General concepts, terms, definitions.
The social, economic, scientific and technological progress of society at all times was determined not only by the level of productive forces, but also by the level of information in all spheres of life. Therefore, it can be argued that the development of civilization contributed to the birth of technical means that ensured the effective transmission and dissemination of information - postal communication, paper, printing press. In the future, for several centuries, there has been a constant improvement of three intermediate links - a transmitter, a transmission channel, a receiver, located between the source of information and its consumer. However, despite the mass distribution in recent decades of the most effective media - radio and television, despite the use of the highest achievements of the human mind - space satellites, cybernetics and electronics, computer and laser technology - printing still remains the most important element of spiritual culture, which has received embodied both in a book and in periodicals, especially in newspapers and magazines.
However, let us return to the subject of our conversation and try to determine what features characterize the periodical. The influence of socio-economic processes taking place in society on the type of periodicals is obvious. After all, journalism reflects social life in all its manifestations, and type, kind publications (as well as television or radio broadcasts) is a form of such reflection. Therefore, in the history of society, it is always possible to trace and substantiate the moments of birth and death of each type and type of media. Of course, the higher the class of objects under study on the hierarchical ladder, the less often changes occur there: too significant, fundamental social phenomena can affect specific innovations.
In the 60s of the 15th century, shortly after the printing press began to work, there appeared book, as a view printed edition. Then, after 100 years, in the 60s of the XVI century - newspaper, after another 100 years - magazine. The latter appeared after two centuries of the existence of the book and after a century of the life of the newspaper (if we take from the very first printed sheets) as a result of the birth of a new form that embodied the fundamental nature of the book and the efficiency of the newspaper into a single secondary (in terms of volume, scale of distribution, etc.) education. In the 90s of the twentieth century, periodicals of electronic computer networks appeared. At this species level, we observe evolution, a leisurely movement towards the diversity of life, due to many socio-historical and economic processes.
Periodical(the term “time-based” was also used earlier) is a printed or electronic publication that has a certain problem-thematic and functional direction, published at certain (equal) intervals in separate issues that have the same title and are of the same type.
Issues of the periodical are numbered consecutively throughout the year (in addition to this, numbering is also carried out from the moment the publication was founded). Issues of a periodical are also called numbers (“newspaper issue”, “magazine number”, more specifically: “4th issue of a magazine for such and such a year”).
The main difference between a periodical and a non-periodical, for example, a book, is in the timing of publication (V. Dahl has the term “conscript”). This feature is defined by the term "periodicity" and is measured by the number of issues per unit of time - per week, month, quarter, year. To characterize the frequency of publication, they say: “daily newspaper”, “monthly magazine” or: “newspaper comes out twice a week” (“300 times a year”, etc.), “magazine comes out once every two months” (1 once a quarter, 4 times a year, etc.). In Russia, it is customary to consider a periodical publication with an output from two times a year to a daily one. It is important that the declared periodicity be maintained in practice for at least a year, preferably for a long time.
The stability of publication is one of the important quality features of a periodical. The best publishers have always valued this very much, as an honor of the company, an obligation to their readers (for example, the St. Petersburg monthly journal “Proceedings of the Free Economic Society”, published from 1765 to 1915, has not missed a single issue in 150 years of existence!). Among the many vices of modern journalism, the violation of the established deadlines for publication is one of the most significant.
The main types of periodicals are newspapers and magazines. They arose and established themselves in Europe in the 16th-17th centuries, became widespread throughout the world and, changing in the process of their development under the influence of socio-political, socio-economic, ethnographic phenomena, nevertheless, retained, along with the book, their original image. as objects of spiritual culture. Being embodied in a material form and being a product of production, they serve the spiritual needs of people.
Newspaper and magazine differ primarily in form. The newspaper is a sheet edition, the magazine is a book edition. Roughly speaking, a newspaper is separate sheets of paper with text printed on them, and a magazine is sheets bound in the spine, as a rule, of a smaller format and a larger volume, in soft or hard cover. The newspaper, as a rule, comes out more often than the magazine and is a mass publication (has a larger circulation). All these signs of difference - the form of publication, periodicity, volume, format, circulation, despite their obviousness, are still not sufficient. There are rules, each of which allows an exception. So, some newspapers and magazines may have the same frequency (for example, once a week), volume (for example, 24 pages or more); sometimes there are newspapers similar in format to some magazines; quite often the circulation of magazines exceeds the circulation of newspapers.
The above signs, despite their significance, are still secondary, one way or another relating only to the form of publication. However, even if a newspaper is bound and bound in the form of a magazine, it will not cease to be a newspaper. Just like if a magazine is printed on large sheets of newspaper, it will not cease to be a magazine. It's not about the form. The essential difference between a newspaper and a magazine is in the nature of information and in efficiency. For a newspaper, prompt messages about the events of current life are important, for a magazine - a commentary on these events. A newspaper needs a stream of news, a “kaleidoscope of facts”, while a magazine needs a selection of the most significant social phenomena and their analysis. The well-known Russian publisher N. A. Polevoy in 1831 expressed this idea in a short phrase: “The motto of the newspaper is news, the motto of the magazine is the thoroughness of the news.”
In accordance with these functions, naturally, the ways of their implementation also differ. The newspaper is characterized by short notes and small correspondence, the magazine - articles, reviews, reviews. Depending on the type of newspaper or magazine, mixing and interpenetration of genres is possible, but this does not change the main specific trend. In addition, the same genres of publications also have differences depending on the edition in which they are published (for example, an article in a newspaper and an article in a magazine differ in volume, depth, scale of development of the topic, fundamental approach, language and style of presentation).
