It is an erroneous opinion that the inhabitants of the Far North live very poorly and starving. In fact, the inhabitants of the North are a fairly wealthy people who have been engaged in skinning for centuries: people dressed animal skins and sold them. This occupation brought them great profit.
Is it profitable today to engage in the business of dressing skins? The answer is unequivocal - yes! One well-dressed hide can bring in $30-60 in revenue, depending on the type of hide. This craft can be practiced everywhere: for a small type of business, dressing at home is suitable, and for a wider activity, you can organize an enterprise. Working with skins and fur does not require a specific specialty, so that most of the work can be done by unskilled workers, for which it will be enough to master the operation of the appropriate equipment.
little competition
Your small fur company will not suffer from various intrigues of very envious competitors. The fact is that there is practically no x. After the collapse of the state Soviet Union, along with this, almost all fur farms that specialized in growing various fur animals disappeared: mink, arctic fox and others. Also, along with this, enterprises that were engaged in dressing skins disappeared. For this reason, the demand for your services promises to be high.
Even foreign clients will give you orders. Despite active protests and criticism from Greenpeace activists who strongly condemn the production and purchase of products from natural fur, most women abroad do not stop giving preference to Russian furs, namely: mink coats, chinchilla fur hats, as well as designer fox or rabbit boas and mittens. And, a bearskin in front of a fireplace is generally an invariable attribute of any noble house or house of an outstanding noble person.
Organizational issues and business plan
Once you have made the decision to start your own tanning business, you need to draw up a detailed business plan. If everything is not calculated to the smallest detail, then you can easily go bankrupt. You should not refuse to consult a lawyer, you can get very valuable information that will be useful in your work. Moreover, in our country there is a list of animals whose skins must be handed over to the state. This list includes such animals as: fox, squirrel, ermine, marten, lynx, beaver, sable and so on. So dressing the skins of a beaver, a fox, requires special conditions business.
Also, in order to establish a profitable and profitable business need to establish cooperation with foreign customers
A serious moment in the preparation of a business plan is the correct assessment of the market. In order to accurately assess your capabilities, you need to carefully analyze the fur and leather market in your region, decide which type of product is most popular and in demand, and what competitors represent. Also, in order to establish a profitable and profitable business, it is necessary to establish cooperation with foreign clients. You need to do this at the very beginning. At the first stages of cooperation with foreign clients, you should not expect big profits, since the cost of your products will not be high, the reputation will not yet be developed, but such cooperation is for the future.
What a newbie needs to know
Having decided to go into this type of business and having solved all the necessary organizational issues for this, as well as directing your business to right direction, you need to start your activity on dressing skins. To do this, in our faith, it is not at all necessary to live in the northern regions of the country. This type of activity can be engaged in being in any locality, since getting material for work is not such a big problem today. Even if you do not have your own fur farm or you are not a hunter, you can buy skins.
For example, dressing rabbit skins is the best option for beginners. First, rabbit skins have a low purchase price. It makes it possible to get a small initial capital and reduces the risk of large losses in the initial stages of dressing skins. Secondly, tanned rabbit skins are in great demand, as rabbit fur products have a low price, and this in turn contributes to an increase in the number of customers, as well as an increase in demand. Dressing rabbit skins is also beneficial for the owners of rabbit farms. In this case, production is obtained with virtually no waste.
Farmland and tanning
It is worth remembering other types farming. Any farm can be a good base for starting a tanning business. With your own fur farm, you will exclude from your technological cycle moments like. The supplier of the material, as a result of this, you can significantly reduce the cost of your products and increase your net profit, that is, you will get a full cycle.
The dressing of goat skins is also relevant. Goat skin is popular among manufacturers of leather shoes and other leather products. Sheepskins are also popular in our country. Sheep breeding is carried out everywhere, so there will also be many customers for dressing sheepskins.
Rabbits, goats, sheep, this is by no means a complete list of animals whose skins can bring a good income. In this case, the main thing is to first study consumer demand and identify real customers.
