Methods of social control. Social control through socialization Socialization shaping our habits of desire

MOU "Arkhangelsk secondary school"

Public lesson in social studies

Grade 11

Prepared by:

social studies teacher

Abdalina A.S.

Topic: "Social control".

Target: formation of an idea of social norms and sanctions, of social control as a special mechanism for maintaining public order.

Tasks:

Educational: introduce the concepts of social norms, social control, formal and informal sanctions.

Developing: to form the ability to compare, generalize, identify signs of phenomena, trace cause-and-effect relationships.

Educational: develop social skills.

Lesson type: learning new knowledge.

Equipment: multimedia projector, computer, presentation, handouts (test, tasks).

Basic concepts:

Socialization;

norms,

Sanctions,

Self control

external control,

social prescriptions.

During the classes:

Organizing time

Definition of the topic, objectives of the lesson, the place of the lesson in the block system.

Task to determine the topic of the lesson. (slide 1)

Find a concept that generalizes to all the other concepts of the series below, and write down the number under which it is indicated.

etiquette; 2. social control; 3. legal norms; 4. promotion; 5.punishment.

And so the topic of our lesson is "Social control"(slide 2)

Epigraph

Conscience is the law of laws.

Alphonse de Lamartine ( French writer and poet, politician.)

What is our goal?

Purpose: to find out the features of social control, to show the importance of norms and sanctions for maintaining public order. (slide 3)

Let's find out if this topic is in the USE codifier in social studies?

Yes, topic No. 3 “Social relations” 3.9 Social control (slide 4)

new material

problem setting, can be written on the board so that students can see it in front of them during the lesson.

Problem task (according to the POPS formula) (slide 5):

Plan for studying new material: (slide 6)

1. Social control.

2. Elements of social control (norms and sanctions).

3. Forms of control.

4. Ways to implement social control in the group and society.

1. Joint life and activities require streamlining relations between people, establishing certain rules aimed at protecting their safety, coordinating actions, maintaining the integrity of society. This is possible thanks to the social control that accompanies a person all his life.. No society can do without social control. Even a small group of people randomly gathered together will have to develop their own control mechanisms so as not to fall apart in the shortest possible time.

(slide 7)

social control - a system of ways in which society influences the activity, behavior of a person, social groups.

In a broad sense social control can be defined as a combination of all types of control that exist in society: moral, state control, etc.

In a narrow sense it is the control of public opinion, the publicity of the results and assessments of the activities and behavior of people.

(Slide 8)

What are the functions of social control?

Let's find out by completing the task. (Attachment 1 )

A) a sanction B) groups; B) integration; D) ideal; D) control; E) standard; G) rule; 3) management; I) stability; K) development.

Right answers: IB, 2E, ZB, 4D, 5I, 6G, 7A

Functions of social control: protective; stabilizing (consists in the reproduction of the dominant type of social relations, social structures); regulatory. Social control is a special mechanism for maintaining public order through the use of power and includes such concepts as social norms, sanctions, power.

(Slide 8)

Teacher's comments on the diagram

social norms vary in scale. Some norms arise and exist only in small groups - companies of friends, work teams, families, sports teams. Other norms arise and exist in large groups or in society as a whole and are called " general rules " rather than " group habits " . TO " general rules"are the customs, traditions, mores, laws, etiquette, manners of behavior that are inherent in a particular social group.

All social norms can be classified depending on how strictly their implementation is observed. For violation of some norms, a very weak punishment follows - disapproval, a smirk, an unfriendly look. Violation of other norms is followed by very strong sanctions - expulsion from the country, the death penalty, imprisonment. Violation of taboos and legal laws is punished most severely (for example, killing a person, divulging state secrets), the mildest - certain types group habits, particularly family habits (for example, refusing to turn off lights or close front door) . However, there are group habits that are highly valued and for the violation of which severe sanctions follow.

Norms bind people into a single community, into a team.

- How does this happen?

Firstly, norms are also expectations: from a person who observes this norm, others expect quite unambiguous behavior. When some pedestrians move on the right side of the street, and those who go to the meeting move on the left, there is an ordered, organized interaction. When a rule is broken, collisions and confusion occur.

This means that norms form a system social interaction, which includes the motives, goals of the subjects of the action, the action itself, expectation, evaluation and means.

- Why do people strive to comply with the rules, and society strictly monitors this ?

Social norms are really guardians of order and keepers of values. Even the simplest norms of behavior embody what is valued by a group or society. The difference between a norm and a value is expressed as follows: norms are rules of behavior, values are abstract concepts of what is good, evil, right, wrong, proper, improper, and so on.

