The flow system of pork production is based on the receipt, cultivation and sale of large groups of the same age of young pigs after a certain period of time, which is ensured by:
- continuous rhythmic formation of groups of queens homogeneous in number and timing of insemination and rhythmic production of batches of piglets of the same age. The constant composition of the groups of queens is maintained during the gestation and lactation periods until the piglets are weaned. Young animals are formed in accordance with the accepted technology in production groups, which are preserved during all stages of growing and fattening;
- the formation of such a number of groups of queens and pigs of other age groups, which ensures the flow and receipt of marketable pigs during the entire period of operation of the enterprise;
- insemination of the queens of each group in a short, well-defined period of time, without a pause;
- the presence of specialized premises for each stage of the production process, divided into sectors and used on an "empty-occupied" basis.
The flow system of production provides for a certain duration of the production cycle for each sex and age group. The duration of the lactation period of the queens, the timing of growing and fattening are taken in accordance with specific economic conditions. The duration of the production cycle in days is taken: single queens - 21; 1st period of pregnancy - 32 - 35; 2nd period of pregnancy - 80-82; suckling queens with suckling piglets (depending on the accepted duration of the suckling period) 32 - 35, 42, 49, 56; weaned piglets (4 months) - 65 - 88, replacement pigs under the age of 273 days - 154, in preparation for insemination - 42, fattening young animals - 150 - 175.
For each age group of pigs, a separate room is provided, the capacity of which must correspond to the number of livestock and the duration of the production cycle, taking into account preparatory work held indoors before staging animals.
Depending on the group and the physiological state of the pigs, a walking and non-walking system of keeping is used. The walking system is used when keeping boars, single and pregnant queens and replacement young animals. Walking areas are provided for organizing walks. Weaned piglets and fattening young animals are kept without walking. In the premises, methods of keeping are used - small-group, large-group and individual in cages (machine tools).
At the complexes for the production of pork on an industrial basis, the maintenance of sows prepared for mating, and the 1st period of gestation in the critical period (32 days) - individually-boxed, the 2nd period (from 33 to 112 days) - small-group (10- 15 heads in the machine); suckling - fixed in special machines with compartments for suckling pigs; weaned piglets, replacement young and fattening pigs - group 20 - 25 heads, depending on age and live weight. Floors in pens for keeping pigs must be durable, non-slip, low thermal conductivity, waterproof, resistant to sewage and disinfectants. When keeping lactating sows with piglets, bedding is used at the rate of 1.5 kg of sawdust or straw cutting. The size of the pen should be 7 - 7.5 sq.m per uterus with piglets, for single and pregnant queens, the size of the pen is determined at the rate of 1.9 - 2 sq.m per 1 head, for weaned piglets - 0.35 - 0, 40 and young animals for fattening - 0.8-1.0 sq.m.
In the machines, it is necessary to arrange slotted floors with a width of slats of 40-50 mm for weaned piglets, repair, fattening young animals and 70 mm for boars and sows, and the width of the slots is 22 and 26 mm, respectively. Slotted floors should be arranged when feeding with dry feed in the back of the pen, with wet mixtures and liquid feed - in the front, along the line of the feeders, with a deviation from them of at least 40 cm.
The efficiency of pork production is determined primarily by the level and type of feeding. The farms of our country are dominated by concentrated and concentrated-root (concentrated-silo) types of feeding. In the first case, concentrates in the diets of pigs make up 75 - 85%, green fodder and grass meal - 10 - 15, silage - 3-8 and animal feed - about 2%. In the beet sowing zone, a different ratio of feed in the diets of pigs is used: concentrates - 65 - 75%, succulent feed - up to 15 - 20, green feed, grass meal and silage - up to 8 - 13, feed of animal origin 2%.
Industrial technology makes it possible to optimally use the biological characteristics of pigs and organize large-scale, uniform throughout the year in-line production of meat with maximum automation production processes.
Industrial technology features: rhythm, flow and cyclicity of production processes; feeding with complete feed; the content of various age and physiological groups in separate rooms with a controlled microclimate; automation and mechanization of all production processes; veterinary and sanitary control; improving the organization of production and reducing labor costs for the production of 1 centner of pork.
