Card 1. Karl Peter could become the heir to the Swedish throne, and therefore he was brought up in a purely Protestant spirit. Having taken the throne, Empress Elizabeth Petrovna could not help but think about the heir. The first name was given to the boy in honor of the Swedish king Charles XII, to whom he was a great-nephew, the second - in honor of his maternal grandfather - Peter the Great. It was Elizabeth's nephew, the son of her older sister Anna, Holstein Prince Karl Peter. 3
Card Having taken the throne, Empress Elizaveta Petrovna could not help thinking about the heir. 2. It was Elizabeth's nephew, the son of her older sister Anna, Holstein Prince Karl Peter. 3. The first name was given to the boy in honor of the Swedish king Charles XII, to whom he was a great-nephew, the second - in honor of his maternal grandfather - Peter the Great. 4. Karl Peter could become the heir to the Swedish throne, and therefore he was brought up in a purely Protestant spirit. four
Card 3 Establish a correspondence between dates and events: Dates of Events A) 1761 - 1762 1) Manifesto on the Liberty of the Nobility B) 1762 2) Seven Years' War C) 1756 - 1763 3) The reign of Peter III D) January 28, 1725 .4) Beginning of the reign of Peter I 5) Death of Peter I 5
ABVG 3125 Card 3 Establish a correspondence between dates and events: Dates of Events A) 1761 - 1762 1) Manifesto on the Liberty of the Nobility B) 1762 2) Seven Years' War C) 1756 - 1763 3) The reign of Peter III D) January 28 1725 4) Beginning of the reign of Peter I 5) Death of Peter I 6
Ekaterina Alekseevna knew how to charm people, not only with her treatment of them, but also with her compositions. The Empress was characterized by a number of features of a truly statesman. She had a clear mind, a polished reading of Plutarch, Cicero, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Corneille. Catherine accustomed herself to intense daily work, for the first time during the five years of her reign, she issued 22 decrees per month. She was well versed in people, able to appreciate in them and business qualities. 9
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Sophia Frederick Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst was born on April 21 (May 2), 1729 in the German Pomeranian city of Stettin (now Szczecin in Poland). The father came from the Zerbst-Dornburg line of the Anhalt house and was in the service of the Prussian king, was a regimental commander, commandant, then governor of the city of Stettin, ran for the Dukes of Courland, but unsuccessfully, ended the service as a Prussian field marshal. Mother - from the family of Holstein-Gottorp, was the cousin of the future Peter III. Maternal uncle Adolf Friedrich was king of Sweden from 1751. The family tree of the mother of Catherine II goes back to Christian I, King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, the first Duke of Schleswig-Holstein and the founder of the Oldenburg dynasty.
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The family of the Duke of Zerbst was not rich, Catherine was educated at home. Studied German and French, dance, music, the basics of history, geography, theology. I was brought up in strictness. She grew up inquisitive, prone to outdoor games, persistent.
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In 1744, the Russian Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, together with her mother Catherine, was invited to Russia for the subsequent marriage with the heir to the throne, Grand Duke Peter Fedorovich, the future Emperor Peter III and her second cousin. Immediately after her arrival in Russia, she began to study the Russian language, history, Orthodoxy, Russian traditions, as she sought to get to know Russia as fully as possible, which she perceived as a new homeland. Among her teachers are the famous preacher Simon Todorsky (Orthodoxy teacher), the author of the first Russian grammar Vasily Adadurov (Russian language teacher) and choreographer Lange (dance teacher).
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She soon fell ill with pneumonia, and her condition was so severe that her mother offered to bring a Lutheran pastor. Sophia, however, refused and sent for Simon Todorsky. This circumstance added to her popularity at the Russian court. On June 28 (July 9), 1744, Sophia Frederick Augusta converted from Lutheranism to Orthodoxy and received the name Ekaterina Alekseevna (the same name and patronymic as that of Elizabeth's mother, Catherine I), and the next day she was betrothed to the future emperor. Catherine I
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On August 21 (September 1), 1745, at the age of sixteen, Catherine was married to Peter Fedorovich, who was 17 years old. For the first years of his life, Peter was not at all interested in his wife, and there was no marital relationship between them. Catherine will later write about this: Catherine II Alekseevna, wife of Peter III Peter III Fedorovich, husband of Catherine II
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“I saw very well that the Grand Duke did not love me at all; two weeks after the wedding, he told me that he was in love with the girl Carr, the Empress's lady-in-waiting. He told Count Divier, his chamberlain, that there was no comparison between this girl and me. Divyer claimed otherwise, and he became angry with him; this scene took place almost in my presence, and I saw this quarrel. To tell the truth, I told myself that with this man I would certainly be very unhappy if I succumbed to the feeling of love for him, for which they paid so poorly, and that there would be something to die of jealousy without any benefit to anyone. So, out of pride, I tried to force myself not to be jealous of a person who does not love me, but in order not to be jealous of him, there was no other choice than not to love him. If he wanted to be loved, it would not be difficult for me: I was naturally inclined and accustomed to fulfill my duties, but for this I would need to have a husband with common sense but mine didn't."
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Ekaterina continues to educate herself. She reads books on history, philosophy, jurisprudence, the works of Voltaire, Montesquieu, Tacitus, Bayle, and a large amount of other literature. The main entertainment for her was hunting, horseback riding, dancing and masquerades. The absence of marital relations with the Grand Duke contributed to the appearance of Catherine's lovers. Meanwhile, Empress Elizabeth expressed dissatisfaction with the absence of children from the spouses.
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Finally, after two unsuccessful pregnancies, on September 20 (October 1), 1754, Catherine gave birth to a son, who was immediately taken away from her, called Paul (future Emperor Paul I) and deprived of the opportunity to educate, and only occasionally allowed to see. A number of sources claim that the true father of Paul was Catherine's lover S. V. Saltykov. Others - that such rumors are unfounded, and that Peter underwent an operation that eliminated a defect that made conception impossible. The issue of paternity aroused public interest as well. Grand Duke Pavel Petrovich. 1766.