In order to conduct a business of dressing skins on an industrial scale, you will need special equipment:
- Chipper, intended for preliminary haircut;
- Retractable drums are used for punching and hauling skins;
- Breaking machine, to give the fur after hauling and tanning skins, cleanliness and plasticity;
- Apparatus for softening skins;
- carding machine;
- Shearing machine designed for cutting hair;
- Skinning leather machine for sheepskin skinning;
- Mining machine for medium-sized skins. Necessary for dressing rabbit skins;
- Skin centrifuge.
Where can you learn?
When it comes to acquiring skills and relevant experience for skinning, there are many options for acquiring them. There are free video courses, paid training courses, training directly at the enterprise that is engaged in dressing skins. As for the latter option, in most cases a subsidiary is opened, which affects the profits of the main enterprise, but at the same time, risks are reduced.
For example, it is worth noting that the inhabitants of the Far North, the Far East and Siberia are well versed in the craft of dressing skins. Dressing skins is their "horse". Since, for centuries, the inhabitants of these regions have been dressing skins for their own needs, as well as for subsequent sale. Therefore, these masters will be able to tell you about the secrets of your chosen craft.
Beautiful leather products are always popular. Of course, there are a lot of accessories made in the factory. But their quality will never be compared with handicrafts. Potential buyers not even embarrassed by their very high price. After all, having at your disposal a stylish little thing made of genuine leather is prestigious and fashionable.
Before purchasing materials, you should first decide what exactly you would like to produce. Most master leather workers are self-taught. They mastered all the subtleties of the business by trial and error.
Youtube videos and master classes can also help in mastering the craft. You can ask colleagues on specialized forums about individual intricacies of the case. Usually they share them without any intention. Can be of great help.
You should start a business with simple, uncomplicated accessories. For example, with the manufacture of leather belts. There is little work with them, but they are constantly in demand. This approach will allow you to fill your hand and develop your own author's style. Later it will be possible to manufacture more expensive exclusive items.
Where to find suppliers?
You can purchase the necessary leather raw materials in different ways. Usually craftsmen are not directly engaged in dressing, they acquire already dressed leather. Most favorable prices offer special leather enterprises. But they, as a rule, the skin is released only in large quantities. Which at the initial stages of business development is an insurmountable obstacle.
Also in almost every major city there is specialized stores, where you can buy not only leather, but also all the necessary accessories. Tanners living far from regional centers can shop online.
If you plan to make small souvenirs and accessories, then you should try to negotiate with small ateliers to buy scraps. Indeed, whole skins are sometimes sent to marriage, on the surface of which a very small flaw is found. Another channel for the supply of leather raw materials is second-hand. They sell a lot of leather things for a ridiculous price.
What equipment will be required?
Usually, novice craftsmen make the most minimal margin, just to cover the cost of materials. At the initial stages, there is no question of compensation for the time and effort spent.
To determine the final assortment, you need to constantly study the sales market. Fashion for certain products is constantly changing. Usually stable in high demand use wallets, purses and business card holders.
We select personnel
Finding good workers is not an easy task. who know their business well are worth their weight in gold. Perhaps the best option is to hire an apprentice who will learn the secrets of leatherworking with you.
Also, unemployed relatives or just good friends can be used as staff. You can place an ad on specialized resources such as Avito.
How and where to sell finished products
It directly depends on how developed the sales market is. Promote your products as actively as possible. It is worth working not only for individual orders, but also for the mass consumer. Profit will be much higher if you can combine the two above presented schemes of work.
One of the most accessible distribution channels is the Internet. Its possibilities are not limited to anything.
Initially, you can create a small online store on a free platform or take advantage of the opportunities social networks. It is also worth visiting special crafts fairs. In the promotion of goods important role visual images play. quality, beautiful pictures with the right entourage, they can sell anything.
Offline stores are also capable. Perhaps, in the first couple, it will be most beneficial for you to agree on the delivery of goods for sale or rent of a small showcase. Later, if everything is successful, it will be possible to swing at your own department or a small shop.