The basis of industrial technology for the production of pork:
168-day duration of the reproduction cycle (7 days of preparation of queens for mating and mating, 115 - gestation, 46 - lactation period);
The division of the herd of queens into 3 groups, the mating of which is carried out after 56 days (168 days: 3 groups = 56 days);
Two-phase system of rearing and fattening of young animals;
In pig breeding complexes, pigs are fattened in special rooms. Pigs are kept in pens in groups of 25 animals, about 1 m 2 of floor area is allocated per animal, which limits the movement of pigs. Feeders and automatic drinking bowls are installed in the machines. Manure is removed from the machine through the slatted floor, and washed off from the trays under the floor with water. The premises are equipped with supply and exhaust ventilation and a heating system with automatic regulation, which provides optimal zoohygienic conditions for animals: the air temperature in the room is maintained within 15-20 ° C, relative humidity is about 75%. One operator with a high level of mechanization of production processes serves up to 1800 pigs, labor costs per 1 quintal of weight gain in the fattening shop are 2.5-2.8 man-hours.
At the complexes, feed is delivered from feed shops to pigsties by dump trucks, tractor distributors, and electric cars. In water supply, centrifugal submersible electric pumps are used to lift water from wells. Watering of animals is usually carried out from double automatic drinkers.
The complex for 108 thousand heads has a reproductive and fattening parts. The reproductive part includes 4 workshops: workshop 1 - insemination and maintenance of gilts of the first gestation period, workshop 2 - maintenance of gilts of the second gestation period, workshop 3 - farrowing and maintenance of suckling pigs, workshop 4 - rearing of piglets (keeping of weaned piglets). The fattening part includes shop 5 - fattening, consisting of 10 buildings.
Rhythm is based on the fact that every day 44 sows are inseminated in shop 1, where they stay for 32 days in individual pens. Fertilized sows are transferred to workshop 2, where they are kept for 80 days in pens for 10-12 heads. 3-4 days before farrowing, the sows are transferred to shop 3, where farrowing is carried out, where sows with piglets are kept for 30 days. After weaning the piglets, the sows return to shop 1. The piglets are transferred to shop 4, where they are kept for 63 days, 25 heads per pen. Then they are transferred to shop 5, where they are kept for 133 days. After 222 days, when the live weight of the pig reaches 112 kg, the group is sent to a meat processing plant.
Pigs are fed with special compound feed 2 times a day. For 116 days of fattening, about 276 kg of feed is consumed per gilt. Before distribution to animals, compound feed is diluted with warm water in a ratio of 1: 3 and fed into feeders. Compound feed is fed through the feed pipeline from the feed shop to the feed processors. Piglets-suckers and weaners are fed with dry mixed fodder. KPS-108 installations are used to distribute feed.
Problems of industrial technology: stress factors for pigs (rank, placement density); cannibalism; decrease in resistance (due to the lack of exercise, a large crowd of animals); pollution environment in the zone of operation of the complexes.
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Ministry of Agriculture Russian Federation
FSBEI HPE "Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University"
Institute of Economics and Finance of the Agroindustrial Complex
by discipline: Technology of production, processing and storage of livestock products
Pork production by flow-shop technology
Student: Chernova V.E.
Krasnoyarsk 2012
Introduction
Pork production at large enterprises
Characteristics of pig breeding complexes
Organization of interbreeding and hybridization in industrial pig breeding
pig breeding industrial hybridization
Pork production in large enterprises
Reproduction scheme (heads)
Number of piglets at farrowing 322
Number of piglets at weaning 300
Waste of piglets during suction (7%) 22
The number of queens in the group at the time of farrowing 33
with a fertility of 9.8 piglets
Number of suckling queens 30
Number of emergency farrowing 3
In order to farrow 33 sows, taking into account the percentage of fertility (75%), their number by the time of insemination should be increased by 11 heads (25%) and brought to 44 heads.
The quantitative composition of the group of queens in different physiological periods (heads)
Fertilization and pregnancy at 44
critical period (1--32 days)
End of pregnancy 33
(32--114 days)
Lactation period 30
To ensure the continuity of production with a one-day rhythm, it is necessary that the enterprise has 152 groups of queens at the same time (162--10): 1, where 162 is the duration of the reproduction cycle (days); 10 - the period of unproductive use of queens (days) associated with the re-come into the hunt and the loss of gestation; 1 -- the duration of the formation of a group of queens in days, rhythm.