All these features are difficult to define in one definition, but nevertheless we will try to identify the main thing that distinguishes a newspaper and a magazine as a type of printed publication.
Newspaper- this is a sheet periodical containing event or other information about objects and phenomena of the surrounding reality, problems and comments on the current political, socio-economic, cultural life of society and is distinguished by the greatest efficiency among other printed publications.
Magazine- this is a periodical, similar in material embodiment to a book, differing from other media in less efficiency, containing an analysis of social relations and productive forces, the formulation of scientific, political, socio-economic and spiritual problems, as well as various socially significant information.
Explanatory dictionaries, encyclopedias, other reference publications and various scientific papers give different definitions of periodicals, which differ to one degree or another from the above. The definitions of a newspaper and a magazine (as well as other printed matter) are also contained in the State All-Russian Standard - GOST 7.60-90.” Editions. Main types. Terms and Definitions". Readers of this manual are given the opportunity to compare and apply, if necessary, any - at their discretion, depending on the goal.
In the system of periodicals, along with the newspaper and the magazine, there are a number of others. Among them, some gravitate towards the newspaper (leaflet, leaflet), others - to the magazine (bulletin, periodical collection, almanac). Hence the expressions that appeared in the professional-practical lexicon: “newspaper-type publications”, “magazine-type publications”. It is not our task to consider these publications, since, as a rule, they have nothing to do with journalism. In this case, we are talking about a real, actual typology, and not about the subtitles indicated in the publication, which very often turn out to be untrue. The reasons for such inconsistencies are various and, until 1990, were associated, in particular, with the system of approval of publications in higher authorities.
After the first acquaintance with the concepts, let's try to delve into the nature of the periodical as a social phenomenon.
P periodic is called a publication that comes out at certain intervals, a constant number of issues for each year, not repeating in content, of the same type, numbered and (or) dated issues, having the same name and, as a rule, the same volume and format. Periodicals include newspapers, magazines, periodicals, yearbooks, bulletins.
The above definition and classification of periodicals relate to modern publishing practice, but in the past, the listed features were far from always observed: the same publications could have different names, different formats, periodicity of publication, etc. At different times, periodicals were classified, in addition to traditional newspapers and magazines, leaflets, almanacs, book series.
A specialist working with antiquarian books should be aware that the term "newspaper" in the name of a periodical appeared in Russia only at the beginning of the 19th century, although the publication of newspapers itself began a century earlier - in 1702. Until that time, newspapers, as a rule, were called statements, less often - news.
The word "magazine" appeared in in Russian in the first quarter of the 18th century, under Peter I. However, almost until the end of the century, it was not used in the titles of periodicals. Magazines, or "journals", were called official documents, including daily records, journals of government offices, etc., and journal-type publications were called "monthly works", "periodicals", "vivliophics", "shop" and even "collected works". Only in 1791 did N.M. Karamzin's "Moscow Journal" first appear.
The earliest type of periodical publication is the newspaper.
The first Russian newspaper "Kuranty", or "Vestovye Pistachi", was published during the 17th century at the court of the Moscow Tsar. It was handwritten in a limited number of copies for the tsar and court officials of the Posolsky Prikaz and was originally a secret diplomatic document. The "chimes" looked like a column, that is, a long paper scroll on which they wrote in a "column" (from top to bottom). The main attention of the newspaper was given to military events, court life, trade and emergencies. The earliest surviving newspaper issues date back to 1621. The Chimes existed until 1701, serving as the basis for the creation of the first Russian printed newspaper.
From December 1702, by decree of Peter I in Moscow, and then in St. Petersburg, the first Russian printed the newspaper "Vedomosti about military and other affairs worthy of knowledge and memory that happened in the Moscow state and in other surrounding countries", which was a notebook with a format of 16x10 cm and a volume of 8-16 pages. There was no clear periodicity in the publication of newspaper issues, it was published as material accumulated (from 1 to 70 issues per year, and the sequence of issues was often not followed) and often changed its name (Vedomosti, Vedomosti Moskovskiye, Rossiyskiye Vedomosti). ); The circulation of the newspaper depended on the importance of the news being reported and ranged from a few dozen to 4,000 copies. Starting from February 1710, the newspaper was printed in civil type, but until 1714, some important messages were typed in Church Slavonic type. The publication of Vedomosti was discontinued by the successors of Peter I after his death (1727).
The first printed issues of Vedomosti, published on December 16-17, 1702, have not been preserved. The first surviving issue of the printed Vedomosti dates from January 1703.
St. Petersburg Vedomosti (since 1728) and Moskovskiye Vedomosti (since 1756), which appeared regularly, twice a week, can be fully considered periodicals. In the supplement to the newspaper "Sankt-Peterburgskiye Vedomosti" from 1728, "Monthly historical, genealogical and geographical notes in Vedomosti" began to be printed. They gradually turned into an independent publication - the first Russian literary and popular science a broad profile magazine (published until 1742).
