Usually, the average annual cost of fixed assets is calculated when calculating. At the same time, the balance sheet data for the calculation will obviously not be enough. Average annual cost fixed assets, determined according to the balance sheet, is usually used for analytical purposes. For example, to calculate - capital productivity, capital intensity, capital-labor ratio. And how to calculate the average annual cost of fixed assets according to the balance sheet?
Calculation of the average annual cost of fixed assets according to the balance sheet
Fixed assets in the balance sheet are reflected in the asset, in section I "Non-current assets", line 1150 "Fixed assets" (Order of the Ministry of Finance dated 02.07.2010 No. 66n). Recall that for this line, fixed assets are reflected in the net valuation, that is, minus the regulatory value in the form of depreciation (clause 35 of PBU 4/99). Thus, the indicator of line 1150 as of the reporting date is formed according to the data accounting So ():
Debit balance of account 01 "Fixed assets" minus Credit balance of account 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets" (except for depreciation of fixed assets recorded on account 03 "Profitable investments in material assets")
Despite the fact that line 1150 is called "Fixed assets", fixed assets, strictly speaking, are also reflected in line 1160 "Profitable investments in tangible assets". After all, profitable investments are also objects of fixed assets. Their difference from "ordinary" fixed assets is that profitable investments are intended exclusively for provision for a fee for temporary possession or use. And therefore they are taken into account separately on account 03 “Profitable investments in material assets” (clause 5 PBU 6/01, Order of the Ministry of Finance dated 10/31/2000 No. 94n).
Accordingly, the balance sheet of line 1160 is formed as follows:
Debit balance of account 03 minus Credit balance of account 02 (except for depreciation of fixed assets recorded on account 01)
Therefore, the answer to the question of how to find the average annual cost of fixed assets according to the balance sheet will depend on whether or not profitable investments are included in the calculation.
If you are only interested in fixed assets recorded on account 01, the average annual cost of fixed assets (OS SG) according to the balance sheet is calculated as follows
OS SG \u003d (Line 1150 N + Line 1150 K) / 2where Line 1150 N is the indicator of line 1150 on 31.12 of the previous year;
Line 1150 K is the indicator of line 1150 as of December 31 of the reporting year.
OS SG \u003d (Line 1150 N + Line 1160 N + Line 1150 K + Line 1160 K) / 2where Line 1160 N is the indicator of line 1160 on December 31 of the previous year;
Line 1160 K - the indicator of line 1160 as of December 31 of the reporting year.
Fixed assets are means of labor that repeatedly participate in the production process, while maintaining their natural form, gradually wearing out, transferring their value in parts to newly created products. These include funds with a service life of more than one year and a cost of more than 100 minimum monthly wages. Fixed assets are divided into production and non-production assets.
Production assets are involved in the process of manufacturing products or providing services (machines, machines, devices, transmission devices, etc.).
Non-productive fixed assets do not participate in the process of creating products (residential buildings, kindergartens, clubs, stadiums, clinics, sanatoriums, etc.).
The following groups and subgroups of the main production assets:
- Buildings (architectural and construction objects for industrial purposes: workshop buildings, warehouses, production laboratories etc.).
- Structures (engineering and construction facilities that create conditions for the implementation of the production process: tunnels, flyovers, car roads, chimneys on a separate foundation, etc.).
- Transmission devices (devices for the transmission of electricity, liquid and gaseous substances: electrical networks, heating networks, gas networks, transmissions, etc.).
- Machinery and equipment (power machines and equipment, working machines and equipment, measuring and control instruments and devices, computer technology, automatic machines, other machines and equipment, etc.).
- Vehicles (diesel locomotives, wagons, cars, motorcycles, carts, carts, etc., except for conveyors and conveyors included in the production equipment).
- Tools (cutting, impact, pressing, sealing, as well as various devices for fastening, mounting, etc.), except for special tools and special equipment.
- Production equipment and accessories (items to facilitate the performance of production operations: work tables, workbenches, fences, fans, containers, racks, etc.).
- Household inventory (office items and economic support: tables, cabinets, hangers, typewriters, safes, duplicators, etc.).
- .Other fixed assets. This group includes library collections, museum valuables, etc.
The share (in percent) of various groups of fixed assets in their total value at the enterprise represents the structure of fixed assets. At engineering enterprises in the structure of fixed assets, the largest specific gravity occupy: machinery and equipment - an average of about 50%; buildings about 37%.
Depending on the degree of direct impact on the objects of labor and the production capacity of the enterprise, the main production assets are divided into active and passive. The active part of fixed assets includes machinery and equipment, vehicles, tools. The passive part of fixed assets includes all other groups of fixed assets. They create conditions for the normal operation of the enterprise.
Accounting and valuation of fixed assets
Fixed assets are accounted for in kind and value terms. Accounting for fixed assets in kind is necessary to determine technical staff and equipment balance; to calculate the production capacity of the enterprise and its production units; to determine the degree of its wear, use and timing of renewal.
The initial documents for accounting for fixed assets in physical terms are passports of equipment, jobs, and enterprises. Passports provide detailed technical specifications all fixed assets: year of commissioning, capacity, degree of deterioration, etc. The enterprise passport contains information about the enterprise (production profile, material and technical characteristics, technical and economic indicators, equipment composition, etc.) necessary for calculating production capacity.
A cost (monetary) valuation of fixed assets is necessary to determine their total value, composition and structure, dynamics, depreciation deductions, as well as to assess economic efficiency their use.
There are the following types of monetary value of fixed assets:
- Valuation at historical cost, i.e. at actual costs incurred at the time of creation or acquisition (including delivery and installation), at the prices of the year in which they were manufactured or purchased.
- Valuation at replacement cost, i.e. at the cost of reproduction of fixed assets at the time of revaluation. This value shows how much it would cost to create or acquire at a given time previously created or acquired fixed assets.
- Estimate at the original or restoration, taking into account depreciation (residual value), i.e. at a cost that has not yet been transferred to finished products.
The residual value of fixed assets Fost is determined by the formula:
Fost \u003d Fnach * (1-On * Tn),
where Fnach - the initial or replacement cost of fixed assets, rubles; Na - depreciation rate,%; Tn - the period of use of fixed assets.
When assessing fixed assets, the value at the beginning of the year and the average annual value are distinguished. The average annual value of Fsg fixed assets is determined by the formula:
Fsrg \u003d Fng + Fvv * n1 / 12 - Fvyb * n2 / 12,
where Fng - the cost of fixed assets at the beginning of the year, rubles; Fvv - the cost of introduced fixed assets, rub.; Fvyb - the cost of retired fixed assets, rub.; n1 and n2 - the number of months of functioning of the commissioned and retired fixed assets, respectively.
To assess the condition of fixed assets, such indicators are used as the depreciation coefficient of fixed assets, which is defined as the ratio of the depreciation cost of fixed assets to their full value; the coefficient of renewal of fixed assets, calculated as the cost of commissioned fixed assets during the year attributable to the value of fixed assets at the end of the year; the coefficient of disposal of fixed assets, which is equal to the value of retired fixed assets divided by the value of fixed assets at the beginning of the year.
In the process of functioning, fixed assets are subject to physical and moral wear and tear. Physical depreciation refers to the loss of fixed assets of their technical parameters. Physical wear can be operational and natural. Operational wear is a consequence of production consumption. Natural wear occurs under the influence of natural factors (temperature, humidity, etc.).
Obsolescence of fixed assets is a consequence of scientific and technological progress. There are two forms of obsolescence:
A form of obsolescence associated with a reduction in the cost of reproduction of fixed assets as a result of improving equipment and technology, the introduction of advanced materials, and an increase in labor productivity.
A form of obsolescence associated with the creation of more advanced and economical fixed assets (machinery, equipment, buildings, structures, etc.).
Obsolescence assessment of the first form can be defined as the difference between the original and replacement cost of fixed assets. Obsolescence assessment of the second form is carried out by comparing the reduced costs when using obsolete and new fixed assets.
Depreciation of fixed assets
Depreciation is understood as the process of transferring the value of fixed assets to created products. This process is carried out by including a part of the cost of fixed assets in the cost of manufactured products (work). After the sale of products, the company receives this amount of funds, which it uses in the future to purchase or build new fixed assets. The procedure for calculating and using depreciation deductions in the national economy is established by the government.