The technological group of piglets is formed within two days (2-day rhythm) by combining two groups of 300 heads. Remains throughout the entire period of growing and fattening.
Feeding shop. The fattening shop of the complex has the following production program:
Age at fattening of young animals (days) 106
Age at weaning (days) 222
Length of the fattening cycle (days) 116
Average live weight of commercial pigs (kg) 112
Total gain for the fattening period (kg) 74
Average daily fattening gain (g) 637
The difference in the age of the young following 2
groups, rhythm (days)
Every two days, 600 piglets at the age of 106 days with an average live weight of 38 kg are fed for fattening and 600 heads of pigs with an average live weight of 112 kg are removed from fattening. At the same time, 34,800 pigs are in the fattening shop.
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Factors and indicators of efficient pork production in a competitive environment
The factors that determine the efficiency of pork production include: the level of feeding of young pigs according to the total feed consumption per head per year, c feed, units; cost of 1 c feed. units annual diet; share of concentrated feed in the diet, %; balanced diet for nutrients, especially digestible protein; the level of concentration of pig breeding in terms of the density of the number of pigs per 100 hectares of arable land and per unit of production area; the level of material and monetary costs and direct labor costs per head; the level of specialization of pig breeding in terms of the share of cash proceeds from the sale of pigs in the structure of proceeds from agriculture economic activity; the capital equipment of the industry in terms of the specific value of the cost of fixed assets per one pig place and a number of others. The rational use of these factors, even in crisis conditions, makes it possible to effectively develop the industry.
Main growth reserves economic efficiency production; pork are concluded in: strengthening the feed base and the use of complete feed mixtures, balanced, first of all, in feed protein (which is possible by feeding livestock feed prepared on industrial enterprises, as well as own workshops but enriched with all the necessary ingredients); increasing the production of grain legumes directly on farms and including them in the diet of animals, more rational use waste from meat processing enterprises, fish processing plants and other local sources of replenishment of feed protein); improvement of breeding and breed qualities of livestock; comprehensive industrialization of the industry; increasing the intensity of the use of sows; deepening specialization and ensuring optimal concentration of livestock; the use of interbreeding industrial crossing;
introduction of industrial technology for the production of pork; application in mass production the latest achievements scientific and technological progress in all elements of the pig breeding system, wide dissemination of best practices in this industry; advanced training of personnel; the introduction of progressive forms of organization of production, labor and management, material and moral interest in the final results of labor; the introduction of various forms of organization and stimulation of labor in market conditions; a marketing approach to the sale of products.
Improving the efficiency of pig breeding in personal subsidiary (farm) farms can be achieved through the exchange of grain own production for full-fledged industrial compound feeds, the use of local cheap feed resources, timely and high-quality veterinary services, and the provision of pedigree young animals from public farms.
According to A. Shpak and M. Pestis, the problem of increasing the efficiency of pork production is of great socio-economic importance for solving the problem of promising and sustainable development of the animal husbandry of the republic, since pig products occupy a significant specific gravity in structure marketable products industries. Therefore, one of priority areas economic research at the present stage of development of the agro-industrial complex is the search for reserves to increase the effectiveness of pig breeding.
According to Jan Rousek, profitability in the production of pork is a difficult task that any enterprise seeks to solve. Pork production today is a production that is not dependent on land resources and operates mainly on purchased feed. Therefore, the main part of the costs (feed) significantly depends on world prices for grain, soybeans and other components. At the same time, revenue (price of products sold) also depends on the situation on the world market. As everyone knows, prices on the world market do not always reflect the cost of production and are largely determined by government policies: subsidies, surcharges on export prices, etc. Therefore, pork producers should always be interested in how the world pork market is developing and will continue to develop in order to , respond in time and correct production.
Studies show that the competitiveness of any product, including pig products, is formed at different stages of production and sale and depends on a number of factors - the price of the product, its quality, novelty, adaptability, development and management efficiency, investment activity, state regulation and credit and financial system, etc.