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After the birth of Paul, relations with Peter and Catherine II finally deteriorated. Peter openly made mistresses, however, without preventing Catherine from doing this, who during this period had a relationship with Stanislav Poniatowski, the future king of Poland. On December 9 (20), 1758, Catherine gave birth to a daughter, Anna, which caused great displeasure of Peter, who said at the news of a new pregnancy: “God knows where my wife is getting pregnant; I don’t know for sure if this child is mine and if I should recognize him as mine. Catherine II Stanislav August Poniatowski
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At this time, the condition of Elizabeth Petrovna worsened. All this made the prospect of expelling Catherine from Russia or concluding her in a monastery real. The situation was aggravated by the fact that Catherine's secret correspondence with the disgraced Field Marshal Apraksin and the British Ambassador Williams, dedicated to political issues, was revealed. Her former favorites were removed, but a circle of new ones began to form: Grigory Orlov, Dashkova and others. Grigory Orlov
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The death of Elizabeth Petrovna (December 25, 1761 (January 5, 1762)) and the accession to the throne of Peter Fedorovich under the name of Peter III further alienated the spouses. Peter III began to openly live with his mistress Elizaveta Vorontsova, settling his wife at the other end of the Winter Palace. When Catherine became pregnant from Orlov, this could no longer be explained by accidental conception from her husband, since communication between the spouses had completely ceased by that time. Ekaterina hid her pregnancy, and when the time came to give birth, her devoted valet Vasily Grigoryevich Shkurin set fire to his house. A lover of such spectacles, Peter with the court left the palace to look at the fire; at this time, Catherine gave birth safely. Thus, the first in Rus', Count Bobrinsky, the founder of a famous family, was born. Grigory Orlov
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Having ascended the throne, Peter III carried out a number of actions that caused a negative attitude of the officer corps towards him. So, he concluded an unfavorable treaty for Russia with Prussia (while the Russian troops took Berlin) and returned the lands occupied by the Russians to her. At the same time, he intended, in alliance with Prussia, to oppose Denmark (an ally of Russia), in order to return Schleswig taken from Holstein, and he himself intended to go on a campaign at the head of the guard. Supporters of the coup accused Peter III of ignorance, dementia, dislike of Russia, complete inability to rule. Against his background, Catherine looked favorably - a smart, well-read, pious and benevolent wife, who was persecuted by her husband. After relations with her husband finally deteriorated, and dissatisfaction with the emperor on the part of the guard intensified, Catherine decided to participate in the coup. Her comrades-in-arms, the main of whom were the Orlov brothers, Potemkin and Khitrovo, engaged in agitation in the guards units and won them over to their side. The immediate cause of the start of the coup was the rumors about the arrest of Catherine and the disclosure and arrest of one of the participants in the conspiracy - Lieutenant Passek.
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In the early morning of June 28 (July 9), 1762, while Peter III was in Oranienbaum, Catherine, accompanied by Alexei and Grigory Orlov, arrived from Peterhof to St. Petersburg, where the guards swore allegiance to her. Peter III, seeing the hopelessness of resistance, abdicated the next day, was taken into custody and died in the first days of July under unclear circumstances. On September 2 (September 13), 1762, Ekaterina Alekseevna was crowned in Moscow and became Empress of All Russia with the name Catherine II. Empress of All Russia Catherine II.
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General information In her memoirs, Catherine described the state of Russia at the beginning of her reign as follows: Finances were exhausted. The army did not receive a salary for 3 months. Trade was in decline, for many of its branches were given over to a monopoly. There was no correct system in the state economy. The War Department was plunged into debt; the marine was barely holding on, being in utter neglect. The clergy were dissatisfied with the taking away of his lands. Justice was sold at a bargain, and the laws were governed only in cases where they favored the strong person.
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It is necessary to educate the nation, which should govern. It is necessary to introduce good order in the state, to support society and force it to comply with the laws. It is necessary to establish a good and accurate police force in the state. It is necessary to promote the flourishing of the state and make it abundant. It is necessary to make the state formidable in itself and inspire respect for its neighbors. The Empress formulated the tasks facing the Russian monarch as follows:
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The policy of Catherine II was characterized by progressive, without sharp fluctuations, development. Upon her accession to the throne, she carried out a number of reforms (judicial, administrative, etc.). The territory of the Russian state increased significantly due to the annexation of the fertile southern lands - the Crimea, the Black Sea region, as well as the eastern part of the Commonwealth, etc. The population increased from 23.2 million (in 1763) to 37.4 million (in 1796), Russia became the most populous European country (it accounted for 20% of the population of Europe). As Klyuchevsky wrote, “The army from 162 thousand people was strengthened to 312 thousand; from 16 million rubles. rose to 69 million, i.e. more than quadrupled, the success foreign trade: Baltic; in an increase in import and export, from 9 million to 44 million rubles, the Black Sea, Catherine and created - from 390 thousand in 1776 to 1900 thousand rubles. in 1796, the growth of domestic turnover was indicated by the issue of a coin in 34 years of the reign for 148 million rubles, while in the 62 previous years it was issued only for 97 million.
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The Russian economy continued to be agrarian. The share of the urban population in 1796 was 6.3%. At the same time, a number of cities were founded (Tiraspol, Grigoriopol, etc.), iron smelting increased by more than 2 times (in which Russia took 1st place in the world), and the number of sailing and linen manufactories increased. In total, by the end of the XVIII century. there were 1200 in the country large enterprises(in 1767 there were 663). Exports increased significantly Russian goods to European countries, including through established Black Sea ports.
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Favoritism accompanied the predecessors and successors of Catherine and was a kind of calling card absolute monarchy. But neither before Catherine, nor after her, debauchery reached such a wide scale and did not manifest itself in such a frankly defiant form. Much later, while in old age, the empress once said that Russia should be grateful to her for the favorites, whom she considered her students, who mastered the wisdom of government under her leadership. In fact, out of her entire male “harem”, she prepared only the only sensible politician - Grigory Potemkin, but even that male dignity was accidentally combined with the abilities of a statesman. As for the other favorites, as we will see below, they were unremarkable people, for the most part thieves, who cared about personal interests, and not about the good of the state. Consequently, all Catherine's theories about the benefits of favoritism must be considered a cover for voluptuousness, an attempt to elevate debauchery to the rank of state policy. She had the longest relationship with G. G. Orlov, a rapprochement with whom occurred even before Catherine's accession to the throne.
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Catherine's commitment to the ideas of the Enlightenment determined the nature of her domestic policy and the direction of reforming various institutions of the Russian state. The term "enlightened absolutism" is often used to characterize the domestic policy of Catherine's time. According to Catherine, based on the works of the French philosopher Montesquieu, the vast Russian expanses and the harshness of the climate determine the regularity and necessity of autocracy in Russia. Based on this, under Catherine, the autocracy was strengthened, the bureaucratic apparatus was strengthened, the country was centralized and the system of government was unified.
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An attempt was made to convene the Legislative Commission, which would systematize the laws. The main goal is to clarify the people's needs for comprehensive reforms. Dec 14 1766 Catherine II published a manifesto on the convocation of a commission and decrees on the procedure for elections to deputies. Nobles are allowed to elect one deputy from the county, townspeople - one deputy from the city. More than 600 deputies took part in the commission, 33% of them were elected from the nobility, 36% - from the townspeople, which also included the nobles, 20% - from the rural population (state peasants). The interests of the Orthodox clergy were represented by a deputy from the Synod. As the guiding document of the Commission in 1767, the empress prepared the "Instruction" - the theoretical justification for enlightened absolutism. The first meeting was held in the Faceted Chamber in Moscow. Due to the conservatism of the deputies, the Commission had to be dissolved.
