Presentation on life safety on the topic "Epidemic" (Grade 7). Epidemic Danger of epidemics and mass poisoning presentation

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Introduction

The long history of mankind is inseparable from the history of numerous epidemics that constantly accompanied it on planet Earth, and the number of their victims sometimes significantly exceeded all losses during hostilities. The human race throughout its existence pursued all sorts of epidemics of various diseases. Obviously, the poorer living conditions and poor health of some population groups, both in the poorest and non-poor countries, create conditions for the emergence, development and spread of infectious diseases. Today, people are threatened by "old and new" infectious diseases for which doctors have developed and are implementing research programs aimed at protecting people from infections.

The paper will consider the history of global epidemics of mankind in order to understand the seriousness of the problem and use the experience of previous generations in the fight against epidemics.

Whatsuchepidemic

An epidemic is a widespread occurrence of a disease, initially infectious disease(plague, smallpox, typhus, cholera, diphtheria, scarlet fever, measles, influenza).

The epidemic process consists in the continuous transmission of the disease in the community. Three factors are necessary for the emergence of an epidemic process:

The source of the causative agent of the infectious process or the cause of the non-infectious disease;

transmission mechanisms;

people susceptible to the disease.

The occurrence and course of epidemics are influenced by both processes occurring in natural conditions(natural foci, epizootics, etc.) and social factors (communal amenities, living conditions, health status, etc.).

Epidemics and methods of dealing with them are studied by a branch of medicine called epidemiology.

With all infectious diseases, from the moment of inception to the appearance of the first visible signs of the disease, a certain time passes, called incubation period. The duration of this period for various infections is not the same - from several hours to several months. Depending on the nature of the disease, the main mechanisms of transmission of the infectious agent during an epidemic can be:

fecal-oral, implemented through the water, food or contact-household route, (for example, with dysentery and typhoid fever);

airborne (for example, with the flu);

transmissible (for malaria and typhus);

contact (for AIDS, rabies).

The largestepidemics

global pneumonia epidemic

"Justinian plague", which originated in the Eastern Roman Empire and swept the entire Middle East. More than 20 million people died from this epidemic.

The Black Death is an epidemic of bubonic plague that swept through medieval Europe in the 14th century. It claimed the lives of 50 million people.

"Spanish flu" ("Spanish flu"). As a result of the epidemic, after the First World War, out of 200 million infected, 41.8 million people died.

Storyepidemics

In ancient times, epidemics were perceived by people as God's punishment, sent down for their many sins. So, even in Muslim mythology, there is a legend about how Pharaoh Firaun and his people were punished for their disobedience to God during the prophecy of Musa (Moses). As a result of pestilence - an unknown disease allegedly sent by the Almighty - many ordinary people, close to Firaun, including his own son, died in Egypt. There are many cases in history when entire cities and even countries died out as a result of epidemics. Some of these misfortunes looked very mysterious. For example, a terrible epidemic that broke out in Athens in 451 BC. e. during the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta, which claimed the lives of one third of the entire population of Athens within a year, because of which, in fact, they were defeated. On the seventh or ninth day, the patients died from internal heat. The disease that gripped Athens disappeared as suddenly as it appeared, still remaining a mystery to physicians and historians. Contributed to the spread of infections and the emergence of epidemics, a new sedentary lifestyle, the development of agriculture and cattle breeding, and an increase in population density. The first documented epidemic, known as the Justinian Plague, occurred in the 6th century BC. in the Byzantine Empire and covered many countries, killing about 100 million people in half a century. Some regions of Europe, such as Italy, were almost depopulated and became easy prey for the conquerors. Coming out of Egypt, the plague devastated almost all the countries of the Mediterranean and persisted here for about 60 years. At the height of the pandemic, in 542, many hundreds of people were dying every day in Constantinople alone. In general, one of the most terrible and destructive epidemics in the history of mankind was the plague pandemic.