Types of pig farms
Since the 60s. 20th century in order to intensify pork production, a part of the industry began to be transferred to an industrial basis. The industrial management of pig breeding is characterized by the following features: a high concentration of livestock - in some farms, 108 thousand pigs or more are produced and fattened per year; intra-industry specialization h shop organization of production; rhythmic production throughout the year; complex mechanization and automation of all technological processes; complete feeding; optimal conditions of detention; high intensity of use of breeding stock. Industrial management of pig breeding provides high productivity of animals, reduction of labor costs and funds per unit of output, a sharp increase in labor productivity. At the same time, great social problems are being solved, since the nature of people's labor becomes the same as in factories and factories. In enterprises with industrial production there are no pig pens and pig pens, operators and technologists work here, who, with the help of machinery and special equipment, serve 800-1000 or more fattening pigs, spending about 3 man-hours. for the production of 1 centner of pork.
Pig breeding is divided into breeding and non-breeding. Breeding is represented by breeding farms and breeding reproductive farms, whose task is to improve pig breeds and produce highly productive breeding young animals for non-breeding farms that produce pork.
Non-pedigree pig breeding has recently been represented by various forms of farms.
1. Large pig-breeding enterprises and production associations created on the basis of inter-farm cooperation. They are organized on shares of several farms. Such associations may include specialized farms for the production of piglets for fattening, farms for growing and fattening pigs. Usually, several farms in the region have brood farms, produce piglets and send them to one farm specialized in fattening pigs, which fattens the animals and delivers them to the meat processing plant for slaughter. Large associations also include breeding farms. Relationships between farms in the association are regulated by agreements.
2. State pig-breeding complexes - large enterprises of the industrial type, where pork production is based on the use of modern industrial technology. Pork is produced here only on special compound feeds produced at feed mills.
3. Specialized farms for the production and rearing of piglets (reproducers) with subsequent sale for fattening.
4. Specialized farms for fattening pigs bought in reproducers. They are usually located near industrial centers and cities and can use food waste for fattening.
5. Large pig farms with a complete production cycle - receiving piglets, their cultivation and fattening.
6. Pig farms of non-specialized farms, subsidiary agriculture enterprises and organizations where pig breeding is an additional industry for the sale of meat to the state, organizations Catering and sales of piglets to the public. This group also includes personal subsidiary farms of citizens who grow and fatten pigs.
The need for such farms is caused by the following circumstance. Large specialized farms usually produce pork on concentrates - grain of their own production and purchased animal feed. There is still not enough such feed in the country, especially in lean years, and the replacement of a significant part with root crops, green fodder, agricultural processing waste and Food Industry on large farms requires a lot of effort and money. All of these foods are bulky and difficult to transport, store, and prepare for feeding. Therefore, the biological feature of pigs - omnivorous - is poorly used. This disadvantage is easier to eliminate on small subsidiary farms and in personal farms, where, with minimal concentrates, it is possible to produce a significant amount of pork on root crops, food waste, grass, etc.
Characteristics of pig breeding complexes
All pig breeding complexes are industrial-type enterprises with in-line production, where animals are gradually moved from one production facility to another in connection with the insemination of sows, their gestation and suckling, the rearing of weaned piglets and the fattening of young animals. After weaning the piglets, the sows are returned to the premises for their next insemination, and the fattening young animals, after reaching the established conditions, are sent to the meat processing plant.
The performance of these complexes depends on many factors and, in particular, on their specialization and volume of work. The highest figures for the production of pork have large complexes with a complete production cycle, where specialization and comprehensive mechanization of production are carried out more fully and efficiently.
All complexes with a complete production cycle are closed enterprises. The complex directly includes an industrial farm for growing and fattening pigs, buildings and facilities for the processing and purification of manure, a boiler room, a Maintenance and repair of machinery and equipment, a veterinary station with a sanitary slaughterhouse, an administrative building and other ancillary facilities.
Large pig breeding complexes usually have their own pedigree reproductive farm, which, for veterinary and sanitary reasons, is not directly included in the complex, but is located at a considerable distance from it.
In industrial complexes, stalled pigs are kept in individual or group cages, depending on the sex, age and physiological state of the animals. On breeding reproductive farms, stall-walking animals are usually used. For feeding various groups of pigs, appropriate factory-made mixed feeds are mainly used.
Breeding reproductive farms are designed for the rhythmic reproduction and rearing of replacement pigs for the acquisition and repair of the broodstock at large industrial complexes for growing and fattening pigs.
Currently, all industrial complexes for the production of pork and breeding reproductive farms for growing replacement pigs are built according to standard designs.