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Soon after the coup, the statesman N.I. Panin proposed the creation of an Imperial Council: 6 or 8 higher dignitaries rule together with the monarch (as the conditions of 1730). Catherine rejected this project. According to another project of Panin, the Senate was transformed - 15 Dec. 1763 It was divided into 6 departments, headed by chief prosecutors, the prosecutor general became the head. Each department had certain powers. The general powers of the Senate were reduced, in particular, it lost the legislative initiative and became the body of control over the activities of the state apparatus and the highest judicial authority. The center of legislative activity moved directly to Catherine and her office with secretaries of state. N. I. Panin
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On November 7, 1775, the "Institution for the administration of the provinces of the All-Russian Empire" was adopted. Instead of a three-tier administrative division - province, province, county, a two-tier administrative division began to operate - province, county (which was based on the principle of taxable population). Of the former 23 provinces, 50 were formed, each of which had 300-400 thousand residents. The provinces were divided into 10-12 counties, each with 20-30 thousand d.m.p. Governor-General (governor) - kept order in local centers and 2-3 provinces, united under his authority, were subordinate to him. He had extensive administrative, financial and judicial powers, all military units and teams located in the provinces were subordinate to him.
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Governor-General (governor) - kept order in local centers and 2-3 provinces, united under his authority, were subordinate to him. He had extensive administrative, financial and judicial powers, all military units and teams located in the provinces were subordinate to him.
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Governor - was at the head of the province. They reported directly to the emperor. Governors were appointed by the Senate. The provincial prosecutor was subordinate to the governors. Finance in the province was handled by the Treasury, headed by the vice-governor. Land management was carried out by the provincial land surveyor. The executive body of the governor was the provincial board, which exercised general supervision over the activities of institutions and officials. Schools, hospitals and orphanages were administered by the Order of Public Charity ( social functions), as well as class judicial institutions: the Upper Zemstvo Court for the nobility, the Provincial Magistrate, which considered litigation between the townspeople, and the Upper Reprisal for the trial of state peasants. The Chamber of Criminal and Civil judged all classes, were the highest judicial bodies in the provinces
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Captain police officer - stood at the head of the county, leader of the nobility, elected by him for three years. He was executive body provincial government. In the counties, as in the provinces, there are estate institutions: for the nobility (county court), for the townspeople (city magistrate) and for state peasants (lower punishment). There was a county treasurer and a county land surveyor. Representatives of the estates sat in the courts. A conscientious court is called upon to stop strife and reconcile those who argue and quarrel. This court was without class. The Senate becomes the highest judicial body in the country. Since the cities - the centers of counties were clearly not enough. Catherine II renamed many large cities into cities rural settlements making them administrative centers. Thus, 216 new cities appeared. the population of the cities began to be called philistines and merchants. The city was brought into a separate administrative unit. At its head, instead of the governor, a mayor was appointed, endowed with all rights and powers. Strict police control was introduced in the cities. The city was divided into parts (districts), which were supervised by a private bailiff, and the parts were divided into quarters controlled by a quarter warden.
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Carrying out the provincial reform in the Left-bank Ukraine in 1783-1785. led to a change in the regimental structure (former regiments and hundreds) to a common one for Russian Empire administrative division into provinces and districts, the final establishment of serfdom and the equalization of the rights of the Cossack elders with the Russian nobility. With the conclusion of the Kyuchuk-Kainarji Treaty (1774), Russia received access to the Black Sea and Crimea. In the west, the weakened Commonwealth was on the verge of partition.
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Thus, the further need to maintain the presence of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks in their historical homeland for the protection of the southern Russian borders has disappeared. At the same time, their traditional way of life often led to conflicts with the Russian authorities. After repeated pogroms of Serbian settlers, and also in connection with the support of the Pugachev uprising by the Cossacks, Catherine II ordered the Zaporizhzhya Sich to be disbanded, which was carried out on the orders of Grigory Potemkin to pacify the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks by General Peter Tekeli in June 1775. Grigory Potemkin
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The Sich was bloodlessly disbanded, and then the fortress itself was destroyed. Most of the Cossacks were disbanded, but after 15 years they were remembered and the Army of the Faithful Cossacks was created, later the Black Sea Cossack army, and in 1792, Catherine signs a manifesto that gives them the Kuban for eternal use, where the Cossacks moved, founding the city of Ekaterinodar. The reforms on the Don created a military civil government modeled on the provincial administrations of central Russia.
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The Baltic states as a result of the regional reform in 1782 - 1783. was divided into 2 provinces - Riga and Revel - with institutions that already existed in other provinces of Russia. In Estonia and Livonia, the special Baltic order was abolished, which provided for more extensive rights than the Russian landowners had for local nobles to work and the personality of the peasant.
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Siberia was divided into three provinces: Tobolsk, Kolyvan and Irkutsk. The reform was carried out by the government without taking into account the ethnic composition of the population: the territory of Mordovia was divided between 4 provinces: Penza, Simbirsk, Tombov and Nizhny Novgorod.
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The reign of Catherine II was characterized by the development of the economy and trade. By decree of 1780, factories and industrial plants were recognized as property, the disposal of which does not require special permission from the authorities. In 1763, the free exchange of copper money for silver was banned so as not to provoke the development of inflation. The development and revival of trade was facilitated by the emergence of new credit institutions (the state bank and the loan office) and the expansion of banking operations (since 1770, deposits were accepted for storage). Was established National Bank and for the first time the issue of paper money - banknotes - was launched.
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Of great importance was the introduction by the Empress state regulation the price of salt, which was one of the country's most vital commodities. The Senate legislated the price of salt at 30 kopecks per pood (instead of 50 kopecks) and 10 kopecks per pood in the regions of mass salting of fish. Without introducing a state monopoly on the salt trade, Catherine counted on increased competition and, ultimately, improving the quality of the goods. The role of Russia in the world economy has increased - Russian sailing fabric began to be exported to England in large quantities, the export of cast iron and iron to other European countries increased (the consumption of cast iron in the domestic Russian market also increased significantly) Under the new protectionist tariff of 1767, the import of those goods was completely prohibited , which were produced or could be produced within Russia. Duties from 100 to 200% were imposed on luxury goods, wine, grain, toys ... Export duties amounted to 10-23% of the value of imported goods.
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Silver ruble with the profile of Catherine II. 1774 Gold half for palace use with a profile of Catherine II. 1777 Gold 2 rubles for palace use with a profile of Catherine II, 1785. The image of the aging Empress Imperial Russian coin 10 rubles with a portrait of Catherine II, 1766
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Catherine the Great on a katenka - the royal hundred-ruble note 1898 and 1910 Catherine on five hundred Pridnestrovian rubles 2004
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In 1773, Russia exported goods worth 12 million rubles, which was 2.7 million rubles more than imports. In 1781, exports already amounted to 23.7 million rubles against 17.9 million rubles of imports. Russian merchant ships began to sail in the Mediterranean Sea]. Thanks to the policy of protectionism in 1786, the country's exports amounted to 67.7 million rubles, and imports - 41.9 million rubles. At the same time, Russia under Catherine went through a series of financial crises and was forced to make external loans, the amount of which by the end of the reign of the Empress exceeded 200 million silver rubles.
