Partisan movement during the Great Patriotic War
The partisan movement is the armed struggle of the Soviet people against the Nazi invaders in the temporarily occupied territory of the USSR
The call for partisan struggle was made in an appeal to the people by I.V. Stalin on July 3, 1941 The Pravda newspaper, which published a speech by the chairman of the State Defense Committee I.V. Stalin
On July 18, 1941, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks adopted a resolution "On the organization of the struggle in the rear of the German troops" in which the general goals, tasks and main forms of struggle were formulated. guarding your rear. At this stage, the partisan formations solved the following most typical tasks: they conducted reconnaissance; disorganized the work of the rear of the enemy; destroyed manpower, military equipment; disrupted defensive work; mined communication routes and other important objects of the enemy; They disrupted the evacuation of industry and transport by the enemy.
At stage II, the main goal of the fighting of the partisan forces was to create favorable conditions for the offensive of the Soviet troops at a high pace. Proceeding from this, new tasks were also set: to prevent the influx of reserves and materiel of the Nazis into the area of operation; make it difficult to leave; disrupt control.
The main forms of fighting ambush raid sabotage Partisans of one of the detachments in an ambush on a forest road
The armament of the partisan detachments was dominated by light small arms, machine guns, machine guns and mortars. Soviet female partisans armed with Mosin rifles with attached bayonets.
Soldiers of the partisan detachment "Forward" are studying the device of a new mortar. Tungudsky district, village of Lekhta. 1942
The partisan movement that arose in the lower classes was at first perceived with caution by the Soviet leadership. But the massive nature of the liberation struggle and the great damage inflicted by the partisans on the invaders forced the Committee of Defense and the Headquarters to change their views. On May 30, 1942, the Central Headquarters of the partisan movement was created at the Headquarters, which was led by P.K. Ponomarenko
The leadership was carried out mainly by radio Popov D. M., head of the Western Headquarters of the partisan movement
The most successful partisan raids were carried out by S.A. Kovpak, A.N. Saburov, S.V. Grishin, A.F. Fedorov, P.P. Vershigory. S.A. Kovpak A.N. Saburov S.V. Grishin A.F. Fedorov P.P. Vershigora
In July 1943, the Central Headquarters of the partisan movement developed a plan for a major operation called the "Rail War". According to this plan, the partisans of Belarus, Leningrad, Kalinin, Smolensk and Oryol regions were to disable a significant number of enemy railway communications with simultaneous strikes.
In terms of its scale, the "Rail War" acquired a strategic character. Launched on the night of August 3, 1943, at the height of the fierce battle on the Kursk Bulge, it unfolded over a vast expanse of 1,000 km along the front and 750 km in depth, and continued until mid-September 1943. About 100 thousand fighters of partisan formations and tens of thousands of civilians took part in the operation. The collapse of the German military echelon, organized by one of the partisan detachments
The nationwide struggle in the rear of the Nazi troops is one of the brilliant pages of the Great Patriotic War, an outstanding feat of the Soviet people. For heroism and courage shown during the years of severe trials, thousands of patriots were awarded orders and medals, 249 were awarded the title of Heroes Soviet Union, and S.A. Kovpak and A.F. Fedorov was awarded this title twice. The commander of the partisan detachment presents the medal "For Courage" to the young partisan scout
Commander of the 5th Leningrad Partisan Brigade, Hero of the Soviet Union Karitsky K.D. attaches the medal "Partisan of the Patriotic War II degree" to the priest of the church of the Porkhov district Puzanov F.A.
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Each generation has its own perception of the past war, the place and significance of which in the life of the peoples of our country turned out to be so significant that it entered their history as the Great Patriotic War. The dates of June 22, 1941 and May 9, 1945 will forever remain in the memory of the peoples of Russia. 70 years after the Great Patriotic War, Russians can be proud that their contribution to the Victory was huge and irreplaceable. The most important component of the struggle of the Soviet people against Nazi Germany during the Great Patriotic War was the partisan movement, which was the most active form of participation of the broad masses of the people in the temporarily occupied Soviet territory in the fight against the enemy.