The reproductive farm includes premises for keeping pigs, a sanitary checkpoint, a veterinary station, a quarantine room, and a manure collector. Such a farm is located near the industrial complex and is organizationally part of it.
The production facilities of the farm are used as follows. One building is intended for boars and single queens to be inseminated. It also houses an artificial insemination station. The second building is intended for pregnant queens, the next four buildings - for suckling queens with piglets, three buildings - for weaned piglets and two buildings - for replacement young animals. Overrepair young animals are sent for fattening to the industrial zone of the complex.
The microclimate in the premises is maintained by automatic systems of exhaust and supply units. The lairs of suckling pigs are additionally heated with infrared lamps. Depending on the age of the animals, the air temperature is maintained within 18-24 o C, and humidity - 60-75%. Farms are provided with heating, hot and cold water supply, and electricity.
Farms are designed for the use of factory-made ready-made feed for all age and sex groups of animals. Feed prepared according to the relevant recipes is delivered to the pigsties by the autoloader ZSK-10 and distributed by the mobile distributor RS-5A in wet form.
Manure removal from industrial premises is carried out by a system of longitudinal and transverse scraper conveyors, and from walking areas - by the MTZ-80 tractor with a mounted scraper.
Replacement breeding pigs are transferred to industrial complexes at the age of 9 months and with a live weight of at least 120 kg.
General principles of flow technology for the production of pork in industrial complexes
All pig-breeding complexes operate on a common technological scheme, which is based on the in-line production of products for all year round, i.e. flow-rhythmic movement in areas (housings) of certain production groups of animals, depending on their purpose, physiological state and age. Such movement concerns only sows and young animals of different ages and is determined by the system of rearing and fattening young animals in complexes.
The complexes adopted: one-, two- and three-stage cultivation and fattening of pigs.
With a single-stage or family-nesting method, piglets after weaning from sows remain in the same pens for further rearing and fattening, and the sows are transferred to other pigsties or sections, taking into account their physiological state. In this case, the complex uses industrial premises two types: the first - for the maintenance of single and pregnant queens, the second - for farrowing and further maintenance of piglets until they are delivered to the meat processing plant.
With the two-stage method of rearing, piglets are left in the premises of lactating queens only until 3 months of age, and then they are transferred to premises for fattening pigs. This production technology is usually used in complexes for the production and fattening of up to 24 thousand pigs per year.
With the three-stage method, weaned piglets are transferred from the premises of suckling sows to the nursery, where they are kept up to 3-4 months of age. After that, the piglets are transferred to the premises for fattening pigs, from where they are handed over for slaughter. This technology is most widely used in large pig-breeding complexes with a complete production cycle, where the following 5 sections are distinguished:
· area of single and checked for pregnancy sows;
· plot of sows of the second period of gestation;
· area of suckling sows with piglets;
Plot of weaned piglets;
feeding area.
The most important feature of in-line production at pig-breeding complexes is its rhythm.
Under the rhythm of production understand the amount of products produced by the enterprise in a certain unit of time. Since the rhythm of mass production of pork in industrial complexes actually depends on the time required for picking and mating or insemination of the initial group of sows, the larger the pig complex, the shorter the rhythm of production. So, at complexes for growing and fattening 108 thousand pigs per year, the production rhythm is 1 day, when growing and fattening 54, 24 and 12 thousand pigs - 2, 8 and 16 days, respectively, i.e. at these complexes, the delivery of products in large quantities is carried out every day, after 2, 8 and 16 days.
Organization of interbreeding and hybridization in industrial pig breeding
Until now, commercial pig breeding has widely used industrial crossing of pigs of various breeds. However, in practice, simple industrial crossing often does not give the desired effect, since in most cases it is carried out without checking the compatibility of breeds and lines of pigs in specific conditions. In addition, the effect of heterosis often depends on the breeding qualities and operating conditions of the animals used. Therefore, an indispensable condition for such crossing in order to obtain stable heterosis is the use of only highly productive animals of zoned breeds obtained by purebred breeding, and a preliminary check of the selection of breeds.
Depending on the specific conditions for industrial purposes, both two-breed and three-breed crossbreeding is recommended. Interbreeding industrial crossbreeding helps to increase the fertility and productivity of sows, increase the growth energy of crossbred young animals, reduce feed costs and reduce the time of its fattening. Economical effect from the introduction of purposeful two-breeding in comparison with purebred breeding is 3-7%, with three-breeding - 5-10%.
