Russian retail chains as a format of modern retail. The history of the development and emergence of commerce Houses of Trade in the USSR

Retail trade in the USSR

In the early years Soviet power especially acute was the problem of organizing the food supply of the working people. The first measures of the Soviet state were the introduction of workers' control over production and distribution, the creation on October 26 (November 8), 1917 of the People's Commissariat for Food (Narkomprod) to ensure a centralized supply of goods to the population and organize the procurement of agricultural products. In May - June 1918, in connection with the aggravation of supply difficulties, emergency measures were taken to solve the food issue. The "Decree on Food Dictatorship" was adopted, which granted the People's Commissar of Food emergency powers to fight the rural bourgeoisie, who hid grain and speculated in it; decrees on the reorganization of the People's Commissariat for Food and its local bodies and on the organization of committees of the rural poor (kombeds). Much attention was paid to consumer cooperation, which was involved in trade services for the entire population. In 1918, a state monopoly was established on trade in the most important consumer goods (bread, salt, sugar, textiles, etc.), and a ban on private trade was introduced. Trading networks and wholesale warehouses were transferred to the People's Commissariat for Food and its local bodies. These measures undermined the economic positions of the capitalist elements, the struggle against speculation intensified, and opportunities were created for improving the supply of the working people. During the Civil War and foreign intervention of 1918-20. a centralized rationed distribution of consumer goods was established (i.e., in fact, the "card system", introduced for the first time by the Provisional Government in 1917, was revived). The main form of procurement of agricultural products was the "food distribution" introduced in 1919, which made it possible to concentrate in the hands of the state necessary resources to supply the workers of industrial centers and the army.

With the transition to the New Economic Policy (NEP) in 1921, the “surplus appraisal” was replaced by a food tax, small private trade was again allowed, but subject to strict control by the relevant state structures. With its revival, the need for a card system disappeared. importance and high economic efficiency private petty trade proves the fact that, as of 1924, the private sector owned 88% of enterprises retail, its share in the retail turnover was 53%. The organization of internal trade and the regulation of market relations on the scale of the entire national economy, the Soviet state began with wholesale trade. The marketing of the products of large-scale industry was carried out by its governing bodies: from 1922, it began to create special apparatus, industry syndicates and others state organizations(commodity exchanges, fairs, etc.). Cooperative trade also played a major role in wholesale trade during this period. With the strengthening of socialist forms of economy in the country's economy, the development of state and cooperative trade, private intermediaries were squeezed out, first of all from wholesale and then from retail trade. This was facilitated by the government's policy of taxes, tariffs, credit, price reduction, financial assistance to cooperation and other economic measures.

The transition to industrialization, the growth of the urban population and cash income significantly increased the demand for goods, and small-scale Agriculture could not ensure a rapid increase in the production of food and industrial raw materials. This necessitated the transition in 1928 to a rationed supply of the population with basic goods on cards. As the state commodity resources increased, "commercial" trade at higher prices was introduced. Along with the development of cooperative trade, state retail trade grew. Since 1928, the creation of “closed” distributors began, supplying goods to workers and employees, enterprises “attached” to them, and in 1932 they were replaced by labor supply departments (ORSs). Collective-farm trade was allowed, not planned by the state, where prices were set under the influence of supply and demand. As a result of the increase in commodity resources and the development of trade in 1935, the card system was finally abolished and a free trade was established. open trade. In 1935-1941 uniform state retail prices were introduced; organizationally restructured vending machine. The ORS enterprises and the cooperative trade network in the cities were transferred to state trade organizations. The main area of activity of consumer cooperatives was the development of trade in the countryside. The volume of retail trade turnover of the state and cooperative trade for the years 1928-40 increased 2.3 times; number of retailers and Catering increased from 170 thousand to 495 thousand. The turnover of public catering enterprises in 1940 amounted to 13% of the total turnover of state and cooperative trade. The share of socialized forms of trade in the total volume of retail trade increased.

