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Sand is one of the most sought after building materials. Since people use it in economic and construction activities. But, despite the fact that sand literally lies under our feet, the extraction of this mineral on an industrial scale is not an easy task, which requires knowledge of technology and huge financial investments. Therefore, further we will consider how to organize an enterprise for the extraction and production of sand?
How to arrange sand mining?
In order for sand mining to be legal, it is necessary to formalize a quarry and register an enterprise.
It is better to register an enterprise as an LLC on a simplified taxation system. Next, you need to get the right to use the quarry and issue a license.
Such a license is valid for 5 years, but then it can be renewed.
In the process of legalizing a business, you may need the following OKVED codes and regulatory documents:
- 14.21 - "Development of sand and gravel quarries";
- 14.22 - "Extraction of kaolin and clay."
- GOST 8736-93 - “Construction sand. THAT";
- GOST 4417-75 - "Quartz sand for welding".
Sand mining technology
The choice of sand extraction technology depends on the origin of the building material - quarry, sea or river. Sand extraction can be carried out by the following methods:
- open,
- closed.
Sand mining
Sand mining is more common. With this technology, scrapers, dump trucks, excavators, cable cars and other equipment are used. Deposits of non-metallic minerals are usually hidden under layers of soil and clayey rocks. They are called overburdens.
Before sand mining begins, scrapers and bulldozers carry out overburden work. This prevents the ingress of various impurities into the sand. The ratio of the volume of the rock layer to the total volume of minerals is called the overburden ratio. The next operation is the laying of trenches for working ledges and transport routes. The ledge height is determined technical specifications excavator.
Typically, a single-bucket or multi-bucket excavator is used to extract sand. The bucket volume of this special equipment varies from 0.25 to 15 m3.
The sand that is extracted by this method is usually yellow-orange in color and is not the best in terms of its properties. Therefore, in the future, it is cleaned, after which the material can be used in the preparation of plaster and masonry mortars, in the production of bricks.
Sand mining technology by closed (hydromechanized) method
Extraction of sand from the bottom of reservoirs is carried out by hydromechanized method. For the development of underwater deposits, dredgers or floating installations are used. They look like a pontoon, which is fixed and moved using anchors, cables and pile devices. This equipment is equipped with a dredger - powerful pump. A mechanical ripper and a dredger are lowered to the bottom of the reservoir. These devices work together, and the loosened sand is sucked into the pipe and then, in the form of a slurry, moves along the floating slurry pipeline, which consists of pipe sections and floats.
Finally, the pulp (a mixture of sand and water) is placed in hydraulic dumps, from where the water flows back into the reservoir. Simultaneously with this operation, the mineral is washed away from clay and dust-like impurities.
Sand Quarry Business Plan
Objective of the project– extraction of uneven-grained quartz sand from a deposit (quarry) and its sale on the territory of the Russian Federation.
It is planned that the development of deposits at the enterprise will be carried out by an open method. Favorable mining and geological conditions make it possible to carry out overburden operations simultaneously with the extraction of minerals. The average ledge height for a quartz sand deposit is 5 meters - 1 ledge, and the maximum slope angle is 35-40°.
In deposits of quartz sand, water can be cut at a depth of about 8 meters. The flow rate of water is not significant, at which all work can be carried out without pumping. Capex for sand mining
Equipment purchase costs
1. Excavator "Hyundai R220LC-9S" (manufactured in Korea).
Specifications:
- power - 194 kW / 263 hp;
- bucket volume - 1.43 m 3;
- digging depth - 6 440 mm.
The price of the excavator is 5,744,681 rubles.
2. Loader "SEM 639 B", 1.7 m 3.
- Bucket volume - 3.0 m 3;
- Engine power - 162/220 kW / hp;
The price of the loader is 1,468,085 rubles.
3. Car dump truck KrAZ - 6510.
Specifications:
- Load capacity - 18,000 kg;
- The volume of the platform is 12 m 3 .
The price of the car is 2,648,936 rubles.
