It is generally accepted that the concept of "innovation" is the Russian version of the English word innovation. The literal translation from English means "introduction" or, in our understanding of the word, "innovation". Innovation means new order, new custom, new method, invention, new phenomenon. The Russian phrase "innovation" - literally "introduction of the new" - means the process of using innovation.
Thus, from the moment it is accepted for distribution, the innovation acquires a new quality - it becomes innovation (innovation). The process of introducing an innovation to the market is called the process commercialization. The period of time between the appearance of an innovation and its implementation into an innovation (innovation) is called innovative lag.
In everyday practice, as a rule, the concepts of "innovation", "innovation", "innovation", "innovation" are equated, which is quite understandable. Any inventions, new phenomena, types of services or methods only receive public recognition when they are accepted for distribution (commercialization), and already in a new capacity they act as innovations (innovations).
It is well known that the transition from one quality to another requires the expenditure of resources (energy, time, finance, etc.). The process of translation of innovation (innovation) also requires the expenditure of various resources, the main of which are investments and time. In the conditions of the market as a system of economic relations for the sale of goods, within which demand, supply and price are formed, the main components of innovation are innovations, investments and innovations. Innovations form the market of innovations (innovations), investments - the market of capital (investments), innovations (innovations) - the market pure competition innovations.
The transition from one qualitative state of the organization to another requires the expenditure of economic resources (materials, energy, time, labor, etc.). The process of transferring innovation (innovation) into innovation (innovation) also requires the expenditure of various resources, the main of which are investments. , and time. Three main components - innovations (innovations), capital (investments), innovations (innovations) - form a competitive market of innovations as a sphere of innovation activity.
Under innovations (innovations) in a broad sense refers to the profitable use of innovations in the form of new technologies, types of products and services, organizational, technical and socio-economic decisions of an industrial, financial, commercial, administrative or other nature. The period of time from the birth of an idea, the creation and dissemination of an innovation to its use is commonly called life cycle of innovation. Taking into account the sequence of work, the life cycle of innovation is considered as innovation process.
There are three types of innovation in every business:
In products or services;
In markets, behavior and values of buyers (social innovations);
In various changes in the activities of the organization necessary to create products and bring them to the market (managerial innovation).
Innovation is an economic and social term, and to a lesser extent a technical one. Its criteria are associated with changes in the economic and social environment, with changes in the behavior of people, both producers and consumers. The measure of innovation is its impact on the external environment.
Innovation has two main features:
The novelty of the application of this consumer value to satisfy some common need (market novelty);
The novelty of the scientific idea or technical solution underlying the innovation.
Based on the economic nature of innovation, the main one is market novelty, and scientific and technical is of subordinate importance.
Market novelty is considered in a broad and narrow sense. Market novelty in the broadest sense, or absolute market novelty possesses a product that is different from any other product sold elsewhere. Market novelty in the narrow sense, relative or local novelty possesses the goods for some part of its consumers. It does not matter when the innovation actually appeared on the market.
Scientific and technical novelty is a mandatory property of an invention, or scientific and technical know-how, and not innovation. If an innovation is based on one or more inventions or know-how, then in addition to the market, it also has scientific and technical novelty. The degree of originality of the scientific and technical idea on which the innovation is based is not of interest to the consumer. He evaluates the useful effect of the product in accordance with the costs of its acquisition and operation.
For the manufacturer, the degree of scientific and technical novelty is important: primacy allows you to monopolize the right to an idea with the help of patents and production secrets. The monopoly right of the manufacturer, combined with the exclusive properties of the product, which provide consumers with a significantly greater effect per unit price compared to previous products, provide the company with certain period stable economic position.
Innovations may not have scientific and technical novelty, but nevertheless they are effective and have a significant impact on economic processes and, above all, on the structure of production and consumption (for example, credit cards, personal computers, various services). According to studies by American economists, in the 60s more than half of the new products did not have any significant scientific and technical novelty.
However, today the picture is changing. The share of innovations that have both market and scientific and technical novelty is growing, which is a consequence of the ongoing scientific and technological revolution.
Not only corporations and firms, but also governments as a whole pay considerable attention to science intensive technologies, in which the share of expenditure on research and development (R&D) in value added is higher than in the industry as a whole. The term is also used in the economic literature. "high tech", where R&D costs account for at least 10% of value added and labor costs for scientists, engineers and technicians exceed 10% of total labor costs.