But,Social sanctions - security guards. Along with values, they are responsible for why people strive to comply with norms. Norms are protected from two sides - from the side of values and from the side of sanctions.

C / R with a textbook 87- 88

Fill in the table (slide 10-11) Run time 5 minutes

Types of sanctions

Type name

His essence

Examples

Formal positive sanctions (F+)

public approval from official organizations (government, institutions, creative union)

government awards, state awards and scholarships, academic degrees and honorary titles, construction of a monument, presentation of letters, election to high positions, etc.

Informal positive sanctions (H+)

public endorsement that does not come from official organizations

friendly praise, compliments, tacit recognition, benevolent disposition, applause, fame, honor, flattering reviews, recognition of leadership or expert qualities, smile.

Formal negative sanctions (F-)

punishments provided for by legal laws, government decrees, administrative instructions, prescriptions, orders

deprivation of civil rights, imprisonment, arrest, dismissal, fine, deprivation of bonuses, confiscation of property, demotion, demolition, etc.

Informal negative sanctions (N-)

- punishments not prescribed by official authorities

censure, remark, ridicule, mockery, cruel joke, unflattering nickname, neglect, refusal to lend a hand or maintain relations, spreading a rumor, slander, unfriendly review, complaint, writing a pamphlet or feuilleton, exposing article, anonymous letter.

Table check.

slide 12

Establish a correspondence between positive sanctions and examples illustrating them. (Task No. 5 USE)

Examples of Positive Sanctions

Positive sanctions

A) citizen V. was awarded the title of "Honored Artist of the Russian Federation"

1) formal

B) a note in the wall newspaper of the plant, written by engineer A., was approved by colleagues

2) informal

AT) Researcher B. received an award for his invention

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D) researcher L. was awarded the degree of Doctor of Historical Sciences

E) the performance of the 11th grade students at the school evening caused applause

slide 13

Schema teacher's comments.

Sanctions play a key role in the system of social control. Together with values and norms, they constitute its mechanism.

If the application of sanctions is committed by the person himself, directed at himself and occurs inside, then this form of control should be considered self-control. Conscience is a manifestation of inner self-control.

The more self-control developed in the members of a society, the less this society has to resort to external control.

External social control is divided into informal and formal.

The first is based on approval or condemnation from a group of relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, as well as from public opinion, which is expressed through traditions and customs or means mass media.

Formal control is exercised by the courts, education, the army, production, the media, political parties, and the government. The school controls thanks to examination marks, the government - thanks to the system of taxation and social assistance to the population, the state - thanks to the police, the secret service, state radio, television channels and the press.

Slide 14

Establish a correspondence between the manifestations of social control and its forms. (Task No. 5 USE)

Manifestations

Forms of social control

A) approval or condemnation of the individual's behavior by relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances

1) internal (self-control)

B) the reaction to the behavior of the individual from public opinion

2) external

C) independent coordination by the individual of his behavior with generally accepted norms

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D) encouragement of the activity or act of a person from the side officials

E) publicity of assessments of people's activities and behavior

slide 15

Ways to implement social control in a group and society:

– through socialization (socialization, shaping our desires, preferences, habits and customs, is one of the main factors of social control and establishing order in society);

– through group pressure (each individual, being a member of many primary groups, must share a certain minimum of cultural norms accepted in these groups and behave appropriately, otherwise condemnation and sanctions from the group may follow, ranging from simple remarks to expulsion from this primary group);

– through coercion (in a situation where an individual does not want to comply with laws, regulatory controls, formalized procedures, a group or society resorts to coercion to force him to do like everyone else).

Summarizing

- Do we need social control today? Is he the spokesman for the "Conscience of Society"?

Formulation of your answer to a problematic task using the POPS formula(slide 16)

P - position (your point of view, the assumption "I believe that ...")

O - justification (proof of your position "Because...")

P - example (when explaining your position, use the specific example “I can confirm this by the fact that ...”)

C - consequence (as a result, the conclusion is “In this regard ...”)

Performance 1-2 minutes, consists of 4-5 sentences.

It is advisable to listen to several positions, draw a conclusion on the assignment.

Let's conclude: The main task of social control is to create conditions for the stability of one or another social system, maintaining social stability and at the same time for positive change. This requires great flexibility from the control, the ability to recognize deviations from social norms of activity: dysfunctional, harmful to society, and necessary for its development, which should be encouraged.

Anchoring

C / R Assignment on cards. (slide 17)

Read the text below with a number of words missing. Choose from the proposed list of words that you want to insert in place of the gaps. (Task No. 20 USE) (Application 2 )

social norms

3) honor 8) conscience

5) informal sanctions

Answer: 741928

Reflection (slide 18)

What they wanted?