"Moskovskie Vedomosti" also had regular "Appendices" (up to 25-30 issues per year), but their main value was in the numerous and diverse magazine supplements. The most popular of these were economic store, or a collection of all kinds of economic news, experiments, discoveries ... "(1780-1789) - the first Russian journal on agriculture (editor and compiler A.T. Bolotov); " Children's reading for the heart and mind" (1785-1789) - the first magazine in Russia for children and teachers (editors and publishers N.I. Novikov and N.M. Karamzin), distributed free of charge; "Shop of natural history, physics and chemistry ..." (1788-1790), etc. In just twenty-three years (1778-1801) "Moskovskie Novosti" had about twenty different applications, like no other newspaper in pre-reform Russia.
Since 1727, the printing house of the Academy of Sciences began to publish "Commentarii" - the first Russian scientific a magazine of universal content, which, changing its name, existed until 1805. "Comments" contained scientific works and research by academicians in various branches of science and were published in Latin, the international language of science at the time. In the same year, under the title "Brief Description of the Commentaries of the Academy of Sciences", the first volume of the publication in Russian was published, which was not a simple translation from the Latin original, but extracts from it. On this, the Russian edition of the magazine was discontinued due to insufficient public interest in it and was resumed only in 1748. The artistic and printing design of the magazine was different high quality execution: it was printed on lay paper, had a variety of tables, maps, images of ancient inscriptions, coins, etc. masterfully engraved on copper.
In 1755-1764, on the initiative of M.V. Lomonosov, the Academy of Sciences began publishing the first Russian literary and scientific encyclopedic magazine "Monthly essays, for the benefit and amusement of employees", which published translated and original science articles and works of art. All the best literary forces of that time were involved in the journal, including V.K. Trediakovsky, M.V. Lomonosov, A.P. Sumarokov, M.M. Kheraskov and others.
A sharp aggravation of social contradictions in the second half of the 60s - early 70s, their manifestation in public life, the press, the acuteness of the peasant question and the desire of the ruling class in this regard to somehow influence public opinion, to direct it in the right direction led to creation of nameless satirical magazines.
Beginning of Russian satirical journalism was laid by the magazine "Vsyakaya Vyachina" (1769-1770) (publisher and editor G.V. Kozitsky, one of the court secretaries Catherine II), in which the empress herself performed under the pseudonym "Afinogen Perochinov".
Among the numerous satirical magazines of the second half of the 18th century ("This and that", "Infernal mail", "Neither this nor that", "Day work", "Riddle", "Useful with pleasant", "Mixture", "Mail of Spirits" etc.) a special place belongs to Novikov's publications, and first of all "Trutnya" (1769-1770) and "Painter" (1772-1773). Having a consistent and pronounced anti-serfdom character, which differed from their contemporary editions in the sharp language of publications, the magazines were closed by order of Catherine II, but their success in society was so great that individual issues of Drone were reprinted twice, and The Painter only in the last quarter of the XVIII century was completely reprinted four times (1772, 1775, 1781, 1793). The most complete reprint is the 1781 edition. In the 19th century, both journals were republished by I.I. Glazunov (in 1864 and 1865, respectively, prepared by P.A. Efremov).
The name of N.I. Novikov is associated with the emergence and development of Russian industry periodicals. In 1773-1775, he undertook the publication of "Ancient Russian vivliophics" (in 10 parts), in which he began the systematic publication of archival documents on the history of Russia: ancient letters to the nobility and clergy, state acts and diplomatic materials, noble genealogies, service records, annals and etc. The publication was such a success that in 1786-1801 the Academy of Sciences published its continuation under the title "Continuation of Ancient Russian Vivliofika" (in 11 collections), and in 1788-1791 N.I. Novikov himself undertook the second expanded edition of "Vivliofiki in 20 parts. Under the influence of these initiatives, in 1792-1794 he began to publish " Russian store"- the first Russian historical magazine (publisher and editor F.I. Tumansky).
In 1777, N.I. Novikov undertook the publication of the first in Russia bibliographic journal "Saint-Petersburg Scientific Vedomosti" (22 issues were published).
In 1783-1786, the Academy of Sciences, with the participation of N.I. Novikov, published "Interlocutor of lovers of the Russian word, containing various works in verse and prose by some Russian writers" - one of the most interesting literary journals of the late 18th century, in which Princess E. R. Dashkova, Catherine II, G. R. Derzhavin, D. I. Fonvizin and others.
In 1786, the first Russian provincial magazine "Solitary Poshekhonets. Monthly Essay for 1786" (Parts 1-2, 12 issues in total).
In 1792-1794, the St. Petersburg Medical Gazette was published - the first Russian journal on medicine.
In 1794-1795, in Moscow, N.M. Karamzin published the first Russian almanac called "Aglaya" (books 1-2).
The most popular publications of the first half of the 19th century included the literary and political journal "Bulletin of Europe" by N.M. Karamzin, which was published for almost three decades (1802-1830). According to V. G. Belinsky, N. M. Karamzin showed how one should "follow modern political events and convey them in a fascinating way." The weekly magazine "Son of the Fatherland" (1812-1852) was also popular with readers, the editor-publisher of which was the writer N.I.Grech. Being historical and political in content and actively responding to the events of our time, "Son of the Fatherland" at first was one of the most progressive press organs of its time, actively contributed to the victory of the Russian army in the war of 1812 and the birth of the ideas of the Decembrists. It was actually the first in Russia illustrated magazine, famous for its political caricature, created by the artist A.G. Venetsianov.
In 1807, the first magazine in Russia was published entirely devoted to fine arts and aesthetics , - "Bulletin of Fine Arts" (publisher - Professor of Moscow University I.F. Bule). However, after the release of three issues, this magazine ceased to exist due to the lack of the required number of subscribers.