On the basis of science-intensive technologies, the largest industries have emerged: the production of semiconductors, integrated circuits, lasers, pharmaceutical products, aerospace engineering, robotics, etc. For example, the cost of R&D when creating robots reaches 15% of sales. This is a high level even for knowledge-intensive industries.
The core of the company's innovative activity is the development (commercialization) of new types of products or methods of their production, delivery and sale.
New (improved) product - is a product whose technological characteristics or possible uses are significantly different from previously produced products. Such innovations can be based on radically new technologies, combining well-known technologies in a new way, or be the result of the use of new knowledge.
New (improved) process- this is the introduction of technologically new or improved methods of production, including methods of distribution of goods, its delivery and sale. Processes have to be improved, or when new or improved products cannot be produced (sold) using existing methods production, or when there is hope for a significant increase in the efficiency of production and sale of existing products.
Thus, summing up the above, we can conclude the following:
Innovation in a broad sense refers to the profitable (profitable) use of innovations in the form of new technologies, types of products and services, organizational and economic decisions of a production, financial, commercial, administrative or other nature.
The period of time from the birth of an idea, the creation and dissemination of an innovation, to its use commonly referred to as the innovation life cycle. Taking into account the sequence of work, the life cycle of innovations is considered as innovation process.
The problems of the regularities of scientific and technological progress are largely debatable, including the basic basic concepts. So, according to some authors, the concepts of "innovation", "innovation" and "innovation" are synonymous and represent the result of scientific and technological progress. Another point of view is that there are certain differences between these concepts. If innovation can be considered a new method, invention or discovery, then innovation (innovation) means the practical application of this innovation,
Innovation- this is a formalized result of fundamental, applied research and development in any field of activity, which is an intermediate result of this activity on the practical, market use of the achievements of science and technology. Once an innovation has been transformed into a new product consumed in the market, the latter becomes innovation (innovation). Thus, in the modern theory of innovation, no distinction is made between the terms "innovation" and "innovation" - they are synonyms. Innovation is often understood as the first application of innovation, and innovation implies the acceptance of innovation for widespread distribution (diffusion) (Fig. 15.1).
Rice. 15.1. Characteristics of the categories "innovation",
"innovation" and "innovation"
In accordance with Russian law « innovation- is the end result in the form of a new or improved product sold on the market, a new or improved technological process used in practice. Note that not every innovation is an element of progress. Only if it is expedient to spread it, we can talk about the innovative significance of this innovation for social production and development. It is no coincidence that in the world economic literature innovation is interpreted as the transformation of potential scientific and technological progress into real, embodied in new products and technologies.
The specific content of innovation is change, and main function innovation is a function of change. As early as 1911, the Austrian scientist I. Schumpeter identified five typical changes: 1) the use of new technology, new technological processes or new market support for production (purchase and sale); 2) introduction of products with new properties; 3) use of new raw materials; 4) changes in the organization technical support; 5) the emergence of new markets. Later, in the 1930s, he introduced the concept of innovation, interpreted as a change in order to introduce and use new types of consumer goods, new production and Vehicle, markets and forms of organization in industry.
This approach also corresponds to the methodology of systematic description of innovations in the conditions market economy based on international standards(Oslo Guide). In accordance with them, innovation activity is understood as a type of activity associated with the transformation of ideas (usually the results scientific research and developments or other scientific and technological achievements) and their implementation: I) in new or improved technological processes; 2) technologically new or improved products or services introduced on the market; 3) new methods of production and its organization used in practice. Thus, "innovation is the simultaneous manifestation of two worlds, namely the world of technology and the world of business." When change occurs only at the level of technology, Schumpeter calls it an invention, and when business is involved in changes, they become innovations.
Types of innovation
Innovation management can be successful if innovations are studied for a long time, which is necessary for their selection and use. Therefore, speaking about innovations, it is necessary first of all to classify them correctly. There are many different ways to classify innovations. In table. 15.1 is one of the most common.
A.A. Kistaubaev, President of JSC "Aktobeenergo"
INNOVATION AND INNOVATION
The article considers and defines the essence of innovation, innovation, innovation activity and innovation process.
The innovation process is a very complex and therefore ambiguous phenomenon both in structural and causal relations. In particular, different kinds innovations have different consequences. By implementing economic activity, economic entities make a selection including innovations and innovations. Therefore, the important points of scientific study are the essence and types of innovation, innovation activity and the innovation process, and, of course, the causes and consequences of innovation. (Defining the essence of innovation, innovation, innovation activity and innovation process is extremely important for determining statistical indicators characterizing these phenomena.)