With two-breed industrial crossing with the main mother breed in most areas of the country, it is recommended to use large white and derivatives of it breeds of universal productivity, and as paternal forms - specialized meat breeds - Landrace, Duroc, SM-1.
In case of three-breed crossing, the reproduction of crossbred two-breed pigs is first organized, for the production of which breeds of the universal direction are usually used, and as the third for the final crossing - specialized meat breeds and types. In this case, crossbred young animals can also be obtained by crossing purebred sows with two-breed or multi-breed boars.
The use of hybridization in industrial pig breeding. In pig breeding, hybridization is based on the mating of animals belonging to selected and matched lines, stud types and breeds. The introduction of hybridization makes it possible to obtain healthy, highly productive young animals, well aligned according to the main economically useful traits and maximally adapted to industrial technology.
Specialized lines are divided into intrabreed and multibreed or synthetic, which are created by interbreeding the corresponding types of pigs. When crossing animals of intrabreeding lines, breed-linear ones are obtained, and when crossing synthetic lines, interlinear hybrids are obtained.
When creating specialized lines, as a rule, the principle of separate selection is used, in which maternal forms are selected mainly for reproductive qualities, paternal ones - for fattening and meat. In all cases, animals are subject to strict requirements for the constitution, especially for the limbs, as well as for the resistance and viability of the offspring.
Increasing the intensity and efficiency of forage production
It is clear that one of the most actual problems pig breeding, due to its transfer to industrial resource-efficient technologies, is the creation of a high-quality feed base, including, first of all, the production and use of animal feed.
When determining the strategy for the development of the processing industry in the republic, it must be remembered that in the conditions of industrial production of livestock products, it is compound feed that remains the link between animals and nature. Only this link turned out to be ineffective in replenishing the nutritional value of animal feed rations and unprofitable in terms of the products obtained in agricultural enterprises. Figuratively speaking, due to unreasonably inflated prices for compound feed, financial resources are transferred from one pocket to another (of the compound feed industry). The “drop” of lending to feed industry enterprises works in such a way that in some farms there is not enough harvested crop to pay off debts for compound feed. It's time to call a spade a spade. Compound feeds produced by the domestic industry do not meet the quality, nutritional value of other ever-increasing requirements for them, moreover, they are not competitive with similar world products. Therefore, farms are looking for alternative ways to provide high-quality and affordable feed. Large enterprises It is high time for the feed industry of Belarus to adapt to the modern requirements and conditions of the developing feed market. Of course, this question is not simple, but you need to find a niche for your customers.
Currently, the animal husbandry of the Republic of Belarus is experiencing serious difficulties in ensuring the usefulness of feed rations and animal feed for farm animals due to the huge shortage of the most important biologically active substances, such as macro- and microelements, vitamins, enzymes, amino acids, antibiotics, antioxidants, etc. Purchased for outside the republic, premixes do not meet the requirements for ensuring the full feeding of livestock, they often lack the necessary nutrients or they are introduced in insufficient quantities. In addition, imported premixes are very expensive.
The importance of secondary food resources. One of the ways to solve the problem of replacing grain raw materials in compound feed is the maximum utilization of secondary feed resources and raw materials from local sources as feed additives for farm animals.
Currently, in all developed countries of the world, great efforts are being made to reduce a significant share of grain in compound feed. On average, 1 kg of feed grain mixture accounts for 5 parts of plant waste: 4 - animal origin and one - food waste, not counting plant waste technical industries. Experience shows that with the help of such a strategy it is possible to increase the overall profitability of production by 300 and even 400%. However, for the use of most waste for feed purposes, deep multifactorial processing of the feedstock is required.