In 1808, the Dramatic Herald magazine began to appear in St. Petersburg - the first periodical in Russia dedicated specifically to theater. Along with theoretical articles on issues of theatrical art, it published reviews of new plays and performances. Biographies of actors occupied a significant place in the magazine. I.A. Krylov, D. Yazykov, G.R. Derzhavin, Prince A.A. Shakhovskoy and others took part in the publication, however, all articles were printed without indicating the names of the authors.
In 1823 in St. Petersburg under the old name - "Bulletin of Fine Arts" - began to appear new magazine, wholly dedicated to arts(publisher V.I. Grigorovich). The magazine introduced readers to the biographies of artists of the past, the largest artistic monuments of Russian and Western European art; it published critical articles, news from the field of art, printed notes on art exhibitions and new works of artists. The same line was continued by the illustrated magazine "Picturesque Review", published in 1835-1844 by the famous Moscow publisher A.I. Rene-Semyon and opened the era of Russian illustrated periodicals. The "Review" reproduced the best paintings by Russian and foreign artists, gave information about the artistic life of the country. The magazine was printed at a high printing level.
In the first quarter of the 19th century, literary almanacs became widespread - collections of poetic and prose works by contemporary authors, united according to some criterion (thematic, genre, etc.). Under the guise of almanacs, for the publication of which it was easier to obtain government permission than for new periodicals, at the beginning of the 19th century in Russia literary magazines. As a rule, almanacs were published in a small format (24°), with an engraved title page and a frontispiece, several illustrations, in printed cardboard. The most famous almanacs include "Northern Flowers", "Mnemosyne", "Nevsky Almanac", "Russian Antiquity", etc. The almanac "Polar Star", published by A.A. Bestuzhev and K.F. Ryleev in 1823-1825 and most clearly reflected the philosophical and aesthetic views of the Decembrists. A.S. Pushkin, A.S. Griboyedov, A.A. Delvig, P.A. Vyazemsky and others were involved in the almanac. Three books of "Polar Star" were published (1823, 1824, 1825). The fourth book of the almanac for 1825, small in volume and therefore called "Asterisk", was confiscated at the printing house, along with other papers by Bestuzhev and Ryleev, upon arrest after December 14 and burned 36 years later. Copies of the "Asterisk" known today are of great rarity. In 1981, a facsimile edition of "Asterisk" was issued with a dedicatory inscription of the bibliophile P.A. Efremov, who presented his copy of this rarest almanac public library(now the Russian National Library).
The almanac "Novoselye" (part 1 - 1833; part 2 - 1834; part 3 - 1839), called by V. G. Belinsky "the best Russian almanac", was very famous among contemporaries. Timed to coincide with the relocation of the bookstore and library of the famous publisher A.F. Smirdin to a new building on Nevsky Prospekt, it consisted of works presented to Smirdin by the best writers of the era, including A. S. Pushkin, N. V. Gogol, P A. Vyazemsky, V. A. Zhukovsky, I. A. Krylov, E. A. Baratynsky, N. I. Grech, F. V. Bulgarin and others. monthly magazine of literature, sciences, arts, industry, news, fashion (1834-1848), published by A.F. Smirdin. Designed for people of all classes and ages, the Library was the first so-called "thick" magazine in Russia.
A great event in the Russian periodical press was the publication in 1836 of the first issue of Pushkin's Sovremennik, whose history is widely known. On the pages of the Sovremennik, works of art were published (the novels by N.V. Gogol "The Nose" and "Carriage", songs by A.V. Koltsov, "Notes of a Partisan" by D. Davydov, etc.) were published here for the first time), original articles on technology , natural science, trade, etc.; For the first time in journal practice, the section "New Books" was introduced.
In 1847, N.A. Nekrasov and I.I. Panaev became editors-publishers of Sovremennik, who attracted the best representatives modern literature- A.I. Herzen, I.S. Turgenev, L.N. Tolstoy, A.A. Fet and others. In the mid-60s, under the influence of N.G. into socio-political, literary and artistic, becomes the leading organ of the revolutionary democratic movement in Russia. In 1861, its circulation reached 7126 copies, which at that time was a significant figure. In 1862, the magazine was closed by censors for eight months, and in 1866 ceased to exist. Only four came out magazine books, the fifth was withdrawn from circulation and today is a rarity.
After the closure of Sovremennik, his ideological line was continued by the magazine " Domestic notes"(1818-1884), since 1868 headed by N.A. Nekrasov and M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. Of the other democratic journals, the most popular among readers were " Russian word"(1859-1866), in which D.I. Pisarev actively collaborated, and the illustrated weekly Iskra (1859-1873) - the best satirical magazine of the 60s of the XIX century, rightfully called the Sovremennik branch. At the head of the magazine stood the poet V.S. Kurochkin and the talented cartoonist N.A. Stepanov.
The most interesting publication of the middle of the 19th century is the "Russian Art Sheet" (1851-1862; publisher V.F. Timm), which contemporaries called the "artistic chronicle of the life of Russia" of that time. I.K. Aivazovsky, P.P. Sokolov, K.A. Trutovsky, M.O. Mikeshin and other artists were involved in cooperation in the magazine. 432 issues of "Leaflet" were published, each consisting of one or more pages of text and illustrative material, printed by lithographic method in the famous workshop of Münster on separate sheets of large format (4 °; drawings separate from the text - 2 °). At the request of the subscribers of the magazine, the illustrations were sent not bound with the text, but separately, wound on a stick and covered with canvas on top.