During the Great Patriotic War up to 77 million people were covered by the state rationed supply system. The share of public catering in retail trade almost doubled. On the industrial enterprises ORSs were organized again. All the years of the war, ration prices for basic foodstuffs and industrial goods remained at the pre-war level. In the collective-farm markets at the beginning of the war, prices rose, but already in 1944 their level dropped noticeably due to the "commercial" trade in food and industrial goods. Significantly reduced in 1942 (compared to 1940), retail trade turnover has been continuously increasing since 1943, and by 1945 it reached the level of 200%. At the same time, trade turnover in the eastern regions grew faster than in the country as a whole.

Despite the enormous difficulties caused by the war, open trade was established at the end of 1947. An important role in this was played by the preparation of the appropriate technical base, restoration and expansion of fixed assets of domestic trade, selection and training of trade personnel. By 1950 centralized retail chains fully recovered, and the trade turnover exceeded the pre-war level (the 1950 figure was 107% of the 1940 level).

Thus, the main specific feature of the Soviet store retail trade can be called its complete subordination to centralized state structures. The process of trade centralization began in the USSR in the second half of the 1920s, immediately after the end of the New Economic Policy. As a result, the share of the private sector in retail trade first declined from 50% in 1924 to 30% in 1927. And in 1932, private trade was completely prohibited by law. The same fate befell the cooperative trading sector: if in the same 1932, its share, against the background of a decrease in the number of private traders, increased to almost 60% of the total trade turnover, by 1940 this figure barely reached 25%.

Blogger germanych says: After publishing his post about the elections in Soviet time I was surprised to learn that for many representatives of today's youth it was a revelation that in those days they chose from one candidate. It's funny, but what seems so obvious and familiar to me, for many - like a window through the looking glass. Therefore, I decided to continue unhurried memories of those times. And it’s better to remember with photographs in your hands. So it's a little clearer.

1. 1959 Grocery department. Typical. If my vision serves me right, the products on the counter are not very rich, to put it in euphemisms. And speaking directly and without embellishment, the counter is completely empty. True, it should be recognized that something is hanging behind the back of the seller. To be honest, I didn't understand what it was. Either decomposed meat carcasses, or something wrapped in oiled paper. Okay, let's say it's meat.

2. 1964 Moscow. GUM. Gumov's ice cream has always been popular. And in the 64th ...

3. ...and in 1980...

4. ...and in 1987.

But, as they say, not ice cream alone ...

5. 1965 In Soviet times, design was approached very simply. There weren't a lot of stupid names. Shops in all cities were called simply, but clearly: "Bread", "Milk", "Meat", "Fish". AT this case- Gastronomy shop.

6. And here is the toy department. The store, therefore, manufactured goods. All the same 1965. I remember that in 1987, a girl I knew - a saleswoman in the Dom Knigi store on Kalininsky - told me that she was uncomfortable every time when foreigners froze in shock, watching her calculate the cost of purchases on the accounts. But that was 1987, and in 1965 no one was surprised by the scores. The sports department is visible in the background. There are different chess, checkers, dominoes - a typical set. Well, lotto and games with a cube and chips (some were very interesting). In the foreground is a rocking horse for children. I didn't have one.

7. All the same 1965. Selling apples on the street. Please pay attention to the packaging - a paper bag (the woman in the foreground puts apples in it). Such third-rate paper bags were all the way one of the most common types of Soviet packaging.

8. 1966 Supermarket - Self-service department store. At the exit with purchases, there is not a cashier with a cash register, but a saleswoman with bills. The check was strung on a special awl (it stands in front of the accounts). On the shelves - a typical set: something in packs (tea? tobacco? dry jelly?), then cognac and some bottles in general, and on the horizon - traditional Soviet pyramids of canned fish.