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In 1768, a network of city schools was created, based on the class-lesson system. Schools began to open. Under Catherine, the systematic development of women's education began, in 1764 the Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens, the Educational Society for Noble Maidens were opened. The Academy of Sciences has become one of the leading scientific bases in Europe. An observatory, a physics office, an anatomical theater, a botanical garden, instrumental workshops, a printing house, a library, and an archive were founded. The Russian Academy was founded in 1783.
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In the provinces there were orders of public charity. In Moscow and St. Petersburg - Orphanages for homeless children (currently the building of the Moscow Orphanage is occupied by the Military Academy named after Peter the Great), where they received education and upbringing. To help widows, the Widow's Treasury was created.
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Compulsory smallpox vaccination was introduced, and Catherine was the first to make such an inoculation. Under Catherine II, the fight against epidemics in Russia began to take on the character of state events that were directly within the responsibilities of the Imperial Council, the Senate. By decree of Catherine, outposts were created, located not only on the borders, but also on the roads leading to the center of Russia. The "Charter of border and port quarantines" was created.
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In 1763-1764 Catherine published two manifestos. The first - "On allowing all foreigners entering Russia to settle in which provinces they wish and on the rights granted to them" called on foreign citizens to move to Russia, the second determined the list of benefits and privileges for immigrants. Soon the first German settlements arose in the Volga region, allotted for immigrants. The influx of German colonists was so great that already in 1766 it was necessary to temporarily suspend the reception of new settlers until the settlement of those who had already entered. The creation of colonies on the Volga was on the rise: in 1765 - 12 colonies, in 1766 - 21, in 1767 - 67. According to the census of colonists in 1769, 6.5 thousand families lived in 105 colonies on the Volga, which amounted to 23.2 thousand people]. In the future, the German community will play a prominent role in the life of Russia. By 1786, the country included the Northern Black Sea region, the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov, Crimea, Right-Bank Ukraine, the lands between the Dniester and the Bug, Belarus, Courland and Lithuania. The population of Russia in 1747 was 18 million people, by the end of the century - 36 million people. In 1726, there were 336 cities in the country, by the beginning. XIX century - 634 cities. In con. In the 18th century, about 10% of the population lived in cities. In rural areas, 54% are privately owned and 40% are state-owned.
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21 Apr. In 1785, two charters were issued: "Charter for the rights, liberties and advantages of the noble nobility" and "Charter for the cities." Both letters regulated the legislation on the rights and obligations of the estates.
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Complaint to the nobility: Already existing rights were confirmed. the nobility was exempted from the poll tax from the quartering of military units and teams from corporal punishment from compulsory service the right of unlimited disposal of the estate was confirmed the right to own houses in cities the right to establish enterprises on estates and engage in trade the right to own the bowels of the earth the right to have their own class institutions the name of the 1st was changed estates: not "nobility", but "noble nobility". it was forbidden to confiscate the estates of nobles for criminal offenses; estates were to be passed on to legitimate heirs. the nobles have the exclusive right to own land, but the "Charter" does not say a word about the monopoly right to have serfs. the Ukrainian foreman was equalized with the Russian nobles. a nobleman who did not have an officer's rank was deprived of the right to vote. only nobles whose income from estates exceeds 100 rubles could hold elected positions.
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Diploma on the rights and benefits of the cities of the Russian Empire: The division of the urban population into 6 categories: nobles, officials and clergy ("real city dwellers") - can have houses and land in cities without engaging in trade. merchants of all three guilds (the lowest amount of capital for merchants of the 3rd guild is 1000 rubles) artisans registered in workshops. foreign and out-of-town merchants. eminent citizens - merchants with a capital of over 50 thousand rubles, rich bankers (at least 100 thousand rubles), as well as urban intelligentsia: architects, painters, composers, scientists. townspeople, who "feed on fishing, needlework and work" (having no real estate in the city). the right of the top merchants not to pay the poll tax was confirmed. replacement of recruitment duty with a cash contribution. Representatives of the 3rd and 6th categories were called "philistines" (the word came from the Polish language through Ukraine and Belarus, originally meant "resident of the city"). Merchants of the 1st and 2nd guilds and eminent citizens were exempted from corporal punishment. Representatives of the 3rd generation of eminent citizens were allowed to file a petition for the nobility.
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Serfdom: The Decree of 1763 laid the maintenance of the military teams sent to suppress peasant uprisings on the peasants themselves. By decree of 1765, for open disobedience, the landowner could send the peasant not only into exile, but also to hard labor, and the period of hard labor was set by him; the landlords also had the right to return the exiled from hard labor at any time. The decree of 1767 forbade the peasants to complain about their master; the disobedient were threatened with exile to Nerchinsk (but they could go to court), the peasants could not take the oath, take payoffs and contracts. Trade in peasants reached a wide scale: they were sold in the markets, in advertisements on the pages of newspapers; they were lost at cards, exchanged, given, forcibly married. The decree of May 3, 1783 forbade the peasants of the Left-bank Ukraine and Sloboda Ukraine to pass from one owner to another.
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The widespread idea that Catherine distributed the state peasants to the landlords, as has now been proven, is a myth (peasants from the lands acquired during the partitions of Poland, as well as palace peasants, were used for distribution). The zone of serfdom under Catherine spread to Ukraine. At the same time, the position of the monastery peasants was alleviated, who were transferred to the jurisdiction of the College of Economy along with the lands. All their duties were replaced by a cash quitrent, which gave the peasants more independence and developed their economic initiative. As a result, the unrest of the monastery peasants stopped. The clergy lost their autonomous existence due to the secularization of church lands (1764), which made it possible to exist without the help of the state and independently of it. After the reform, the clergy became dependent on the state that financed it.
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At the time of accession to the throne of Catherine II, the former Russian Emperor Ivan VI continued to remain alive in custody in the Shlisselburg fortress. In 1764, Lieutenant V. Ya. Mirovich, who was on guard duty in the Shlisselburg Fortress, won over part of the garrison to his side in order to free Ivan. The guards, however, in accordance with the instructions given to them, stabbed the prisoner, and Mirovich himself was arrested and executed.
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In 1771, a major plague epidemic occurred in Moscow, complicated by popular unrest in Moscow, called the Plague Riot. The rebels destroyed the Chudov Monastery in the Kremlin. The next day, the crowd took the Donskoy Monastery by storm, killed Archbishop Ambrose, who was hiding in it, and began to smash the quarantine outposts and the houses of the nobility. Troops under the command of G. G. Orlov were sent to suppress the uprising. After three days of fighting, the rebellion was crushed. Plague riot of 1771
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In 1773-1774 there was a peasant uprising led by Emelyan Pugachev. It covered the lands of the Yaik army, the Orenburg province, the Urals, the Kama region, Bashkiria, part of Western Siberia, the Middle and Lower Volga regions. During the uprising, the Bashkirs, Tatars, Kazakhs, Ural factory workers and numerous serfs from all provinces where hostilities unfolded joined the Cossacks. After the suppression of the uprising, some liberal reforms were curtailed and conservatism intensified. Milestones: September 1773 - March 1774 March 1774 - July 1774 July 1774 - 1775 17 Sept. 1773 the uprising begins. Near the Yaitsky town, government detachments, marching to suppress the rebellion, go over to the side of 200 Cossacks. Without taking the town, the rebels go to Orenburg. Oct 5 - March 22, 1773-1774 - standing under the walls of Orenburg. March - July 1774 - the rebels seize the factories of the Urals and Bashkiria. Under the Trinity fortress, the rebels are defeated. Kazan is captured on July 12. On July 17 they were again defeated and retreated to the right bank of the Volga. 12 Sept. 1774 Pugachev was captured.