The second pandemic emerged about six centuries ago. Then the bubonic plague raged, which, according to various sources, then destroyed about a third of the population of Asia and almost half of the population of Europe. Unfortunately, even after more than 600 years, the plague has not been completely defeated. Only in the XX century. in the world, more than 13 million people died from this disease. Even in the Egyptian papyrus for 4 thousand years BC. e. described such a terrible disease as smallpox. Traces of the smallpox virus were found on the mummy of the Egyptian pharaoh Ramses V, who lived in the 12th century. BC e. In the past, smallpox was the most dangerous and widespread disease. For centuries, it raged in Asia, from where, according to historians, in the VI century. n. e. The Saracens brought it to Europe. During epidemics, smallpox affected everyone, regardless of age or position in society. According to reports, it caused the death of the Russian Emperor Peter II, the Austrian Emperor Joseph, the kings of France, Louis XIV, Louis XV, King of the Netherlands William II of Orange, Queen Anna of England.

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, malaria began to pester humanity on a huge scale. So, in pre-revolutionary Russia, about 5 million people fell ill with malaria every year. During the civil war and in the next few years, malaria became a real scourge in our country. In 1923, a very real threat of complete extinction arose in some regions of the Caucasus and Turkestan. During the Second World War, in the British and American troops operating at that time in the southwestern zone of the Pacific Ocean, the death rate from malaria exceeded combat losses. And even today, about 0.5 billion people fall ill with malaria every year, of which 1 to 2.7 million die.

At the beginning of the last century, an epidemic of typhoid fever broke out. More than 180 thousand new patients were registered annually. During the Second World War, typhus also gained its former strength. In Russia alone, more than 70 percent of the population of some German-occupied territories fell ill with it. Often in the 20th century harvested its terrible harvest of cholera. The largest outbreak of this disease occurred during World War II. But cholera did not subside even in peacetime. Still memorable are the centers of the epidemic that arose in 1970 in the USSR in a number of southern cities.

Starting from the first quarter of the last century, mass diseases of yellow fever began to occur frequently. In Sudan in 1940, more than 15 thousand cases of diseases were registered, of which more than 10% were fatal. In 1960, 8,000 people died from this disease in Ethiopia. Then yellow fever epidemics spread not only to traditionally endemic areas with a hot humid climate (Africa, South America), but also in a number of other countries. The smallpox epidemic in Japan (VIII-XIX centuries) became one of the reasons for the triumphant spread of Buddhism. However, xenophobia and cruelty became much more frequent companions of epidemics. For example, AIDS, at first was considered exclusively a “disease of homosexuals”, not dangerous for ordinary people. Therefore, the first name of the "plague of the twentieth century" was "Lack of immunity transmitted by homosexuals" (Gay Related Immune Deficiency). At the end of the 15th century. the first epidemic was recorded, which can be considered a side effect of the great geographical discoveries- the beginning of the process of globalization. The causative agent of syphilis, the pale spirochete, came to Europe from the recently discovered America. It was the worst of the sexually transmitted diseases. The authority of religion in society has risen sharply - because syphilis was considered God's punishment for sinners.

Epidemicsinlateststories

At the cost of huge sacrifices and efforts, mankind has learned how to deal with many of the diseases. A mysterious story that took place in Philadelphia in the summer of 1976 became widely known. Then 182 participants in the American Legion convention were struck by an unknown disease. 29 of them died. Later, it was possible to establish a reliable cause of "legionnaires' disease". It turned out to be a natural bacterium, which received the Latin name Legionella, which acquired the ability to multiply in ordinary household air conditioners. One of recent examples- a major epidemic among visitors to the flower auction in Holland (1999), during which 188 people fell ill, of which 16 died. And there were no air conditioners.

In the mid 60s. of the last century, Ebola fever was first registered - one of the most terrible viral diseases, leaving almost no hope for a sick person to recover (mortality from it is 50-90%). Rare survivors are forbidden to communicate with others, their property is burned. Mankind has already experienced several epidemics of this disease (in Zaire, in Uganda). But especially dangerous at the end of the 20th century. the spread of the AIDS epidemic, which has now become a pandemic. Today, on our planet, about 15-17 thousand people are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus every day, that is, 1 person every 6-7 seconds. Moreover, what is very important, about half of them are young people aged 15 to 24 years. The HIV pandemic has captured all countries and continents, it has not bypassed Russia either. 20 years after its appearance, more than 60 million people on the planet are carriers of HIV infection (the first stage of fatal AIDS). Terrible epidemics on our planet do not stop today. Already after the shock of AIDS, an unusual disease appeared that struck the inhabitants of the island of Madagascar. The symptoms of the disease, which has affected several thousand people and claimed hundreds of lives, are similar to those of a common cold, but a person may not live even two days. One strange feature was noted here - the disease affected mostly people of the same ethnic group. This is SARS.