The cruel political regime, the aggravation of the class struggle in the country and the censorship of the press contributed to the emergence in the middle of the 19th century of a free Russian press abroad, the initiator of which was A.I. Herzen, who founded the Free Russian Printing House in London in 1853 (since 1865 in Geneva). The main publications of the printing house were the almanac "Polar Star" (1855-1868) and the first Russian uncensored revolutionary newspaper "Kolokol" (1857-1867), published in two to three thousand copies and distributed in Russia and abroad. A total of 245 issues of the newspaper were published, some of them were reprinted, some issues of the newspapers were repeatedly reprinted by underground printing houses in Russia.
In our time, the publishing house "Nauka" has released complete facsimile reissues of "The Bell" (1962) and "Polar Star" (1974).
The democratization of Russian society in the middle of the 19th century contributed to the emergence cartoonish magazines, the best of which were Yeralash (St. Petersburg, 1858), Pictures from Life (St. Petersburg, 1858), Kolpak (St. Petersburg, 1866). Well-known draftsmen of Russia V.F. Timm, A.A. Agin, P.M. Boklevsky, A.I. Lebedev actively collaborated in these magazines.
In 1858-1861 (the journal was not published in 1860), Bibliographic Notes began to appear in Moscow (publisher N.M. Shchepkin, editor A.N. Afanasiev, since 1861 - V.I. Kasatkin) - the first in Russia bibliographic the journal, which became the country's first center of attraction for bibliophile forces, the first association of domestic scribes. Under editor V.I. Kasatkin (from the twelfth issue to the end) the section "Bibliophiliana" was introduced in the journal for the first time.
With the development of capitalism in Russia, the revival of public life in the 80-90s of the XIX century, the first professional periodicals. The publication of the first bookselling professional bodies print. The most famous of them are the "Book Bulletin" (1884-1916), the organ of the Russian Society of Booksellers and Publishers, "Izvestia bookstores Association M.O. Wolf" (1897-1917), "Scribe" (1889-1912), "Bulletin of Booksellers" (1900-1905), etc.
In connection with the increased role of the book as the most important factor in social development, its scientific study begins. Since 1884, under the editorship of N.M. Lisovsky, the journal "Bibliographer" has been published, since 1892 - "Bibliographic Notes"; in 1894-1896, the Moscow bibliographic circle published the journal "Knigovedenie".
Widespread development receive "thick" magazines, designed for the mass reader. One of the most popular periodicals of the second half of XIX century was the weekly illustrated literary, artistic and popular science magazine "Niva" (1870-1918), published by A.F. Marx. Destined for " family reading"And designed for wide circles of urban and rural intelligentsia, officials, the bourgeoisie, by the beginning of the 20th century, the magazine reached an unprecedented circulation for that time - 235 thousand copies and was sold at a very low price - 10 kopecks per issue. The success of Niva was largely due to with applications in the form of albums or separate reproductions from paintings by prominent artists (I.E. Repin, I.K. Aivazovsky, I.I. Shishkin, etc.), and since 1894 - collected works of major Russian and Western European writers ("Nivsky classics") in new translations distributed free of charge.
The illustrated magazines "Vokrug sveta" (1885-1917) - a weekly magazine of travel, science, literature and art with excellent applications - works of foreign and Russian writers, "On Land and Sea" (1911-1914) and others
The second half of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century in the history of Russian periodicals is the heyday of monarchist, liberal-bourgeois and commercial newspapers, the most popular of which was the newspaper Novoe Vremya (1868-1917), published since 1876 by A.S. Suvorin and nicknamed in democratic circles by the newspaper "What would you like?".
Russkiye Vedomosti (1863-1918), Golos (1863-1884), the liberal newspaper of the Russian bourgeoisie Birzhevye Vedomosti (1880-1917), Russkoye Slovo (1895-1917) - the largest liberal-bourgeois a newspaper funded by I.D. Sytin since 1897 and reaching a huge circulation - a million copies, the Black Hundred Newspaper-Kopeck (1908-1917; circulation 300,000 copies) and others. In 1900, 155 newspapers were published in the Russian Empire.
At the turn of the 19th and early 20th centuries, the "aesthetic" journals of the decadents who preached and cultivated "pure art" became widespread. The most famous of them are Libra (1904-1909), Apollo (1909-1917) - literary magazines of the modernist, symbolist and acmeist directions. For lovers of art and antiquity, the magazine "Old Years" (1907-1916, publisher P.P. Veiner) was intended, which advocated the revival of Russian culture and was printed in genuine Elizabethan type on ivory paper. The artistic and printing design of these magazines was distinguished by great splendor. They were printed on fine paper, stylized as 18th century fonts, supplied with many illustrations. The art and literary-critical magazine Golden Fleece (1906-1909), published in French and Russian by the Moscow millionaire P.P. The magazine published mainly the works of symbolists, including D.S. Merezhkovsky, KD Balmont, Z.N. Gippius, A. Bely and others, and V.A. Serov, M.A. Vrubel, E.E. Lansere, M.V. Dobuzhinsky and others. The text of the magazine was printed on laid paper, and the illustrative material was printed on coated paper. For rich subscribers, the magazine "Capital and Estate" (1914-1916) was issued in a luxurious design.