Is it worth registering a business and certifying products
Whether or not a business, everyone decides for themselves. On the one hand, tax payments and other payments will take away part of the income, on the other hand, if you reach a higher level, you cannot do without registration.
If you have plans for a serious expansion of your business, you should probably think about product certification. The rules for passing certification and obtaining a declaration of conformity are specified in technical regulations Customs Union.
To confirm the competitiveness of products and expand distribution channels, both mandatory and voluntary certification should be passed. For each of these procedures, a separate one is assembled, which is then submitted to the certification center.
I believe that this type of business is quite profitable now, and has always been. But just like in any other field, it requires specific knowledge and skills. Therefore, it is necessary to approach this issue with a certain amount of knowledge, or to select competent personnel.
Reply
I can sew a few things out of leather, for example, a clutch bag, a wallet, bracelets, and so on.
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Fur products have been valued and valued at all times. Working with this material is not easy, however, those who have learned how to turn animal skins into magnificent garments always have good income. Dressing skins at home as a business is good because it is not necessary to rent a room, the necessary set of tools and equipment is minimal. Over time, you can expand production to the volume of a small workshop.
- How much can you earn from skinning?
- What equipment to choose for dressing skins at home
- Skinning technology
- A step-by-step plan for starting a tanning business
- How much money do you need to start a business
- What OKVED must be indicated when registering a dressing activity
- What documents are needed to open
- What system of taxation to choose for the activity
- Do I need permission to start a business
How much can you earn from skinning?
The net income from one fur skin is from 15 to 50 dollars. The competition in this type of business is weak. The technology of dressing has been known since ancient times. She hasn't changed much over time. Most often, any patient person can master it. Fur is usually bought from hunters or on farms where fur animals are grown. Over time, you can rent land and build your own farm.
The most low-cost business is the dressing of inexpensive rabbit skins at home. This is not a very valuable fur, and even failures on initial stage production will not lead to large financial losses. Dressing sable, fox, squirrel, scribe and beaver requires a certain amount of experience and skills.
What equipment to choose for dressing skins at home
For the equipment of the workshop, a room with an area of 40 sq.m. will be quite enough. For high-quality work with rabbit or beaver skins, you will need not only hand tools, but also some settings:
It's not a very sophisticated piece of equipment. It can be made to order. The cost usually does not exceed 2 thousand dollars.
Skinning technology
Consider the processing technology using the example of one fur. Sheepskin dressing begins immediately after removing it from the animal. If there is a lot of material, and they do not have time to process it, then, like the skins of a rabbit and a beaver, they are preserved. You can use several methods for this:
- wet-salty;
- dry-salted;
- fresh-dry;
- acid-salt.
At home, for rabbit or beaver fur, the second method is used. Salt does not allow the skin to dry out and reliably protects it from exposure to oxygen and bacteria. Calculating the amount of salt is easy. Mezdra should not be visible from under the preparation layer. The skins are stored either in the hallway if it is winter, or in the shade if it is summer.
There is an opinion among professionals that for mass production best view canning acid-salt. Aluminum alum and ammonium chloride are added to the main ingredient. In such a solution, the material can be stored for the longest time.
Dressing sheepskin is considered a laborious and lengthy process. In addition to the skills and knowledge of the master, special chemicals and compounds will also be required. The process consists of the following stages:
Here is another list of materials and solutions that will be needed to work with rabbit and beaver skins:
- water;
- bran;
- salt;
- acid for car batteries;
- soda;
- hoof oil.
It can take about a month to finish one rabbit and beaver skin at home. Beginners can try to do this without interrupting the main lesson. Before processing, the skin is weighed. This is necessary in order to correctly calculate the ingredients for solutions for fur skinning, tanning, pickling and degreasing. Usually the skins are processed by the submersible method. The product is completely placed in the solution. If the skin is one, then it can simply be smeared with a brush or swab. You need to do this several times, as it absorbs.