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The party called on the Soviet people who remained behind enemy lines to create partisan detachments and sabotage groups, to kindle a partisan war everywhere and everywhere, to blow up bridges, to damage telegraph and telephone connection the enemy, set fire to warehouses, create unbearable conditions for the enemy and all his accomplices, pursue and destroy them at every step, disrupt all their activities.
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The partisan movement in the rear of the Nazi troops in the temporarily occupied territory began literally from the first days of the war. It was an integral part of the armed struggle of the Soviet people against the fascist invaders and was an important factor in achieving victory over fascist Germany and its allies.
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The struggle of the Soviet people against the Nazi invaders in the temporarily occupied territory of the Soviet Union became an integral part of the Great Patriotic War. It acquired a nationwide character, becoming a qualitatively new phenomenon in the history of the struggle against foreign invaders. The most important of its manifestations was the partisan movement behind enemy lines. Thanks to the actions of the partisans, a constant feeling of danger and threat spread among the Nazi invaders in their rear, which had a significant moral impact on the Nazis. And this was a real danger, since the fighting of the partisans inflicted enormous damage on the enemy's manpower and equipment.
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Soviet people who found themselves in the territory occupied by the enemy, as well as soldiers, commanders and political workers of the Red Army and Navy, who were surrounded, entered the fight against the Nazi invaders. They tried with all their might and means to help the Soviet troops fighting at the front, resisted the Nazis. And already these first actions against Hitlerism were in the nature of a guerrilla war.
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By the end of 1941, over 2 thousand partisan detachments were operating in the occupied territory, in which up to 90 thousand people fought. In total, during the war years, there were more than 6 thousand partisan detachments behind enemy lines, in which more than 1 million 150 thousand partisans fought.
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Difficult winter period 1941-1942, the lack of well-equipped bases of partisan detachments, lack of weapons and ammunition, poor weapons and food supply, as well as a lack of professional doctors and medicines in to a large extent complicated the effective actions of partisans, reducing them to sabotage on highways, the destruction of small groups of invaders, the destruction of their locations, the destruction of policemen - local residents who agreed to cooperate with the invaders. Nevertheless, the partisan and underground movement behind enemy lines still took place. Many detachments operated in Smolensk, Moscow, Orel, Bryansk and in a number of other regions of the country that fell under the heel of the Nazi invaders.
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S. Kovpak's Partisan Detachment The historical experience of the partisan movement of the 20th century seems to us extremely important, and considering it, one cannot but mention the legendary name of Sidor Artemyevich Kovpak, the founder of the practice of partisan raids. This outstanding Ukrainian, people's partisan commander, twice Hero of the Soviet Union, who received the rank of major general in 1943, has a special role in the development of the theory and practice of the modern partisan movement. Detachment commander Sidor Artemyevich Kovpak
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S. Kovpak's Partisan Detachment Destroying transport communications, Kovpak's men managed to block for a long time the important directions of the transport of Nazi troops and military equipment to the fronts of the Kursk Bulge. The Nazis, who sent elite SS units and front-line aviation to destroy Kovpak’s formations, failed to destroy the partisan column - being surrounded, Kovpak makes an unexpected decision for the enemy to divide the formation into a number of small groups, and break through with a simultaneous “fan” strike in various directions back to the woodlands. This tactical move brilliantly justified itself - all the disparate groups survived, again uniting into one formidable force - the Kovpak connection. In January 1944, it was renamed the 1st Ukrainian Partisan Division, named after its commander, Sidor Kovpak.