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The foreign policy of the Russian state under Catherine was aimed at strengthening the role of Russia in the world and expanding its territory. The motto of her diplomacy was as follows: "one must be on friendly terms with all powers in order to always retain the opportunity to take the side of the weaker ... keep one's hands free ... do not trail anyone with a tail."
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The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth included Poland, Lithuania, Ukraine and Belarus. The reason for intervening in the affairs of the Commonwealth was the question of the position of dissidents (that is, the non-Catholic minority - Orthodox and Protestants), so that they were equalized with the rights of Catholics. Catherine exerted strong pressure on the gentry in order to elect her protege Stanislav August Poniatowski to the Polish throne, who was elected. Part of the Polish gentry opposed these decisions and organized an uprising that was raised in the Bar Confederation. It was suppressed by Russian troops in alliance with the Polish king. In 1772, Prussia and Austria, fearing the strengthening of Russian influence in Poland and its success in the war with the Ottoman Empire (Turkey), offered Catherine to divide the Commonwealth in exchange for ending the war, otherwise threatening war against Russia. Russia, Austria and Prussia brought in their troops. Stanislav August Poniatowski
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In 1772, the first partition of the Commonwealth took place. Austria received all of Galicia with districts, Prussia - West Prussia (Pomorye), Russia - the eastern part of Belarus to Minsk (provinces of Vitebsk and Mogilev) and part of the Latvian lands that were previously part of Livonia. The Polish Sejm was forced to agree to the partition and renounce claims to the lost territories: it lost 3,800 km2 with a population of 4 million people. Polish nobles and industrialists contributed to the adoption of the Constitution of 1791. The conservative part of the population of the Targowice Confederation turned to Russia for help.
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In 1793, the 2nd division of the Commonwealth took place, approved by the Grodno Seim. Prussia received Gdansk, Torun, Poznan (part of the land along the rivers Warta and Vistula), Russia - Central Belarus with Minsk and Right-Bank Ukraine. In March 1794, an uprising began under the leadership of Tadeusz Kosciuszko, whose goals were to restore territorial integrity, sovereignty and the Constitution on May 3, but in the spring of that year it was suppressed by the Russian army under the command of A.V. Suvorov.
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In 1795, the 3rd partition of Poland took place. Austria received Southern Poland with Luban and Krakow, Prussia - Central Poland with Warsaw, Russia - Lithuania, Courland, Volyn and Western Belarus. Oct 13 1795 - a conference of three powers on the fall of the Polish state, it lost statehood and sovereignty.
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An important direction of Catherine's foreign policy || were also the territories of the Crimea, the Black Sea and North Caucasus under Turkish rule. When the uprising of the Bar Confederation broke out, the Turkish sultan declared war on Russia (Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774), using as a pretext that one of the Russian detachments, pursuing the Poles, entered the territory of the Ottoman Empire. Russian troops defeated the Confederates and began to win one victory after another in the south. Having achieved success in a number of land and sea battles (the Battle of Kozludzhi, the battle of the Ryaba Mogila, the Cahul battle, the Largas battle, the Chesme battle, etc.), Russia forced Turkey to sign the Kyuchuk-Kaynardzhi Treaty, as a result of which the Crimean Khanate formally gained independence, but became de facto dependent on Russia. Turkey paid Russia military indemnities in the order of 4.5 million rubles, and also ceded the northern coast of the Black Sea, along with two important ports. After the end of the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774, Russia's policy towards the Crimean Khanate was aimed at establishing a pro-Russian ruler in it and joining Russia. Under pressure from Russian diplomacy, Shahin Giray was elected khan. The previous khan - protege of Turkey Devlet IV Giray - at the beginning of 1777 tried to resist, but it was suppressed by A. V. Suvorov, Devlet IV fled to Turkey. At the same time, the landing of Turkish troops in the Crimea was prevented, and thus an attempt to unleash a new war was prevented, after which Turkey recognized Shahin Giray as a khan. In 1782, an uprising broke out against him, which was suppressed by Russian troops brought to the peninsula, and in 1783, by the manifesto of Catherine II, the Crimean Khanate was annexed to Russia. After the victory, the empress, together with the Austrian emperor Joseph II, made a triumphal trip to the Crimea.
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The next war with Turkey took place in 1787-1792 and was an unsuccessful attempt by the Ottoman Empire to regain the lands that had gone to Russia during the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774, including Crimea. Here, too, the Russians won a number of important victories, both on land - the Kinburn battle, the Battle of Rymnik, the capture of Ochakov, the capture of Izmail, the battle of Focsani, the Turks' campaigns against Bendery and Akkerman, etc., and the sea ones - the battle of Fidonisi (1788), in the Kerch naval battle of 1790, at Tendra (1790) and at Cape Kaliakria (1791). As a result, the Ottoman Empire in 1792 was forced to sign the Iasi Peace Treaty, which secured the Crimea and Ochakov for Russia, and also moved the border between the two empires to the Dniester. The wars with Turkey were marked by major military victories by Rumyantsev, Suvorov, Potemkin, Kutuzov, Ushakov, and the assertion of Russia in the Black Sea. As a result of them, the Northern Black Sea region, Crimea, and the Kuban region were ceded to Russia, its political positions in the Caucasus and the Balkans were strengthened, and Russia's authority on the world stage was strengthened.
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Catherine II and the Georgian king Erekle II in 1783 concluded the Treaty of St. George, according to which Russia established a protectorate over the Kartli-Kakheti kingdom. The treaty was concluded in order to protect Orthodox Georgians, since Muslim Iran and Turkey threatened the national existence of Georgia. Russian government took Eastern Georgia under its protection, guaranteed its autonomy and protection in case of war, and during the peace negotiations, it was obliged to insist on the return of the Kartli-Kakheti kingdom of possessions that had long belonged to it, and illegally torn away by Turkey. Georgievsky treatise of 1783
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Taking advantage of the fact that Russia entered the war with Turkey, Sweden, supported by Prussia, England and Holland, unleashed a war with her for the return of previously lost territories. The troops that entered the territory of Russia were stopped by General-in-Chief V.P. Musin-Pushkin. After a series of naval battles that did not have a decisive outcome, Russia defeated the Swedes' battle fleet in the battle of Vyborg, but due to the oncoming storm, it suffered a heavy defeat in the battle of rowing fleets at Rochensalm. The parties signed the Treaty of Verel in 1790, according to which the border between the countries did not change.