The initial stage of sheepskin dressing is the soaking of the product. Also come with the skins of rabbit and beaver. It lasts for several days. Then do pickling. To do this, prepare a solution of acetic acid and salt. In it, the product is soaked for 1-3 days. The material is placed in a large tank, where it can mix freely. Then comes the second stage of pickling in sulfuric solution. It takes 12 hours in duration. After the skin is washed.
To remove acid residue from rabbit, beaver or sheepskin skins, they are treated with baking soda. This is especially important for the fur that will be transferred for tailoring.
After washing, the product must be hung on the crossbar to dry. The skin should be rubbed with hoof oil so that it does not dry out while it is still wet. Sometimes the oil is replaced with a mixture of egg white and glycerin. On the carp, the product is fixed with nails and hung in the shade.
Check the skin of a rabbit, beaver or sheepskin every day. It is important not to overdry it. Products must be elastic, then it can be removed from the frame. From the inside, the skin is treated with a metal scraper. This will give the product even more elasticity. Scrub the skin until it resembles suede. After that, it is dried in a cool room for several more days.
If the work with inexpensive fur was successful, then dressing beaver skins and more valuable fur at home will also be within your power. Fundamentally, the technologies are no different. The quantity of ingredients for the solution and their quality may vary. It is important to arrange the timely purchase of skins and their sale. This at the first stage will have to be done by the master himself. Over time, you can hire workers, determine for each cycle a separate specialist. So dressing valuable fur at home will be much faster and more smoothly.
Another profitable business idea. Processing animal skins - profitable and profitable
Is it profitable to dress animal skins? you ask after reading the title of this article. And we, in turn, will offer to draw your attention to the peoples of the North. Those who have been dressing skins from time immemorial have never starved. Believe me, even today dressing and trading in skins remains a highly profitable business.
Organization of the processing of skins
Where to start if you decide to start your own business skin processing animals in order to work exclusively for themselves? You need to make a smart plan. Consider all sorts of details. It will be useful to consult with specialists on the legal aspects of organizing a business. In Russia, a strict list of animals has been established, the skins of which are prescribed by law to be used only by the state. It includes furs such as lynx, sable, mink, ermine, fox fur. That is, it becomes clear that the organization of the case will require a competent and thoughtful approach.
It is also important to organize a leather and fur market in the region where you plan to develop your business. The weak fullness of the market, the lack of competition at the initial stage will only play into the hands.
In order to develop business, you should try to conclude cooperation agreements with foreign buyers. At first, you should not bet on foreign clients. However, later it can significantly help in business development.
Information for beginners
Dressing of animal skins does not have to take place in a region where hunting is developed. It is easier to arrange the organization of the skins of hunted animals from hunters than to organize your own fur farm and subsequent slaughter.
They usually start with the dressing of rabbit skins. Rabbit skins are relatively inexpensive, due to the fact that there is no shortage of them. Therefore, you do not need to invest a lot of money in turnover at the initial stage. Rabbit skins are in constant demand in the fur market, because products made from the skins of this furry animal are also relatively inexpensive.
Farm and skin processing
It is important to consider more than one option for business development. Indeed, today almost any farm can become the basis for a subsequent business in the field of dressing skins.
If you become a farmer and grow furs yourself, then you automatically cease to depend on the supplier of skins. It is economically beneficial in the sense that the cost of skins coming to you for processing will decrease.
Pay attention to the establishment of goat farms. Dressing the skins of these animals is very relevant. The demand for products made from the skins of these animals is growing. This is a fairly low-cost venture.
Sheepskins are also in considerable demand. Sheep can be raised in any region, they do not require special climatic conditions for living.
Before you start implementing your business strategy, try to look for contacts of those who will become your future customers.
Business training
There are many options available to learn the basics of skinning. These are specialized courses and trainings of practicing masters of their craft. You can apply for training directly to large-scale production. This option no longer involves the development of one's own business, but the continuation of large-scale production in one's own region. This significantly reduces income, but with a competent approach it is also very profitable, especially at the initial stage.
