian side of the loss of four aircraft: Tu-22M and three Su-25. According to reliable information, all of them became victims of Buk-M1 vehicles used by the Ukrainian division in Georgia;
- As for the controversial cases, the first one is the destruction of a Boeing 777 in the east of the Donetsk region. In 2014 car civil aviation was destroyed, according to the official data of the international commission, by the Buk complex. However, opinions differ regarding the ownership of the air defense system. The Ukrainian side claims that the system was controlled by the 53rd Air Defense Brigade of Russia, however, there is no reliable evidence of this. Is it worth believing the accusing party?
- Also, conflicting information comes from Syria, where many air defense systems Russian production, including the vehicles in question, were used in 2018. The Russian Ministry of Defense reports 29 missiles fired by Buk, and only five misses of them. The United States reports that none of the missiles fired hit their targets. Whom to believe?
Despite provocations and disinformation, the Buk complex is a worthy adversary to any modern helicopters/aircraft, which has been proven in practice. The complex is used not only by Russia, but also as part of combat units in Belarus, Azerbaijan, Venezuela, Georgia, Egypt, Kazakhstan, Cyprus, Syria, Ukraine.
If you have any questions - leave them in the comments below the article. We or our visitors will be happy to answer them.
Military SAM "Buk" (9K37) was intended to combat aerodynamic targets flying at speeds up to 830 m / s, at medium and low altitudes, maneuvering with overloads up to 10-12 units, at ranges up to 30 km, and in the future - with Lance ballistic missiles ".
The development was started according to the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of January 13, 1972 and provided for the use of cooperation between developers and manufacturers, in terms of the main composition corresponding to that previously involved in the creation of the Kub air defense system. At the same time, the development of an air defense system was determined M-22 "Hurricane" for the Navy using a single missile system with the Buk complex.
Developers of the complex and its systems
The developer of the Buk air defense system as a whole was determined by the Scientific Research Institute of Instrumentation (NIIP) of the Scientific Design Association (NPO) Fazotron ( CEO VC. Grishin) MRP (former OKB-15 GKAT). A.A. Rastov was appointed chief designer of the 9K37 complex as a whole, G.N. Valaev (then - V.I. Sokiran) of the command post (CP) 9S470, V.V. semi-active Doppler homing head 9E50 for missiles - I.G. Akopyan.
Launcher-charging installations (ROM) 9A39 were created in the Machine-Building Design Bureau (MKB) "Start" MAP (former SKB-203 GKAT) under the leadership of A.I. Yaskin. Unified tracked chassis for combat vehicles of the complex were created in OKB-40 of the Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant (MMZ) of the Ministry of Transport Engineering by a team headed by N.A. Astrov. missile development 9M38 instructed the Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Design Bureau (SMKB) "Novator" MAP (former OKB-8), headed by L.V. Lyulyev, refusing to involve the design bureau of plant No. 134, which had previously developed a missile defense system for the Kub complex. Detection and target designation station (SOC) 9S18 ("Dome") was developed at the Research Institute of Measuring Instruments (NIIIP) MRP under the leadership of the chief designer A.P. Vetoshko (then - Yu.P. Shchekotov).
The completion of the development of the means of the complex was envisaged in the II quarter. 1975
SAM "Buk-1" (9K37-1)
However, for the speedy strengthening of the air defense of the main strike force of the Ground Forces - tank divisions - with an increase in the combat capabilities of the Kub anti-aircraft missile regiments included in these divisions by doubling the channel for targets (and ensuring, if possible, the full autonomy of these channels in the process of work from detection to hitting the target). By a resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of May 22, 1974, it was ordered to carry out the creation of the Buk air defense system in two stages. Initially, it was proposed to develop at an accelerated pace the missile defense system and the self-propelled firing system of the Buk air defense system, capable of launching both 9M38 and 3M9M3 missiles from the Kub-M3 complex. On this basis, using other means of the Kub-M3 complex, it was planned to create the Buk-1 air defense system (9K37-1), ensuring its access to joint tests in September 1974, while maintaining the previously prescribed volumes and terms of work on the Buk complex "in full order.
For the Buk-1 air defense system, each of the five anti-aircraft missile batteries of the Kub-M3 regiment was provided, in addition to one self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance unit and four self-propelled launchers, to have one self-propelled firing unit 9A38 from the Buk air defense system. Thus, due to the use of a self-propelled firing system with a cost of about 30% of the cost of all other battery assets in the Kub-MZ anti-aircraft missile regiment, the number of target channels increased from 5 to 10, and the number of combat-ready missiles - from 60 to 75.