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In 1764, relations between Russia and Prussia normalized, and an alliance treaty was concluded between the countries. This agreement served as the basis for the formation of the Northern System - the union of Russia, Prussia, England, Sweden, Denmark and the Commonwealth against France and Austria. Russian-Prussian-Austrian cooperation continued further. In the third quarter of the XVIII century. there was a struggle of the North American colonies for independence from England - the bourgeois revolution led to the creation of the United States. In 1780, the Russian government adopted the "Declaration of Armed Neutrality", supported by most European countries (ships of neutral countries had the right to armed protection when attacked by the fleet of a belligerent country).
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In European affairs, the role of Russia increased during the Austro-Prussian war of 1778-1779, when she acted as an intermediary between the warring parties at the Teschen Congress, where Catherine essentially dictated her terms of reconciliation, restoring balance in Europe]. After that, Russia often acted as an arbitrator in disputes between the German states, which turned to Catherine directly for mediation. One of Catherine's grandiose plans in the foreign policy arena was the so-called Greek project - the joint plans of Russia and Austria to divide the Turkish lands, expel the Turks from Europe, revive the Byzantine Empire and proclaim Catherine's grandson Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich as emperor. According to the plans, the buffer state of Dacia is created on the site of Bessarabia, Moldavia and Wallachia, and the western part of the Balkan Peninsula is transferred to Austria. The project was developed in the early 1780s, but was not implemented due to the contradictions of the allies and the reconquest of significant Turkish territories by Russia on its own.
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In October 1782, the Treaty of Friendship and Trade with Denmark was signed. After the French Revolution, Catherine was one of the initiators of the anti-French coalition and the establishment of the principle of legitimism. She said: “The weakening of the monarchical power in France endangers all other monarchies. For my part, I am ready to resist with all my might. It's time to act and take up arms. However, in reality, she abstained from participating in hostilities against France. According to popular belief, one of the real reasons for the formation of the anti-French coalition was to divert the attention of Prussia and Austria from Polish affairs. At the same time, Catherine refused all treaties concluded with France, ordered the expulsion of all suspected sympathizers for the French Revolution from Russia, and in 1790 issued a decree on the return of all Russians from France.
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During the reign of Catherine the Russian Empire acquired the status of a "great power". As a result of two successful Russian-Turkish wars for Russia, 1768-1774 and 1787-1791. the Crimean peninsula and the entire territory of the Northern Black Sea region were annexed to Russia. In 1772-1795. Russia took part in the three sections of the Commonwealth, as a result of which it annexed the territories of present-day Belarus, Western Ukraine, Lithuania and Courland. The Russian Empire also included Russian America - Alaska and the West coast of the North American continent (the current state of California).
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Catherine belonged to a small number of monarchs who would communicate so intensively and directly with their subjects through the drafting of manifestos, instructions, laws, polemical articles and indirectly in the form of satirical writings, historical dramas and pedagogical opuses. In her memoirs, she confessed: "I cannot see a clean pen without feeling the desire to immediately dip it in ink." She possessed an extraordinary talent as a writer, leaving behind a large collection of works - notes, translations, librettos, fables, fairy tales, comedies “Oh, time!”, “Name day of Mrs. Vorchalkina”, “The front of a noble boyar”, “Ms. "The Invisible Bride" (1771-1772), essays, etc., participated in the weekly satirical magazine "All sorts of things", published since 1769. The Empress turned to journalism in order to influence public opinion, so the main idea of the magazine was criticism of human vices and weaknesses. Other subjects of irony were the superstitions of the population. Catherine herself called the magazine: "Satire in a smiling spirit."
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Catherine considered herself a “philosopher on the throne” and favorably treated the European Enlightenment, was in correspondence with Voltaire, Diderot, d "Alembert. The Hermitage appeared under her. She patronized various areas of art - architecture, music, painting. One cannot fail to mention the initiated Catherine the mass settlement of German families in various regions modern Russia, Ukraine, as well as the Baltic countries. The goal was to “infect” Russian science and culture with European ones. Diderot
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Catherine was a brunette of medium height. She combined high intelligence, education, statesmanship and commitment to "free love". Catherine is known for her connections with numerous lovers, the number of which (according to the list of the authoritative Ekaterinologist P.I. Bartenev) reaches 23. The most famous of them were Sergey Saltykov, G.G. Potemkin (later prince), hussar Zorich, Lanskoy, the last favorite was the cornet Platon Zubov, who became a count of the Russian Empire and a general. With Potemkin, according to some sources, Catherine was secretly married (1775). After 1762, she planned a marriage with Orlov, but on the advice of those close to her, she abandoned this idea. Catherine II for a walk in Tsarskoye Selo Park
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It is worth noting that Catherine's "debauchery" was not such a scandalous phenomenon against the backdrop of the general licentiousness of the mores of the 18th century. Most kings (with the possible exception of Frederick the Great, Louis XVI and Charles XII) had numerous mistresses. Catherine's favorites (with the exception of Potemkin, who had state abilities) did not influence politics. Nevertheless, the institution of favoritism had a negative effect on the higher nobility, who sought benefits through flattery to a new favorite, tried to make “his man” into lovers to the empress, etc. Charles XII
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In 1873, in St. Petersburg, in the square in front of the Alexandrinsky Theater (now Ostrovsky Square), an impressive multi-figure monument to Catherine was erected, designed by M. O. Mikeshin by sculptors A. M. Opekushin and M. A. Chizhov and architects V. A. Schroeter and D. I. Grimm. The foot of the monument consists of a sculptural composition, the characters of which are outstanding personalities of the Catherine's era and associates of the Empress: Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin-Tavrichesky Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov Petr Alexandrovich Rumyantsev Alexander Andreevich Bezborodko Ivan Ivanovich Betskoy Vasily Yakovlevich Chichagov Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin Ekaterina Romanovna Vorontsova-Dashkova
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Years of marriage The position of the Grand Duchess did not change even after her long-awaited son-heir Pavel was born, and then a daughter. Elizabeth immediately took the children under her care, believing that only she could raise them reasonably and with dignity. Rarely did parents get to know how their children were growing up, and even more rarely did they get to see them. Catherine's personal life was unenviable. Placed far from work and left for whole days by her husband, Catherine did not know what to do, because she had no company at all: she could not get close to the ladies of the court, because "she dared to see only maids in front of her," in her own words; she could not get close to the circle of court men because it was inconvenient. It remained to read, and Catherine's "reading" continued for the first eight years of her married life.
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Thus, during the 34 years of her reign, the Empress had about twenty-one favorites. All her life, Catherine was looking for a man who would be worthy of her, who would share her hobbies, views ... Doctors believe that Catherine suffered from nymphomania (hormonal imbalance). Thus, the Empress had about twenty-one favorites during her 34 years of reign. All her life, Catherine was looking for a man who would be worthy of her, who would share her hobbies, views ... Doctors believe that Catherine suffered from nymphomania (hormonal imbalance) Catherine played in love, she experienced pleasure not only from intimacy with one or another favorite, but also from his power over him. In letters that were intended for favorites, the Empress lavished almost the same caresses. "Gryshenka" (in a letter to Zavadovsky) was replaced by another name: "Petrusha", "Petrusa", but "Sudarushka", and "dear", and "darling" remained. There is much in common in the content of the letters, many were written as if from a template.