One of the best craftsmen skin dressing live in the North and Far East. Many residents adopted the secrets of craftsmanship from their ancestors, who were traditionally engaged in this craft.
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The dressing of cattle skins is a complex process. From dressed skins of large cattle get high-quality leather, from which they sew: clothes, shoes, bags, belts, upholstery for furniture. Products are strong and durable.
After removing the skin from the animal, they begin to preserve it so that it can be stored and transported longer. You can save skins from damage in the following way.
- First clean from dirt, blood, fat and meat deposits, and then quickly dry in the air, hanging the skin on poles. When dry, the development of putrefactive bacteria in the skin stops. This method of preservation is practiced in warm weather and in the absence of salt.
- The cleaned skin is laid out on a clean floor with the hair down and the mezra is sprinkled with a thick layer of salt. Salt can be rubbed into the skin. The skin is folded into an envelope and salted for two days in a cool place. At the end of the process, the skin is hung out on poles in the air to dry.
- The skin can be preserved for a month in a wet-salty state, sprinkling the mezra with a thick layer of salt, the ends of the skin must be wrapped so that the brine does not flow out.
It is very difficult to dress cattle skins at home due to their large size and weight (15-25 kg). All processes must be mechanized; for water operations, a mechanical longboat or a converted domestic concrete mixer is needed. To facilitate the work, you can cut a large skin into 4 parts or into two parts along the ridge. All dressing work is carried out in a special warm room equipped with containers for processing skins, fixtures, tables and cabinets for tools and chemicals. The room must be equipped with an exhaust hood, plumbing and draining of the waste liquid.
Soaking hides
In order to obtain high-quality leather, raw materials must be properly soaked. The skins must be washed with chemical solutions and water, cleaned of blood, dirt, preservatives, fats. Mezdra should be close to the paired state over the entire area of the skin. Soaking is carried out in two stages.
At the first stage, washing is carried out using surfactants for 3-4 hours. The temperature of the solution is 25 degrees. The LCD for a longboat is 5. The skins are loaded into the longboat in the evening.
The composition of the solution: salt 20 g / l, any antiseptic: formalin or KFN (sodium silicate fluoride) - 1 g / l. Washing powder or liquid soap - 2 g / l. The skins are stirred for 10 minutes every hour. At the end of washing, the dirty solution is drained and a new solution is prepared for soaking. The skins are loaded, mixed and left overnight.
The composition of the solution: LC = 5, temperature 35 degrees. The soaking time for different canning methods is different. Wet-salted method of preservation 2-4 hours, dry-salted - 8-12 hours, fresh-dry - 24 hours. In the morning, the skins are pulled out, spread on the goats to drain the liquid. The spent liquid is drained.
Mezdrenie 1
Skinning is carried out to remove the remnants of meat and fat on the dermis with the help of or manually on the deck with a two-handed dead end. It is necessary to work with a dead end carefully to prevent cuts and snatches of the skin.
gilding
To obtain high-quality skin from cattle skins, you need to remove the hairline. To do this, carry out the ashing of the skin.
When greening with lime and sodium sulfate, the hairline with the dermis is weakened and the skin swells. Collagen fibers are loosened, interfiber proteins are dissolved, the epidermis is destroyed, the skin enters into alkaline fat. The skin absorbs water, swells, becomes elastic. The time the skin is in the ash pan affects the softness. To obtain thick leather for the soles of shoes, the time spent in the ash pan is not significant, but for the leather of the uppers of shoes and clothes, the time is calculated in several days. Depending on the type, thickness and purpose of the leather, the time ranges from one to eight days.
Lime slaking is carried out in a separate container for 3 liters of water, 1 kg of quicklime until a suspension is formed in the form of liquid sour cream. The consumption for one fourth of the skin of cattle is 40 g of sodium sulfide and 160 g of lime. The skins are laid out in containers, poured with an ash solution, once a day the skins are shifted and the weakening of the hair in the bulbs is monitored. As soon as this moment is determined, they begin to remove the hairline.