What have you achieved?

How was this achieved?

Homework (slide 19)

Paragraph number 10. Questions 1-4, workshop No. 1-2 (oral)

Grading

Attachment 1.

1. What are the functions of social control?

Read the text below. Fill in the gaps by choosing from the suggested list of words.

Note that the spaces are numbered. Under each number, write down the letter that represents the selected word in the list.

A) a sanction B) groups; B) integration; D) ideal; D) control; E) standard; G) rule; 3) management; I) stability; K) development.

In society, social norms perform a number of important functions. First, they contribute to social_(1), that is, the preservation of cohesion in society. Secondly, they serve as a kind of _ (2) behavior, a kind of instructions for individuals performing certain roles and social_ (3).

Thirdly, they contribute_(4) for deviant behavior. Fourth, provide_(5) society.

By the nature of regulation, norms-expectations and norms-_(6) are distinguished. The norms belonging to the second group are more strict. Violation of such norms entails the application of serious_ (7), for example, criminal or administrative.

Appendix 2

2. Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. Choose from the proposed list of words that you want to insert in place of the gaps. (Task No. 20 USE)

social norms constitute one of the elements of the mechanism for regulating relations between the individual and society, which is called ______ (A). Another element is _________ (B), which is understood as the reaction of society to the behavior of a person or group. They mean either approval and encouragement - ______ (C), or disapproval and punishment _______ (D).

Along with external control on the part of society, group, state, other people, internal control, or _______ (D), in which ________ (E) plays an important role, i.e. the feeling and knowledge of what is good and what is bad, the subjective consciousness of the conformity or inconsistency of one's own behavior with moral standards.

1) positive sanctions 6) social norms

2) self-control 7) social control

3) honor 8) conscience

4) social sanctions 9) negative sanctions

5) informal sanctions

Social cooperation in the conditions of the division of labor is a condition for meeting the growing needs of people, and hence for success in the struggle for survival. In human nature, prone to deviant behavior, there are forces that prevent actions that are inconsistent with the standards of behavior that lead to integration and stability. In Smelser's study, 99% of respondents admitted that they had violated the law at least once in their lives due to the contradiction between the desire for something and social norms and values.

The role of the mechanism of social control - a kind of "bypass valve" - is played by mass youth culture. Possessing the features of super-permissibility, it allows young people to "relax", relieve emotional and deviant stress, maintain control over them from the side of elders and the standards of society's behavior. The confidence of young people in their independence from adults within the framework of youth culture forms a sense and motives of responsibility for their behavior. As a young person grows older, he usually loses interest in this culture, socializes and becomes conformed to the standards of behavior. However, for some young people, the over-permissibility of youth culture forms distinct deviant behavior and motivation.

The ultimate form of social control is insulation from the social environment - to stop the deviant's contacts with other people. This mechanism blocks potential conflicts, deviant motives and actions. Isolated people leave a field for the manifestation of conformal motives, standards of behavior. Such isolation is characteristic of criminals held in prisons. Another mechanism of social control - isolation deviant from the social environment by limiting his contacts with other people, suggesting the possibility of returning to society. And finally, it is possible rehabilitation deviants, when artificial conditions are created for them to communicate with their own kind under the control of psychiatrists, guards, etc. For prisoners, such circumstances develop in terms of conditional release, deescort, etc.

Social control is also divided into (1) informal and (2) formal. Informal social control exists, according to Crosby, in the form of: (a) remuneration (approval, promotion, etc.); (b) punishment (a disgruntled look, critical remarks, the threat of physical punishment, etc.); (c) beliefs (reasoned proof of the observance of normal behavior); (d) human re-evaluation of cultural norms (as a result of all previous forms of social control plus the capacity for self-esteem).

Formal control is carried out by the state apparatus, which ensures the enforcement of standards of conduct and the motivation for such compliance with standards. AT political In countries where the basis of society is an authoritarian or totalitarian state, such control is exercised through direct violence against people in all spheres. It often remains illegitimate, giving rise to different types deviant motivation and behavior in the form of covert sabotage or even rebellion. The idea of freedom as the most important value of the life of the people was never developed in the East (in Asia) - there the obedience to power was considered the main value, and any speech against it was considered as deviant and severely punished.

AT economic and economic-political countries where the basis of society is market economy, formal control over compliance legal regulations and standards of conduct is complemented by control over the powers of officials who control the observance of conforming behavior and the fight against deviant behavior. The idea of freedom has long been a value of Western societies, giving rise to an initiative that violates traditional standards of behavior and to which modern man owes the achievements of the industrial age: among them the rule of law and representative government, the independence of courts and tribunals, judicial proceedings and compensation for damages in case of illegal actions of the state , freedom of speech and press, separation of church and state.