Distinguish between depreciation amount and depreciation rate. The amount of depreciation for a certain period of time (year, quarter, month) is the monetary amount of depreciation of fixed assets. The amount of depreciation accrued by the end of the life of fixed assets should be sufficient for their complete restoration (acquisition or construction).
The amount of depreciation deductions is determined on the basis of depreciation rates. The depreciation rate is the established amount of depreciation deductions for full restoration over a certain period of time for a specific type of fixed assets, expressed as a percentage of their book value.
The depreciation rate is differentiated by certain types and groups of fixed assets. For metal-cutting equipment weighing over 10 tons. a coefficient of 0.8 is applied, and with a mass of more than 100 tons. - coefficient 0.6. For metal-cutting machines with manual control, the coefficients are applied: for machines of classes accuracy N, P- 1.3; for precision machine tools of accuracy class A, B, C - 2.0; for metal-cutting machines with CNC, including machining centers, automatic and semi-automatic machines without CNC - 1.5. The main indicator that determines the depreciation rate is the life of fixed assets. It depends on the period of physical durability of fixed assets, on the obsolescence of existing fixed assets, on the ability of the national economy to ensure the replacement of obsolete equipment.
The depreciation rate is determined by the formula:
On \u003d (Fp - Fl) / (Tsl * Fp),
where Na is the annual depreciation rate, %;
Фп - initial (book) value of fixed assets, rub.;
Fl - liquidation value of fixed assets, rub.;
Тsl is the standard service life of fixed assets, years.
Not only the means of labor (fixed assets) are depreciated, but also intangible assets. These include: rights of use land plots, natural resources, patents, licenses, know-how, software products, monopoly rights and privileges, trademarks, trademarks, etc. Depreciation on intangible assets is calculated monthly according to the norms established by the enterprise itself.
The property of enterprises subject to depreciation is grouped into four categories:
- Buildings, structures and their structural components.
- Passenger vehicles, light commercial vehicles, office equipment and furniture, computer equipment, Information Systems and data processing systems.
- Technological, energy, transport and other equipment and tangible assets not included in the first and second categories.
- Intangible assets.
The annual depreciation rates are: for the first category - 5%, for the second category - 25%, for the third category - 15%, and for the fourth category depreciation deductions are made in equal shares during the life of the relevant intangible assets. If it is impossible to determine the period of use of an intangible asset, then the amortization period is set at 10 years.
In order to create economic conditions for the active renewal of fixed assets and the acceleration of scientific and technological progress, it was recognized as expedient to use accelerated depreciation of the active part (machines, equipment and vehicles), i.e. full transfer of the book value of these funds to the created products in more short time than provided for in the depreciation allowance. Accelerated depreciation can be carried out in relation to fixed assets used to increase the output of computer equipment, new progressive types of materials, instruments and equipment, and to expand exports of products.
In the event of a write-off of fixed assets before the full transfer of their balance sheet value to the cost of manufactured products, the undercharged depreciation charges are reimbursed from the profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise. These cash are used in the same manner as depreciation charges.
Use of fixed assets
The main indicators reflecting the final result of the use of fixed assets are: return on assets, capital intensity and the utilization rate of production capacity.
The return on assets is determined by the ratio of the volume of output to the value of fixed production assets:
Cf.o. = N/Fs.p.f.,
where Kf.o. - return on assets; N - the volume of released (sold) products, rub.;
Fs.p.f. - average annual cost of fixed production assets, rub.
Capital intensity is the reciprocal of capital productivity. The capacity utilization factor is defined as the ratio of the volume of output to the maximum possible output for the year.
The main directions for improving the use of fixed assets are:
- technical improvement and modernization of equipment;
- improving the structure of fixed assets by increasing the share of machinery and equipment;
- increasing the intensity of the equipment;
- optimization of operational planning;
- advanced training of employees of the enterprise.
where F to ;
F cc
F to– cost of fixed assets at the end of the year, rub.
Substituting the values known from the condition of the problem, we calculate the value of fixed assets at the end of the year
F k \u003d 3000 + (125 - 25) \u003d 3100 thousand rubles.
Answer:the cost of fixed assets at the end of the year is 3,100 thousand rubles.
Calculation of the coefficient of renewal of fixed assets
a task:
During the year, the enterprise introduced fixed production assets in the amount of 150 thousand rubles. so that the value of fixed assets at the end of the year amounted to 3,000 thousand rubles. Calculate the coefficient of renewal of fixed assets.
Technology for solving the problem:
The renewal coefficient is one of the indicators that are used to analyze changes in the structure of fixed production assets.
Knowing the cost of fixed assets of the enterprise at the end of the year, as well as how much fixed assets were introduced, the coefficient of renewal of fixed assets is calculated by the formula:
 | (2) |
where F cc- the cost of introduced fixed assets, rub.;
F to– cost of fixed assets at the end of the year, rub.
The coefficient of renewal of fixed production assets will be:
Thus, over the year our company has undergone a 5% renewal of fixed production assets.
Answer:the coefficient of renewal of fixed assets is 0.05.
Retirement rate calculation
tasks:
The main production assets of the enterprise at the beginning of 2005 amounted to 3,000 thousand rubles. During the year fixed assets were liquidated in the amount of 300 thousand rubles. Calculate the retirement ratio of fixed assets.
Technology for solving the problem:
The retirement rate of fixed assets is calculated by the formula:
 ,
| (3) |
where F sel– cost of retired (liquidated) fixed assets, rub.;
F n– cost of fixed assets at the beginning of the year, rub.
Calculate the retirement rate of fixed production assets:
Thus, 10% of fixed production assets were liquidated at the enterprise.
Answer:the retirement ratio of fixed assets is 0.1.
Calculation of the growth of fixed assets
a task:
At the enterprise during the year, fixed production assets were introduced in the amount of 150 thousand rubles, and liquidated in the amount of 100 thousand rubles. Calculate the increase in fixed assets of the enterprise in monetary terms.
Technology for solving the problem:
The increase in fixed assets is calculated as the difference between the newly introduced and liquidated funds according to the formula:
| F prir \u003d F vv - F sel. | (4) |
Substituting the data known from the condition, we get:
F prir \u003d 150 - 100 \u003d 50 thousand rubles.
Answer:the increase in fixed assets of the enterprise in monetary terms amounted to 50 thousand rubles. in a year.
Calculation of the introduction of fixed assets, growth of fixed assets
a task:
At the enterprise during the year, the increase in fixed production assets amounted to 80 thousand rubles. the cost of fixed assets at the end of the year - 4000 thousand rubles. Calculate the growth rate of fixed assets.
Technology for solving the problem:
The growth rate is another indicator that, along with the renewal and disposal rates, is used to analyze changes in the structure of fixed production assets.
The growth rate of fixed assets is calculated as the ratio:
 ,
| (5) |
where F natural– increase in fixed assets in monetary terms, rub.;
F to– cost of fixed assets at the end of the year, rub.
Accordingly, the growth rate of fixed assets:
Answer:the increase in fixed assets amounted to 2%.
A task
Fixed assets industrial enterprise provide their material and material base, the growth and improvement of which is the most important condition for improving the quality and competitiveness of products. Improving the use of fixed assets of the organization solves many economic problems aimed at improving production efficiency: increasing labor productivity, reducing costs, saving capital investments, increasing output, increasing profits and profitability, and, consequently, increasing solvency and financial stability.
Table 1 - Indicators of the efficiency of the use of fixed assets
| Index | Indicator value | Change in indicator | ||
| plan | fact | absolute, (+,−) | relative, % | |
| Price marketable products, thousand roubles. | 0,52 | |||
| Profit from core activities, thousand rubles | −110 | 0,17 | ||
| The average annual cost of fixed assets, thousand rubles. | −100 | 0,80 | ||
| The average number of industrial production staff, pers. | −33 | 17,64 | ||
| Capital return, % | 5,13 | 5,16 | 0,03 | 0,58 |
| Capital productivity, rub. | 1,16 | 1,18 | 0,02 | 1,72 |
| Capital intensity, rub. | 0,85 | 0,84 | −0,01 | 1,17 |
| Capital-labor ratio, thousand rubles | 66,64 | 80,27 | 13,63 | 20,45 |
The following indicators serve as a generalizing characteristic of the efficiency and intensity of the use of fixed assets:
return on equity(the ratio of profit from the main activity to the average annual cost of fixed assets):
Fr - return on equity of fixed assets, %.;
P - profit from the main activity, thousand rubles;
OF sg - the average annual cost of fixed assets, thousand rubles . We take indicators from the plan column
Fp = 64018/ 12463 = 5.13
FF \u003d 63908 / 12363 \u003d 5.16
capital productivity(the ratio of the cost of manufactured (commercial) products to the average annual cost of fixed assets):
where (3) Fo - return on assets, rub.;
Tp - the cost of marketable products, thousand rubles.
we take indicators from the fact column
Fp = 14567/ 12463 = 1.16
FF \u003d 14644 / 12363 \u003d 1.18
capital intensity(the ratio of the average annual cost of fixed assets to the cost of manufactured products):
Fe - capital intensity, rub.;
Tp - the cost of marketable products, thousand rubles;
OF sg - the average annual cost of fixed assets, thousand rubles.