4. Insulated trailer. Price - 478,723 rubles.
5. Walkie-talkie. The price is 24,468 rubles.
6. Fire shield. The price is 8,511 rubles.
7. Tanks 200 liters for fuel. Price - 28723 rubles;
8. Tank for oil 200 liters. Price - 9,574 rubles;
9. Solar heater. Price - 4,255 rubles;
10. Gas stove. Price - 7,447 rubles;
11. Gas cylinder. Price - 3,191 rubles;
12. Drinking tanks. Price - 5,106 rubles;
13. Diesel generator for the trailer. Price - 350,000 rubles;
14. Tables. Price - 4,255 rubles;
15. Chairs. Price - 2,128 rubles;
16. Refrigerator. The price is 5,318 rubles.
Total capital expenditures: - 10,799,401 rubles.
The cost of renting equipment from Europe for the transport of goods (per year):
- Tractor "Volvo" (7 pcs.). Price - 24,592,340 rubles;
- Tipper semi-trailer "Schwarzmuller" (7 pcs.).
Specifications:
- Payload - 33 tons;
- Own weight - 9.2 tons.
Price - 10,876,882 rubles;
Installation of waterworks (7 units) - 1,000,851 rubles;
Customs operations - 2,861,150 rubles;
Delivery costs - 1,340,425 rubles.
Total: 40,671,648 rubles.
Payroll costs for production personnel at a mineral deposit
Foreman (1 person) - salary per month - 31,915 rubles; per year - 382,980 rubles.
Excavator operator (2 people) - salary per month - 80,064 rubles; per year - 960,768 rubles;
Loader driver (1 person) - salary per month - 30,532 rubles; per year - 366,384 rubles.
KrAZ driver (1 person) - salary per month - 42,553 rubles; per year - 510,636 rubles.
Accountant (1 person) - salary per month - 20,766 rubles; per year - 249,192 rubles.
Watchman (2 people) - salary per month - 34,021 rubles; per year - 408,252 rubles.
Cook (1 person) - salary per month - 20,766 rubles; per year - 249,192 rubles.
total fund wages for the year will be - 3,127,404 rubles
Quarrying costs
Fire extinguisher (3 pcs.) - 4,468 rubles;
Refueling a gas cylinder - 5,957 rubles;
Construction helmets (3 pcs.) - 2,553 rubles;
Golitsy (10 pairs) - 1064 rubles;
Raincoats (3 pcs.) - 2,872 rubles;
Construction shovels (5 pcs.) - 1,277 rubles;
Lantern on the trailer (1 pc.) - 2,128 rubles;
Overalls and footwear for 5 people - 53,191 rubles;
Ax (2 pcs.) - 1,702 rubles;
Hammers (3 pcs.) - 702 rubles;
Sledgehammer (3 pcs.) - 3,191 rubles;
Forceps (3 pcs.) - 638 rubles;
Screwdrivers (3 sets) - 2,128 rubles.
Wrenches (3 sets) - 15,957 rubles;
Pliers (5 pcs.) - 532 rubles;
Carriers (3 pcs.) - 511 rubles;
Dog (2 pcs.) - 6,383 rubles.
Total: 105,254 rubles.
Calculation of the cost of food for workers in a quarry
The cost of 1 lunch is 117 rubles;
Number of workers - 9 workers;
The cost of lunch per month is 22,117 rubles;
The cost of lunch per year is 265,404 rubles.
Other costs
The cost of feeding 2 dogs per year will be 61,277 rubles.
Rental costs (per year): a house in a village near a quarry - 76,595 rubles;
Waste truck - 12,766 rubles;
Total: 89,361 rubles.
Advertising costs
- Billboard rental (3 pcs.) - 38,298 rubles;
- Advertising in the newspaper - 5,106 rubles;
- Advertising on the radio - 10,638 rubles;
Total costs per month - 54,042 rubles;
Total per year - 108,084 rubles.
indirect costs
- The consumption of diesel fuel for the maintenance of the fleet of special equipment is 17 liters per year. average cost diesel fuel is 30 rubles per liter;
- The consumption of lubricants for the operation of auxiliary equipment is 3,000 liters per year. The price of lubricants is 22 rubles / liter;
- Equipment utilization rate - 0.2;
The total cost of fuel and lubricants will be: (17,000 * 30 + 3,000 * 22) * 0.2 = 115,200 rubles.