Functions of the social control system

Social control is a system of social regulation of people's behavior in society, ensuring their orderly interaction. In relation to society, social control performs two essential functions: protective and stabilizing and is divided into two types:

1. internal control or self-control. when an individual independently regulates his behavior, coordinating it with the norms of society, here the main criterion for moral assessment is conscience;

2. external control is a set of institutions and means that guarantee compliance with generally accepted norms.

The system of social control is carried out with the help of social norms, sanctions and institutions (agents of control).

Social norms are prescriptions, requirements, rules that define the boundaries of acceptable, socially approved behavior of people. They perform the following functions in society:

regulate the general course of socialization;
integrate the personality into the social environment;
serve as models, standards of appropriate behavior;
control deviant behavior. There are two types of social norms:

1. Formal, based on law:

formally defined;
enshrined in regulations;
confirmed by the coercive power of the state.

2. Informal u based on morality:

not formalized;
supported public opinion.

The essence of social norms is as follows:

they allow the individual to enter into relationships with other people;
compliance with the norms is strictly controlled by a complex mechanism that combines the efforts of control and self-control through a system of sanctions and rewards.

Compliance with social norms in society is ensured through social sanctions,which represent the reaction of the group to the behavior of the individual in socially significant situations. The whole variety of social norms in society, as the effect of action increases, is divided into four types:

informal positive sanctions - public approval from the informal environment, i.e. parents, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, etc. (compliment, friendly praise, friendly disposition, etc.);
formal positive sanctions - public approval from the authorities, official institutions and organizations (government awards, state awards, career advancement, material rewards, etc.);
informal negative sanctions - penalties not provided for legal system society, but applied by the society (remark, mockery, break of friendly relations, disapproving review, etc.);
formal negative sanctions - legal punishments, regulations, administrative instructions and orders (fine, demotion, dismissal, arrest, imprisonment, deprivation of civil rights, etc.).

There are three ways to implement social control in a group and society:

through socialization. Its essence is that socialization, shaping our desires, preferences, habits and customs, is one of the main factors of social control and establishing order in society;
through group pressure. Each individual, being a member of many primary groups, must at the same time share a certain minimum of cultural norms accepted in these groups and behave appropriately. Otherwise, group condemnation and sanctions may follow, ranging from mere reprimands to the expulsion of a published primary group;
through coercion. In a situation where an individual does not want to comply with laws, regulations, formalized procedures, a group or society resorts to coercion to force him to do like everyone else.

Thus, each society develops a certain system of control, which consists of formal and informal ways of regulating people's behavior and helps to maintain public order. Family, relatives, friends, colleagues act as agents of informal control, while formal control is exercised primarily by official representatives states endowed with control functions - courts, the army, special services, law enforcement agencies and other authorized institutions.

People in any society are controlled primarily by socialization in such a way that they perform their roles unconsciously, naturally, by virtue of customs, habits and preferences. How can you force women to take on a difficult and ungrateful homework? Only by socializing them in such a way that they want to have a husband, children and a household and feel miserable without them. How to force a person with free will to obey the laws and moral norms that restrict his freedom, often difficult for him? Only by cultivating in him those feelings, desires and aspirations that will lead to the desire to streamline his life and obey the laws of society in order to feel confusion and irritation if these laws are violated. Majority social roles people fail not because they are unable to fulfill certain role requirements, but because they either do not accept the content of the roles or do not want to fulfill them.

Thus, socialization, shaping our habits, desires and customs, is one of the main factors of social control and establishing order in society. It eases the difficulties in making decisions, suggesting how to dress, how to behave, how to act in a given life situation. At the same time, any decision that runs counter to the one that is accepted and assimilated in the course of socialization seems to us inappropriate, unfamiliar and dangerous. It is in this way that a significant part of the internal control of the individual over his behavior is carried out. Habits formed in this way are called in sociology as informal group norms. The mechanism that controls compliance with such norms is called group pressure. A person cannot participate in public life based only on internal control. His behavior is also imprinted by his involvement in social life, which is expressed in the fact that the individual is a member of many primary groups (family, production team, class, student group, etc.). Each of the primary groups has a well-established system of customs, mores and institutional norms that are specific both for this group and for society as a whole.