9. 1968 There is progress. Instead of bills - cash registers. There are shopping baskets - by the way, quite so cute design. In the lower left row, the buyer's hand with a carton of milk is visible - such characteristic pyramids. In Moscow, these were of two types: red (25 kopecks) and blue (16 kopecks). They were fat. On the shelves, as far as you can see, there are traditional cans and bottles of sunflower oil (seemingly). It is interesting that there are two sellers at the exit: a checker of purchases and a cashier (her head peeks out from behind the right shoulder of the aunt-seller with a facial expression typical of a Soviet seller).

10. 1972 Let's take a closer look at what was on the shelves. Sprats (by the way, they later became scarce), bottles of sunflower oil, some other canned fish, on the right - something like cans of condensed milk. There are a lot of cans. But there are very few titles. Several types of canned fish, two types of milk, butter, kvass wort, what else?

11. 1966 Something did not make out what exactly the buyers are looking at there.

12. 1967 This is not Lenin's room. This is a department in the House of Books on Kalininsky. Today these shopping areas are crammed with all sorts of books (on history, philosophy), and then - portraits of Lenin and the Politburo.

13. 1967 For children - plastic astronauts. Very affordable - only 70 kopecks apiece.

14. 1974 Typical grocery store. Again: a pyramid of canned fish, bottles of champagne, a battery of Globus green peas (Hungarian, it seems, or Bulgarian - I don’t remember something already). Half-liter jars with something like grated beets or horseradish with beets, packs of cigarettes, a bottle of Armenian cognac. To the right (behind the scales) are empty flasks for selling juice. Juice was usually: tomato (10 kopecks a glass), plum (12 or 15, I don’t remember already), apple (the same), grape (similar). Sometimes in Moscow there was tangerine and orange (50 kopecks - wildly expensive). Next to such flasks there was always a saucer with salt, which could be added with a spoon (taken from a glass of water) to your glass of tomato juice and stirred. I have always loved to skip a glass of tomato juice.

15. 1975 City Mirniy. On the left, as far as you can tell, deposits of bagels, gingerbread and cookies - all in plastic bags. On the right are eternal canned fish and - below - 3-liter cans of canned cucumbers.

16. 1975 City Mirniy. General form shop interior.

17. 1979 Moscow. People are waiting for the end lunch break in the shop. The showcase is decorated with a typical pictogram of the Fruit and Vegetable store. In the showcase itself are jars of jam. And it seems to be of the same kind.

18. 1980 Novosibirsk. General view of the supermarket. In the foreground are batteries of milk bottles. Further, in metal mesh containers, something like deposits of canned fish. In the background are groceries - bags of flour and vermicelli. The overall dull landscape is somewhat enlivened by the plastic pictograms of the departments. We must pay tribute to the local designers - the icons are quite understandable. Not like program icons Microsoft Word.

19. 1980 Novosibirsk. Manufactured goods. Furniture in the form of sofas and cabinets. Further, the sports department (checkers, inflatable life buoys, billiards, dumbbells and various other trifles). Even further, under the stairs - TVs. In the background are partially empty shelves.

20. View of the same store from the side of the household electrical department. In the sports department, life jackets and hockey helmets are distinguishable. All in all, it was probably one of the the best stores Novosibirsk (I think so).

21. 1980 Vegetable department. The queue is watching the saleswoman intently. In the foreground are green cucumbers that appeared in stores in early spring (and then disappeared).

23. 1981 Moscow. Typical store layout. "Milk". On the right, a woman is pushing a wildly scarce imported stroller with "windows".

31. Specially spiritual people do not need fashionable shoes. But the women in this photo do not have a very cheerful look.

33. An almost sacred place - the meat department. “Communism is when every Soviet person will have a butcher friend” (from some movie).

34. "Pork" - 1 ruble 90 kopecks per kilogram. Grandmothers do not believe their eyes. “Butcher, bitch, sold all the meat to the left!”