Sand tax deduction costs
For the period from January 1 to December 31, 2013, the sand extraction rate is 5.5%.
The total cost of paying the tax will be: 0.055 * 77,750,000 = 4,276,250 rubles.
Total costs for sand extraction are: 48,819,882 rubles.
Revenue
Annual production of quartz sand:
- Fine-grained sand - 60,000 m 3;
- Medium-grained sand - 70,000 m 3;
- Coarse-grained sand (screening) - 80,000 m 3;
- Sand of increased size - 45,000 m 3.
Revenue for the year will be:
- From the sale of fine-grained sand (Price - 150 rubles / m 3): 60,000 * 150 \u003d 9,000,000 rubles.
- From the sale of medium-grained sand (Price - 300 rubles / m 3): 70,000 * 300 \u003d 21,000,000 rubles;
Sand is a bulk substance that is mainly used in the construction industry. Most of its production is used to meet the needs public utilities, creating landscape designs, glass production and construction.
Where is the sand mined?
Sand is an irreplaceable natural raw material, but some people do not even think about where the sand is mined. Material can be retrieved from the following locations:
- In the rivers
- In the seas
- On the plains.
- In the mountains.
Raw materials mined in different places have different properties that are taken into account when choosing the scope of use.
Features of individual types
On the river bottom, fine-grained sand is mined, which, thanks to a constant flow of water, is washed from impurities of clay and silt. It is well suited for finishing work.
Sand extracted from the sea is used to create concrete and building mixtures. This is due to the fact that for such production plays important role where did the raw material come from. Sea sand is richer in impurities and after cleaning and enrichment is excellent for these purposes.
On the plains and in the mountains, mining is carried out in a quarry way. Material brought to the ground is often contaminated with impurities such as clay or lime inclusions. Therefore, during extraction, all raw materials are sieved and washed. The sand mined in this area is well suited for use in construction and asphalt production.
Quartz sand
Quartz sand deserves special attention - which is a material obtained by mining natural rounded sand or processing rocks based on silicon.
Quartz has excellent sorption capacity and allows removing iron and manganese from water. Such sand is quite resistant to mechanical, physical, atmospheric and other influences, due to which it is actively used in the production of finishing materials and in landscape design. One of its unusual uses is catering because it is used to make coffee.
Mining methods
If we talk about how sand is mined, it is worth noting that there are two main methods:
- Underwater.
- Open.
The first method involves mining in quarries, previously flooded, using special equipment:
- Draglaynov.
- Skeperov.
- Excavator.
To obtain raw materials in this way, special floating installations are used, which are a pontoon that can be fixed in one place with the help of cables and anchors.
Dredge pumps are necessarily placed on the installations, which are nothing more than powerful centrifugal pumps. Their throats sink to the bottom where they suck up the sand and crush it with their built-in baking powder. After mining, the material is pumped through the slurry pipeline to the shore where it is dried. The main advantage of this method is that it allows you to clean the material from all impurities.
With an open-pit mining method, quarries can be both dry and flooded. In this case, the depth of the substance can be different both under the surface itself and below the groundwater level. At the same time, the quarry, depending on the method by which the extraction is planned, can be either flooded or dry.
Mining sites located on the slopes of the mountains, as a rule, are called slope quarries. They are characterized by the fact that the location of the material is located above the level of the terrain, in connection with this, an exclusively dry method of obtaining is used.
Types of quarry sand
Different quarries supply different sand. The extracted material is different in structure, grain size and composition. The color is yellow, red, brown or white, depending on the minerals.
Usually deposits in destroyed rocks are shallow under the soil layer. The size of sand grains ranges from 0.15 mm to 5 mm. There are fine-grained (grain up to 2 mm), medium-grained (from 2 to 2.8 mm) and coarse-grained (up to 5 mm) sand.