Fp = 12463/ 14567 = 0.85 target
Ff = 12363 / 14644 = 0.84 actual indicator
capital-labor ratio(the ratio of the average annual cost of fixed assets to the average number of industrial and production personnel):
Fv - capital-labor ratio, thousand rubles;
OFSG - the average annual cost of fixed assets, thousand rubles;
Chppp - average headcount industrial and production personnel, pers.
Fp \u003d 12463 / 187 \u003d 66.64
FF = 12363/ 154 = 80.27
A task
Perform diagnostics of the production and economic activities of the enterprise according to the table. Determine the dynamics of capital productivity, capital intensity and labor productivity at the enterprise in 2010-2011.
Initial data:
return on assets- this is the volume of gross or marketable output in relation to the value of fixed assets of the enterprise. The return on assets shows how much output the company produces for each invested unit of the value of fixed assets.
The return on assets is:
According to reporting data:
Fo=1200/650=1.85 den. units/day units;
According to design data:
Fo=1500/800=1.88 den. units/day units;
The growth rate of this indicator is:
Kp=1.88/1.85=1.016 (101.6%).
The design value of this indicator should increase by 1.6% compared with the reporting data. Such an increase is ensured by the introduction of new fixed assets, thanks to which the enterprise is able to increase output.
It is believed that the company prefers high values of this indicator. This means that for each monetary unit of revenue, the company makes less investment in fixed assets. A decrease in the ratio may indicate that, for the current level of revenue, excessive investments have been made in buildings, equipment and other fixed assets.
The inverse return on assets is called capital intensity. This indicator equals:
According to reporting data:
Fe=650/1200=0.54 den. units/day units;
According to design data:
Fe=800/1500=0.53 den. units/day units;
Growth factor:
Kp=0.53/0.54=0.981 (98.1%).
The fund consumption should decrease by 1.9%.
Labor productivity is labor efficiency. Labor productivity can be measured by the amount of time spent per unit of output or by the amount of output produced by an employee over a period of time.
Labor productivity is:
According to reporting data:
P \u003d 1200/200 \u003d 6 thousand den. units/person;
According to design data:
P \u003d 1500 / 1.85 \u003d 8.11 thousand den. units/person;
Growth factor:
Cr=8.11/6.00=1.352 (135.2%).
Labor productivity will increase by 35.2%.
The growth of labor productivity means the saving of labor costs (working time) for the manufacture of a unit of output or an additional amount of output per unit of time, which directly affects the increase in production efficiency, since in one case the current costs for the production of a unit of output are reduced under the item “Wages the main production workers", and in the other - more products are produced per unit of time.
Fund equipment shows how many monetary units invested in fixed assets account for one employee.
The capital ratio is equal to:
According to reporting data:
Fosn = 650/200 = 3.25 thousand den. units/person;
According to design data:
Fosn = 800/185 = 4.32 thousand den. units/person;
Growth factor:
Cr=4.32/3.25=1.329 (132.9%).
Capital equipment under the project should increase by 32.9%.
Thus, it is planned to significantly increase the efficiency of the use of fixed production assets at the enterprise.
A task
In the first quarter, the company sold products worth 300 thousand rubles. Average quarterly balance working capital is 23 thousand rubles. In the second quarter, it is planned to increase the volume of sales by 10%, and the time of one turnover of working capital will be reduced by one day. Determine: the turnover ratio of working capital and the duration of one turnover in the first quarter, the turnover ratio of working capital and their absolute size in the second quarter, the release of working capital due to the reduction in the duration of one turnover of working capital.
The turnover ratio of working capital is the ratio of the volume of products sold to the average quarterly balance of working capital.
In the first quarter, this figure is:
K1ob \u003d P1 / OBS 1 \u003d 300/23 \u003d 13.04 revolutions.
For a quarter (90 days) working capital makes 13.04 turnovers. The duration of one turnover of working capital is:
T1=90/K1ob=90/13.04=6.9 days.
If the time of one turnover of working capital is reduced by one day, then the duration in the second quarter will be:
T2=6.9-1=5.9 days.
In such conditions, the turnover ratio of working capital is
: K2rev=90/T2=90/5.9=15.3 revolutions.
Absolute size working capital in the second quarter is: OBS2=P2/K2ob=300* 1.1/15.3=21.6 thousand rubles.
The release of working capital due to the reduction in the duration of one turnover of working capital is:
pOBS=OBS2-OBS 1 = 21.6-23.0=-1.4 thousand rubles
A task
Determine the growth rate of capital productivity, if the cost of gross output at wholesale prices of the enterprise is 9466 thousand rubles, the cost of fixed capital is 4516 thousand rubles. The share of the active part of fixed assets - 0.6. The load factor is 0.7. In the future, the share of the active part of fixed capital will increase and amount to 0.76, and the load factor - 0.75.
Solution: B this case the volume of gross output is known (9466 thousand rubles), and the cost of existing production assets can be determined as the product of the value of fixed capital by the share of the active part of fixed capital and the load factor (4516 * 0.6 * 0.7 = 1896.72 thousand rubles). rub.).
In this case, the return on assets is:
Fo \u003d 9466 / 1896.72 \u003d 4.99 rubles / rub., Which indicates that 1 rub. funds invested in production assets, gives 4.99 rubles. products.
After the changes, the cost of existing production assets will be:
4516 * 0.76 * 0.75 \u003d 2574.12 thousand rubles.
With a constant volume of output, the value of return on assets will be: Fo \u003d 9466 / 2574.12 \u003d 3.68 rubles / rub.
Thus, with a constant volume of output and an increase in the cost of existing production assets, the value of capital productivity will decrease. The reduction will be:
Tpr \u003d (3.68-4.99) * 100 / 4.99 \u003d -26.25%.
Calculation of the profit of the enterprise.
A task
Construction firm intends to significantly increase staff productivity and reduce gross operating costs of production in order to significantly improve its financial condition and increase the efficiency of its production and economic activities.
According to preliminary calculations, the number of employees of the company should be reduced from 72 to 60 people, and the annual output per employee should increase from 6920 to 8000 den. units
Current production costs of one den. units products should be reduced from 84 to 78 kopecks.
Current expenses for production one den. units products are respectively 84 and 78 kopecks. Consequently, the profit per one hryvnia of production is equal to 16 and 22 kopecks, respectively.
The volume of production in the previous year is calculated as the product of the number of employees and their labor productivity and is:
Def \u003d 6920 * 72 \u003d 498240 den. units;
in the planned year:
Opl \u003d 8000 * 60 \u003d 480000 den. units
Based on this the company's profit is:
in the previous year:
Ppr \u003d 498240 * 0.16 \u003d 79718 den. units;
in the planned year:
Ppl \u003d 480000 * 0.22 \u003d 105600 den. units
Thus, the profit will increase by the amount:
P \u003d Ppl-PPR \u003d 105600-79718 \u003d + 25882 den. units
Calculate the influence individual factors for such a change in profit:
where po is the change in the volume of production, expressed in the change in revenue from the sale of products;
pS - change in current costs of production.
PO=Opl-Opr=480000-498240=-18240 den. units;
pS \u003d Cpl-Cr \u003d 480000 * 0.78-498240? 0.48 \u003d -44122 den. units
Indeed, the amount of profit increased by the amount:
pP=-18240-(-44122)=+25882 den. units
First of all, we use the following dependency:
where h - number of employees,
Pr - labor productivity of one worker.