38. Phallic symbol. It is enough to look at the reverence with which the aunt holds this item to understand that in the USSR sausage was much more than just a food product.

40. Ice cream hake is, of course, not a sausage, but you can also eat it. Although, of course, it does not look very aesthetically pleasing.

41. Not a single sausage ... For a Soviet color TV, a Soviet person had to pay almost a salary for 4-6 months (“Electronics” costs 755 rubles).

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However, the bony hand of hunger and scarcity grabbed them by the throat so much that Lenin had to step on the throat of even his fanatical supporters and declare the NEP. But now Stalin is in power, and by the beginning of the 1930s he is returning the Soviet communists, so to speak, to the "true path" of social ownership of the means of production and everything else.

The fight against the private trader began around 1926-1927. In 1930 specific gravity private trade in trade decreased to 5.6%, and in 1931 it practically disappeared. “If trade at the first stage of the NEP,” Comrade Stalin said at the January (1933) plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, “allowed the revival of capitalism and the functioning of the private capitalist sector in trade, then Soviet trade proceeds from the denial of both another. What is Soviet trade? Soviet trade is trade without capitalists, small and large, trade without speculators, small and large. This is a special kind of trade, which history has not known until now and which is practiced only by us, the Bolsheviks, in the conditions of Soviet development.

As an inevitable consequence of this dubious "victory over the private trader" already in 1928-1929. card trading system was created. It was caused by a severe shortage of many essential, primarily food, goods. By the end of 1929, the ration card system was extended to almost all foodstuffs, and then to industrial goods, especially clothing and footwear. Instead of free purchase and sale of goods, merchandising took place, which was carried out according to the so-called "taking documents" through closed distributors, closed workers' cooperatives, and workers' supply departments. Each region had its own form, its own procedure for issuing all kinds of cards. Different categories of the population were established, for each category their own supply standards were determined. For absenteeism and leaving the enterprise, the worker was deprived of his card. There were special shops to which the best factory shops were attached. So hunger and distribution system became the most important factor in the obedience of citizens to power. However, this already took place during the Civil War.

From Special Report No. 2 INFO OGPU:
Plant "Red Shtampovshchik". At the rally devoted to the issues of the "Appeal of the Central Committee", out of 200 people, only 12 people voted for self-reinforcement. Regarding shock work, one worker spoke as follows: “You can work like a shock if you sing like a shock, but you will be shod and dressed, but with a hungry belly and a warrant in your pocket you won’t hit very hard.”
Trumppark them. Konyashin. During a meeting of drummers, one of the workers said: "What kind of competition can there be when we are all hungry and work for nothing." The speech was met with applause from part of the congregation.

On March 15, 1930, taking into account local excesses, the Central Committee of the Party in a letter to all the Central Committees of the National Communist Parties, regional, regional, district and district committees of the party "On the fight against distortions of the party line in the collective farm movement" obliges local party organizations: “Prohibit the closure of markets, restore bazaars and not hinder the sale by peasants, including collective farmers, of their products on the market”

As you can see, in a fierce struggle with the private trader, in some places in Soviet cities they even closed the traditional food markets, where peasants had been selling their products to the townspeople for thousands of years...

The fight against the private trader was going on both in the city and in the countryside. I had to involve significant forces of repressive organs. The most large-scale action took place, of course, in the countryside, because the authorities decided not only to take away property from the strongest peasants, but also to liquidate the peasants themselves as independent, independent of the authorities. According to the doctor of historical sciences, a well-known researcher of repressions V.N. Zemskov, in total about 4 million people were dispossessed, of which 2.5 million went to kulak exile in 1930-1940, during this period 600 thousand people died in exile.