The specificity of this type of sand is its heterogeneous composition and impurities (a consequence of quarrying), which reduces the technical properties. Often this is a disadvantage, but sometimes it is an advantage. For example, clay gives elasticity and mobility. Cheap and quite versatile. The main application is construction and road works and landscaping.
Uncleaned quarry sand - backfilling trenches or leveling for construction.
Uncleaned quarry sand To improve its properties, it is additionally processed and cleaned, large parts of the rock are removed. The final properties depend on the extraction option: washing, screening or open pit. As a result, there are:
Alluvial quarry sand Alluvial quarry sand (washed) - from flooded deposits and quarries. Inclusions are removed from it by hydromechanical devices. Washed quarry sand - clean, without impurities. Alluvial sand is suitable for concrete, reinforced concrete and bricks, road surfaces.
Quarry seeded sand Quarry seeded sand is sifted technically and mechanically from large particles and stones through a system of sieves. Great for plaster, cement mortar or foundation casting.
How is sand mined in a quarry?
Sand from a quarry: mining features The most popular is the open method, when the opening method and simple equipment are used: a bulldozer, an excavator, etc. Occasionally explosives are used. Occasionally, specialized equipment may be used. For example, with an open method - a sieve for stones and clay.
In quarries flooded with water, a hydromechanical pump is used to take sand from the bottom. It is placed on a pontoon or ship. The sucked-in mass goes through a special channel and is divided into clean sand and water.
The use of quarry sand
The use of quarry sand The scope of application is not limited to the children's sandbox. Widely used in construction and national economy. In everyday life they sprinkle with quarry sand park paths and sidewalks in winter. Add to potting soil. Quarry sand is a good septic tank and filter. Used to protect against spoilage of vegetables at the bases.
Sand is environmentally safe and easy to use, which is very important in the production of bricks and concrete.
For example, large alluvial quarry sand is used in high-strength concrete and reinforced concrete. The absence of impurities gives exceptional strength and durability. They also make borders out of it, paving slabs, drainage and a basis under a roadbed.
The use of quarry sand for plants Washed fine quarry sand is added to decorative grouts and putties. Screened quarry sand is used in foundations, in cements, asphalt, plasters, self-leveling floors, when decorating flower beds, paths and playgrounds, to create bulk structures.
Washed sand - dry building mixtures, high-quality concrete, reinforced concrete and foundations. Qualitative quartz sand - glass production.
Which sand is better quarry or river?
river sand According to GOST, river and quarry sand are not distinguished. You can’t say for sure which is better: quarry or river sand? The main difference between quarry and river is the qualitative composition. The river one is clean, without impurities and third-party particles, and the quarry contains other clay.
Clay and organics occupy up to 10% of the composition. In river sand, clay is not more than 1%, and in quarry sand it can reach up to 10% or more. Organic impurities can cause fermentation in the mortar. In the river - there is little or no organic matter at all. Because of this, uncleaned quarry sand is almost unsuitable for construction, because. their cement strength decreases.
River sand grains are round and smooth from the long-term action of water. Essential filter media.
Quarry sand The uneven surface of quarry sand gives good adhesion to the mortar and after cleaning, it is preferable for cement than river sand.
The price of river sand is 1.5 - 2 times higher than quarry sand due to the development process and properties.
The choice of “quarry or river” will require an assessment of the composition and technical capabilities and the nature of the construction.
Processed sand from a quarry is often qualitatively superior to river sand. It all depends on the source and degree of processing.
Specifications
The grain is uneven, with a rough porous surface, which gives adhesion of grains of sand to cement.
Specific gravity for bulk materials, it is equal to the ratio of mass in kilograms to volume in cubic meters. The density of quarry sand is equal to the specific gravity.
Bulk density is also measured - the density of uncompacted sand, which varies from humidity and mechanical shaking. For example, an increase in moisture reduces density. Sand grains are covered with water and move apart. Compaction reduces the grain distance, on the contrary, increasing the density.
The density is also affected by the quality composition. The more clay, the higher the density and vice versa. The size of the grains also matters. Larger fraction - less density.