In the period from August 1975 to October 1976, the Buk-1 air defense system as part of the 1S91M3 self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance system, the 9A38 self-propelled firing system, 2P25M3 self-propelled launchers, 3M9M2 and 9M38 missile defense systems, as well as a maintenance vehicle (MTO) 9V881 passed state tests at the Emba test site (head of the test site B.I. Vashchenko) under the leadership of a commission headed by P.S. Bimbash.
As a result of the tests, the detection range of self-propelled firing system radar aircraft in autonomous mode was obtained from 65 to 77 km at altitudes of more than 3000 m, which at low altitudes (30-100 m) decreased to 32-41 km. Helicopters at low altitudes were detected at a distance of 21-35 km. In the centralized mode of operation, due to the limited capabilities of the 1S91M2 self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance system, which produces target designation, the detection range of aircraft was reduced to 44 km for targets at altitudes of 3000-7000 m and to 21-28 km at low altitudes.
The operating time of the self-propelled firing system in autonomous mode (from target detection to launch of missiles) was 24-27 seconds. The charging and discharging time for three 3M9M3 or 9M38 missiles was about 9 minutes.
When firing the 9M38 SAM, the defeat of aircraft flying at altitudes of more than 3 km was ensured at a distance of 3.4 to 20.5 km, and at an altitude of 3.1 m - from 5 to 15.4 km. The affected area in height ranged from 30 m to 14 km, in terms of heading parameter - 18 km. The probability of hitting an aircraft with one 9M38 missile was 0.70-0.93.
The complex was put into service in 1978. Due to the fact that the 9A38 self-propelled firing system and the 9M38 missile defense system were means that only supplemented the means of the Kub-MZ air defense system, the complex was named "Kub-M4" (2K12M4).
The Kub-M4 complexes that appeared in the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces made it possible to significantly increase the effectiveness of the air defense of the tank divisions of the Ground Forces of the Soviet Army.
SOC: /
Tracked chassis: / MMZ
Wheel chassis: MZKT
V. V. Matyashev
E. A. Pigin
(9K37M1)
(9K317)
(9K37M1-2)
KP, SOU, SOC: / UMZ
ROM: /ZiK
Drives: / LZSHM
Russian Army
Army of Belarus
Army of Ukraine
9K37M1 "Buk-M1"
9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2"
9K317M2E "Buk-M2E"
9K317 Buk-M2
9K317M "Buk-M3"
9K317EK "Buk-M2EK"
History of creation
The composition of the complex 9K37 "Buk"
The composition of the complex 9K37 "Buk-M1"
The composition of the complex 9K37 "Buk-M1-2"
The composition of the complex 9K37 "Buk-M2"
Modifications
Buk-M1
Immediately after the adoption of the 9K37 air defense system, by decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR in 1979, work began on the further modernization of the complex. Tests of the modernized complex were carried out in 1982. According to their results, the Buk-M1 air defense system was put into service. An analysis of the test results showed that, compared with the base case, the affected area was significantly increased, the probability of hitting ALCM cruise missiles was at least 40%, HughCobra helicopters shot down with a probability of 60 to 70%, hovering helicopters at ranges from 3.5 to 10 km can be hit with a probability of 30 to 40%. The ability to recognize three classes of targets has been introduced: aircraft, helicopter, ballistic missile. Technical and organizational arrangements to effectively counter anti-radar missiles. All means of the Buk-M1 air defense system are fully interchangeable with elements of the basic modification complex. In 1983, the complex was put into service. It was delivered abroad under the name "Ganges".
9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2"
9K317 "Buk-M2"
With the beginning of a small modernization of the 9K37 complex, work began on the creation of a deeply modified version capable of firing at 24 targets. Compared with previous modifications, the kill zone for F-15 aircraft was increased to 50 km, the probability of hitting ALCM cruise missiles at ranges up to 26 km was from 70 to 80%, and helicopters could be hit with a probability of 70 to 80%. The maximum speed of the fired targets is 1100 m / s towards and 300-400 m / s in pursuit. The complex can be deployed in 5 minutes, the rate of fire is 4 seconds, and the reaction time is 10 seconds. In 1988, the complex was adopted by the SV air defense. Due to the collapse of the USSR and the heavy economic situation in Russia, the mass production of the complex was not deployed. After 15 years, the documentation for the complex was finalized for a modern element base series production. Since 2008, the complex has entered the troops of the Russian Federation.
"Buk-M2E" is able to effectively destroy targets with an effective scattering area (ESR) of up to 0.05 m² with a probability of defeat of 0.6-0.7, the time to change position after deployment (5 minutes) is only 20 seconds
The Buk-M2 air defense systems provide the ability to destroy enemy tactical ballistic missiles with a launch range of up to 150–200 kilometers. .