Thus, the possibility of exercising group social control is due to the inclusion of each individual in the primary social group. Necessary condition This inclusion is served by the fact that the individual must share a certain minimum of the cultural norms accepted by this group, which constitute a formal or informal code of conduct. Every deviation from this order immediately leads to a condemnation of the behavior by the group. Depending on the importance of the violated norm, a wide range of condemnation and sanctions on the part of the group is possible - from simple remarks to expulsion from this primary group. The variation in group behavior resulting from group pressure can be seen in the example of the production team. Each member of the team must adhere to certain standards of behavior not only at work, but also after work. And if, say, disobedience to the foreman can lead to harsh remarks from the workers for the violator, then absenteeism and drunkenness often end in his boycott and rejection from the brigade, as they inflict material damage to each member of the team. As we can see, social control in this case ends with the application of informal sanctions against the individual who violates the norms.

The effectiveness and timeliness of the application of social control is far from always the same in all primary collectives. Group pressure on an individual who violates the norms depends on many factors, and, above all, on the status of this individual. Individuals with high and low status in the group are subject to completely different methods of group pressure. A person with a high status in the primary group or group leader has as one of his main duties the change of old and the creation of new cultural patterns, new ways of interaction. For this, the leader receives a credit of trust and can deviate from group norms to one degree or another. Moreover, in order not to lose his status as a leader, he should not be completely identical to the members of the group. However, when deviating from group norms, each leader has a line that he cannot cross. Beyond this limit, he begins to experience the effect of group social control on the part of the rest of the group members and his leadership influence ends.

The degree and type of group pressure also depend on the characteristics of the primary group. If, for example, group cohesion is high, group loyalty to the group's cultural patterns also becomes high, and, naturally, the degree of social group control increases. The group pressure of loyal group members (i.e. group members committed to group values) is stronger than members of a disengaged group. For example, it is much more difficult for a group that spends only free time together and is therefore divided to exercise intragroup social control than a group that performs regular joint activities, for example, in a brigade or family.

social control through compulsion. Many primitive, or traditional, societies successfully control the behavior of individuals through moral norms and, therefore, through informal group control of the primary group; formal laws or punishments are not required in such societies. But in large, complex human populations, where many cultural complexes are intertwined, formal controls, laws, and punishment systems are constantly evolving and becoming mandatory. If the individual may well get lost in the crowd, informal control becomes ineffective and there is a need for formal control. For example, in a tribal clan of two to three dozen relatives, a system of informal control over the sharing of food may well operate. Each member of the clan takes as much food as he needs and contributes as much food as he can to the common fund. Something similar was observed in the distribution of products in small peasant communities in Russia. However, in a village with a few hundred inhabitants, such a distribution is no longer possible, since it is very difficult to keep track of receipts and expenditures informally, on the basis of mere observation. The laziness and greed of individual individuals make such a system of distribution impossible.

Thus, in the presence of a high population of a complex culture, the so-called secondary group control- laws, various violent regulators, formalized procedures. When an individual is unwilling to follow these regulations, the group or society resorts to coercion to force him to act like everyone else. In modern societies, there are highly developed rules, or a system of control through enforcement, which is a set of effective sanctions applied in accordance with various types of deviations from the norms.

Introduction.

Trying to discover the laws of society, to give a definition of man and to find out the laws according to which he lives and develops, sociology cannot but be interested in the relationship that exists between society and the individual. And it is quite possible to assert that any sociological theory, explaining society and the elements of which it consists, also seeks to define the relationship between society and the individual, explaining this relationship in accordance with its understanding of the essence of society.

There are various theories that reduce society to individuals or consider the individual as just a part, a "molecule" of society. There is also the idea that the individual and society are two separate and independent phenomena that have their own separate and independent laws of their emergence and development. Meanwhile, man and society are dialectically interconnected. They cannot be considered in isolation, separately from each other: there is no society without a person, but a person exists only in society. The relationship between society and the individual is complex. This complexity of the impact of a person on society and society on a person stems from the fact that a person as a separate individual is born with certain mental inclinations, which only in society, during life in a social collective, develop and through the development of which the individual becomes a personality. Personality, as a unity of features, properties, is formed as a result of the interaction of the organism and the social environment. The most important properties of a person are his creative ability (which manifests itself in the ability to change the external world, as well as in the internal need for creativity), sociality (which reflects the inclusion in the social team and the social nature of human nature), subjectivity (expression of a peculiar individuality) and integrity ( in which an interconnected organization with all psychosocial characteristics is expressed and which ensures the relative unity of behavior in different situations). People establish relationships and coordinate their behavior as individuals, and in this interconnected behavior, the personal qualities of the individual are manifested, such as conscience, character, attitudes towards social values, etc.

Thus, what individual people represent as individuals, individuality is of great importance for the nature of the relationships they establish in society through their interrelated behavior.