In May 1931, a document of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Union states: “... The consumer cooperatives forgot that the exclusion of the private trader and private trade does not yet mean the destruction of all trade, that, on the contrary, the ousting of private trade presupposes the all-round development of Soviet trade and the deployment of a network of cooperative and state trade organizations throughout the USSR. Well, still, because 1931-1933. These are years of terrible famine with millions of deaths. The authorities had to say something about this, and decided to shift the blame on the negligent Soviet cooperatives, who could not replace private traders in the food trade.

The size of the food shortage in the country is evidenced by the facts of a sharp reduction by 1933 of state stocks of food grains. On February 9, 1931, according to the People's Commissar of Supply of the USSR A.I. Mikoyan, there were 1011 million poods of food on the balance sheet; in January 1933, their actual presence, according to the results of the inventory carried out by the Committee of Reserves at the STO of the USSR, amounted to 342 million poods, i.e. decreased by almost 3 times.

Hunger forced the workers to go to canteens with their whole families, otherwise it was impossible to survive. But the situation in the dining rooms was the same ...

From Special Report No. 23 INFO OGPU on interruptions in the supply of industrial districts and cities:
"Moscow District. In the canteen of the Needle Factory, oatmeal porridge made from poor-quality cereals is served daily. Due to malnutrition, there were 4 cases of fainting with workers.

In the canteen of brick factories No. 21 and 26 (Podolsky district), a number of cases of making food from spoiled meat and rotten vobla were noted.

Leningrad region. Factory "Renaissance". In the factory canteen almost every day about 50 workers go without lunch. The capacity of the canteen is low due to lack of crockery.

At the Shipyard (Stalingrad), cases were noted when there was no bread in the shops for 2-3 days ... Tractor Plant (Stalingrad). There is no place to repair shoes, many workers have to walk without shoes ... When the distribution of white bread was introduced in Stalingrad, the queues at the distributors reached 1000 people ... Catering in the canteens of the Astrakhan and Stalingrad CRCs continues to deteriorate ... Traktorostroy. The meals delivered to the construction site are messy, especially the pea soup, which is available almost daily."

Heavily reduced by the state market relations continued to exist in commercial trade, the Torgsin system and the collective farm market. In 1929, "commercial" shops appeared in the USSR. These were state-owned stores where goods were sold without cards, but at higher prices, which on average were 3-4 times higher than the prices for products sold with cards. In 1932, "commercial" stores accounted for a tenth of the country's retail turnover.

In 1931, TORGSIN joined the network of commercial stores. In the hungry year of 1933, people brought 45 tons of pure gold and almost 1.5 tons of silver to the Torgsin network. With these funds, they purchased 235,000 tons of flour, 65,000 tons of cereals and rice, and 25,000 tons of sugar. In 1933, food accounted for 80% of all goods sold in Torgsin, with cheap rye flour accounting for almost half of all sales. The starving people exchanged their last savings for bread. Torgsin's analysis of prices shows that during the famine, the Bolsheviks sold food to their subject citizens much more expensive than abroad. In 1933, Torgsin twice raised the price of bread and flour, but the demand for these products did not fall. This year, in Torgsin, bread among the goods had the highest foreign exchange profitability: in the first half of 1933, Torgsin's revenue from the bread / flour group exceeded their export price by more than 5 times! Due to the terrible famine, Torgsin in 1933 came out on top among all Soviet exporters in terms of gross foreign exchange earnings. People went to great lengths to survive. So the Bolsheviks in practice proved the truth famous saying that at 300% there is no such crime that capital would not risk committing. And in this story, the profit was much more than 300%!

As you can see, the Stalinist government decided to make money on people instead of a private trader. In the absence of free competition, it could inflate prices almost indefinitely, and did so during the period of famine completely shamelessly.

Sources:

1. I.V. Stalin, "Issues of Leninism", ed. 11th, p. 390.

2. Special report No. 2 INFO OGPU on the facts of a negative nature in the course of the implementation of the appeal of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of September 3, 1930 November 14, 1930

Memories of Soviet times periodically visit everyone who was born during this period. And one of the aspects of the life of Soviet society, which is of particular interest, is, of course, the economy of that time, or rather trade. Let's remember how it was.

