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Wikijournal is an international, independent, free, multi-themed, multilingual online magazine powered by MediaWiki, the purpose of which is to publish an interesting, reliable and useful information according to the most various topics, and the author of which can be anyone.
The editors of the journal give Special attention content, its quality and credibility. Registered users can freely publish their research, author's articles and any other information on a paid or free basis. All your questions, ideas, suggestions and comments can be left in a specially created discussion page.
History of creation
Wikijournal began its history with the launch of only the Russian version on the website wikijournal.ru, the domain name of which was registered on December 12, 2012. A little later, a content management platform from MediaWiki was installed, so Wikijournal works on the "wiki" technology in the same way as the popular Internet encyclopedia Wikipedia. In the spring of 2012, the main page and main sections of the project were developed. Because of the domain name .ru Russian segment of the Internet articles were placed in the journal, respectively, only in Russian.
In 2015, the Wikijournal forum was connected to the project for commenting on articles posted on our information resource, as well as for discussing other topics, exchanging opinions, ideas between participants, readers and guests of Wikijournal and the forum. However, in early 2016, the forum was closed due to the launch internal system commenting "Flow" developed by the Mediawiki Foundation. Now all registered users can take part in the discussion of this or that article.
In 2016, negotiations began on the acquisition of an international domain name corresponding to the name of our resource - wikijournal.org. After agreeing on the price for the domain with the owners, on October 17, 2016, the deal was completed and the full transfer of the rights to use this address to the Wikijournal administration was completed. Preparations have begun for the launch of a multilingual version of the magazine with access to the international information platform. From this moment on, all articles are published and/or translated in the corresponding language sections of Wikijournal, placed for convenience on subdomains, the test launch of which took place on November 16, 2016 and on March 01, 2017 additional language sections were launched in test mode: Italian, Spanish and French:
- en.wikijournal.org- English version of Wikijournal
- de.wikijournal.org- German version of Wikijournal
- - Russian version of Wikijournal
- it.wikijournal.org- Italian version of Wikijournal
- es.wikijournal.org- Spanish version of Wikijournal
- fr.wikijournal.org- French version of Wikijournal
- files.wikijournal.org- administrative section of the resource for storing, organizing and sharing media files in all language sections: photos, pictures, video clips and other files.
December 10, 2016 due to the relocation of the entire Wikijournal project to international platform, and also due to the impossibility of configuring the IPB system for other language sections, the administration of the Russian-language forum located at forum.wikijournal.ru is suspended. In connection with the move, as well as the development of additional extensions for the MediaWiki platform, communication between participants is organized using the "Flow" application.
The entire history of changes made to the project can be read in the news archive.
Subject
Wikijournal is a multi-thematic resource where articles are published and/or translated into different languages of the world, depending on the relevance of the material in a particular language section, while indicating the main and secondary categories related to the topic.
The main thematic areas are defined on the main page:
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Project mission
The main goals of Wikijournal are:
- Development of free and independent journalism;
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We attach great importance to content, the content of our information resource, forming content in such a way that each article is useful, informative, covering a wide range of topics and directions. Self-expression, a critical, innovative approach, where you can express your experience or point of view on a particular issue of the topic covered in the article, is approved in the articles. In other words, one of the objectives of our journal is to create a useful, interesting, practical information resource.
MAGAZINE
MAGAZINE
1. Periodical in the form of a book containing articles, works of art, illustrations. Weekly illustrated magazine. thick literary magazines come out monthly. Overseas technical journal. Fashion magazine (a periodical containing drawings and patterns of fashionable costumes, outfits).
3. A corded book in an institution for recording some actions, decisions, ordinances (stationary). Ship's journal. Meeting log. Watch log. War Journal.
Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935-1940.