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Pinsk Detachment In June-July 1944, Pinsk partisans helped units of Belov's 61st Army to liberate the towns and villages of the region. From June 1941 to July 1944, the Pinsk partisans inflicted great damage on the Nazi invaders: they lost 26,616 people killed alone and 422 people were captured. Defeated more than 60 large enemy garrisons, 5 railway stations and 10 echelons with military equipment and ammunition located there. 468 echelons with manpower and equipment were derailed, 219 military echelons were fired upon and 23,616 railroad tracks were destroyed. 770 vehicles, 86 tanks and armored vehicles were destroyed on highways and dirt roads. Shot down 3 planes by machine-gun fire. 62 railway bridges and about 900 on highways and dirt roads were blown up. This is an incomplete list of the combat affairs of the partisans. The commander of the partisan detachment Vasily Zakharovich Korzh
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D. Medvedev's detachment The reconnaissance partisans planted explosives under the rails and tore up enemy trains, fired from ambush convoys on the highway, went on the air day and night and reported to Moscow more and more information about the movement of German military units... Medvedev's detachment served as the core for the creation of a whole partisan region in the Bryansk region. Over time, new special tasks were assigned to it, and it was already included in the plans of the Supreme High Command as an important springboard behind enemy lines. Dmitry Nikolaevich Medvedev, Commander of the partisan detachment, Hero of the Soviet Union
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1943-1944 During the winter of 1943 and during 1944, when the enemy was defeated and completely expelled from Soviet soil, the partisan movement rose to a new, even higher level. The year 1944 went down in the history of the partisan movement as a year of widespread interaction between partisans and units of the Soviet Army. Partisans - father and son, 1943 Partisan-intelligence officer of the Chernigov formation "For the Motherland" Vasily Borovik Portrait of 14-year-old partisan-intelligence officer Mikhail Khavdey
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Zoya Anatolyevna Kosmodemyanskaya According to Zoya's colleagues, she managed to burn down the German communication center, which made it difficult or impossible for some German units stationed near Moscow to interact. With the onset of the evening of November 28, while trying to set fire to the barn of S. A. Sviridov, Kosmodemyanskaya was noticed by the owner. During the interrogation, Zoya called herself Tanya and did not say anything definite. Having stripped naked, she was flogged with belts, then the sentry assigned to her for 4 hours led her barefoot, in her underwear, down the street in the cold. The name of the Moscow Komsomol member Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, who was awarded the high title of Hero of the Soviet Union, became a symbol of the fearlessness and courage of the partisan scouts. The country learned about the feat of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya during the difficult months of the battle near Moscow. On November 29, 1941, Zoya died with the words on her lips: "It is happiness to die for your people!"
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Voloshina Vera Danilovna On November 21, 1941, two groups of scouts left for the rear of the German troops. Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was a member of the second group. After crossing the front, the groups were to split up and begin to act independently. However, the unforeseen happened: the united detachment came under enemy fire and broke up into two random groups. So the paths of Zoya and Vera parted ways. The Kosmodemyanskaya group set off towards the village of Petrishchevo. Vera and her comrades continued to complete the task. But between the villages of Yakshino and Golovkovo, a group of partisans again came under fire. Vera was seriously wounded, but they could not take her away, as German soldiers arrived very quickly at the place of shelling. She was hanged by the Germans on November 29, 1941, her last words were: "Farewell, comrades!". On the same day that the Germans executed Vera, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was hanged ten kilometers from Golovkovo, in the center of the village of Petrishchevo. On their last assignment, they left together.
Partisan formations - detachments, regiments, brigades, formations (divisions) of Soviet partisans during the Great Patriotic War.
Objectives of activities June 29, 1941 - directive of the Council of People's Commissars - in content resembles "The Socialist Fatherland is in danger!" Creation of partisan detachments, underground and sabotage groups in the territory occupied by the enemy Destruction of valuables Leaders of party and Komsomol organizations led the movement The directive formed the basis of I. V. Stalin's speech on July 3, 1941
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE: The organization of partisan formations was determined by: the number of personnel, the number and composition of weapons, the geographical conditions of the area economic condition district by the nature of the tasks performed
INFRASTRUCTURE. Many partisan formations had their own hospitals, workshops for the repair of weapons and various property, ammunition platoons.
WEAPONS. The partisans were armed mainly with light weapons: light machine guns, machine guns, rifles, carbines, grenades. Many detachments and formations had mortars and heavy machine guns. In some cases, the partisans used cannons and tanks left by the troops on the battlefield.
The main organizational and combat unit of the partisans was the partisan detachment, which usually consisted of companies, platoons and squads, and sometimes of combat groups. Its number varied from 20 to 200 people. The detachment was part of a partisan brigade (combinations, divisions) or was independent. The partisan regiment consisted of battalions and was not widely used. He acted independently or as part of a partisan brigade, formation (division).