Hair trim
Hair removal in small workshops is carried out on tables using wooden scrapers or on decks using two-handed scrapers; in large industries, dehairing is carried out on wool machines.
The skins are laid out on the tables with the hair up and the hair is removed with the help of wooden scrapers. After such an operation, the semi-finished product is called naked.
After removing the hair, the skins are again laid out in a sulfide-lime ash pan, for each skin, the time the hide is in the ash solution is different. As a result of gilding, an elastic swollen pelt is obtained, freed from wool, from proteins and non-protein components. The properties of the skin are significantly affected by the time spent by the hide in the ash pan, as a result of which the strength, porosity, plasticity, breathability, softness and rigidity of the leather change. At the end of the gilding process, the face and bakhtarma are cleaned.
Mezdrenie 2
Repeated skinning is done on the deck, the skins are laid out face down and bakhtarma is cleaned with a two-handed scraper.
Face cleaning
The face of the skin also needs to be cleaned. Unwashed proteins, lime, sodium sulfide, the remains of hair follicles remain in the thickness of the skin, they need to be squeezed out, otherwise it will be difficult to rinse. The skins are laid out on the tables face up and plastic spatulas clean the face of the skins with movements from the middle to the edges. Then carry out the weighing of the hide.
flushing
After chaffing, the rind is washed. The skins are immersed in a longboat or concrete mixer and washed several times to clean water with continuous stirring. First, they are washed in water at 25 - 28 degrees, and then in water at 18 - 20 degrees. During the washing process, the remains of the ash liquid are removed from the skin, the skin becomes denser, becomes thinner and not so slippery. Then the waste water is drained, the skins are allowed to drain right in the longboat.
Anesthesia
When anesthetized, the remains of calcium salts from the skin are removed and neutralized, fat is removed, which helps to eliminate facial breakage. And also conditions are created for softening (growing) of the skin. Deashing is carried out in a longboat with constant stirring, for this, ammonium sulfate (fertilizer) is introduced into the solution.
The composition of the solution: FA = 3, ammonium sulfate - 2 - 3 g / l. The temperature of the solution is 35 - 38 degrees. Duration 2 - 3 hours. After anesthetization, the skin is washed in clean water. At the end, the skin is softened.
softening
The processing of the skin in the aquatic environment with enzyme preparations helps to remove the remains of proteins, the fat is stopped and reduced, the remains of keratin, carbohydrates and fats are removed, the breathability of the skin increases. The skins acquire softness, smoothness, silkiness, the finished skin becomes more elastic and viscous.
For cattle skins, animal pancreas, pancreatin or protosubtilin G-ZX are used as softeners. Softening is carried out for leathers that will be used for shoes, clothing and haberdashery.
The composition of the solution: LC = 3, the temperature of the solution is 38 degrees. When softened by the pancreas, it is crushed and an infusion is made for an hour in a ratio of 1 * 10 in a 2% solution of ammonium sulfate at a temperature of 38 degrees, or in the same ratio, a preparation of pancreatin or protosubtilin is dissolved in water - 1 g / l of one of these. Duration 4 hours. The completeness of softening is determined by the fingerprint. The skin is folded across the floor and squeezed with fingers, an imprint appears on the skin, which then slowly disappears. After softening, the pelt should be not swollen, soft with a silky face, and there should be no pink coloration when tested for phenolphthalein.
The liquid is drained and rinsed using a non-ionic surfactant - washing powder with continuous rotation. The composition of the solution: salt - 3%, powder 0.5% by weight of the hide. The water temperature is 32 degrees. Duration 30 minutes. Then washing in warm water of 28 degrees and ends in water at a temperature of 20 degrees for half an hour.