The theoretical relevance of these aspects is also due to the lack of a generally accepted in fundamental and applied economic sciences their substantive interpretation and classification: in the economic literature, one can find various contents of the term "innovation" and its no less diverse typologies. In other words, the existing ambiguity of interpretation testifies to the theoretical uncertainty of the phenomenon of interest to us.
The definition of our position dictates the need to take into account the following important circumstance. The heterogeneity and multidimensionality of the studied phenomena determine the diversity of scientific approaches. In particular, one should take into account the theoretical and phenomenological types of research and the representations corresponding to them. “Theoretical (ontological) sciences, - notes A. Anchishkin, - have as their subject the qualitative nature and laws of development of the objective world, their ontological (essential) beginning. ...Phenomenological sciences have as their subject directly or with the help of scientific instruments observable processes and phenomena of the objective world. Within the framework of these sciences, there is a systematization and generalization of the accumulated experimental, experimental data ... They deal not so much with general
laws of development, how many with their particular manifestations and. contain more descriptive and historical rather than logical abstract elements” (1, pp. 230, 231).
Phenomenological (applied) research is relatively autonomous. The local perspective of study inherent in them results in relatively private representations, which in turn dictates the need to search for a theoretical “foothold” in the form of fundamental concepts, the level of generalization of which allows one to consistently include all relatively private points of view.
On the one hand, the productivity of scientific research largely depends on the interpretation of the essence of the phenomenon under study accepted by the researcher. On the other hand, the degree of empirical and theoretical consistency of particular concepts depends on the degree of agreement of researchers regarding the essence of the phenomenon. This is especially important because often scientific papers, the subject of which are applied aspects of innovation issues, there is no definition of innovation.
Now let's turn to the direct subject of our study - the essence of innovation (innovation). First of all, it is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of "innovation" and "innovation".
Often, albeit unreasonably, innovation (innovation) is identified with innovation. For example, there is the following understanding: "Innovation can be a new order, a new method, an invention." “Innovation means that the innovation is used. From the moment it is accepted for distribution, an innovation acquires a new quality and becomes an innovation” (3, p. 10). Strictly speaking, the cited provision is not a scientific definition, but a listing of what, according to a number of authors, relates to innovation. If we assume that order is a rule, a typical relation (phenomenon), then, as is quite obvious, an innovation identified with “order” (in the above meaning of the latter) is analytically indistinguishable from a typical phenomenon, including innovation at the diffusion stage.
In addition, certain doubts are raised by the use of the word “new” as a characteristic of innovation. The reason for this is the fact that the semantic meaning of this word is ambiguous, as a result of which there is uncertainty about the essence of innovation and the ratio "innovation - innovation". In particular, often - not only in colloquial, but also in scientific vocabulary - the words "new" and "unknown" are unreasonably identified. Thus, a phenomenon is often perceived as new in the sense of "not previously existing." But along with this, a phenomenon can only be new subjectively (for the cognizer) and in this context - previously unknown, but not at all non-existent.
Therefore, we consider it appropriate to distinguish between "new" and "without precedent" phenomena. In our opinion, innovation is a social phenomenon (created by the expedient activity of individuals) that has no precedent. It seems that this interpretation unequivocally indicates that an innovation is not any unprecedented (for example, cosmic) phenomenon, but precisely one that has a social nature and was created to meet the needs of individuals and their communities.
Accordingly, the discovery is not an innovation either. The latter, by definition, is nothing but the knowledge of an (already) existing, but previously non-obvious phenomenon. On the basis of this semantic interpretation of "discovery", we consider incorrect (no more than figurative, but not at all scientific) the conventional wisdom about the discovery of new methods and techniques of production. The object of discovery is the laws, and the technique and methods of production are created. Moreover, the latter are possible only because they do not contradict the relevant (for example, physical, chemical) laws.
Finally, in our opinion, it is possible and necessary to distinguish between innovation and invention. In our opinion, an invention is the result of invention - a material object (object) created by expedient activity and without precedent. Meanwhile, innovation can be not only material objects, but also social, including economic, relations. Can the latter be classified as inventions? We think not.
The reason for this distinction is the fact that often (for example, economic) relations that have no precedent can, in contrast to
other inventions, arise spontaneously (unplanned) for their participants, or otherwise, regardless of the actions of only one of the participants in the interaction. (For example, we can assume that the emergence of inflation was at one time an innovation.) Therefore, an invention is one of the varieties of innovation; another variety - without precedent social interactions. And thus, in the coordinate system "innovation - invention" the concept of "innovation" is fundamental.