9K317M "Buk-M3"
The complex is based on a new elemental base with the same modernized missile and significantly improved capabilities.
The adoption of the Buk-M3 is planned before the end of 2015.
9K317EK "Buk-M2EK"
The export version of the Buk-M2 complex, located on the MZKT-69221 wheeled tractor.
3K90 M-22 Uragan
Naval version of the Buk complex (according to NATO classification - SA-N-7). Export version - "Calm".
9K37MB "Buk-MB"
Basic performance characteristics
| 9K37 Buk | 9K37M1 "Buk-M1" | 9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2" | 9K317 "Buk-M2" | 9K317E "Buk-M2E" | 9K317M "Buk-M3" | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Start of serial production | 1979 | 1983 | 1998 | 2008 | Export | 2016 |
| Range affected area, km | ||||||
| - aircraft type F-15 | 3,5..25-30 | 3..32-35 | 3..45 | 3..50 | 3..40-45 | 2,5..70 |
| - TBR type MGM-52 "Lance" | - | - | up to 20 | 15..20 | up to 20 | |
| - PRR type AGM-88 HARM | - | - | up to 20 | up to 20 | 15..20 | |
| - KR type AGM-86 | 20..25 | 20..25 | 20..26 | 20..26 | ||
| - surface targets such as destroyer | - | - | 3..25 | 3..25 | ||
| Affected area in height, km | ||||||
| - aircraft type F-15 | 0,015..25 | 0,015..22 | 0,015..25 | 0,01..25 | 0,015..22-25 | 0,015..35 |
| - TBR type MGM-52 "Lance" | - | - | 2..16 | 2..16 | ||
| - PRR type AGM-88 HARM | - | - | 0,1..15 | 0,1..15 | 0,1..15 | |
| Number of simultaneously fired targets | 18 | 18 | 22 | 24 | 24 | 36* |
| The probability of hitting a target with one missile | ||||||
| - fighter | 0,8..0,9 | 0,8..0,95 | 0,9..0,95 | 0,9..0,95 | 0,9..0,95 | 0,9999 [ ] |
| - helicopter | 0,3..0,6 | 0,3..0,6 | 0,3..0,6 | 0,7..0,8 | 0,3..0,4 | |
| - cruise missile | 0,25..0,5 | 0,4..0,6 | 0,5..0,7 | 0,7..0,8 | 0,7..0,8 | |
| Maximum speed of hit targets, m/s | 800 | 800 | 1100 | 1100 | 1100 | 3000 |
In service
- - 12 batteries, as of 2016.
- Azerbaijan- 18 Buk-M1 air defense systems (3 divisions) were delivered in 2012; 1 9K317 or 9K37MB air defense system and 100 9M317 air defense systems were delivered in 2013
- Venezuela- 3 9K317EK Buk-M2EK complexes and 60 9M317 missiles were delivered from Russia in 2013.
- - 1-2 divisions of the Buk-M1 air defense system, as of 2016
- - more than 40 9K37 units for 2016 1 9K37M1-2 Buk-M1-2 air defense system and 100 9M317 air defense systems were delivered in 2007 from Russia, another 9K317 Buk-M2 air defense system was delivered (or modernized from the previously delivered Buk-M2 air defense system M1-2") from Russia in 2014.
- Kazakhstan- from 2 to 5 air defense systems "Buk-M1-2"
- Cyprus
- - from 6 to 20 air defense systems "Buk-M1" and "Buk-M2" with 9M317 missiles according to various sources. According to The Military Balance, as of 2013, there were 20 Buk air defense systems in Syria. According to the Center for Analysis of the World Arms Trade, only 18 Buk-M2E complexes were delivered from Russia in 2008. According to the contract between Russia and Syria, it was planned to supply 8 Buk-M2E complexes and 160 9M317 missiles, which were transferred to the Syrian side in the period from 2010 to 2013.
- - 72 Buk-M1 air defense systems, as of 2016.
Formerly in service
Potential Operators
- Myanmar- as of 2007, negotiations were underway with Rosoboronexport on the supply of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system.
- Saudi Arabia - as of 2007, it was reported that it was possible to conclude a contract in 2008 for the supply of air defense systems in the amount of $500 million.
- North Korea- There may be some availability, as of 2013.
Combat use
Notes
- SA-11 Gadfly (9K37 Buk-1M) (English) OnWar.com
- , Anti-aircraft missile systems, pp. 236, 237
- Launch weapon. 60 years of labor and military glory, pp. 49-53
- Vasily N. Ya., Gurinovich A. L., Anti-aircraft missile systems, pp. 247, 248
- Anti-aircraft missile system Buk-M1-2 (Ural) (indefinite) . Missile technology. Retrieved February 13, 2012.