The change in production volume is due to:
a) a change in the number of employees:
PO (pCh) \u003d (Npl-Npr) * Prpr \u003d (60-72) * 6920 \u003d -83040 den. units;
b) changes in labor productivity of workers:
PO (pPr) = Npl * (Prpl-Prpr) \u003d 60 * (8000-6920) \u003d + 64800 den. units
pO \u003d pO (pCh) + pO (pPr) \u003d -83040 + 64800 \u003d -18240 den. units
Current costs are determined by the volume of production (O) and the cost rate (St):
The change in current expenses is due to:
a) a change in the volume of production:
pS (pO) \u003d (Opl-Opr) * Stpr \u003d (480000-498240) * 0.84 \u003d -15322 den. units;
b) change in the rate of expenses:
pS (pSt) \u003d Opl * (Stpl-Stpr) \u003d 480000 * (0.78-0.84) \u003d -28800 den. units
The total effect, as shown above, is:
pS \u003d pS (pO) + pS (pSt) \u003d -15322-28800 \u003d -44122 den. units
Thus, as a result of the changes described in the condition, the growth in profit should be 25882 den. units Such a change should be due to a change in the volume of production (by -18240 monetary units) and a change in current costs (by 44122 monetary units). The change in the volume of production is caused by a change in the number of employees (the influence of the factor = -83040 monetary units) and the productivity of their labor (the influence of the factor = 64800 monetary units). The change in current costs is caused by a change in the volume of production (the influence of the factor = 15322 monetary units) and the cost rate per one den. units products (influence of the factor = -28800 den. units).
| Indicators | Meaning |
| 1. Sold products, thousand den. units | 1120,0 |
| 2. Full cost of goods sold, thousand den. units | 892,0 |
| 3. Profit from other sales and non-industrial services, thousand den. units | 164,8 |
| 4. Profit from non-sales operations, thousand den. unit: | |
| a) fines and penalties paid | 19,6 |
| b) fines were collected from other enterprises | 26,8 |
| 5. The average annual cost of fixed production assets, thousand den. units | 2906,0 |
| 6. The average annual cost of standardized working capital, thousand den. units | 305,0 |
| 7. Income tax, % | |
| 8. Fee for a bank loan, thousand den. units | 2,8 |
When evaluating the economic results of the enterprise, indicators of general and estimated profitability are used.
For their calculation it is necessary to determine:
profit before tax:
1120.0-892.0+164.8-19.6+26.8=400.0 thousand den. units;
net profit:
400.0-400.0 * 0.25-2.8 \u003d 297.2 thousand den. units;
the amount of fixed and working capital:
2906.0 + 305.0 \u003d 3211.0 thousand den. units
The overall profitability is defined as the ratio of profit before tax and interest payments to the cost of fixed and working capital.
The value of the total profitability is:
400,0/3211,0=0,125 (12,5%).
Estimated profitability is the ratio of net profit to the cost of fixed and working capital:
297,2/3211,0=0,093 (9,3%).
Based on the results of calculations, the company operates profitably. The value of the total profitability is 12.5%, and the estimated profitability is 9.3%.
A task.
Calculate the annual profit of the enterprise if the income for the year amounted to 2.5 million rubles,
annual variable costs amounted to 0.5 million rubles, fixed costs amounted to 1.2 million rubles.
Calculate the return on sales.
A task.
Find profit and determine the profitability of sales grocery store in a month if:
revenue for given month amounted to 4,500,000 rubles,
the average markup on goods was 22%.
Costs for the purchase of goods for sale: 3,510,000 rubles, wages per month amounted to 400,000 rubles, the cost of rent and utilities: 230,000 rubles.
The solution of the problem.
Calculation of working capital
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B363 Guidelines for conducting practical classes in the discipline "Economics, Enterprise Management" for IV-year students studying in the direction 200100 "Instrument Engineering", specialties: 200101 "Instrument Engineering", 200106 "Information and Measuring Equipment and Technologies", 200102 "Instruments and Methods quality control and diagnostics”. / . - Tomsk: Publishing House of Tomsk Polytechnic University, 2009. - 29 p.
BBK U9 (2) 29 - 57 Ya73
« 18 » 11 2008
Head Department of Management
Professor, Doctor of Economics __________
Chairman of the educational and methodological
commissions __________
Reviewer
Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor management IEF TPU
© Tomsk Polytechnic University, 2009
© Design. Tomsky Publishing House
Polytechnic University, 2009
MAINPRODUCTION FUNDS
Fixed production assets - an integral part of the production assets. The role of fixed production assets in the formation of the material basis of production. Classification, composition and structure of fixed production assets, their active and passive part. Forms of reproduction of fixed production assets (capital construction, reconstruction, expansion, technical re-equipment, replacement and modernization of equipment). Methods of accounting and evaluation. Physical and moral depreciation, their forms and methods of determination. Depreciation of fixed production assets. Methods for calculating depreciation rates. Repair of fixed assets. Indicators characterizing the use of fixed production assets: capital productivity, capital intensity, shift ratio and equipment load. Specific capital intensity of a unit of work and a unit of production. Determination of the prospective need for fixed production assets. Rent. Valuation of property. Rental forms.
The basis of any production process is human labor, necessary condition for the application of which is the availability of means and objects of labor. Means of labor is a set of material means by which the worker affects the object of labor, changing it physiochemical properties. The leading part of the means of labor is the tools of labor. Unlike objects of labor (raw materials, materials, etc.), which are consumed within one production cycle, tools of labor participate in production processes many times, performing qualitatively different functions. Gradually wearing out, they transfer their value to the created product in parts over a number of years (depreciation).
In accordance with the standard classification, the fixed production assets of an enterprise are divided into eight groups depending on the homogeneity of the production purpose and natural-material characteristics.
The active part of fixed production assets includes: transmission devices, machinery and equipment, measuring and control instruments and devices. By industry, the active part of fixed assets is subdivided according to the nature of the impact on the objects of labor and the impact on the formation of products.
ü 2. Indicators characterizing the composition and structure of the main production assets
To assess the change in the qualitative composition of fixed production assets, a system of indicators is used, which includes: the renewal coefficient, i.e. the share of fixed production assets commissioned in the reporting year in their total value at the end of the year (the higher the renewal coefficient, the greater the opportunities for replacing physically and obsolete fixed production assets with new, more progressive and economical ones); retirement (liquidation) ratio, i.e. the share of fixed production assets that retired in the reporting year in their total value at the beginning of the year; coefficient of growth of fixed production assets, i.e., the share of their real growth in the total value of fixed production assets at the end of the year.
ü 3. Depreciation, restoration and replacement of equipment
Wear processes are subject to all tools of production, machinery and equipment. Depreciation can be physical and moral. Physical wear and tear manifests itself in two forms: mechanical wear and tear of the means of labor and the loss of technical and production qualities during their operation; destruction of means of labor as a result of influence natural conditions(metal rusting, corrosion, etc.).
Physical wear is a natural phenomenon. The main task is to prevent its premature occurrence. Completely physically worn-out funds are replaced: the active part - with new equipment; buildings and structures - through capital construction.
Obsolescence manifests itself in two forms. The first form is the result of an increase in labor productivity, an increase in the level of technical equipment of production, when there is a reduction in labor costs and, as a result, the cost of products. Tools of labor lose part of their value in proportion to the decrease in social necessary costs for the production of tools of labor similar in their purpose, but completely retain their consumer properties, since with the same costs of living labor they make it possible to produce the same amount of products as new tools of labor.
The second form of obsolescence is associated with scientific and technological progress, thanks to which more advanced tools of labor appear - both in terms of their design and technical parameters, and in terms of operational indicators. Elimination of obsolescence can be carried out by both replacement and modernization.
ü 4. Types of valuation
There are the following types of valuation of fixed production assets:
The initial cost, which is determined as the sum of the acquisition cost (price) and the cost of transporting and installing tools;
In capital construction - the estimated cost established for the object put into operation;
Replacement cost - the cost of a product, determined not by the time that is actually spent on its production, but by the time that is necessary for the reproduction of the product in modern conditions. It is calculated by the formula:
,
where Tsper - initial cost, rub.;
P - the average annual growth rate of labor productivity in the industry as a whole;
t - time lag (from the year of issue to the moment of assessment).