Pickling
When tanning leather with chromium tanning agent, it is necessary that there is an acidic environment in the thickness of the leather tissue. This contributes to the uniform distribution of tanning agent particles along the collagen fibers. You can pickle the skin with sulfuric, acetic or formic acid or a mixture of acids. The duration of pickling depends on the type of hide, thickness and density. Normally pickled raw materials have a milky white color. The composition of the pickle solution: FA = 2 -5, salt 40 g/l, acetic acid 5 g/l, sulphuric acid- 1.2 g/l or pickling with one acetic acid 7 g/l and salt 50 g/l. Pickling time 24 hours. The temperature of the solution is 30 degrees. The rotation is continuous for 2 hours, then you can leave the longboat for the night.
At the end of pickling, the hide is checked. Check on a skin section with a methyl red indicator. The entire thickness of the cut should be red. The pH of the spent pickle liquid is 3 - 3.4.
Tanning
Leather tanning with chrome tanning agent is now widely used. Dry chromium sulphate with a basicity of 40 - 42% and a chromium oxide content of 25 - 28% is used for all types of leather, including cattle skins. Home craftsmen, when tanning hides, practice the one-bath method of tanning leather. After pickling, the hides begin tanning in the same solution without unloading, pre-dissolved dry tanning agent is introduced, and after the tanning agent has spread in the leather structure, the basicity of the solution is increased with soda. The tanning agent is fixed in the thickness of the hide, as a result of which the properties of tanned leather are acquired: strength increases, does not soak in water, and the welding temperature rises.
The pickling solution is heated to 40 degrees and the tanning agent is introduced in the amount of 9 g/l, the skins are rotated for 10 minutes every hour. After 12 hours of tanning, the solution is heated to 45 degrees and the dissolved dry tanning agent is again added in an amount of 9 g / l. The skins are stirred for 10 minutes every hour. Second tanning 24 hours. After 20 hours of tanning, baking soda 2–3 g/l, diluted in warm water, is added to the solution, the basicity of the solution increases. 4 hours before the end of tanning, neutralization is carried out in the same solution with the addition of baking soda 2.5 g/l and ammonium sulfite 2.5 g/l in 2-3 doses with an interval of 10 minutes. The temperature of the solution is 30 - 35 degrees. The semi-finished product after neutralization is controlled by the indicator bromcresol green. A section of the skin from a dense area should be stained blue. The pH of the waste liquid is 6 - 6.5.
The tanning of the skin is checked by a boiling test (for instrumentation). At the end of tanning, a piece of leather 5 cm by 5 cm is cut off in a thick place. The cut is examined for uniform penetration of the tanning agent into the depths of the skin. The color of the cut should be uniform. The control contour of the piece is measured, then the piece is dipped in boiling water for 3 minutes. If the skin is cooked and curled, then tanning is continued, if it has not curled and the shrinkage is less than 10%, then tanning is considered complete. Weldability of the skin is 80 degrees. Ready-made skins are pulled out, laid out on goats to drain the liquid, then to the bed.
bedding
After draining the liquid, the skins are laid out on the tables in a pile face to face for a bed for 24 hours, covered with cellophane. As a result of soaking, tanning agents are more evenly distributed in the structure of the skin in collagen fibers.
Part-time bakhtarma
The skins are laid on a deck and with the help of a two-handed scraper or a dead end they clean the bakhtarma into fills, thick places are trimmed with a sharp dead end. If possible, plan on a planer. The skins after tanning are pressed, passing through the rollers, and then planed on the machine. Thick skins are doubled.
doubling
Skin obtained from large raw materials (bull-calf, bull-calf, bull-calf) is subjected to doubling, sawn on splitting machines into 2 layers. The top layer is future genuine leather. The bottom layer is called split. The top layer is used for the production of leather furniture, important parts of shoes, bahtar for less important parts of shoes and haberdashery leather.
flushing
Skins are washed in running water, the initial temperature is 35-40 degrees and the final temperature is 60 degrees. Duration 30 minutes with continuous rotation. After washing, the skins are pressed, weighed and dyed.