Synonyms:
See what "JOURNAL" is in other dictionaries:
magazine- a, m. journal, goal. journal. 1. Book of daily records. Sl. 18. || A book of records of military operations, sea voyages, travels, scientific observations. Sl. 18. Detailed maintenance of ship logs in Russia was established in 1702 by A. E ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language
magazine- journal: A periodical journal publication with a permanent heading and containing articles or abstracts on various issues and literary and artistic works. Note The journal may have an attachment. Source … Glossary-reference book of terms technical documentation
- (fr.). 1) a diary, a daily record of something. 2) the book in which. the contents of incoming and outgoing are recorded under the numbers. papers. 3) a book in which. Marks are put on the success and behavior of students. 4) time-based edition, coming out. no more than one... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
See the book to be dressed according to the latest magazine ... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and expressions similar in meaning. under. ed. N. Abramova, M.: Russian dictionaries, 1999. magazine book; conduit, diary, fat man, journal, journal, journal, revue, day ... ... Synonym dictionary
Magazine "A Ya" No. 1. Cover Magazine "A Ya" No. 4. Cover "A Ya" magazine of unofficial Russian art. (A YA) UNOFFICIAL RUSSIAN ART REVUE (English title) Illegally prepared in the USSR and published in Paris from 1979 to 1986. Editors: Alexander ... ... Wikipedia
magazine- magazine; cool magazine cool magazine; Pioneer magazine Pioneer magazine Nanai-Russian Dictionary
Husband, French diary, daily note. Journal of meetings, deanik; travel, road, travel guide. The protocol of the office is the same journal, but it is considered more important, containing the final decision, the decision, and is already written on the basis of ... ... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
- (French journal, originally diary), printed periodical. The scientific Journal des savannes (France, 1665) is considered to be the first journal. In Russia, the first journal Monthly historical, genealogical notes in Vedomosti (1728) ... ... Modern Encyclopedia
- (French journal originally diary), printed periodical. The first journal is considered to be the Journal des scavants (Journal des scavants, France, 1665). In Russia, the first magazine supplement to the newspaper St. Petersburg Vedomosti Monthly ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
MAGAZINE, husband. 1. Periodical publication in the form of a book containing articles, works different authors, as well as a separate book of this edition. Monthly Literary Fashionable (fashion magazine). Publish in magazines. 2. Book or notebook ... ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
Books
- Church and time. Scientific-theological and church-social journal. No. 4(41), 2007, Church and Time magazine. Today, the need for this periodical church-public publication is especially obvious for us, because with its help we must build and revive the building of faith, always mindful of the spiritual…
- Pushkin. Russian magazine about books No. 01/2008, Russian Journal. Pushkin magazine presents a collection of reviews of books on philosophy, politics, history, economics, sociology, and culture. In this issue: Articles by Mikhail Mayatsky, Immanuel Wallerstein, Alberto…
In order to carry out a qualitative and complete assessment of the performance various systems and structures on industrial enterprises be sure to carry out control of welds using several methods, for example,. All methods are divided according to the principle of impact on the object under study into two broad groups: methods non-destructive testing and methods of destructive control. The methods of the first group are preferable and more practical to use, but many of them are quite expensive and have their own characteristics. Therefore, it is more economical to start any weld inspection with the simplest method - visual quality control.
This method of control is considered the most accessible and efficient, and therefore is a mandatory, preliminary examination method before any other method of testing the seam.
A simple optical method for confirming the quality of metal welding
The control of any welding joint begins to be carried out even with the direct creation of the weld. Visual control is part of the work of the welder, and he periodically conducts an external inspection (for lack of penetration, undercutting and fidelity of the leg) several times until the entire scope of work is completed. It is also the oldest method of monitoring the final work and its essence has not changed significantly, but the implementation methodology has improved in recent years. Weld Check
Theoretical definition and tools for implementation
Visual-measuring control (VIK) of welds is an external inspection of sufficiently large welded structures, both with the naked eye and with the help of various technical devices to detect smaller defects that are not amenable to initial visualization, as well as using visual information to telemetric converters. VIC refers to organoleptic (conducted by the senses) methods of control and is carried out in the visible spectrum of radiation. A visual inspection in search of theoretical defects is carried out from the outside of the weld, where, if they are detected, it is possible to perform minimal measurements using optical instruments and tools, to conclude an act of visual inspection.
When conducting visual inspection of welded joints, inspectors use several types of tools.
- Survey, telescopic, floor magnifiers;
- lenses;
- microscopes;
- endoscopes, etc.
For monitoring under various working conditions:
- Workshop equipment. Region operating temperature from +5 °С to +20 °С, conditions of complete rest, normal atmospheric pressure, moderate humidity.
- Field devices. Operating temperature range from -55 °С to +60 °С, conditions of moderate shaking, vibration, weather precipitation.
The use of these devices allows for a more accurate search for defects and visual-optical control of the quality of welds on any objects.
Visual-optical control is the second stage of visual control with a wider, increased range of research through the use of optical instruments. Depending on the application, the method is intended for three main groups:
- To search and analyze hidden objects. Devices are used: endoscopes, borescopes, video systems, periscopic flaw detectors.