Now let's turn to the concept of innovation. The Austrian economist I. Schumpeter identifies innovations, or, in other words, innovations (introduction of innovations, i.e. innovations), with "implementation of new combinations" (5). Meanwhile, such an interpretation of innovations cannot be considered satisfactory due to the lack of semantic definition of the word “new” noted above. In addition, it is not sufficiently general, since it does not explicitly imply innovation in the form of rules of conduct.
The opinion of the well-known American researcher of entrepreneurship and innovation P. Drucker is not quite categorical, and therefore not sufficiently definite: “It can be concluded that innovation (innovation) is rather economic or social concept than technical” (2). In essence, this opinion is an idea of the type of nature of innovation, but not of its essence.
From the point of view of B. Twiss, innovation is the transfer of scientific or technical knowledge “directly to the sphere of consumer needs; in this case, the product turns only into a carrier of technology, and the form it takes is determined only after linking the technology itself and the need to be satisfied” (4).
This understanding of innovation implicitly contains an indication of the difference between innovation and innovation, but does not define the essence of this difference. In addition, it does not reflect the diversity of types of innovation and is not exhaustive in this regard. And, finally, it does not represent a set of characteristics that distinguish innovation from phenomena similar to it in one way or another.
In our opinion, innovation is an expedient social reproduction of an innovation by an innovator. An innovator is a subject that replicates an innovation. We, therefore, consider the terms "innovation" and "innovative activity" as identical.
At the same time, in our opinion, the participants in the innovation process are the innovator
AA. Kistaubaev
Innovation and Innovation
and imitators. The innovation process is the implementation (by the innovator) and diffusion (dissemination by imitators) of innovation, culminating in the maturity stage. life cycle product, technology and rules of conduct. This definition contains a well-defined quantitative criterion for distinguishing food and technological innovation and routine.
However, there is a rather complicated theoretical problem of distinguishing between innovative and routine rules of behavior. As a first approximation, it can be assumed that, in the analytical plan, the quantitative criterion for their distinction is specific gravity individuals and / or firms from their total number (in an industry, region, national economy) that adhere to certain rules. For example, if the proportion of firms in an industry that adhere to no
earlier precedent rules of conduct, did not exceed 50% of their total number, these rules of conduct are innovative. But, as is quite obvious, the corresponding criterion of distinction is predominantly qualitative and subject to study.
Finally, and importantly, the definitions of innovation and innovation formulated in this paper suggest that the inclusion of the design stage, R&D in the structure of innovation activity, generally accepted among researchers of innovation issues, is unreasonable. In other words, it should be distinguished as special - relatively autonomous - innovative activity, the product of which is innovation, and innovative activity, which consists precisely in replicating innovations by the innovator.
List of used literature:
1. Anchishkin A. I. Science - technology - economics. - 2nd ed. - M.: Economics, 1989.
2. Drucker Peter F. Market: how to become a leader. Practice and principles. - M.: "Buk Chamber International", 1992.
3. Innovation management: Textbook for universities /S.D. Ilyenkova, L.M. Gokhberg, S.Yu. Yagudin and others; Ed. S.D. Ilyenkova. -M.: UNITI-DANA, 2002.
4. Twiss B. Management of scientific and technical innovations. - M.: Economics, 1989.
5. Schumpeter I. Theory of economic development.- M.: Progress, 1982.
The presence of a large number of attempts to determine
the meaning of the term "innovation" indicates that the area of scientific research under consideration is in its infancy and is replete with different approaches, among which there are three most pronounced:
- innovation as a process;
- innovation as a result;
- innovation as change.
Examples of wording indicate that, from the point of view of the proponents of the "process", innovation is the process of creating, using and disseminating innovation, which allows obtaining additional benefits.
The founder of the term "innovation", the Austrian (later American) scientist Joseph Alois Schumpeter, was of the opinion that innovations are, first of all, changes with the aim of moving to a new state of organizations and their environment.
But proponents of the “result” see innovation as the end result. creative activity based on the implementation of innovations, which allows you to get additional benefits.
Summarizing the considered definitions, we can say that innovations are changes with the aim of transitioning to a new state of socio-economic systems in the process of creating, using and distributing the results of people's creative activity, which makes it possible to obtain additional benefits.
The term innovation refers to New Product or a service, a way of producing them, an innovation in various fields of human activity, any improvement that helps to reduce costs, all other things being equal.