Special place in the art of the early 20th century belonged to the journal "World of Art" (1899-1904), published under the editorship of S.P. Diaghilev and A.N. Benois. The journal was attended by E.E. Lansere, M.V. Dobuzhinsky, L.S. Bakst, G.I. Narbut, D.I. Mitrokhin, A.P. Ostroumova-Lebedeva, B.M. Kustodiev and other artists who put forward new principle book design and managed to turn the illustration and decorative design of the publication into one of the leading areas of fine art.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the first Russian bibliophilic the magazines "Antiquarian" (1902-1903) and "Russian Bibliophile" (1911-1916), the editor and publisher of which was N.V. Soloviev, an outstanding antiquarian of pre-revolutionary Russia. The magazines contained materials from the history of Russian book business, literature and art, news of domestic and foreign antiquarian book trade, descriptions of rare illustrated editions, private book collections, collections, etc. The best representatives of Russian culture, literature and art collaborated in them, including members of the Circle of lovers of Russian fine publications V.A. Vereshchagin, V.Ya. G. Ivask, N.P. Likhachev, N.A. Obolyaninov, P.K. Simoni and others. Both journals had an exquisite appearance, were distinguished by high quality of artistic and printing design: they were printed on various types of paper ("Antikvar" - vellum and ordinary, "Russian Bibliophile" - vellum and verge), had numerous illustrations (portraits, photographs, autographs, facsimiles) both in the text and and on separate sheets, the text was typed in various typefaces ("Russian bibliophile" - old Elizabethan), decorated with vignettes, headpieces and endings. Bookselling advertisements were printed in the appendix to the magazines. For each issue of "Antikvara" an appendix was published and sent free of charge to subscribers - a catalog of the antique bookstore of N.V. Solovyov. In the last issue of the journal for 1903 there is an "Alphabetical Index of Articles, Portraits and Drawings Placed in Antiquarians for the First Year of Publication 1902-1903".
Beginning in 1913, the purpose and readership of the "Russian bibliophile" changed: from an illustrated messenger for collectors of books and engravings, it turned into a historical, literary and bibliographic journal. Interesting archival documents and unpublished literary materials are printed on its pages. Separate issues of the "Russian Bibliophile" were entirely devoted to writers: A. S. Pushkin (1911, No. 5), V. A. Zhukovsky (1912, No. 7-8), T. G. Shevchenko (1914, No. 1) and others Separate editions to the journal came out "Alphabetical indexes of names, authors, articles, portraits, illustrations and facsimiles of manuscripts" (1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915). Contemporaries considered the "Russian Bibliophile" "undoubtedly and in all respects the best, most vital, interesting and most reasonably maintained of all modern journal-type publications without exception."
From the mid-90s of the XIX century, a new - proletarian - stage of the revolutionary movement in Russia began, which caused the emergence of the proletarian press, at the origins of which stood V.I. Lenin.
In 1900-1903, under the leadership of V.I. Lenin, the first all-Russian political Marxist illegal newspaper Iskra, which played a decisive role in organizing the Marxist party in Russia.
The first issue of Iskra was published on December 11 (24), 1900 in Leipzig, in subsequent years the newspaper was published in Munich, London, Geneva; its average circulation reached 8,000 copies. A total of 51 issues were published, after which Iskra was captured by the Mensheviks and V.I. Lenin left its editorial staff. Subsequently, the line of consistent Marxism in the Russian revolutionary movement was pursued by the illegal Bolshevik newspapers Vperyod and Proletary, created by V.I. Lenin, published in Geneva in 1904-1905.
During the period of the first Russian revolution of 1905-1907, under the direct supervision of V.I. Lenin, the first legal Bolshevik newspaper was published in St. Petersburg " New life"(October 27 (November 9) - December 3 (16), 1905), the circulation of which reached 80 thousand copies. The Program of the RSDLP was issued as an appendix to the first issue of the newspaper.
During this period, many newspapers and magazines of revolutionary, "near-revolutionary" and reactionary trends appeared in Russia, many of which appeared in one or two issues, after which their publication was discontinued. They had great popularity satirical magazines, including Spectator, Zhupel, where drawings by V.A. Serov, E.E. Lansere, D.N. ", who cruelly scourged the tsarist regime and the bourgeois-landlord order. During the years of the onset of reaction, the journals Satyricon (1908-1914) became especially famous, the editor of which was A.T. Averchenko from the ninth issue, and its continuation The New Satyricon (1913-1918).
The most famous organ of the legal Bolshevik press was the Pravda newspaper (1912-1914), the first issue of which was published on May 5, 1912 (according to the new style) under the direct supervision of V.I. Lenin. Ya.M. Sverdlov, M.I. Kalinin, A.M. Gorky and others took an active part in the newspaper. "Proletarian Truth", etc.). Of the 645 issues of the newspaper published in 1912-1916, 155 were confiscated. Pravda was very popular among the workers, with an average circulation of 30,000 and 60,000 individual issues. On the eve of the First World War, Pravda, along with other Bolshevik publications, was closed and resumed its activities only during the February Revolution (March 5, 1917), but already as the central organ of the RSDLP.
After the victory of October, the new Soviet press became faithful assistant in the education of the working masses on living, concrete examples and samples of all areas of life. "The central organ of the party, which led the entire party press, remained the newspaper Pravda, under whose leadership new socialist newspapers and magazines were created. In 1918, on the initiative of V.I. "Bednota" - the first mass newspaper of the peasants - began to appear in Lenin's time. In 1924, "Bolshevik" (since 1952 - "Communist"), a theoretical and political magazine of the Central Committee of the Party, was founded. In 1925, the publication of the mass youth newspaper "Komsomolskaya Pravda" began Party and Soviet press organs are being created in all cities and regions of the country.