And it’s better to remember with photographs in your hands. So it's a little clearer.

2. 1964 Moscow. GUM. Gumov's ice cream has always been popular. And in the 64th ...

3. ...and in 1980...

4. ...and in 1987.
But, as they say, not ice cream alone ...

11. 1966 Something did not make out what exactly the buyers are looking at there.

13. 1967 For children - plastic astronauts. Very affordable - only 70 kopecks apiece.

16. 1975 City Mirniy. General view of the interior of the store.

17. 1979 Moscow. People are waiting for the end of the lunch break in the store. The showcase is decorated with a typical pictogram of the Fruit and Vegetable store. In the showcase itself are jars of jam. And it seems to be of the same kind.

20. View of the same store from the side of the household electrical department. In the sports department, life jackets and hockey helmets are distinguishable. In general, it was probably one of the best stores in Novosibirsk (I think so).

21. 1980 Vegetable department. The queue is watching the saleswoman intently. In the foreground are green cucumbers that appeared in stores in early spring (and then disappeared).

22. 1980 Sausage. Krakow, must be.

23. 1981 Moscow. Typical store layout. "Milk". On the right, a woman is pushing a wildly scarce imported stroller with "windows".

24. 1982 In the market, the Soviet people rested their souls.

25. 1983 Line for shoes. Not otherwise imported boots "thrown out."

26. 1987 Queue for something.

27. Kvass saleswoman. For kvass, people went with aluminum cans or three-liter cans.

28. 1987 Electrical goods.

29. No comment.

30. Soviet underwear as it is. Without any colorful bourgeois packaging.

31. Specially spiritual people do not need fashionable shoes. But the women in this photo do not have a very cheerful look.

32. Also shoes ... But where to go? The other is not.

33. An almost sacred place - the meat department. “Communism is when every Soviet person will have a butcher friend” (from some movie).

34. "Pork" - 1 ruble 90 kopecks per kilogram. Grandmothers do not believe their eyes. “Butcher, bitch, sold all the meat to the left!”

35. Soviet turn. What a tense look of people - “is it enough?”

36. “Now they will bring the meat. You will see, they will definitely bring him.”

37. "Eat meat!" Local fight over the best piece.

38. Phallic symbol. It is enough to look at the reverence with which the aunt holds this item to understand that in the USSR sausage was much more than just a food product.

39. It is necessary to cut more pieces of sausage, which will then be instantly swept off the counter.

40. Ice cream hake is, of course, not a sausage, but you can also eat it. Although, of course, it does not look very aesthetically pleasing.

41. Not a single sausage ... For a Soviet color TV, a Soviet person had to pay almost a salary for 4-6 months (“Electronics” costs 755 rubles).

42. Vegetable department. In the foreground is a cart with some kind of rot. And it was assumed that someone could buy this rot.

43. Ineradicable antagonism between Soviet buyers and Soviet sellers. In the eyes of the man it is read that he would strangle the saleswoman with pleasure. But it is not so easy to strangle such a saleswoman - the Soviet trade tempered people. Soviet saleswomen knew how to deal with customers. More than once I saw a flurry of indignation and attempts to rebel in the queues, but the result was always the same - the victory remained with such aunts-saleswomen.

44. One of the features of the Scoop was the presence of a sophisticated system of benefits (all sorts of veterans there, "prisoners of concentration camps", etc.). Different beneficiaries with red crusts in the Soviet queues were hated almost as much as saleswomen. Look at the snout in the hat - no, “like everyone else” to take the laid duck, he pops the red crust - apparently, he claims to have two ducks.

45. This photo is interesting not so much for the sold hake as for the packaging. Almost all purchases were wrapped in this brown tough paper in the USSR. In general, the darkest thing that happened in Soviet trade was the packaging, which, in fact, did not exist.