Innovation implies the use in a particular area of society of the results of intellectual (scientific and technical) activities aimed at improving the process of activity. Innovations can relate to the spheres of production, economic, legal, social relations, the field of science, culture, education, and other areas of society. This term can have different meanings in different contexts, and the choice of value depends on the specific purpose of the measurement or analysis.
Innovation is an opportunity to increase all the performance indicators of an organization several times over. In fact, innovation is a catalyst for the dynamic development of organizations.
Innovative Products- it's technological new products. Innovative products cover products that are new (newly introduced) or improved, as well as products based on new or significantly improved production methods (other innovative products).
The difference between innovation, innovation and novelty is as follows. Innovation is a certain idea, documented and adapted for use in specific conditions, and innovation is the process of implementing this innovation in specific environmental conditions, in this case at the enterprise.
For example, Fatkhutdinov R.A. an innovation is the result of fundamental and applied research, development or experimental work to improve efficiency in any field of activity, issued in the form of a patent.
On the other hand, innovation is an idea that is new to a particular person. It doesn't matter if the idea is completely new or not.
Innovations can take shape not only in the form of discoveries; inventions, trademarks, but also in the form of documentation for a new or improved product, technology, managerial or manufacturing process; organizational, production or other structure; know-how; concepts; scientific approaches or principles; special documents (standard, recommendations, methods, instructions, etc.), etc.
Innovations are that sought-after essence around which the content of innovation is formed, which is fundamentally different from all previously used in this system in terms of the degree of impact on socio-economic systems in such a way that it passes into a qualitatively new state, thereby fixing the meaningful result of innovative impact.
Innovations can be developed both for their own needs (for implementation in own production either for accumulation) or for sale. At the “entrance” of an organization as a system, there will be innovations from their sellers, which can be immediately implemented, turning into innovations, or simply accumulate, waiting in the wings for implementation. At the “output” of the firm there will be only innovations as goods.
Innovations can be purchased or self-developed, intended for accumulation, sale or implementation in the organization's products (services), i.e., transformation into a form of innovation.
An innovation becomes an innovation after its commercialization, after the implementation of the innovation.
In practice, the concepts of "innovation" and "innovation" are often identified, although there are obvious differences between them. Innovation here should be understood as the introduction of something into practice. Therefore, innovation is the process of introducing, using and disseminating innovations with the aim of directly satisfying public needs in products, services, processes of a higher quality level OR the process of bringing inventions OR discoveries BEFORE STAGE
practical use when it begins to produce an economic effect.
Implemented innovations become innovations, and their further transmission through communication channels between members social system over time is called the diffusion of innovation.
Moreover, the innovation process does not end with the so-called implementation. the first appearance of the NEW process, services . The process is not interrupted, because as the innovation spreads, it improves, becomes more efficient, which opens up new areas of application for it.
- Fatkhutdinov R.A. Innovation management: textbook / R.A. Fatkhutdinov. 4th ed. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2004. S. 44.
- Cm.: Gerasimov G.I., Ilyukhina L.V. Innovative education: essence and social mechanisms. - Rostov-on-Don: NMD "Logos", 1999. S. 20.
Innovation is a materialized result obtained from capital investment in new equipment or technology, in new forms of organization of production, labor, service and management, including new forms of control, accounting, planning methods, analysis techniques, etc.
Innovation can also be called an innovative product. The concepts of "invention" and "discovery" are closely related to the concept of "innovation". Under the invention understand new devices, mechanisms, tools, other devices created by man.
Discovery is the process of obtaining previously unknown data or the observation of a previously unknown natural phenomenon. Discovery differs from innovation in the following ways:
1. A discovery, as well as an invention, is made, as a rule, at a fundamental level, and an innovation is made at the level of a technological (applied) order.
2. A discovery can be made by a lone inventor, while an innovation is developed by teams (laboratories, departments, institutes) and embodied in the form of an innovative project.
3. The discovery is not intended to make a profit. Innovation, on the other hand, always aims to get a greater influx of money, a greater amount of profit, increase labor productivity and reduce the cost of production through the use of some kind of innovation in engineering and technology, as well as to obtain any other tangible benefit.
4. Discovery can happen by accident, and innovation is always the result of a search. It is not randomly produced. It requires a specific release goal and a feasibility study.
Innovation is considered from different perspectives: in relation to technology, commerce, social systems, economic development and policy formulation. Accordingly, there is a wide range of approaches to the conceptualization of innovations in the scientific literature.