On the other hand, society, more or less organized, through social institutions, influences every individual, that is, the formation of personality. It is in society that the process of transformation of a biological individual into a personality unfolds. This process is called socialization. Socialization is a process of unorganized and organized influence of society on an individual with the aim of forming a personality that meets the needs of this society. This may be the impact on the individual of certain social groups and social situations in which individuals find themselves as members of society or as more or less active participants. In such cases, the individual is required to learn certain rules and norms of behavior and act in accordance with them. But society can also influence the individual by developing in a person, through various kinds and levels of education and upbringing, his human and individual abilities, preparing him to become a member of the collective and to prove himself as a being capable of producing.

1. The concept of social control.

Socialization concerns primarily the individual. it individual process. But it always flows under the watchful eye of society, the people around it. They not only teach children, but also control the correctness of the learned patterns of behavior. If control is exercised by an individual, then it is of an individual nature, and if by a whole team - by a family, a group of friends, an institution or a social institution, then it acquires a public character and is called social control.

The main task of social control is to create conditions for the stability of a particular social system, maintaining social stability and, at the same time, for positive changes. This requires great flexibility from the control, the ability to recognize deviations from social norms of activity: dysfunctional, harmful to society, and necessary for its development, which should be encouraged.

Social progress in the development of society is based on changes, innovations, introduction of the new, but it is impossible without the preservation of the old, if this old deserves to be preserved for posterity. The most important thing in this old is the moral laws, norms, rules of conduct, customs that make up the content of culture and without which the practice of social relations and the life of society is impossible. Moving to another, new place, the people carry with them not monuments of material culture, but customs, norms, traditions.

Thus, socialization, shaping our habits, desires and customs, is one of the main factors of social control and the establishment of order in society. It eases the difficulties in making decisions, suggesting how to dress, how to behave, how to act in a given life situation. At the same time, any decision that runs counter to the one that is adopted and assimilated in the course of implementation seems to us inappropriate, illegal and dangerous. It is in this way that a significant part of the internal control of the individual over his behavior is carried out.

2. Elements of social control.

Social norms are instructions on how to behave correctly in society.

Social sanctions are rewards or punishments that encourage people to comply with social norms.

Social norms vary in scope. Some norms arise and exist only in small groups - companies of friends, work teams, families, sports teams. Other norms arise and exist in large groups or in society as a whole and are called “general rules” rather than “group habits”. The "general rules" include customs, traditions, mores, laws, etiquette, manners of behavior that are inherent in a particular social group.

All social norms can be classified depending on how strictly their implementation is observed. For violation of some norms, a very weak punishment follows - disapproval, a smirk, an unfriendly look. Violation of other norms is followed by very strong sanctions - expulsion from the country, the death penalty, imprisonment. Violation of taboos and legal laws is punished most severely (for example, killing a person, divulging state secrets), and certain types of group habits, in particular family habits (for example, refusing to turn off the light or close the front door), are the mildest. However, there are group habits that are highly valued and for the violation of which severe sanctions follow.

Norms bind people into a single community, into a team. How does this happen? Firstly, norms are also an expectation: from a person who observes this norm, others expect quite unambiguous behavior. When some pedestrians move on the right side of the street, and those who go to the meeting move on the left, there is an ordered, organized interaction. When a rule is broken, collisions and confusion occur. This means that the norms form a system of social interaction, which includes the motives, goals of the subjects of action, the action itself, expectation, evaluation and means.

Thus, the norms perform certain functions depending on the form in which they manifest themselves - as standards of behavior (duties, rules) or as an expectation of behavior (reactions, behavior of other people). Protecting the honor and dignity of family members is the duty of every man. Here we are talking about the norm as a standard of proper behavior. This standard corresponds to the very specific expectations of family members, the hope that their honor and dignity will be protected.

Why do people strive to comply with norms, while society strictly monitors this? Norms are guardians of values. The honor and dignity of the family has been one of the most important values of human society since ancient times. And society appreciates what contributes to its stability and prosperity. The family is the basic cell of society, and caring for it is its first duty.

Social sanctions are the guardians of norms. Along with values, they are responsible for why people strive to comply with norms. Norms are protected from two sides - from the side of values and from the side of sanctions.

Social sanctions - an extensive system of rewards for the implementation of norms, that is, for deviance. There are four types of sanctions: positive and negative, formal and informal. They give four types of combinations that can be represented as a logical square.

Formal positive sanctions - public approval from official organizations (government, institutions): government awards, academic degrees, presentation of certificates of honor, and so on.

Informal positive sanctions - public approval that does not come from official organizations: friendly praise, compliments, applause, a smile, and so on.