Due to the sharp rise in the cost of fixed capital, the initial information for revaluation should be the full balance sheet value of fixed production assets and indexes of conversion factors. The replacement cost is used in the revaluation of fixed production assets. According to the recommendations of the State Statistics Committee of Russia, the revaluation is carried out in 10-20 years at low inflation rates and annually at high inflation rates;
Residual value is that part of the cost of fixed production assets that is not transferred to finished products as a result of the fact that the further use of this technique is not economically justified, and is determined by the formula:
Tsost \u003d Tsper - Tsper On Tek \u003d Tsper (1 - On Tk),
where Na is the depreciation rate, in fractions of a unit;
Tek - period of operation, in years;
Salvage value - the cost of selling dismantled equipment at Tslik > TsOST.
Excess value is directed to the income of the enterprise. If Tslik< Цост, потери зачисляются в убыток, а при оценке эффективности новой техники, поступающей на замену ликвидированной, потери приплюсовываются к новой стоимости, но только для оценки эффективности замены.
ü 5. Methods for calculating depreciation rates
Depreciation- Gradual transfer of the cost of fixed production assets to the manufactured product. Depreciation and the formation of an amortization fund are carried out by establishing norms in percentages or fractions of a unit of the balance sheet value of fixed production assets.
There are several methods for calculating depreciation rates.
The proportional method provides for the calculation of the depreciation rate (Na) in any period of operation of fixed production assets, i.e.
Na \u003d 1 / Tn, where Tn is the standard service life of the equipment, in years.
The most common method for determining the standard service life is that as the service life of fixed assets increases, annual depreciation charges (Ai) decrease, and the costs of maintaining fixed assets in working condition
(3pi) grow. The economically justified service life (Teo) will be determined by the year (Teoi) in which the annual total costs, i.e. annual depreciation charges (Аi) plus repair costs (3pj) will be minimal: Тоi= Ai + 3рi = min.
The need to establish an economically justified period is explained by the fact that if the standard service life of the equipment is overestimated, then full physical wear and tear will occur before the cost of fixed assets is transferred to finished products. In case of underestimation of the standard service life, the value of fixed assets is transferred to finished products even before the onset of complete physical wear and tear.
The accelerated method is that a large share of depreciation accounts for the first years of operation of fixed production assets. In this case, the standard service life is calculated in conventional years. For example, at Tn = 10 years, the conditional amount will be: Tus = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 10 = 55. In the first year, Nai = 10/55 = 18.2%, in the second - Na2 = 9/55 = = 16.3%, in the third - Na3 = 8/55 = 14.5%, ..., in the tenth - Na10 = 1/55 = 1.8%.
This method is widely used in industries with high rates of obsolescence of the active part of fixed production assets. It is beneficial in cases where the fixed production assets are used beyond the standard useful life, since the tax for the use of equipment is paid in the amount of the depreciation rate in the last year of the equipment's useful life. With the accelerated method (Tn = 10 years) Na = 1.8%; with the proportional method - Na = 10%. Another method of accelerated depreciation provides for a 2-fold increase in the depreciation rate for the active part, calculated in a proportional (uniform) way.
Along with accelerated depreciation, enterprises in priority industries that ensure technical progress can additionally write off up to 50% of the initial cost of equipment with a service life of more than 3 years. When misuse the additional amount of depreciation allowances is included in the taxable base and is subject to income tax.
ü 6. Main indicators of the use of fixed production assets
The effectiveness of the use of fixed production assets is evaluated by general and particular indicators. The most general indicator reflecting the level of use of fixed production assets is capital productivity. There are several methods for calculating return on assets. The most common is the method of calculating the value of gross output, i.e., comparing the cost of gross output (GRP) and the average annual cost of fixed production assets. However, this method does not take into account the impact of material costs, which artificially affect the value of capital productivity. Other methods involve the use of: marketable products, own, private and conditionally private products, profits. Particular indicators include the shift factor, the load factor, the utilization factor of dimensional parameters, etc.
The shift ratio (Kcm) of equipment operation or full-shift use of equipment is defined as the ratio of the actual number of machine-shifts worked during the day (C) to the number of installed equipment (nu): Kcm \u003d (C1 + C2 + C3) / n. The load factor (Кзг) or intra-shift use of equipment is defined as the ratio of the time of its actual operation (machine capacity of the annual program - SEg) to the annual effective fund of the operating time of the installed equipment: Кзт = SEg / Fef.
The coefficient of use of dimensional parameters of equipment is defined as a ratio, where in the numerator each term is the product of the dimensional parameter (interval) of the part by the load factor of the machine with the details of this interval, and in the denominator - the product of one of the dimensional parameters of the machine by the total coefficient of its load:
,
Where is the i-th dimensional interval of the part, mm;
Dimensional parameter of the machine, mm;
Kzgi - load factor of the machine with details of the i-th dimensional interval;
- total load factor of the machine;
k- number of dimensional intervals (i = 1, 2, 3, ..., to);
t - dimensional parameter of the machine (length - l; height - h; diameter - d etc.).
The overall utilization factor of dimensional parameters is determined by the formula:
,
where P- the number of dimensional parameters.
The average annual cost of fixed assets can be calculated in two ways. According to the first method, the input and disposal of fixed production assets are timed to the beginning of the period (month), and the indicator of the average annual cost of fixed production assets is determined by the formula:
,
where OPFng, OPFkg - the cost of fixed production assets at the beginning and end of the reporting year;
The total value of fixed production assets on the 1st day of each month starting from February (i = 2) and ending in December (n = 12).
,
Where OPFng - the cost of fixed assets at the beginning of the year;
;- the cost of introduced and liquidated fixed assets in the i-th month;
Ti - the period of validity of the introduced or liquidated fixed assets during the year, in months.
ü 7. The relationship and impact of labor productivity on capital productivity
Return on assets, defined as the ratio of the cost of gross output (VP) to the average annual cost of fixed production assets (OPFavg. g), can be calculated using the formula:
=
output / capital-labor ratio,
where H- the average number of workers.
The return on assets increases, provided that the growth rate of output (productivity) outstrips the growth rate of capital-labor ratio.
ü 8. Total and direct capital intensity
The index of capital intensity of production is used mainly in substantiating the rates and proportions of expanded reproduction, assessing the effectiveness of the sectoral structure and location of production, pricing and determining the long-term need for fixed production assets.
AT general view capital intensity reflects the cost of fixed production assets attributable to 1 rub. manufactured products. It is an inverse indicator of return on assets, i.e. FE = 1 / FO.
Depending on the participation of fixed production assets in the output of products, capital intensity can be of three types. Direct capital intensity of production takes into account the cost of fixed assets of a particular enterprise, such as an automobile plant. The indirect capital intensity of products includes only the cost of fixed production assets that operate at allied enterprises and indirectly participate in the creation of components for a particular enterprise. So, associated enterprises for an automobile plant are metallurgical plants, instrument-making and petrochemical industries, etc.
Full capital intensity production is the total value of direct and indirect capital intensity. For example, in the automotive industry, the cost of fixed production assets per 100 thousand rubles. products, is 30 thousand rubles. (direct capital intensity). However, the manufacturing technology of automotive products is associated with the costs of not only living, but also materialized labor (means and objects of labor with which products for the automotive industry are manufactured (metallurgy, instrument making, etc.)). This is indirect capital intensity. Taking into account its value, the total capital intensity of automotive products is 152 thousand rubles. for 100 thousand rubles. products.
Incremental capital intensity- this is the ratio of the increase in the value of fixed production assets for a certain period (month, quarter, year) to the increase in production for the same period. It is used to establish the reasons that affect the level of capital intensity in the study period.
ü 9. Specific capital intensity
The calculation of the specific capital intensity for each item of multi-product production is associated with certain difficulties. Therefore, the entire range of manufactured products is grouped on the basis of the similarity of certain classification features. In each group, a typical representative is allocated, for which the specific capital intensity is calculated.
The cost of fixed production assets of various departments of the enterprise is determined by the method of direct differential calculation of the specific capital intensity of a unit of production. The specific capital intensity of a unit of production is the product of the specific capital intensity of work and the machine-tool intensity of the product. The specific capital intensity of work is determined by dividing the cost of the enterprise's fixed production assets by the machine intensity of the annual program.
This method consists in the consistent establishment of the cost of all elements of fixed production assets attributable to the production of a unit of work and products. In this case, the calculation is carried out from the previous stage of the manufacturing process to the next, with access to the final technological operation.
The production process is heterogeneous in its internal structure and content. It can be divided into a large number of components, i.e., private processes, each of which differs in the form and originality of its organization.