Already in the early years Soviet power developing a new type thick literary and art magazine; of these journals, Novy Mir (since 1925), Oktyabr (since 1924), Znamya (since 1931), and others are the most famous. leading place belonged to Ogonyok and Rabotnitsa.
Since 1921, the critical and bibliographic journal "Print and Revolution" began to be published, which played an important role in the fight against bourgeois ideology in literature, criticism and bibliography.
Starting from the first post-revolutionary years in Russia, numerous industry periodicals were published, on the pages of which the issues of book publishing and book trade, artistic and printing design of the book, etc. were raised, including "The Book" (1918), "Scribe" (1918-1919 ), "Book and Revolution" (1920-1923; 1929-1930), "Print and Revolution" (1921-1930), "Bookseller" (1923-1926), "On the Book Front" (1929-1931), "Book front" (1932-1935), "Moscow scribe" (1932-1933), etc.
The formation of new bibliophile associations in the 1920s, the intensification of their activities, and the lack of a special printed organ contributed to the emergence of the journal Among Collectors (1921-1924; editor I.I. Lazarevsky), devoted mainly to private collecting of works of art. Being in fact the press organ of the Society of Antique Lovers (founded in 1914) and the Russian Society of Friends of the Book (1920-1930), the journal regularly published information about archives, libraries, catalogs of collectors and antiquarians of the past, research articles on art, memoirs of famous collectors and bibliophiles , reports on activities of bibliophile organizations, etc. In addition, he gave the empirical knowledge necessary for the attribution of works of art.
The only publication of this kind in the provinces can be considered the journal "Kazan bibliophile" (1921-1923; editor A.M. Dulsky). There were four issues in total.
Pperiodicals are a traditional type of second-hand (antique) book assortment.
It is known that newspapers, magazines, and almanacs were widely circulated on the secondhand book market of pre-revolutionary Russia. Many of them were already very rare. So, for example, in the "Experience of the Russian Bibliography" by V.S. Sopikov, as of the beginning of the 19th century, Novikov's "The Painter" and "Ridder", "And this and that", "Mixture", "The industrious ant" and other satirical journals of the second half of the 18th century.
Indeed, many Russian periodicals, and especially editions of the 18th century, are very rare today. This is due to a number of reasons: their small circulation (for example, G.V. Kozitsky's "All sorts of things" was printed with a circulation of no more than 1000 copies, N.I. Novikov's "Pustomel" - 500, and I.A. 160 copies), the lack of interest of the reading public in acquiring a periodical as a result of an overestimation of its circulation and, as a result, the destruction of the latter (which often happened with Vedomosti of the early 18th century, unsold copies of which were used as binding material), numerous confiscations by the authorities (the fate of Novikov's publications, all publications of the revolutionary democratic press). The latter provision is especially characteristic of the 19th - early 20th centuries, with the introduction in 1804 of the first censorship charter in Russia.
Only in the period from 1865 to 1904, 173 periodicals were subjected to censorship repressions, 27 publications were closed altogether. In 1906, 311 periodicals were closed or confiscated by the police. As already noted, out of 645 issues of the Pravda newspaper (1912-1914), 155 were confiscated. Bookinist should also remember that due to the specifics of the periodicals themselves - their momentary, modernity - the presence of complete sets of periodicals is very rare. Individual issues, issues of periodicals are often primary sources that do not have reprints.
Assessing the commercial properties of various periodicals, a specialist should be guided by the fact that the content of most newspapers and magazines of the 18th, and even the beginning of the 19th century, has lost its information content for the modern mass reader. In this regard, the periodicals of this time should be considered as a monument to the national history of culture, social movements. This also applies, apparently, to most publications of the Bolshevik pre-revolutionary press.
A different situation develops with the periodicals of the second half of the 19th-20th centuries. Many newspapers and magazines of that time are of interest to the modern reader precisely for their semantic properties (the degree of information content, the fascination of the plot, the picturesqueness and figurativeness of the language, etc.). These publications, first of all, include the magazines "Niva", "On Land and Sea", "Around the World", "World of Adventures". At the same time, these same publications may be of interest to literary critics and philologists, as well as bibliophiles, since they often contain newly created (in the original edition) works of the author that have not yet been published in a book edition. So, for example, on the pages of "Niva" for the first time were published "Resurrection" by L.N. Tolstoy with illustrations by L.O. Pasternak, "Gutta-percha boy" by D.V. "Contemporary" - N.V. Gogol's stories "The Nose" and "Carriage", "Notes of a Partisan" by D. Davydov, etc.
special commodity group make up magazines published at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, including "World of Art", "Old Years", "Golden Fleece", etc., as well as bibliophile "Antiquarian" and "Russian Bibliophile", which are today the subject of bibliophile and true connoisseurs of a "beautiful" book. In this category of periodicals, as in no other, semantic and perceptual properties seem to be often equal in importance and should be equally taken into account in their merchandise evaluation.
Working with periodicals as a commodity requires a specialist to have certain theoretical knowledge. In this regard, special reference literature can be of great help, and first of all, the fundamental retrospective index of the periodical press by N.M. Lisovsky "Bibliography of the Russian Periodical Press" and its modern continuation, the index of almanacs by N.P. indexes of Soviet periodicals. The work of N.P.Sobko is devoted to special art magazines.