Formal negative sanctions - punishments provided for by legal laws, government decrees, orders, orders: deprivation of civil rights, imprisonment, arrest, dismissal, fine, confiscation of property.

Informal negative sanctions - punishments not provided for by official authorities, instructions: censure, remark, ridicule, cruel joke, neglect, and so on.

3. The mechanism of action of social control.

Sanctions play a key role in the system of social control. Together with values and norms, they constitute its mechanism. Regulations by themselves do not control anything. People's behavior is controlled by other people based on norms that are expected to be followed by everyone. Compliance with generally accepted norms makes our behavior predictable. Sanctions are just as predictable and generally accepted. Each of us knows that for an outstanding scientific discovery an official award awaits, and for a serious crime - imprisonment. Sanctions also introduce elements of predictability into behavior. When we expect a certain act from another person, we hope that he knows not only the norm, but also the sanction following it.

Thus, norms and sanctions are combined into a single whole. If some norm does not have a sanction accompanying it, then it ceases to regulate real behavior. It becomes a slogan, an appeal, an appeal, but it ceases to be an element of social control.

The application of social sanctions in some cases requires the presence of outsiders, while in others it does not. The dismissal is formalized by the personnel department of the institution and involves the preliminary issuance of an order or order. Imprisonment requires a complex procedure of judicial proceedings, on the basis of which a court decision is made. Bringing to administrative responsibility, for example, for ticketless travel - fining, involves the presence of an official transport controller, and sometimes a policeman. The assignment of a scientific degree involves an equally complex procedure for defending a scientific dissertation and the decision of the Academic Council. If the application of sanctions is carried out by the person himself, then this form of control should be considered self-control.

4. Self-control.

Depending on the method of imposing sanctions - collective or individual - social control can be external and internal. Internal control is also called self-control: the individual independently regulates his behavior, coordinating it with generally accepted norms. In the process of socialization, the norms are assimilated so firmly that people, violating them, experience a feeling of embarrassment or guilt. Contrary to the norms of proper behavior, a man falls in love with his friend's wife, hates his own wife, envies a more successful rival. In such cases, one speaks of pangs of conscience. Conscience is a manifestation of internal control.

Generally accepted norms, being rational prescriptions, remain in the sphere below which the subconscious sphere, consisting of elemental impulses, is located. Self-control means containment of the natural elements, it is based on volitional effort.

Self-awareness is an extremely important social psychological characteristic person. The source from which a person's idea of himself is drawn is the people around him and significant to him. According to the reaction to his actions, according to their assessments, the individual also judges what he himself is like. The content of self-consciousness is influenced by a person's idea of how others consider him to be. The social behavior of a person largely consists of his reaction to the opinions of the people around him, and this opinion seriously affects the formation of individual self-consciousness.

Unlike ants, bees, and even monkeys, human beings can only continue collective interaction if each individual exercises self-control. An adult who cannot control himself is said to have “fallen into childhood”. Impulsive behavior - the inability to control one's desires and whims - is characteristic of children. Impulsive behavior is therefore called infantilism. On the contrary, behavior in accordance with rational norms, obligations, volitional efforts are a sign of adulthood.

Approximately 70% of social control is carried out through self-control. The more self-control developed among members of a society, the less that society has to resort to external control. And vice versa, the less self-control people have, the more often the institutions of social control, in particular, the army, courts, and the state, have to come into action. The weaker the self-control, the tighter the external control must be. However, strict external control and petty guardianship of citizens hinders the development of self-awareness and expression of will, muffles internal volitional efforts. Often the dictatorship was established ostensibly for the benefit of citizens, in order to restore order. But the citizens, accustomed to submit to coercive control, did not develop internal control. They have degraded as social beings capable of taking responsibility and behaving in accordance with rational norms. They questioned the very rationality of coercive norms, gradually preparing a reasonable justification for any resistance to these norms. An excellent example is Russia, where the Decembrists, revolutionaries, regicides who encroached on the foundations of social order, were justified by public opinion because it was considered reasonable to resist, and not to obey coercive norms.