- For inspection of objects remote from the workplace of the flaw detector operator. The range of application is a distance of no more than 250 mm from the controller's eye. Instruments used: telescopic magnifiers, binoculars, spotting scopes.
- For inspection of small nearby objects. Application range from the eye of a specialist to a distance equal to or less than 250 mm. Devices used: magnifiers, microscopes.
Visual control of welds is also required in conditions unsuitable for the work of the human senses. In such areas as: elevated temperatures, dangerous radiation background, external chemically active environment and others. And also in conditions when the configuration of the object under study and its design does not allow to fully analyze the quality and measure the defects of welds (for example, due to the high height of the object or its underground location). Then, in addition to optical instruments for the search and analysis of hidden objects, the following are used:
- remote control platforms;
- thermal imaging installations;
- lighting devices;
- automatic conveying systems;
- controlled robots.
Thus, visual information converters make it possible to control the welding seams of a hot metal pool during the remelting process.
Measuring control is an important component of VIC, which is carried out in accordance with strict control rules and regulatory documents governing quality. It consists in assigning a category or type to a defect according to one of the characteristics in the form of a specific physical quantity obtained by practical measurement. Measuring instruments and their metrological indicators are indicated in normative documents. 
measuring tool
During measurement control, the following tools are used, which may be included in the mandatory set of the technical supervision inspector or supplement it:
- measuring magnifiers;
- calibration squares 90 0 curved;
- goniometers with vernier;
- calipers, height gauges and depth gauges;
- probes;
- micrometers;
- pipe wall gauges and indicator thickness gauges;
- micrometers;
- calibers;
- metal length gauge (tape measure, steel measuring rulers);
- internal micrometric and indicator gauges;
- templates: special, radius, threaded, etc.;
- UShS-2, UShS-3 (templates for the geometric parameters of the seams);
- calibration plates;
- set of special accessories.
This method of control, VIC refers to methods that can be implemented with a minimum set of tools. It consists in collecting information and is based on the qualifications of a specialist, human factor, but allows you to draw up an act of visual inspection of welds, which is considered an objective document.
The essence of external control
The quality of the formation of welds on the surface can be well evaluated when professional examination. The characteristic “high-quality” or “not high-quality” seam is rather conditional, since this is a comparative value.
Quality control of welds and inspection of structures, pipelines, buildings is carried out in three interrelated stages.
Step-by-step procedure for holding a VIC
- Visual (measuring) control. Preliminary control of the seam for corrosion and possible defects with primitive measurements: width, thickness, leg.
- Quality control of welded joints. Quality control is carried out to clarify the parameters of visible defects (after the conclusion of an act on preliminary examination), the size of defects and distortions of welds (percentage deviation from the permissible norm).
- Detailed (instrumental) examination and recording of results. More precise methods are used:
- eddy current method for determining the degree of wear of the weld and metal fatigue on bends;
- ultrasonic testing of welded joints to detect serious deep defects;
- capillary flaw detection for surface and through defects and so on.
Timely and high-quality inspections make it possible to detect the destruction of a seam or a marriage of weldability at an early stage and then clarify the causes of the defect by any non-destructive method of flaw detection.
Advantages and disadvantages of this technique
Advantages of the VIC method:
- A simple and affordable method.
- When collecting information about the quality of the design, it allows you to get up to 50% of the total volume.
- Not labor-intensive and does not require expensive equipment.
- Easily tested and re-tested.
Disadvantages of VIC:
- The human factor that affects 100% of the results.
- Low reliability of the obtained results, subjectivity.
- It is used only to search for large defects (at least 0.1 - 0.2 mm) and suspicions of possible ones.
- The study is limited to only the visible part of the structure.
- The technical literacy of employees is important, who must correctly select the measurement methodology, comparative template or standards and give an accurate assessment of the measurement results.
According to the method and quality of diagnostics, even imperfect visual control of the seams is a necessary method, both at the stage of complex diagnostics, and throughout technological process. 
Universal Welding Template
Possibilities of the method for detecting defects
Welds are subjected to visual inspection:
- when performing surfacing work at the stage of "acceptance - delivery", an act of visual inspection is mandatory;
- when testing a multilayer welded joint (layer-by-layer testing);
- during the final inspection of the places where the welding arc touches the surface of the base material.