Information on the distribution of the value of fixed production assets cannot serve as a basis for predicting future needs or assessing the excess cost of fixed capital, since the results obtained are typical for the production conditions prevailing at the time of calculation and take into account all negative deviations associated with the use of fixed production assets.
Therefore, the real this moment and the prospective need for fixed assets (as well as their surplus) should be based on the standard specific capital intensity of a unit of production for each year of the prospective period, since the market requires competitive products that require a more advanced production technology than that used by a competitor.
ü 10. Lease of fixed production assets
The classic form of lease is a temporary transfer by the owner of the property legal law for the use of labor tools and other elements of fixed production assets to the tenant. The relationship between the parties to the transaction is legitimized by the lease agreement.
The buyout of leased property is a kind of sale by installments, therefore one of the main issues of lease relations is the valuation of the leased property. The valuation of property is understood as the total costs for the formation of the entire set of production assets, as well as the costs of maintaining them in working condition.
One of the forms of long-term lease of machinery, equipment and other types of property with periodic payment of its cost is leasing.
If leasing is a lease from 5 to 20 years, then hiring is a medium-term lease from one year to 5 years, and the rating is short-term (up to one year).
The leasing form of rent is the most progressive and has a number of advantages for both the landlord and the tenant. It is implemented on the basis of a concluded agreement, which reflects all the conditions that allow the lessor to transfer the object of lease to the other party - the lessee for a certain fee. In the contract, all the main articles are formulated in detail and clearly in order to eliminate disagreements.
Tasks and guidelines
■ Task 1.
Determine the coefficients characterizing the structure of fixed production assets.
Initial data: the cost of fixed production assets at the beginning of the year OPFng = 15 million rubles. During the year, OPFvv was introduced - 5.4 million rubles, written off from the balance sheet of the enterprise OPFlik - 2.7 million rubles.
Guidelines
The coefficient of renewal of fixed production assets:
where OPFkg - fixed production assets at the end of the year:
OPFkg \u003d OPFng + OPFpr (here OPFpr \u003d OPFvv - OPFlik).
Retirement rate: Click = OLFlick / 0PFng.
Growth coefficient: Kpr \u003d OPFpr / OPFkg.
§ Task 2.
Determine the cost of input (OPFvv) and disposal (OPFlik), growth rate (Kpr) and disposal (Click).
Initial data: cost of OPFng = 2.0 million rubles; increase in OPFpr = 0.2 million rubles; renewal coefficient Kobn = 0.35.
Guidelines
The cost of fixed production assets at the end of the year
OPFkg \u003d OPFng + OPFpr.
The cost of entering OPFvv = OPFkg Cobn.
OPFlik disposal cost = OPFvv - OPFpr.
Growth coefficient Kpr \u003d OPFpr / OPFkg.
Retirement rate Click = OPFlik / OPFng.
§ Task 3.
Determine the average annual cost of fixed assets (two methods).
Initial data: OPFact = 4.0 million rubles; share of the active part αact = 0.4; introduced during the year: March - 0.5 million rubles; July - 0.1 million rubles; retired: May - 200 thousand rubles; August - 150 thousand rubles.
Guidelines
Calculation of the average annual cost of fixed assets can be carried out by two methods. According to the first method, the input and disposal of fixed production assets are timed to the beginning of the period (month), and the indicator of the average annual cost of fixed production assets takes the following form:
where OPFng; OPFkg - the cost of fixed production assets at the beginning (January 1) and end (December 31) of the reporting year;
The total value of fixed production assets on the 1st day of each month starting from February ( i= 2 ) and ending with December ( n = 12 ).
According to the second method, the input and disposal are timed to the end of the analyzed period:
where OPFvvi; OPFliki, - the cost of the introduced and liquidated fixed assets in i-th month;
Ti - the period of validity of the introduced or liquidated fixed assets during the year, in months;
n, m - the number of measures to enter and write off the balance of fixed assets.
The disadvantage of the second method is that on its basis the average annual cost of fixed production assets introduced and written off from the balance sheet is determined, and according to the first method, the average annual cost of all cash funds participating in production on a monthly basis. When calculating by the second method, an error (decrease) in the average annual cost occurs, the value of which can be determined by the formula:
§ Task 4.
Determine the annual effective fund of the operating time of a piece of equipment () with an age equal to t1 , = 6 years; t2= 8 years; t3= 14 years; t4= 18 years old.
Guidelines
As equipment ages, the potential for its operating time decreases, i.e., depending on the number of years of operation, the annual effective fund of equipment operation time decreases.
The annual effective fund of the operating time of a piece of equipment in one shift does not change with the age of up to 5 years and is 1870 hours, where 0.1 is the proportion of time allotted for repairs. As the age of the equipment increases, the annual fund of time decreases: for the age from 6 to 10 years - annually by 1.5%, from 11 to 15 years - by 2.0%, over 15 years - by 2.5%.
So, for the age group up to 5 years = 1870 hours; from 6 to 10 years = 1870 (1 - ); from 10 to 15 years old = 1870 (1 - ); over 15 years = 1870 (1 - ).
According to the aggregated assessment, the annual effective fund of the operating time of a piece of equipment in one shift with the actual age can be determined by the formula:
where tf is the actual age of the equipment.
§ Task 5.
Determine the annual effective fund of equipment fleet operation time.
Initial data: the equipment park (Pb) consists of 20 units, of which 5-year-old equipment is 8 units; 12 years old - 8 units, 16 years old - 4 units.
Guidelines
The annual fund of operating time of the equipment fleet can be calculated in two ways.
According to the first method, the annual effective fund of equipment operation time for each age group is equal to:
,
where is the annual fund of the operating time of a piece of equipment i-th age group;
ni- number of units equipment Z-th age group;
m-number of age groups ( i= 1, 2, 3, ..., t).
According to the second method, the annual fund of the operating time of the equipment fleet is determined as the product of the annual fund of the operating time of a piece of equipment of middle age () by the amount of equipment in the fleet ( nP):
.
In its turn
,
where ti- actual age i th group of equipment;
ni- number of pieces of equipment i- th age group.
1870 (1) = 1870 x 0.925 = 1729 hours, and the annual effective fund of the equipment fleet will be:
.
§ Task 6.
Determine the economic life of the equipment.
Initial data: the price of a piece of equipment Tsob = 6 thousand rubles, the costs of maintaining the equipment in working condition are carried out in the third year of operation of the equipment and are: 3z = 0.2 thousand rubles; 34 = 0.5 thousand rubles; 35 = 0.7 thousand rubles; 36 \u003d 0.8 thousand rubles; 37 \u003d 0.9 thousand rubles; 38 = = 0.9 thousand rubles; 39 = 1.0 thousand rubles; 310 \u003d 1.2 thousand rubles.
Guidelines
It is known that as the service life of fixed production assets increases, annual depreciation deductions decrease, as the depreciation rate (Na) changes: Na = 1/T, where T is the service life of the equipment. Therefore, the longer the life of the equipment, the lower the depreciation deductions. However, an increase in the service life of equipment is accompanied by an increase in the cost of its repair. The economically justified service life of the equipment is determined by the year (Teo) when the total costs, i.e. annual depreciation (Ai) plus repair costs (3 pi), will be minimal. In other words, the following condition must be met:
Ai + 3pi = min, where Аi - annual depreciation charges in the i-th year:
Аi = Цj, Nai. So, at T1 = 1 year, Na = 1.0; at T2 = 2 years Ha = 0.5; at T3 = 3 years Ha = 0.33, ..., at T10 = 10 years Ha = 0.1.
§ Task 7.
Determine the depreciation rate using the method of proportional and accelerated transfer of the cost of fixed assets.
Initial data: the price of a piece of equipment Tsob = 10 thousand rubles; service life T = 12 years.
Guidelines
The proportional depreciation method provides for the calculation of an equal depreciation rate in any period of operation of fixed production assets: Na = 1/Tn 100%; for example, at T \u003d 5 years, Na \u003d (1/5) 100 \u003d 20%, or 0.2.
The advantage of this method is the straight-line accumulation of depreciation charges, and the disadvantage is the obviously fixed constant value of the depreciation period. In addition, this method of depreciation does not provide sufficient incentives to improve the efficiency of equipment use.