Designed to protect ground facilities and troops from air strikes, including defense against cruise missiles. The air defense system is known in international indexing as 9K317. According to the American classification, the complex is designated SA-17 Grizzly or simply "Grizzly-17".
History of creation
Initially, there was controversy about the development of only the 9K37 project, but over time, more powerful modifications were proposed by military engineers. Their goal was to defeat up to 24 objects at the same time. The Buk M2 project (a photo of the complex can be seen in this article) was launched. During the first year of development, Russian designers managed to achieve amazing results. The once-invulnerable F-15 aircraft became an easy target for the 9K317, even at a distance of 40 km. The range of destruction of cruise missiles increased to 26 km.
One of the main advantages of the complex was the time of its deployment and shelling. The first indicator was only 5 minutes, and the rate of fire was 4 seconds for 1 projectile at a speed of up to 1100 m / s. Such a complex was immediately adopted by the Soviet Union. However, since the early 1990s, widespread production has been stopped due to the difficult economic situation in the country after In 2008, the air defense system joined the ranks of the Russian air defense.
Development features
The Buk M2 complex is a highly mobile and multifunctional air defense system with an average range of destruction. It is designed to destroy objects of strategic and combat helicopters, missiles and other aerodynamic devices). 9K317 is able to withstand enemy forces even with a continuous fire attack.
The main developer of the impact machine is the well-known designer of the Research Institute of Instrument Engineering E. Pigin. Under his leadership, the air defense system received independent project implementation. Previously, the development of the complex was intended to partially replace unusable mobile anti-aircraft installations "Cube". The fundamental difference from the Buk M1 was the introduction of a new universal missile 9M317 into the BC.
For a long time, the M2 model remained without modification. And only in 2008 the complex was improved. Gradually, export variations began to appear with the letter "E" at the end of the codification.
Tactical and technical characteristics
The total combat weight of the vehicle is 35.5 tons. At the same time, the crew is limited to only 3 people. The complex is sheathed with bulletproof armor. According to the performance characteristics of the Buk M2, first of all, it is distinguished by engine power, which is 710 hp. This makes it possible to move at speeds up to 45 km / h over rough terrain. The transport part is represented by wheeled or tracked chassis.
The characteristics of the combat configuration of the Buk M2 are surprising. The air defense system can fire both under the control of operators and autonomously. In turn, the command post processes data on the air situation simultaneously for 50 targets in a matter of seconds. Detection and identification is carried out by special stations SOC, RPN and SDA.
When fully equipped, the air defense system provides a one-time shelling of 24 flying objects at altitudes from 150 m to 25 km. The range of hitting targets at a speed of 830 m/s is up to 40 km, at 300 m/s - up to 50 km. Ballistic and cruise missiles will be easily neutralized at a distance of up to 20,000 m.
One of the percussion advantages of the complex is the accuracy of shooting. The probability of hitting aviation is 95%, missiles - 80%, light helicopters - 40%. The reaction time of the air defense system is also noted - only 10 seconds. Of the defensive means, aerosol curtains, laser sensors and radiation screens can be distinguished.
Data exchange between ADMC stations is provided via two-wire lines or a radio signal.
Characteristics of hitting targets
The Buk M2 air defense system is capable of neutralizing enemy flying objects moving at speeds up to 830 m/s. However, according to experts, 420 m/s is the most likely optimal lesion rate. As for the minimum speed threshold, it varies between 48-50 m/s. The modernized model of the complex, produced in 2008, is capable of destroying those flying at speeds up to 1200 m / s.
An important characteristic in an attack is the identification of the enemy. So "Buk M2" can determine the reflective surfaces of aircraft with an area of 2 square meters. m., missiles - from 0.05 sq. m.
During the maneuver, the air defense system is capable of attacking 10 aerodynamic units at once.
Combat and tactical means
The base is equipped with one 3S510 command post, a target indication and detection station with the 9S18M1-3 codification, from 4 to 6 upgraded 9S36 guidance and illumination radars, up to 6 9A317 self-propelled strike systems, 6 or 12 launch-charging systems 9A316. The anti-aircraft guided missile of the 9M317 series was given special attention.
The Buk M2 provides for the possibility of using shock sections based on the SDA, ROM and on-load tap-changer. They provide simultaneous shelling of 4 objects with a relief height of up to 20 m. In the basic and export configuration of the air defense system there are 2 such sections, in the upgraded version - 4.