Leather dyeing
To give the skin a certain color, it is processed by the dipping method in longboats in dye solutions with continuous rotation for 1.5 - 2 hours. Dye the skin with acid and direct dyes. When dyeing with acid dyes, an even color and deep penetration of the dye into the skin are obtained, but the color is not saturated. When dyeing leather with direct dyes, a beautifully dyed leather fabric of high light fastness is obtained. The disadvantage of direct dyes is the shallow coloring of the skin. When dyeing, these two types of painting are combined.
Dyes are used for dyeing leather: direct black “Z” for leather (consumption 2.7% of the weight of planed leather), direct brown “KX” for leather (consumption 0.4%), acid black C (consumption 2%) and acid brown K for leather (consumption 0.2%). Consumption of each dye according to the instructions. Dyes before dyeing are diluted in 40 times the amount of water at a temperature of 75 degrees, the solution is filtered.
Dyeing: LC \u003d 3, ammonia 25% diluted in 10 times the amount of water is introduced into a solution at a temperature of 50 - 60 degrees in a longboat (or concrete mixer) (consumption 0.5% by weight of planed skins). Skins are loaded. After 15 minutes, pour the solution of acid dyes in two prima with an interval of 15 minutes and dye for an hour with continuous rotation. An hour after the start of dyeing, acetic acid is poured (consumption - 60% of the weight of the dyes). Then, in 2 doses, a solution of direct dyes is applied and dyed for another hour until a uniform coloring of the leather tissue is achieved. Painting time 3 hours. After painting, the solution is partially drained to LC = 2, the fat composition is introduced and the skin is fattened by the dipping method for an hour with continuous rotation.
fatliquoring
Fatting leather is one of the important processes in the processing of cattle hides. The purpose of greasing is to give the leather tissue flexibility, softness and good appearance. Greasing is carried out in two ways: dipping and spreading, using a brush. The dipping method is more commonly used. The fat composition is prepared from special pastes. Currently, you can buy domestic drugs, as well as imported (Polish or German). Consumption according to instructions.
The fat emulsion can be prepared from the following components: alizarin oil 40%, fish oil 25% and sulfated fish oil 35% (total weight 100%).
At the end of fatliquoring, washing is carried out in running water at a temperature of 30-35 degrees for 30 minutes. The skin is then hung out to dry.
Drying
The skin is dried on a wire or poles in the air under awnings. In cold weather in warm rooms. After complete drying, the skin is laid out on the table with the bahtarma up and moistened with a sprayer with warm water, then the moistened sheets are stacked face to face and bakhtarma to bakhtarma, covered with cellophane and left for a day for a complete repellant. After moisturizing, the skin is broken in special drums using rubber balls or ingots for 2-3 hours of continuous rotation. Wrinkled skins are taken out and dried. 
Leather dressing
As a result of editing the skins, they increase in size, become thinner. The skins are again moistened with a foam rubber sponge or a sprayer from the side of the bakhtarma and placed in the feet for 2-3 hours. Then each skin is laid out on a wooden shield face up, pulled in all directions and they begin to fix the ends with nails or a stapler, trying to stretch without wrinkles. Dry skin in vertical position wooden shields, using both squares of the shield. Dry in a warm room for 12 - 24 hours. Then finishing operations are carried out.
The dried skins are inspected, the edges are cut off and polished on the machine from the bakhtarma side.
Application of the finish
In order for the face of the skin to have a beautiful appearance, you need to apply a special coating - the finish. Finishing gives the skin shine and color, as a result of which flaws are hidden and water resistance is increased. After degreasing the front layer with Kalosh gasoline or 5% ammonia solution, the first layer of finish is applied in the form of a primer. After 4 hours of drying, a second coat is applied in the form of a color coat and after 6 hours a third coat is applied. Then the skin is dried overnight. To give water-repellent properties, the face of the skin is covered with wax creams and polished with cloth. To obtain a smooth surface, the skin is ironed with a hot iron.
Production of leather from cattle skins on an industrial scale