To understand the essence of social control, one should consider its main means (methods) of implementation in a group or society.
1. Socialization, which ensures the perception, assimilation and implementation by the individual of social norms accepted in society.
People in any society are controlled mainly through socialization in such a way that they perform their roles unconsciously, by virtue of customs, habits and preferences. How can women be forced to take on difficult and thankless domestic work? Only by socializing them in such a way that they want to have a husband, children and a household and feel miserable without them. How to force a person with free will to obey the laws and moral norms that restrict his freedom, often difficult for him? Only by cultivating in him those feelings, desires and aspirations that will lead to the desire to streamline his life and obey the laws of society in order to feel confusion and irritation if these laws are violated.
Thus, socialization, shaping our habits, desires and customs, is one of the main factors of social control and establishing order in society. It eases the difficulties in making decisions, suggesting how to dress, how to behave, how to act in a given life situation. At the same time, any decision that runs counter to the one that is accepted and assimilated in the course of socialization seems to us inappropriate, unfamiliar and dangerous. It is in this way that a significant part of the internal control of the individual over his behavior is carried out.
2. Group pressure inherent in any social group and expressed in the fact that each individual in the group must fulfill a certain set of requirements, instructions, etc., coming from it, corresponding to the norms adopted in it.
A person cannot participate in public life based only on internal control. His behavior is also imprinted by his involvement in social life, which is expressed in the fact that the individual is a member of many primary groups (family, production team, class, student group, etc.). Each of the primary groups has a well-established system of customs, mores and institutional norms that are specific both for this group and for society as a whole.
Thus, the possibility of exercising group social control is due to the inclusion of each individual in the primary social group. A necessary condition for such inclusion is the fact that the individual must share a certain minimum of the cultural norms accepted by this group, which constitute a formal or informal code of conduct. Every deviation from this order immediately leads to a condemnation of the behavior by the group.
Depending on the importance of the violated norm, a wide range of condemnation and sanctions on the part of the group is possible - from simple remarks to expulsion from this primary group.
At the same time, the effectiveness and timeliness of the application of social control is far from always the same in all primary collectives. Group pressure on an individual who violates the norms depends on many factors, and, above all, on the status of this individual. Individuals with high and low status in the group are subject to completely different methods of group pressure. A person with a high status in the primary group or group leader has as one of his main duties the change of old and the creation of new cultural patterns, new ways of interaction. For this, the leader receives a credit of trust and can deviate from group norms to one degree or another. Moreover, in order not to lose his status as a leader, he should not be completely identical to the members of the group. However, when deviating from group norms, each leader has a line that he cannot cross. Beyond this limit, he begins to experience the effect of group social control on the part of the rest of the group members and his leadership influence ends.
The degree and type of group pressure also depend on the characteristics of the primary group. If, for example, group cohesion is high, group loyalty to the group's cultural patterns also becomes high, and, naturally, the degree of social group control increases. The group pressure of loyal group members (i.e. group members committed to group values) is stronger than members of a disengaged group.
3. Coercion - the application of certain sanctions (threat, punishment, etc.), forcing individuals and groups to comply with the norms and rules of behavior prescribed by society (community), and punishing those responsible for violating these norms.
Many traditional societies successfully control the behavior of individuals through moral norms, that is, through informal group control of the primary group; therefore, formal laws or punishments are not required in such societies. But in large, complex human populations, where many cultural complexes are intertwined, formal controls, laws, and punishment systems are constantly evolving and becoming mandatory. If the individual can easily get lost in the crowd, informal control becomes ineffective and formal control becomes necessary. For example, in a tribal clan of two to three dozen relatives, a system of informal control over the sharing of food may well operate. Each member of the clan takes as much food as he needs and contributes as much food as he can to the common fund. This was observed in the distribution of products in small peasant communities in Russia. However, in a village with a few hundred inhabitants, such a distribution is no longer possible, since it is very difficult to count receipts and expenditures on the basis of mere observation, and besides, the laziness and greed of individuals make such a system of distribution impossible.
Thus, in the presence of a high population of a complex culture, the so-called secondary group control begins to be applied - laws, various violent regulators, formalized procedures. When an individual is unwilling to follow these regulations, the group or society resorts to coercion to force him to act like everyone else. In modern societies, there are highly developed rules, or a system of control through enforcement, which is a set of effective sanctions applied in accordance with various types of deviations from the norms.
As a result of socialization, most people act in accordance with generally accepted standards without any coercion. But since socialization is not always ideal, social control is designed to regulate the implementation of the standards that have developed in society.
In order to prevent deviation, reduce its level and guide deviants on the true path, as T. Parsons established, the following methods of social control are most often used:
1. Insulation, i.e. excommunication of the deviant from other people (for example, imprisonment).
2. Isolation - limiting the deviant's contacts with other people, but not his complete isolation from society. This allows deviants to return to society when they are ready to comply with its norms. Such methods include, for example, undertaking not to leave, house arrest, placement in a psychiatric hospital).
3.Rehabilitation, i.e. preparation of deviants for a return to normal life and for the performance of their inherent social roles in society (for example, groups of "anonymous alcoholics" carry out the rehabilitation of persons suffering from drunkenness).

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