Changing the basing position requires no more than 20 seconds. At the same time, the readiness time for each of the sections varies from 5 to 15 minutes.
Firepower
The 9M317 missile is the most formidable weapon of the Buk M2 air defense system. The range of destruction of missiles is 50 km. At the same time, the missile is capable of destroying a target hovering in the air at an altitude of 25 km. An inertial control system with semi-active radar GOS version 9E420 is integrated into the installation. The rocket itself has a mass of 715 kg. The flight speed is 1230 m/s. The wingspan reaches 0.86 m. The explosion covers a radius of 17 m.
The complex also includes a tracked installation 9A317. It allows you to timely detect, recognize and monitor an air target. After analyzing the 9A317 type, it develops a solution to the problem of destruction and launches a rocket. During the flight, the installation not only transmits commands to the warhead, but also preliminarily evaluates the results of the attack. Fire can be fired autonomously in a given sector or as part of an air defense system after specifying a target from a command post.
The radar station of the 9A317 installation has a phased array antenna with the possibility of electron beam scanning. This allows you to detect targets at a distance of 20 km with a maneuver angle of up to 70 degrees. At the same time, the station is able to scan 10 objects. The shelling can be carried out on the 4 highest priority targets. Also, the installation is equipped with an optical system of television and matrix channels. This allows you to monitor the airspace under any climatic conditions and radio interference. The weight of the installation is 35 tons. In combat configuration - 4 missiles.
The 9A316 launch-charging system is based on tracked chassis. During transportation, it is towed on a wheeled trailer. Its mass is 38 tons. The package includes 8 launchers. A self-loading device is built into the system.
Control and monitoring tools
Fundamental in the air defense system is the command post with the 9C510 codification. It is based on the tracked chassis of the GM597 series. Transportation over long distances is carried out by a KrAZ tractor on a wheeled semi-trailer. The checkpoint serves up to 60 destinations. The maximum number of studied targets is up to 36. The item includes 6 controlled sections, the reaction time of which varies within 2 seconds. Weight 9S510 is 30 tons when fully equipped. The crew includes 6 people.
The 9S36 radar is equipped with an antenna installation that rises to a height of 22 m, which provides localization and identification of targets even in wooded areas. The radar is based on an electronic phased array scanner. The station moves on a tracked chassis. Target detection is possible in a range of up to 120 km. It is worth noting the tracking radius - up to 35 km. Simultaneous tracking of 10 objects at wind speeds up to 32 m/s. Crew capacity - up to 4 people.
The 9S18M1-3 radar is a 3-coordinate pulse-coherent centimeter-range survey installation. Based on an electron beam scanner of a vertical plane. The radar is designed to study the airspace. The received data is instantly transmitted via telecode line to the command post for further processing. An antenna with a waveguide phased array is used. Target detection azimuth - 360 degrees at a range of 160 km. The installation is based on tracked chassis. Weight - 30 tons.
Application and possibilities
Modern 9K317s are capable of producing intense strikes against unmanned high-velocity warheads from several directions at once. The complex responds important criteria, such as mobility, versatility, fire performance, instant reaction, attack variability, autonomy of detection and defense systems.
Most often, air defense systems are used to protect especially significant objects and locations of troops. 9K317 is capable of solving a wide range of tasks. This makes it indispensable for reconnaissance or attacking the enemy from the air, even at extremely low altitudes.
The tasks of the air defense system include keeping enemy targets at the maximum distance to protected objects, eliminating interference, risk analysis, building an algorithm for a possible attack, etc.
Comparison of upgrades
The Buk M1 version was put into service in 1982. The air defense system could shoot down aircraft with an accuracy of up to 60%, ALCM class cruise missiles - up to 40%, helicopters - up to 30%. The possibility of intercepting ballistic warheads soon arose. In the course of refinement in 1993, the 9M317 installation was introduced. For a long time, the M1 vehicles remained out of reach in the international military space.
The most a new version The Buk M3 air defense system should be put into service only in the fall of 2015. After the success of the M2 model in the international arena Russian government allocated a round sum for the implementation of the modernized project. It is expected that the Buk M3 will be able to attack up to 36 targets, piloted at a speed of 3000 m/s. The recognition range will vary up to 70 km. Such results will be possible thanks to the updated 9M317M launcher and improved seeker.
Export release
The Russian Federation is armed with about 300 air defense systems of the M2 model. Most of them are based at the Alkino and Kapustin Yar training grounds.
The largest number of export "Buk M2E" is located in Syria. In 2011, 19 complexes were delivered to the local army from Russia.
Venezuela has 2 air defense systems on its balance sheet. How many complexes Azerbaijan, Ukraine and Iraq have is unknown.