The partisan brigade united several detachments (rarely battalions and regiments) and numbered from several hundred to 3-4 thousand or more people. The partisan formation (division) included 10 or more partisan brigades with a total strength of up to 15-19 thousand people, it was created by decision of the headquarters of the partisan movement, underground regional committees (district committees) of the party. In the combat operations of the unit (division), raids prevailed, including those outside the Soviet territory. Organizationally, some formations included cavalry, artillery and machine gun units.
Stage I - summer 1941 - summer 1942 Spontaneous actions of small armed groups Poor weapons No coordination, fragmentation organizations on the ground specified the role
Partisan detachments Ukraine: L. Drozhzhin, V. Kostenko, A. Zlenko, S. A. Kovpak, A. N. Saburov. Belarus: P. Ponomarenko, P. Kalinin, V. Malinin, K. Mazurov Central regions of the USSR: D. N. Medvedev, A. F. Fedorov Leningrad region: G. Bumagin, A. V. German
Stage II - summer 1942 - summer 1943 May 30 -The Central Headquarters of the partisan movement was created (headed by P. Ponomarenko) + Carried out radio communications between headquarters + Engaged in the transfer of ammunition, medicines, food to the territory occupied by the enemy + Prepared the organizers of the underground, radio operators, scouts, attracted military specialists
Partisan region - territory in the rear of the German troops, liberated and held for a long time by partisans Partisan zone - territory controlled by partisans
The detachment, brigade and formation were headed by a commander and a commissar, there was a headquarters, and in large formations there was also a party-political apparatus. The commanders had deputies for reconnaissance, for sabotage, and a supply assistant with the relevant units. Party and Komsomol organizations worked in the detachments. COMMAND
Kovpak Sidor Artemyevich Kovpak (1887-1967) - commander of the Putivl partisan detachment (later - the Sumy partisan unit, 1st Ukrainian partisan division), member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) of Ukraine, major general. Twice Hero of the Soviet Union. He carried out raids behind enemy lines in the Sumy, Kursk, Oryol and Bryansk regions, in 1942-1943 - a raid from the Bryansk forests on the Right-Bank Ukraine in the Gomel, Pinsk, Volyn, Rivne, Zhitomir and Kyiv regions; in 1943 - the Carpathian raid.
Ponomarenko Panteleimon Kondratievich (1902-1984) In 1938-1947 - First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Belarus. Since September 1939, a member of the Military Council of the Belarusian Military District, he took part in the leadership of the troops that entered the territory of Western Belarus. During the Great Patriotic War, he was a member of the military councils of the fronts and armies, led the partisan movement. From May 30, 1942 - March 1943 - Chief of the Central Headquarters of the partisan movement at the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command.
Dmitry Nikolaevich Medvedev (1898 - 1954) Partisan detachment commander, Hero of the Soviet Union, NKVD personnel officer, colonel The detachment operated until January 1942 on the territory of the Smolensk, Bryansk, Mogilev regions, conducted over 50 major operations
Alexander Nikolayevich Saburov (1908 -1974) Major General, commander of a partisan unit, Hero of the Soviet Union. In October 1941 he headed the Soviet partisan detachment. From March 1942 to April 1944 he commanded a partisan unit that operated in Sumy, Zhytomyr, Volyn, Rivne and other regions of Ukraine, as well as the Bryansk and Oryol regions of Russia and in the southern regions of Belarus.
Fedorov Alexey Fedorovich (1901 -1989) From September 1941 - the first secretary of the Chernigov, from March 1943 - also the Volyn underground regional party committees, at the same time the commander of the Chernigov-Volyn partisan unit of the NKVD of the USSR, operating in Ukraine, Belarus and in the Bryansk forests of Russia. During these years, the talent of Alexei Fedorov as an outstanding organizer of guerrilla warfare, one of the creators of guerrilla tactics, was revealed.