The accelerated method is that the main share of depreciation accounts for the first years of equipment service. In this case, its service life is calculated in conventional years, that is, it is expressed as the sum of natural numbers from one to n, where n is the service life in years. So, at T= 10 years, the conditional number of years is: 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 10 = 55 arb. years. In the first year, Ha = 10/55 = 18.2%, in the second, Ha = 9/55 = 16.3%, in the third year, Ha = 8/55 = 14.5%, ..., in the tenth, Ha = 1/55 = 1.8%. This method is widely used in industries with high rates of obsolescence. It is beneficial in cases where fixed assets are used beyond their normal useful life, since the tax on equipment is the depreciation rate in the last year of its useful life. With the proportional method, it will be 10%, with the accelerated method - 1.8%. The accelerated method allows you to increase the level of competitiveness of the enterprise, as it has more opportunities for updating the equipment fleet.
■ Task 8.
Determine the initial, replacement and residual value of fixed assets.
Initial data: purchase price of a piece of equipment Tsob - 5 thousand rubles; transport and installation costs Ztm = = 1.0 thousand rubles; average annual growth rates of labor productivity in the industry Cond = 0.03, or 3%; depreciation rate
Ha = 10%, or 0.1; Tek operation period - 7 years.
Guidelines
The initial cost is the cost of acquiring a piece of equipment (Tsob) plus transport and installation costs (3tm): Tsper = Tsob + Ztm. The replacement cost is the cost of equipment for the year of revaluation:
Tsvos = Tsper(1 + P)t, where P is the average annual growth rate of labor productivity in the industry; t is the time between the years of production of equipment and revaluation, for example, the year of acquisition is 1989, the year of revaluation is 1997, t = 8 years.
Residual value is the initial value reduced by the amount of the transferred value: Cost = Tsper - Tsper On Tek \u003d Tsper (1- On Tek)
■ Task 9.
Determine the utilization coefficients of the whole-shift (shift factor) and intra-shift operating time of the equipment, the integral utilization coefficient.
Initial data: installed equipment in the amount of n = 30 units. worked in the first shift S1= 30 stankosmen in the second S2 = 15 stankosmen. Machine-tool capacity of the annual production program: products A - SEB \u003d 15 thousand hours. Average age Tsr equipment park - 9 years.
Guidelines
The shift ratio is the ratio of the number of machine shifts worked per day to the number of installed equipment (ny): Kcm = (S1 + S2) / ny
Coefficient of tselosmennoe use of the fleet of installed equipment: Ksm. use = Ksm/Kr, where Kp - equipment operation mode (number of shifts per day,
Cr from 1 to 3).
The equipment load factor is the ratio of the machine-tool capacity of the annual production program (SE year) to the annual effective fund of the operating time of the installed equipment fleet:
Kzg \u003d SE year / Fef ( 
- the annual fund of the operating time of a piece of equipment with an average age T).
Integral utilization factor of the installed equipment fleet:
§ Task 10.
Determine the return on assets for gross and net output.
Initial data: the value of gross output at the end of the year VPkg = 5 million rubles; the share of material costs, taking into account depreciation αmz = 0.6. The cost of fixed production assets at the beginning of the year OPFng = 2 million rubles; introduced during the year (July) - 2 million rubles; retired (September) - 1.5 million rubles.
Guidelines
Return on assets is the cost of production per 1 rub. the average annual cost of fixed production assets. In the practice of planning and analyzing the efficiency of production, several methods are used to calculate the return on assets: by gross output, by net output, etc.
The gross output of an enterprise is the volume of production in monetary terms produced for a certain period:
where Qi - price i-th units nomenclature of manufactured products;
Ai - annual volume of the i-th product;
to- the number of nomenclature positions.
Net output is the value newly created in the production process, which is calculated as the difference between gross output and material costs (MZ), including depreciation (A):
PE \u003d VP-(MZ + A) \u003d VP (1-αmZ),
Where αmz is the share of material costs, taking into account depreciation.
The average annual cost of fixed production assets - see task 3 of this topic and guidelines for it.
■ Task 11.
Determine the rate of growth of capital productivity.
Initial data: the value of gross output VP= 12 million rubles, the cost of fixed production assets at the beginning of the year OPFNG= 6 million rubles; the share of the active part of fixed production assets at the beginning of the year αact n = 0.6; load factor Kzg = 0.75. By the end of the year, the share of the active part will increase to αact k = 0.7, the load factor Kzg = 0,85.
Guidelines
The cost of the active part of fixed production assets is determined by the formula:
OPFact=OPFαact,
Where OPF- the cost of fixed production assets;
αact - the share of the active part of fixed production assets.
Growth in gross output as a result of:
a) growth of the active part:
VPact \u003d FOact. ng(OPFact. kg-OPFact.ng)
where FOact. ng - return on assets of the active part of fixed production assets at the beginning of the year;
OP Fact. ng, OP Fact. kg - the cost of the active part of fixed production assets at the beginning and end of the year;
αact ng; αact kg - the share of the active part of fixed production assets at the beginning and end of the year;
b) reduction of intra-shift losses:
,
where Kzg. ng; Kzg. kg- load factor at the beginning and end of the year.
Total increase in gross output: Vpo5sch= VPakt + VPv/cm.
The growth rate of capital productivity is the ratio of capital productivity at the end of the year to capital productivity at the beginning of the year: tp FO \u003d FOCG / FONT.
§ Task 12.
Determine the utilization factor of the dimensional parameters of the equipment.
Guidelines
At the first stage, the parts are grouped by dimensional intervals and the machine capacity or load factor for each dimensional interval is determined.
The coefficient of use of the dimensional parameters of the equipment is set as a ratio, where in the numerator each term is the product of the i-th dimensional interval of the part (Rdi) and the load factor of the machine with parts of the corresponding dimensional interval (Кзгi), and in the denominator - the product of one of the dimensional parameters of the machine (m) on the total load factor:
,
where ; - dimensional interval of the part and the machine for the corresponding m-th characteristic (l- length, d- diameter, h- height, etc.);
to- the number of dimensional intervals of the part (i=1,2, 3, ..., k).
The overall coefficient of use of dimensional parameters Ki(total) is defined as the sum of the coefficients of use of dimensional parameters divided by the number of characteristics:
, or 
where ; ; - equipment utilization factors
by diameter ( d), length ( l), m-th characteristic;
b is the number of characteristics (i = 1, 2, ..., b).
When evaluating the use of dimensional parameters of equipment, it should be borne in mind that its characteristics indicate the size of the part being processed or installed.
For equipment, the dimensional parameter of which is determined by the diameter and length of the product to be installed, it should be taken into account that when the diameter is fully used, the possibilities of processing the length are reduced to 50%.
Then 
If the length of the installed product is fully used, the possibility of processing the part in diameter should not exceed 60%.
The calculation formula for the utilization factor of the diameter of the machine takes the following form:
§ Task 13.
Determine the change in the value of fixed production assets in the reporting year, if in the base year the cost of fixed production assets amounted to OPF base - 5.0 million rubles; machine-tool intensity of the annual program
SE = 200 thousand hours; machine-tool capacity of a unit of product A - SEA = 150 h; products
B-SEB = 400 h; annual volume of the product A - QA = 600 units; products B - QB = 275 units.
In the reporting year, QA = 400 units; QB = 600 units
Guidelines
The distribution of the cost of fixed production assets by products is based on the specific capital intensity of work (UFErab), which is defined as the ratio of the cost of fixed production assets (OPF) to the machine intensity of the annual program (SE): UFE6 = OPF / SE.
The need for fixed production assets for the annual program of the i-th product is determined by the formula: ;
for the annual program of the entire issue:
;
where k is the number of products.
The change in value is defined as the difference between the cost of fixed production assets in the reporting and base years.
■ Task 14.
Determine the price of the leasing contract in order to confirm that this transaction is economically beneficial for both the landlord and the tenant.
Initial data: Tar lease term = 5 years; the initial cost of the leased equipment Tsper = 15 thousand rubles; depreciation rate Na - 0.125; net income standard NPV = 0.11; expenses of the landlord Tsar = 16,850 rubles; annual interest rate for the loan D = 0.1. There are no benefits for the tenant.
Guidelines
The leasing transaction is economically justified:
for the lessor, provided that the actual value of net income (NPV) exceeds its standard value (NPV):
NRF > NPV;
for the tenant, provided that the amount of the loan for the purchase of the leased equipment (the initial price of the equipment, taking into account the rate for the loan) exceeds the cost of the license contract, i.e. CCR>CL.