- when assembling parts from assembly units under;
- in the automatic production of welded parts and technical assessment of the quality of the material according to the technical process;
- after the expiration of the specified service life of the welds.
Visual control of welds requires mandatory measurement and elimination of the following defects:
- surface cracks;
- visible gross defects;
- poor quality of metal cleaning in welding zones (especially technological fasteners),
as well as control and confirmation of the presence of:
- branding (marking) of the seam and the fidelity of its production;
- width and height of the seam, convexity and concavity of the seam;
- the correct dimensions of the legs of the fillet weld.
Detectable Defects
When examining welds with the naked eye, one can evaluate:
- uneven height and width of the seams;
- excessive scaly;
- influxes;
- undercuts;
- excessive strengthening or weakening of the seams;
- not brewed craters;
- burns;
- parameters of fillet weld legs.
Magnifiers and microscopes allow you to detect: - a mandatory step in working with metal.
Turning of metal sheets and parts is used with the help of special equipment. Read more about this.
Do you need high-quality and fast cutting of metal? Effective method described in the link.
Areas of implementation of this methodology
External inspection of the weld is carried out before the cleaning, heat or treatment procedure, as well as after its implementation.
When assessing the quality of a weld, VIC is used:
- As an informative method of describing the general external state.
- As a theoretical method for evaluating the internal condition of a weld and as a reason to recommend a more accurate inspection.
- As an evaluating method for the operating conditions of a given seam, structure, system and the entire product.
- As a control method of detection gross violations technological process.
- As a method for preliminary detention during decommissioning or fixing an emergency.
- As a predictive method of possible places of destruction of structures for a specific set of visible defects found.
- As a final method for assessing and concluding about the correctness, safety and stability of the technological process of manufacturing or repairing a structure.
Visual and measurement control is a very effective method of checking and re-checking the quality of industrial materials and welded joints when performing construction works and upon receipt of an act of completion of construction, an act of commissioning, as well as various other technical acts.
Based on the results of the VIC, a register of work and registration of the VIC and the VIC Act are drawn up.
"Act of visual and / or measuring control"
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| ACT N ___ from _______ visual and measuring control | |||||||||||||
| 1. In accordance with the work order (application) |
| completed |
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| type of control | ||||||||||
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| name and dimensions of the controlled object, | |||||||||||
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| code of documentation, specifications, drawing, batch, number of the control object | |||||||||||||
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| The control was carried out according to |
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| name and/or code of technical documentation | ||||||||||||
| 2. During the control, the following defects were revealed |
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| characterization of defects | ||||||||||||
| dimensions, location and/or orientation for specific objects) | |||||||||||||
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| 3. Conclusion on the results of the VIC |
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| Control fulfilled |
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| Qualification level, qualification no. certificates | Full name, signature | ||||||||||||
| Head of work on VIC |
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| Full name, signature | ||||||||||||
- name and type (type) of the controlled object, its number;
- location and, if necessary, dimensions of controlled areas at the control object;
- conditions for the control;
- production control document, its number;
- method of measuring control and applied devices (tools);
- brand of material and batch number of the control object, as well as the designation of the standard or specification for the material;
- the main characteristics of the identified defects;
- the name or code of the RD, according to which the quality assessment was carried out;
- assessment of control results;
- control date.
Explanations for the execution of the "Act of visual and / or measuring control"
1. Clause 1 indicates the type of control - visual, measuring or VIK, as well as the name of the controlled object, as well as the name and / or ciphers of the production control document and RD, which regulates the requirements for assessing the quality of the controlled object during VIK.
2. When filling out clause 2 of the Act, it indicates all deviations from the norms of normative documents identified during the control of specific objects (pipes, parts, etc.). In cases where the object of control complies with the requirements of ND, a note is made in the act - “There are no defects”. At the same time, the numbers of specific objects are indicated in accordance with the documents cited above. It is allowed to draw up one Act for a batch of pipes and parts of the same type.
Requirements for the content of the "Journal of work accounting and registration of the results of visual and measurement control".
The results of the control of objects are recorded in the "Journal of work accounting and registration of the results of visual and measurement control", which indicates:
It is allowed to use instead of the above other forms of documents developed by the organization in accordance with the requirements of the NTD, which provide identification and traceability of products, fixation of controlled parameters, volumes and methods of control, registration of reporting and accounting documentation by VIC.
It is allowed to issue control results in other documents, the forms of which are given in the current RD, agreed or approved by Rostekhnadzor of Russia.