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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
“ Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University. I.N. Ulyanova”
Presentation on the topic:
“ Great Empress - Catherine II
Compiled by: Mylnikova I.V.
Head: Makhantsova E.V.
Faculty of Psychology and Pedagogy
Ulyanovsk - 2017
Catherine II - Great Russian Empress
(1762 - 1796)
The second half of the 18th century in Russia is connected
with the name of the empress, whose reign was an entire era in the history of the country.
The wise politician and subtle diplomat Catherine II sought to strengthen the autocracy and create favorable conditions for the spiritual and economic development of the Russian state.
The reign of Catherine II is one of the most glorious and difficult periods, which is listed in
Patriotic history "Golden Age".
Origin
The future empress was born on May 2 (April 21, old style) 1729 in Prussia in the family of the governor of the city of Stettin. She was the daughter of the Duke of Zerbsky and the Duchess of Holstein-Gottorp. Her real name is Sophia Augusta Frederic Anhalt-Zerbst.
Childhood and education
As a child, the princess was a frisky and inquisitive child with a pronounced "boyish" character. She loved to flaunt her courage in front of the boys. She did not show special abilities and talent, but she helped her mother a lot in raising her daughter. younger sister Augusta. Young Frederica's mother affectionately called Feke. Her education was at home: she knew English, French and Italian at a high level, gained knowledge about the basics of theology of geography and history. Mastered dancing and singing.
Marriage with the heir to the throne
At the age of 15, the Zerbst princess was chosen by Elizabeth I as the bride for her heir and future Emperor Peter. In this connection, in 1744, by secret invitation, she and her mother, under the name of Countess Reinbeck, went to Russia. The girl immediately began to study Russian history, language and Orthodoxy in order to more fully learn about her new homeland. Then she was baptized according to the Orthodox custom and named Ekaterina Alekseevna, and the next day, August 21 (September 1), 1745, Ekaterina and Pyotr Fedorovich got married.
Palace coup 1762
The main reasons for the coup were the actions of Peter III:
! Having ascended the throne, the young emperor began to promote peace with Prussia, which was defeated by the Russian Empire in the Seven Years' War and the return of all the territories conquered from it;
! Planned to start a war with allied Denmark;
! Issued a manifesto on the secularization of church property and planned changes in church rites
In the face of subjects and the population, Peter III looked like a completely short-sighted politician. A coup was being prepared, everyone was waiting for a favorable moment.
"Romanov Peter III Fedorovich »
Supporters of the coup
realizing weak sides her husband, nee Sophia Frederica, united the leaders of the military units around her. The Orlov brothers, an officer of the Izmaylovsky regiment Lanskoy, representatives of the Preobrazhensky regiment Chertkov and Passek campaigned in units in favor of Catherine. In addition, in the highest ranks, she enlisted the support of Bestuzhev and Volkonsky.
coup day
It was decided to attempt a coup at the moment when Emperor Peter Fedorovich departed with his loyal troops to the shores of Denmark. On July 9, 1762, the rumor about the arrest of Catherine alarmed everyone, the guards troops were seized by turmoil, Captain Passek was arrested.
"Catherine II on the steps of the Kazan Cathedral"
Peter's inability to make quick and correct tactical decisions, as well as the initiative and determination on the other hand, played important role. Peter signs the abdication of the throne in favor of Catherine and goes under arrest to Ropsha, where he died suddenly.
"Catherine II from the balcony of the Winter Palace greets the guards and the people"
Accession to the throne
After the abdication of her husband on October 3, 1762, Catherine was officially crowned in Moscow. Upon accession to the throne, the empress issued an official manifesto in which Peter III was accused of violating church traditions and the underworld with Prussia.
Personality and character of Catherine II
The personality and character of the empress left an imprint on her foreign and domestic policy. Catherine II was a subtle psychologist and connoisseur of people. She knew how to choose assistants, surrounded herself with talented and bright personalities. In dealing with her subjects, she is usually restrained, tactful, and patient.
Favorites of Catherine II the Great
The personal life of the Empress was unsuccessful. The indifference and infantilism of Peter III caused a large series of love affairs accompanied by scandals, and the list of her favorites is numerous.
Vasil'chakov A.S.
Orlov G.G.
Saltykov S.V.
Lanskoy A.D.
Patemkin G.A.
Rimsky - Korsakov I.N.
Dmitriev- Mamonov A.M.
Zorich S.G.
Zubov P.A.
Zavadovsky P.V.
The reign and achievement of Catherine II
Domestic politics
The implementation of a number of reforms in the field of education and the economy, as well as administrative changes during the reign of Catherine II, brought the following results and results:
! Development of education, science and healthcare; ! Growth in production and export of canvas, cast iron and grain; ! Foundation of more than 140 cities, development of the Crimea; ! Increase in the number of officials and police, bribery; ! The enslavement of the peasantry and the granting of new privileges to the nobility; ! The uprising of Pugachev E. 1773 -1775
Foreign policy - results and results
The main results of the foreign policy of Catherine II are considered to be:
! Access to the Black Sea and elimination of the threat from the Crimean Khanate; ! The return of the lost territories - the division of the Commonwealth; ! Georgia passes under the protectorate of the Russian Empire; ! Reflection of aggression from Sweden; ! The "Greek project" was not implemented.
Second half of the 18th century Russia is associated with the name of the Empress,
whose reign was an entire era in
the history of the country. A wise politician and subtle diplomat, Catherine II strove
to strengthening the autocracy and creating favorable conditions for the economic and spiritual development of the country.
The reign of Catherine is one of the most glorious and difficult periods in Russian history.
great. “Either I die, or I will reign. »
Catherine was born on April 21, 1729 in Stettin. Her present
name of Sophia Augusta Friederike of Anhalt of Zerbst,
having converted to Orthodoxy, she was betrothed to the great
Prince Peter Fedorovich Romanov, after which
received the title of Grand Duchess and a new name
Catherine. Slowly but surely she moved towards
to the Russian throne, according to Klyuchevsky: “She made a double seizure: she took power from her husband and did not transfer it to her son, the natural heir of her father.”
The coronation of the new empress took place
September 22, 1766. Emperor Peter III
(husband of Catherine)
son of the empress
Pavel Petrovich
Personality of the Empress
The empress wasseasoned, good
self-controlled,
suppress outbreaks
anger, support
conversation at the same time
tolerant of imperfections
people, but irreconcilable
to opponents, was able
be cruel.
Catherine had
quite developed
sense of humor in her
a lot of correspondence
causticity and
mockery.
Favorites of Catherine II
The empress failed to experience family happiness. Relations with his son did not work out, he could not forgive the mother of a busythrone. Catherine's heart affairs characterize the relationship
with her many fans.
Count G. Orlov.
Prince Potemkin.