Larger fraction - less density How many tons in 1 cube of quarry sand? Depends on density and fraction. The specific gravity of fine-grained sand is 1700-1800 kg / cu. Medium and coarse-grained - 1500-1600 kg / cu. The wetter the sand, the greater its mass. 1 cube of quarry sand with a moisture content of 5 - 7% weighs, respectively, about 1.7 - 1.8 tons.
Filtration coefficient - the ability to pass water. For quarry sand, this is 0.5 to 7 m / day, depending on the amount of clay and grain composition.
The radioactivity is associated with the deposit. Mining developments, usually with an increased radiation background. For housing and facilities Agriculture, goes the sand of the first class of radioactivity. For roads, the second and third are allowed.
Sand
- one of the most common building materials. Sand mining is carried out in large volumes. Only in the territory of the Moscow region it is mined in the amount of more than 5.5 million m3, taking into account the LGM. It is used in road works, construction of structures, production of reinforced concrete products and landscaping.
Organizations (companies) for the extraction of sand in the Moscow region offer a wide range of types of this material throughout the region. Thanks to this, any construction tasks can be realized.
How is sand extracted?
In the Moscow region, the following mining methods are used:
- open pit mining sand. The development of quarries is initiated using special equipment. Different technologies provide an opportunity to obtain ordinary quarry, alluvial and seeded sand. All these types are used in construction and other areas of human activity;
- mining of river sand. This procedure makes it possible to obtain a material with a minimum impurity content. It is considered to be very pure. To accomplish this task, dredgers are used to extract sand. They are immersed in water from special floating platforms, after which they begin to suck up material from the bottom. After that, the sand is transported to the place of drying and storage through communications laid in the ground.
Quarry sand
The extraction of sand in a quarry provides an opportunity to obtain one of the cheapest varieties of this material. Due to the high content of impurities (clay, plant residues and other biocomponents), it is used mainly in rough work.
In order to improve the quality of the extracted material, the sand pit can be equipped with alluvial and sowing devices. Such material is more expensive, but it is cleaner and has a wide range of applications.
Radiance cleaning involves passing through several sieves with different mesh sizes. As a result, most of the impurities are eliminated.
Alluvial technology involves the processing of large volumes of water. During the work, clay and other impurities are washed out. This process is similar to that which takes place at the bottom of rivers. But due to the faster impact, the grains of sand retain sharp edges and better adhesive properties.
Washed sand has the widest scope, but its cost will be higher, since the development and extraction of sand require significant financial costs.
river sand
Water beds are one of the best sources of sand. The grains of sand at the bottom are carefully treated with water. Most often, sand gets there from mountain peaks, where rocks are eroded. Since the route is quite long, the grains of sand run in and become more rounded.
Such material is in demand in the course of finishing finishing works. It is involved in the process of organizing sandboxes and landscaping.
Most often, building sand is mined in reservoirs. If necessary, it is divided into separate fractions for the implementation of different tasks.
Quarries of the Moscow region
Sand mining in the Moscow region is carried out in industrial scale. On the this moment more than 110 quarries operate (the figure does not include water deposits). In 2009, the reserves of this material, together with AGM, were estimated at 2.1 billion m3. The main production (more than 95%) is carried out by the 10 most large companies. The rest falls on small organizations.
Most of the construction sand production sites are concentrated in Voskresensky, Kashirsky, Naro-Fominsk and Ramensky districts. More than 50% of all explored reserves of PGM are located in the Ruza region.
On the territory of the Moscow region, building, river, hydraulic, as well as natural sand of classes I and II are mined. This is quite enough to meet the needs of the region. A significant part of the material is sold abroad.
Licensing
For the official extraction of quarry sand, a license is required. The process of obtaining this document takes place in several stages. First of all, you need to prove the ability of your organization to implement this task:
- preliminary estimate of the subsoil reserve;
- obtain a drilling permit;
- prepare the material and raw material base and documents for participation in the auction to be won.
After that, sand mining sites are put on balance. A license is issued.