Golikov Leonid Aleksandrovich Brigadier reconnaissance officer of the 67th (1926-1943) detachment of the 4th Leningrad partisan brigade, operating in the Novgorod and Pskov regions. Participated in 27 combat operations. Accompanied a wagon train with food (250 carts) to besieged Leningrad. For valor and courage he was awarded the Order of Lenin, the Order of the Patriotic War 1st degree, the medal "For Courage" and the medal to the Partisan of the Patriotic War 2nd degree. On January 24, 1943, Leonid Golikov died in an unequal battle in the village of Ostraya Luka, Pskov Region.
Stage III - summer 1943 -1944 Joint actions of partisans with units of the Red Army Disrupted the supply of weapons to the Nazi troops Undermined communications Conducted operations "Rail war", "Concert"
Rail War It was carried out jointly with units of the Red Army near Kursk from August 3 to September 15, 1943. 167 partisan formations participated in it. The partisans of Belarus derailed 761 enemy echelons, Ukraine - 349, Smolensk region- 102. As a result of the operation, the highways Mogilev-Krichev, Polotsk-Dvinsk, Mogilev-Zhlobin did not operate throughout August. On others railways traffic was often delayed for 3-15 days. The actions of the partisans significantly hampered the regrouping and supply of the retreating enemy troops.
The code name of the operation (from September 19 - October 1943), the continuation of the operation "Rail War. 193 partisan formations from Belarus, the Baltic States, Karelia, Crimea, Leningrad and Kalinin regions participated. The length of the operation along the front is about 900 kilometers (excluding Karelia and the Crimea) and over 400 kilometers in depth. This operation was closely connected with the upcoming offensive of the Soviet troops in the Smolensk and Gomel directions and the Battle of the Dnieper. The leadership was carried out by the Central Headquarters of the partisan movement. Operation "Concert"
Underground during the war In the territory occupied by the enemy, underground organizations headed by party and Komsomol leaders operated. The main forms of struggle: Posted leaflets in which they called for a fight, covered the current state of affairs at the front Disrupted the supply of weapons to German troops for conducting military operations Hid those who had fled from captivity from being sent to Germany Provided the Soviet command important information about the enemy
Zaslonov Konstantin Sergeevich (1910 - 1942) In October 1941 he was sent behind enemy lines as part of a group of railway workers. Partisan pseudonym - "Uncle Kostya". He created an underground group, whose members blew up 93 German locomotives in 3 months by using "coal mines". He acted with a group in the Vitebsk-Orsha-Smolensk region. He died in 1942 in a battle with punishers.
"Young Guard" Underground anti-fascist Komsomol organization in the city of Krasnodon, Lugansk region. , established on July 20, 1942, consisted of about 110 people - boys and girls. Ivan Turkenich, Oleg Koshevoy, Sergey Tyulenin, Ivan Zemnukhov, Ulyana Gromova and Lyubov Shevtsova are active
The Significance of the Partisan Movement and the Underground In total, during the war years behind enemy lines, there were more than 6,000 partisan detachments, in which more than 1 million people fought. During the operations, the partisans destroyed, captured and wounded 1 million fascists, disabled 4 thousand tanks and armored vehicles, 65 thousand vehicles, 1100 aircraft, destroyed and damaged 1600 railway bridges, derailed 20 thousand trains.
Partisan movement during the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945.
Completed by: 9th grade student
Razyapov Salavat
The interaction of partisans with units of the regular army was important. In 1941, during the defensive battles of the Red Army, the partisans mainly conducted reconnaissance. However, from the spring of 1943, the systematic development of plans began with the use of partisan forces. The most striking example of effective interaction between partisans and units of the Soviet Army was the Belarusian operation of 1944, codenamed "Bagration". In it, a powerful grouping of Belarusian partisans was essentially one of the fronts, coordinating its actions with the four advancing fronts of the regular army. The activity of partisans during the Great Patriotic War was highly appreciated. More than 127 thousand of them were awarded the medal "Partisan of the Patriotic War" of the 1st and 2nd degrees; over 184 thousand were awarded other medals and orders, and 249 people became Heroes of the Soviet Union, and S.A. Kovpak and A.F. Fedorov - twice.