The price of a license contract is determined by the formula:
where Cp - the initial price of the leased equipment;
depreciation rate is taken equal to 1.0;
Kni - coefficient taking into account property tax: Kni = (1 + 0.2) = 1.2.
Capital investments for the purchase of leased equipment, taking into account the rate for the loan, are calculated according to the formula:
where D is the annual interest rate for a loan (in fractions of a unit).
Questions:
1) What is the criterion for classifying the property of an enterprise as fixed production assets (OPF)?
2) Expand the essence of the technological, specific (production) and age structure of the BPF.
3) What are the types of OPF valuations and what are they used for?
4) What is the essence of the physical and obsolescence of the OPF, the factors influencing them?
5) What are the essence and significance of the reproductive policy at the micro level?
6) What are the main indicators characterizing the level of use of 0PF?
7) What is the essence of depreciation and what changes have occurred in depreciation policy in recent years?
8) What are the most important and realistic ways to improve usage
OPF at the enterprise?
8) What methods of depreciation calculation are used
9) What are the methods of depreciation calculation?
Educational edition
MAIN PRODUCTION ASSETS OF THE ENTERPRISE
Guidelines for conducting practical classes in the discipline "Economics, Enterprise Management" for IV-year students studying in the direction 200100 "Instrument Engineering", specialties: 200101 "Instrument Engineering", 200106 "Information and Measuring Equipment and Technologies", 200102 "Instruments and Control Methods quality and diagnostics.
Scientific editor
candidate of technical sciences,
docent
Editor
Layout
Cover design
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Signed for publication on 00.00.2008. Format 60x84/16. Paper "Snow Maiden". Xerox printing. Conv. oven l. 1.63.-ed. l. 1.47 Order 42Circulation 30 copies. |
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Tomsk Polytechnic University Quality Management System Tomsk Polytechnic University is certified NATIONAL QUALITY ASSURANCE according to ISO 9001:2000 | ||
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. Tomsk, Lenin Ave., 30.OPF - tangible elements that repeatedly participate in the production process, do not change their original form, and transfer their cost in parts to the cost of manufactured products.
The average annual cost of OPF in reporting period is determined by the formula:
Where: 
- cost of OPF at the beginning of the year;
- the cost of received OPF;
- the cost of retired OPF;
m - the number of months of deregistration of retired OPF in the reporting year.
million rubles
The cost of OPF at the end of the reporting year:
Million rub.
1.2 Calculation of indicators use of the OPF
Return on assets is an indicator that expresses the ratio of the cost of construction and installation works produced in one year (or other period of time) to the average annual cost of the OPF. Shows how much production (in monetary terms) received from each ruble of operating capital.
Capital intensity is an inverse indicator of capital productivity. Shows what share of the OPF is in 1 ruble of construction and installation works performed on their own.
The renewal coefficient is the ratio of the value of the received OPF to the value of the OPF at the end of the reporting year.
The capital-labor ratio of labor is an indicator that characterizes the cost of the active part of the OPF per one worker employed in construction.
Table 2. Calculation of indicators for the use of OPF
| No. p / p | The name of indicators | Conventional designation | Period Values | |
| Base | Reporting | |||
| 1. | return on assets    | 2,007846 | - | |
| - | 1,912368 | |||
| 2. | capital intensity    | 0,4982 | - | |
| - | 0,5228 | |||
| Continuation of table 2 | ||||
| 3. | OPF renewal factor   | - | 2,18 | |
| 4. | OPF disposal rate   | - | 2,121 | |
| 5. | OPF reproduction rate   | 
| - | 0,069 |
| 66. | Labor capital-labor ratio    | 62,22 | - | |
| - | 60,72 |
Conclusion: as can be seen from the calculation of indicators of the use of the OPF:
A decrease in the return on assets in the reporting year relative to the base year indicates a decrease in the volume of construction and installation works, which could occur due to inefficient and inefficient rational use new equipment, as well as due to the short time spent by production assets in operation.
2. An increase in the capital intensity indicator in the reporting year in relation to the base year indicates a decrease in production efficiency, since the manufacture of this construction product is provided at high cost of the OPF.
3.Refresh rate- the main indicator characterizing the rate of reproduction of fixed capital. It is calculated as the ratio of the value of injected physical capital to the total value at the end of the year. By construction organization equals 2.18%. This value indicates a certain share of the renewal of the BPF in the construction organization. The leading areas of renewal are an increase in the scale of disposal of physically and morally worn-out means of labor and a corresponding increase in the share of new ones aimed at replacing the former.
4.Retirement rate- the value reflecting the intensity of the renewal of production assets, is calculated as the ratio of retired capital investments to the total value at the beginning of the year (taking into account the capital that retired due to physical and moral depreciation, since it also retires for reasons not related to its aging). It is equal to 2.121%. This value means that the organization is updating obsolete equipment to some extent. An increase in the degree of renewal is possible by attracting new equipment or overhauling (modernizing) the old one, provided that the costs for this should not lead to an increase in the cost of production.
5.Reproduction rate- reflects the relative increase (decrease) in the OPF due to their renewal (retirement). It is equal to 0.069%, which indicates that the retirement of OPF does not exceed their renewal. The tangible difference between the retirement rate and the renewal rate indicates that the BPF is more updated than retired.
6. Capital-labor ratio- characterizes the equipment of workers of enterprises of the OPF. A decrease in this coefficient indicates that in the reporting year, in comparison with the base year, the share of manual labor increased and the share of mechanized labor decreased.
1.3 We determine the shares of intensive (due to changes in capital productivity) and extensive (due to changes in the size of OPF) factors of changes in the volume of construction and installation works.
The successful functioning of fixed assets depends on how fully the extensive and intensive factors for improving their use are implemented.
Intensive factors changes in the volume of construction and installation works are development factors production activities construction organization through a more complete use of each unit of the resource potential due to the growth of labor productivity, a more complete use of materials, an increase in the return on fixed assets, best use working time.
Extensive factors changes in the volume of construction and installation works are factors involved in the development construction industry, increasing the output of finished construction products by attracting additional resources without increasing the efficiency of their use.
extensive path development involves a way to increase production through quantitative factors while maintaining its former technical basis: additional involvement of labor, the number of enterprises, workshops, sites, and an increase in the construction of new facilities. With this path of development, a large amount of resources (natural, labor, material) is involved in production, but there is no significant changes in engineering and technology, labor organization, qualification of workers.
Intra-production reserves for improving the use of existing production capacities are divided into extensive and intensive reserves.
To extensive factors include reserves for increasing the useful time of equipment operation within the regime fund. These include eliminating intra-shift and day-to-day equipment downtime, as well as reducing the duration of scheduled repairs.
Group intensive reserves includes measures for a more complete loading of equipment per unit of time, advanced training of workers and, on this basis, a more complete use of the productivity of machines, an increase in the output of finished construction products, etc.
extensive Improving the use of fixed assets implies that, on the one hand, the operating time of existing equipment in the calendar period will be increased, and on the other hand, the share of existing equipment in the composition of all equipment available at the enterprise will be increased.
Although the extensive way of improving the use of fixed assets has not yet been fully utilized, it has its limits. The possibilities of the intensive path are much wider.
intensive improving the use of fixed assets involves increasing the degree of equipment utilization per unit of time. This can be achieved by modernizing existing machines and mechanisms, establishing the optimal mode of their operation. Optimum performance technological process provides an increase in output without changing the composition of fixed assets, without an increase in the number of employees and with a decrease in consumption material resources per unit of production.
Intensity the use of fixed assets is also increased through the technical improvement of labor tools and the improvement of production technology, the elimination of "bottlenecks" in the production process, the reduction of the time for achieving the design productivity of equipment, the improvement of the scientific organization of labor, production and management, the use of high-speed methods of work, advanced training and professional excellence workers.
The development of technology and the associated intensification of processes are not limited. Therefore, the possibilities for an intensive increase in the use of fixed assets are not limited.
1.3.а Dynamics of construction and installation works volumes in the reporting year due to changes in capital productivity:
Million rub.
1.3.b. Dynamics of the volume of construction and installation works due to changes in the size of the OPF:
Million rub.
Dynamics of construction and installation works volumes:
; 
(1.3)
Million rub.
Million rub.
- therefore, the calculations are performed correctly.
2. CALCULATION OF INDICATORS RELATED TO THE LEVEL OF LABOR PRODUCTIVITY