The merchandising approach also presupposes knowledge of the political orientation of periodicals, their role and character, social, literary, artistic and aesthetic significance in the process of the historical development of society. In this regard, the works of V. G. Belinsky, N. G. Chernyshevsky, N. A. Dobrolyubov, D. I. Pisarev, as well as critics of the Bolshevik trend, first of all, V. V. Vorovsky and A.V. Lunacharsky, and for the study of Soviet periodicals - collections of leading party and government documents on press issues.
Special literature is devoted to publications subjected to censorship.
The course of the general process of development of Russian journalism, the historical and literary-critical review of the pre-revolutionary and Soviet press are devoted to the works of historians P.N.
The most common forms of periodicals:
It should be noted that it is possible to classify periodicals according to their functions:
The main task of periodicals is to form public opinion. The function of ideological influence, strictly speaking, can be considered in the system of the function of structuring public opinion… These functions can be recognized as backbone for periodicals.
Implementation function feedback in the management system, influencing the government differs from others in that the degree of its implementation ... largely depends on the "good will" of the government itself, on the degree of its interest in reliable information about the state of society. But, on the other hand, the publisher can purposefully seek to influence the government.
Sometimes publications change their frequency depending on a variety of reasons:
- OM and Moulin Rouge magazines were published in monthly and bimonthly cycles;
- the quarterly moved to a cycle of 11 issues per year;
- monthly "Career" a year before closing (at the beginning of 2010) changed the periodicity to 6 issues per year.
A publication of lesser frequency may be an appendix to a publication that comes out more often (for example, Musical Truth" - a Friday supplement to the daily newspaper Moskovskaya Pravda).
International Standard Serial Number
International Standard serial number(English) International Standard Serial Number) - unique number, which allows you to identify any serial publication, regardless of where it is published, in what language, in what medium. Consists of eight digits. The eighth digit is a check number, calculated from the previous 7 and modulo 11. The international standard is used to transliterate Cyrillic letters into Latin
GOST 7.60-90 contains a list of the following types of periodicals: newspaper, magazine, bulletin, calendar, abstract collection, express information.
A newspaper is a periodical published at short intervals containing official materials, current information and articles on current socio-political, scientific, industrial and other issues, as well as literary works and advertising. Depending on the type and purpose, newspapers have different release dates - from one to seven times a week, different circulations and formats. A newspaper can be issued for a short period of time, limited to a specific event - a conference, festival, etc. Along with the main issue, the newspaper can be published in an expanded version through supplements. Newspapers can be general political or specialized, which cover certain problems of public life, science, technology and other areas of activity and are addressed to certain categories of readers.
A journal is a periodical journal publication that contains articles or abstracts on various socio-political, scientific, industrial and other issues, as well as literary works and advertising. More about the magazine will be discussed below. Now we give definitions of other types of periodicals.
Bulletin - a publication that is published promptly and contains brief official materials on issues within the terms of reference of the organization issuing it. It can be either intermittent or ongoing. Periodical bulletins have, as a rule, permanent headings. In some cases, bulletins may be issued for a short time during certain events. There are normative bulletins, reference bulletins, advertising bulletins, bulletins-chronicles, bulletins-tables, statistical bulletins.
The regulatory bulletin contains materials of a regulatory, directive or instructive nature, it is published, as a rule, by some government agency. Reference bulletins include bulletins that contain any reference materials arranged in an order convenient for their quick retrieval. As the name suggests, the newsletter includes promotional materials, containing information about goods, services, events, etc., in order to form demand for them. Bulletin-chronicle contains messages that reflect the activities of the organization issuing it. The bulletin-table is obliged to separate the form of information presentation into an independent form: it contains actual data of a digital or other nature, arranged in a tabular form. It must be assumed that such a bulletin can be both reference and statistical. The latter is defined as a bulletin-table, the content of which is made up of operational statistical data characterizing a certain area of life and activity of society.
Calendars are also different. In general, the calendar is called reference edition, which contains a sequential list of days, weeks, months of the given year, as well as various other information. By periodicity calendars are divided into yearbooks, monthly, weekly; Calendars can be issued only once. According to other features, calendars are divided into tables-calendars, tear-off (flip-over) calendars, book-type calendars, calendars of significant dates.
The timesheet calendar is a yearly calendar in the form of a sheet edition containing a list of days of the year, which are arranged by months in the form of a table. Tear-off, as well as loose-leaf calendars refer to calendars yearbooks wall or table form; in them, for each day (week, month), separate tear-off or flip sheets are assigned. Book-type calendars come in the form of a book edition and contain materials that are selected in accordance with a specific subject and / or address. In the form of a book edition, calendars of significant dates are most often issued, which are a calendar that includes a selective list of days that are associated with any memorable events, and information about these events. Such calendars can be issued as yearbooks, quarterly, monthly, weekly.
Abstract collection and express information are a kind of abstract publications. In the system of scientific and technical information, an abstract collection is considered to be an edition that includes abstracts of unpublished documents; it can be periodic and one-time. Express information is compiled from extended and consolidated abstracts of the most informative, as a rule, foreign published materials in order to promptly inform readers. In express information, part of the volume can also be allocated to abstracts of domestic, as a rule, departmental unpublished documents.
In addition to those listed, among the periodicals one should also mention such publications as bibliographic indexes. These are publications that contain bibliographic information about sources of information (documents). They can be different in terms of frequency of publication, in terms of the amount of information, description of the types of documents, belonging to the publishing organization, and their intended purpose and readership are different.