A. Lanskoy
Dmitriev-Mamonov.
The last favorite of Catherine II, the Most Serene Prince
Pyotr Zubov, Governor-General of Novorossiya and Commander Black Sea Fleet.“You need to act slowly, with
caution and prudence. »
Catherine II.
Immediately after the accession
Catherine was noticeable
bustling activity
in the state body.
She belonged to those
statesmen,
who intended not
only to reign, but also
to rule. In the reign of Catherine the Senate was
divided into 6 departments:
1 department. - was in charge
the most important matters of administration.
(Possibility of publishing laws).
2 department. - Dealt with litigation.
Senate
3 department. - managed the outskirts, medical affairs,
education.
4 department. - in charge of military affairs.
5 department. - dealt with the affairs of Ukraine and the Baltic states.
6 department. - performed the functions of the Moscow senatorial
offices. Order of Catherine II.
If Peter I took the first steps towards
rule of law
regulated by law,
"Instruction" deepens this thought, in many
articles explaining the meaning of the law
all spheres of life.
The main text of the "Mandate"
contains 20 chapters divided into
546 articles, of which 245 -
borrowed from the work
Montesquieu, 106 - from the book of the scientist
lawyer, Bekkarn. Besides,
Catherine used the works
German scientists: Bielfeld and
Justa, as well as the French
encyclopedia and Russian
legislation. Complaint to the nobility.
According to
literacy,
nobles
received a number
personal and
corporate
rights.
The main ones are the right to own land,
freedom in the choice of occupations, to have their own factories,
handicrafts and factories - what answered them
interests.
A nobleman could not be subjected to corporal punishment and without trial
could be deprived of noble dignity, honor, life and estate. Diploma for the "middle kind of people."
"Charter to the cities" conveyed
city societies the right of legal
a person who could independently
manage property and income
her.
Merchants registered in the guild,
received special privileges
redeem money from
recruitment duty and be
free from government
outfits.
Merchants of the 1st and 2nd guilds
exempted from punishment.
Philistines, like nobles
received personal and
cooperative rights.
The uprising of E. Pugachev.
During the reign of Catherine II,the largest folk festival in the history of Russia
uprising led by Yemelyan
Pugachev. Idea to enthrone
"peasant king" shocked the empress, in fear and anger she
ordered the massacre of the rebels, but forced
authorities to look for ways to solve the peasant problem. Secularization of church lands.
Under Catherine II, monasteries and dioceses became
completely dependent on the state, which
took them on.
Catherine II made life easier
monastery peasants, freeing them from
everyday punishments, from service in the household,
violent
marriages.
Undoubtedly, these changes
discontent on the part of the church.
The case of Arseny Matseevich was serious,
opposing such a decision
the question of ecclesiastical estates.
Reforms in the field of education.
In 1763, a medical academy was opened,training medical professionals.
In 1764 Smolny was opened in St. Petersburg.
institute of noble maidens.
The indisputable merit of Catherine was the opening of the Academy of Sciences,
Catherine's School, many closed gymnasiums, etc.
Smolny
institute.
Russian banknotes.
Banknotes were printed byin a primitive typographical way, but in
avoid fakes - fonts and triple
numbering was of a special type.
Also, for each denomination, special paper was made: for 5 rubles - blue, for 10 rubles - red-pink, for 25, 60, 100, 200
rubles - white. They had water drawings.
In 1769, assignation banks were organized in St. Petersburg
and Moscow "for the exchange of money."
Directions and tasks of foreign policy
AccessionBlack Sea
coasts;
Accession of lands
Pravoberezhnaya
Ukraine and Belarus;
Increasing Influence
Russia in the Baltics;
Getting out in
Azov and Black seas.
Provide
safety
petrovsky
conquests in
the Baltics;
Prevent
dissemination
French
revolution in
Russia;
achieve
free
Russian sailing
courts along the Black
the sea and their passage
through the straits
Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774
Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774"Mustafa was in the same way for the war
little prepared, like us, ”wrote Catherine II to Voltaire.
War was declared by the Sultan's court. empress
set to work with her characteristic energy and
methodical. She was sure of success, but the time when
the Turks will be beaten, I had to wait a long 6 years. RESULTS OF THE WAR
Territories annexed to Russia
between the Southern Bug and the Dnieper:
fortresses - Kinburn, Kerch, Kabarda
in the North Caucasus.
The Turks were forced to admit
independence of the Crimean Khanate.
Russia received the right to freely navigate the Black Sea and
freely pass the Bosphorus and
Dardanelles in the Mediterranean.
Russian - Turkish war of 1787 - 1791
The reason for the new war was Turkey's attemptreturn the Crimea under their power. Summer 1787
Turkey demanded the return of Crimea and opened
military actions.
The war was marked
a number of brilliant victories
Russians, and its main
A. V. Suvorov became a hero.
The final chord of the war was the capture
Russian impregnable fortress Izmail.
In 1791, a peace treaty was signed in Iasi
to which the entire northern coast of the Black Sea, Crimea and
Novorossiysk steppes were given to Russia, Turkey
recognized the patronage of Georgia, established
Georgievsky treatise of 1738
PARTICIPATION OF RUSSIA IN THE SECTIONS OF POLAND
FOR THE FIRST SECTIONPOLAND in 1772 Russia received
Eastern Belarus and Polish
part of Livonia.
SECOND SECTION occurred in
1793 went to Russia
Right-bank Ukraine and
Belarus with Minsk.
In 1795, the THIRD happened -
final partition of Poland.
Main part of Lithuania, Western
Belarus and Western Volhynia
were annexed to Russia.
The struggle of Catherine II against revolutionary France.
The revolution in France greatly overshadowed the last yearsreign of Catherine II. She interfered in every way
dissemination of freedom-loving ideas in Russia, was introduced
strict censorship, persecution of the press and authors was not excluded,
such as Knyazhnin "Vadim", Derzhavin "Lords and Courts",
and Radishchev was sentenced to death for "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow" (replaced by exile to Siberia.)
Knyazhnin Ya.B. Novikov N.I. Derzhavin G.R.
In 1793, Catherine was unable to organize the escape of the French king.
Louis XVI and after his execution fell ill in a serious illness, and three years later
passed away.
The results of the reign of Catherine II.
After the reign of Catherine, Russiawas in power and glory.
Land space has been increased
almost 15 provinces.
The number of inhabitants increased from 10 to 40
million.
Government revenues have increased.
Education developed.
The people's welfare improved.
Russia has received worldwide recognition.
Arranged provinces according to a new model - 29
Cities built - 144
Conventions and treatises concluded - 30
Remarkable decrees issued - 88
Decrees for the relief of the people - 123
Wins - 78
Growth of internal turnover by 148 million rubles.
A total of 492 cases! Appreciating the great merits of Empress Catherine II, was
a magnificent monument was erected to her in Petersburg, in
Tsarskoye Selo, Yekaterinoslav, Simferopol, Nakhichevan,
and on the centenary of the death of the Empress, made
luxurious monument in Odessa.