Pulp. When it comes to pulp, it means pulp mainly potato, apple or vegetable. The nutritional value of such feed, as a rule, is low, and its use as part of productive feed is impractical. Grain and potato stillage. The stillage contains a lot of non-digestible protein, nitrogen-free extractives, salts of various minerals and B vitamins, therefore, despite the high water content, it is considered a valuable feed product. Drobina. Beer pomace is a secondary feed product in the production of beer. When using beer pomace, one can expect a positive effect and an increase in productivity. Greatest Efficiency can be obtained by using dry grains and as part of mixed fodders. Dry corn feed. Obtained by the production of starch from corn. Dry corn feed refers to energy feed, is a very valuable component for compound feed. Tripoli. By physical properties characterized by a high capacity of exchangeable bases with pronounced sorption properties. The stimulating effect is explained by their irritating effect on the gastrointestinal tract and an increase in the animal's appetite, as well as a slowdown in the rate of passage of food through the digestive tract and, due to this, an increase in the efficiency of feed use. The motility of the digestive tract of the animal improves.
At present, there is no doubt that the inclusion of natural sorbents, bentonite clays, tripoli in the diets of farm animals has a positive effect on the digestibility and use of feed nutrients and, as a result, on improving their conversion, as well as increasing animal productivity. It is worth noting that our country has its own tripoli deposits, located mainly in the Khotimsk region.
The use of even a part of this waste can affect the state policy in the field of import and export of feed, significantly increase the productivity of animal husbandry.
Bibliography
1. Agro-industrial complex in the Republic of Belarus. Minsk. Institute agricultural economy, NAS of Belarus, 2005 - 108p.
2. Analysis of the economic activities of the agro-industrial complex. Textbook / G.V.Savitskaya.- 4th ed., corrected. and add.-Mn.: New edition. 2005. -736 p.
3. Government program revival and development of the village for 2006-2010.
4. Degterevich I. Reserves for increasing pork production
5. Livestock production in the Republic of Belarus in 2009. Statistical compendium: Minsk Institute of Economics
1. http://www.bibliofond.ru/
2. http://www.kgau.ru/distance
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The intensification of pig breeding and its technical re-equipment are the decisive factors determining the pace of development of the industry in modern conditions.
Efficiency of intensification in to a large extent depends on how fully the production technology takes into account the biological characteristics and physiological needs of pigs, as well as on compliance with veterinary and sanitary requirements that ensure the manifestation of high animal productivity.
According to the production of the main marketable products, pig farms are divided into enterprises with a complete production cycle, reproductive and fattening. In addition, the industry has a network of breeding farms, whose task is to improve the breeding and productive qualities of pigs and provide commercial pig breeding with highly productive breeding stock.
Pork production at industrial complexes. These complexes have a high degree of mechanization of production processes: feed preparation and feed distribution are fully mechanized and partially automated. Manure is removed by water flushing, the microclimate system is based on automatic and semi-automatic control of supply and heating and exhaust ventilation units.
The intensification of production is based on the full feeding of pigs and the flow organization, in which production groups are formed at regular intervals (production rhythms) and placed in unified premises with precise specialization, while observing the "empty - busy" principle. For example, on complexes with a capacity of 108 thousand pigs per year, a one-day production rhythm is used. 44 sows are inseminated daily, 33 of which produce 320-330 piglets. Every day, 300-310 piglets are taken away and the same number put on fattening, and 300 fattened animals are sold to the meat processing plant.
On complexes with a capacity of 54 thousand pigs per year, a two-day production rhythm is used with the same size of technological groups as on a complex for 108 thousand.
When piglets are weaned at the age of 26 days, the reproduction cycle in the complexes is 162 days. This includes the gestation period (114 days) and the interval from weaning piglets to fruitful insemination of sows (22 days). Under these conditions, 2.25 farrowings per year are obtained from each sow and used in complexes for 2.5 years. The live planned selling weight of one head of young animals for a meat processing plant is 112 kg at the age of 222 days.
The complexes adopted a year-round free-range keeping of pigs of all technological groups. Feeding is carried out with complete feed - dry piglets, and animals of other groups - moistened.
Due to the high level of mechanization of production processes, 60-70 suckling, or 500-600 single, or 700-800 pregnant sows, or 4200 weaned piglets, or 1800 fattening pigs are assigned to one operator.
The development of the capacities of large complexes has shown significant advantages of pork production in large volumes in one farm. At the same time, difficulties in the operation of the complexes were also identified. The most difficult was to ensure the indicators provided by the projects for the reproductive abilities of sows, high average daily gains of young animals during growing and fattening, livestock safety and labor costs per unit of output.