When conceptualizing the concept of innovation, it is useful to compare it with other concepts. In particular, in the scientific literature it is noted that the concept of "innovation" is often confused with the concept of "invention", denoting the creation of a new technical development or the improvement of an old one. In addition, many product and service improvements would be better described simply as “improvement.” The concepts of "change" and "creativity" can also sometimes be used instead of the concept of "innovation".
To distinguish innovation from the concepts listed above, it is often specified that the peculiarity of innovation is that it allows you to create additional value, allows the innovator to obtain additional value, and is associated with implementation. In this view, an innovation is not an innovation until it has been successfully implemented and has begun to be useful.
An alternative approach uses other terms as part of the definition of innovation: "Innovation occurs when someone uses an invention - or uses something that already exists in a new way - to change the way people live." In this case, the invention may be new concept, a device or other things that facilitate activity, and innovativeness is not associated with whether the organizer of the innovation received any benefit and whether it brought a positive effect.
Innovation is defined as the end result of an innovative activity that is embodied in the form of a new or improved product introduced to the market, a new or improved technological process used in practice or in a new approach to social services.
There are differences between the concepts of "innovation" and "innovation". Innovation (innovation) - a new or updated product of someone's creative activity, offered to consumers for further transformation and use. An innovation can be a new material, product, method, technology, service, etc. An innovation is usually formalized in the form of discoveries, inventions, patents, trademarks, rationalization proposals, etc.
Innovation (synonymous with innovation) is an innovation that has become the subject of the process of development, implementation. An innovation becomes an innovation from the moment it is accepted by the consumer for further transformation or use, moreover, it has a sign of novelty for the consumer. Thus, an innovation (innovation) should be considered an innovation (innovation) only if two conditions are met: the innovation must be accepted by this consumer; innovation must have a sign of novelty for a given consumer.
Innovations can be developed both for own needs and for sale. At the "input" of the organization as a system there will be innovations of their sellers, which can be immediately implemented, turning into the form of innovations, at the "output" - innovations as goods, services, processes. The innovator is the creator of innovation as a product of his labor containing a new solution. Innovators can be individuals and legal entities.
An innovator is one who accepts innovation for consumption, i.e. for further processing or use. In innovative activity, it is customary to distinguish between innovations-products, innovations-processes (production-technological), modifications of products and services.
Innovations mean the phase of the birth of a new technological order. Innovations are products with a higher use value, they create effective competition in the market.
The following changes, or sources of innovation, are distinguished:
An unexpected event, which may be an unexpected success, an unexpected failure;
· The discrepancy between reality, such as it is, and its reflection in the opinions and assessments of people;
· Changing needs of the production process;
Changes in the structure of the industry or market;
Demographic changes;
· Changes in perception and in valuable installations;
New knowledge, scientific and non-scientific.
Innovation is an economic and social rather than a technical term. It does not have to be something technical, and in general, something real. There are few technological innovations that can rival the impact of inventions such as hire-purchase, which has literally transformed the entire world of commerce.
The boundaries between these sources of innovative ideas are blurred; moreover, these sources often overlap. However, each of these sources has its own characteristics, so they should be analyzed separately.
Innovations are innovations brought to the stage of commercial use and offer on the market in the form of a new product. The genuine novelty of a product is always associated with an increase in the economic effect of its use.
Conclusion
Innovation is considered from different perspectives: in relation to technology, commerce, social systems, economic development and policy formulation. Accordingly, there is a wide range of approaches to the conceptualization of innovations in the scientific literature.
When conceptualizing the concept of “innovation”, it is useful to compare it with other concepts, which is what I have been doing in this paper. There are many correlations between the concepts of innovation, innovation and innovation. Some authors equate them, others, on the contrary, separate them.
Innovations are aimed at meeting certain social needs, but at the same time, the necessary increase in the efficiency of the use of individual resources or an increase in the efficiency of individual production units, or an increase in the efficiency of the enterprise as a whole as a result of introducing innovations and receiving innovations, does not always occur. The final success of an innovation, which is expressed in obtaining an economic effect from the operation of an enterprise, is influenced by a combination of various factors (economic, legal, technical, market, etc.), the impact of which is extremely difficult to predict. Thus, it can be argued that innovation is an innovation introduced into the activities of an enterprise in order to increase its efficiency based on better satisfaction of a certain social need. At the same time, it should be noted that efficiency should be understood as a certain economic, production, social, environmental and other result expected from the introduction of innovation.
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2. J. Schumpeter. Theory of economic development. Moscow: Progress, 1982.
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