Obtaining high productivity is associated primarily with the uninterrupted supply of complexes with high-quality feed of the required formulation. Violations in the composition of feed and their nomenclature lead to a violation of the technological rhythm of the movement of livestock due to a decrease in standard productivity indicators. This, in turn, leads to a deterioration in economic indicators and a decrease in annual output.
The most important factor in the successful production of pork at the complexes is also the acquisition of the broodstock with constitutionally strong, highly productive animals in accordance with the production rhythm standards. The system of self-repair of broodstock included in the projects did not justify itself. It has been proved that the repair of the broodstock should be carried out by pigs grown in specialized breeding farms. Basically, these should be breeding reproducers in the form of a specialized farm for the production of replacement pigs, or a breeding reproductive farm as part of a complex, or a breeding group of queens in a small farm.
Repair of broodstock complexes with pigs grown in breeding reproducers will reduce the period of introduction of breeding achievements into the practice of commercial farms by about 1.5-2 times, eliminate spontaneous inbreeding, conduct targeted breeding work, make inter-farm ties permanent, which, in turn, will will facilitate veterinary control over farms supplying replacement livestock. Very complex in the technology of industrial complexes are the organization of the removal, neutralization and disposal of manure and the provision of the required microclimate parameters in the premises, especially in summer. A large concentration of livestock in a small area created a number of problems related to ensuring proper sanitary and hygienic conditions both inside and outside the complexes. These problems primarily include increasing the resistance of animals, protecting young animals from massive gastrointestinal diseases, as well as protecting the environment from pollution.
All this led to the need to limit the production of pork at very large (54,108 thousand heads and more) pig farms in terms of volume and to intensify work on improving technology in medium and small specialized farms and farms.
Pork production in highly specialized farms. In a number of regions and republics of the country, pork production is concentrated mainly on inter-farm enterprises on the principles of inter-farm specialization, in which specialized reproduction farms are engaged in the reproduction of young animals, and fattening farms are engaged in fattening pigs. Many reproductive farms receive and sell 10-30 thousand piglets or more to fattening farms, and 30-60 thousand heads or more are fattened in fattening farms per year.
Such a distribution of production, when the production of homogeneous products is concentrated, as the experience of many farms shows, increases the level of mechanization of production processes and the efficiency of the use of production capacities, contributes to the improvement of technology and an increase in labor productivity.
In some areas, division technological process associated with some specific conditions. So, around Moscow, St. Petersburg and other large cities and industrial centers, fattening farms either do not have land, or are extremely limited in them. In such farms, fattening is carried out with the widespread use of purchased feed. They produce fresh pork to meet the needs of the urban population for meat.
Based on the compatibility of animals in the breeding reproducer, two-line replacement pigs are produced, which complete the broodstock of the commercial reproducer. These pigs are inseminated with the semen of Landrace boars. The resulting hybrid young animals, which have high fattening and meat qualities, enter the fattening farms.
Due to the fact that the cultivation of hybrid young before fattening requires a lot of labor, feed and other means, when fattening livestock, higher sales prices for piglets are set. This achieves some leveling of the profits of reproductive and fattening state farms, which contributes to their further development.
The successful operation of reproductive farms is largely determined not only by the availability of production facilities that meet the requirements of reproduction, but also by the provision of these farms with a sufficient amount of full-fledged starter compound feed. At the same time, succulent feeds are widely used in these farms in feeding the breeding stock, including combined silage, green mass of perennial and annual legume-cereal mixtures, and grass meal from them.
Thanks to this, the reproductive abilities of sows are maintained at a high level, and the duration of their productive use is 3-4 years, which is much higher than in industrial complexes. Pork production in them should be rhythmic, usually with a seven-day production cycle ensuring uniform output throughout the year, full time labor force, year-round use of capital buildings and technological equipment.
For any types and sizes of reproductive farms, the following conditions should be met to ensure the mass production of young animals:
- to form production groups of pigs at regular intervals;
- unify the premises in size with the exact specialization of their use for keeping certain groups of pigs;
- furnish rooms with modern technological equipment providing optimal conditions for pigs of each technological group and high labor productivity;
- apply the link organization of labor; create normal working conditions for service personnel;
- use the premises on the principle of "empty - occupied" in order to simplify the implementation of sanitary and preventive and repair work. On reproductive farms, weaning of piglets at the age of 35-42 days should be used, which is associated with the peculiarities of the forage base of this category of farms and the availability of starter mixed fodder.