Finally, very recently bird flu» Dozens of people became infected from infected birds, many of whom died. The mortality rate from this virus is 80%, which is significantly more than even with plague or smallpox. Scientists believe that this virus is thousands of times more dangerous than what we call "SARS", the lethality of which is not so great.

At the beginning of the 21st century, we are faced with a new phenomenon - bioterrorism. As in the case of natural epidemics, humanity was not prepared for such a new terrible scenario. This was the first effective bioterrorist action with the conscious use of a pathogen specifically dangerous infection- anthrax (Bacillus anthracis).

One of the phenomena of globalization is the sexual revolution and the unlimited exploitation of people in the sexual services market. These processes have serious consequences for the health of people infected with AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases.

Conclusion

Despite the vast experience of mankind, the "old" infectious diseases - smallpox and plague - still pose a great danger to people. Smallpox today can be resurrected in various ways, including "passing" to humans from great apes. Even the "banal" flu today can cause severe epidemics or even pandemics. Given that approximately every 30 years new and more “dangerous” influenza mutants appear on the planet, scientists expect a new pathogen to arrive in the first decade of the 21st century, which can cause a severe epidemic such as the “Spanish flu”. It is necessary to unite efforts to counteract the threat of the emergence of epidemics of "old and new" infectious diseases. Special place, in the spread of infectious diseases is occupied by schemes for changing the social status and behavior of the population, for example, due to the spread of alcohol and drug addiction. Finally, for a variety of indicators and reasons, AIDS remains today one of the main real problems facing mankind, the solution of which has not yet been found.

The economic damage from infectious diseases is enormous, and experts find it difficult to even give approximate figures for the global damage. The fact is that epidemics cause both direct and indirect damage, which is most problematic to assess.

Listliterature

Voronkov N.A. Fundamentals of general ecology. - M., 2009.

Girusov E.V. Fundamentals of social ecology. M., 2010.

Gorelov A.A. Ecology. M., 2006

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epidemics

An epidemic is a mass, progressing in time and space within a certain region, the spread of an infectious disease of people, significantly exceeding the incidence rate usually recorded in a given territory. An epidemic, like an emergency, has a focus of infection and stay of people with an infectious disease, or a territory within which, within certain time limits, infection of people and farm animals with infectious disease agents is possible. A PICTURE OF THE PLAGUE IN NAPLES IN 1656 shows the devastating effects of the Black Death (San Martino Museum, Naples.)

An epidemic caused by social and biological factors is based on an epidemic process, that is, a continuous process of transmission of the infectious agent and a continuous chain of successively developing and interrelated infectious conditions (disease, bacteriocarrier). Sometimes the spread of the disease has the character of a pandemic, that is, it covers the territories of several countries or continents under certain natural or socio-hygienic conditions. A relatively high incidence rate can be recorded in a certain area for a long period. The emergence and course of the epidemic is influenced by processes occurring in natural conditions (natural foci, epizootics, etc.). so. mainly social factors (communal improvement, living conditions, health status, etc.).

Depending on the nature of the disease, the main routes of infection during an epidemic can be: - water and food, for example, with dysentery and typhoid fever; - airborne (for influenza); - transmissible - for malaria and typhus; - often play the role of several ways of transmission of the pathogen.

Epidemics are one of the most destructive natural hazards for humans. Statistics show that infectious diseases have claimed more human lives than wars. Chronicles and annals have brought to our times descriptions of monstrous pandemics that devastated vast territories and killed millions of people. Some infectious diseases are peculiar only to people: Asiatic cholera, smallpox, typhoid fever, typhus, etc. There are also diseases common to humans and animals: anthrax, glanders, foot and mouth disease, psitacosis, tularemia, etc.

1347-1351 - the second plague pandemic in Eurasia. 25 million people died in Europe and 50 million people in Asia. 1380 - 25 million people died from the plague in Europe.

1848 - more than 1.7 million people fell ill with cholera in Russia, of which about 700 thousand people died. - 1876 - every eighth inhabitant of the country died of tuberculosis in Germany - The end of the 19th century - the third plague pandemic, spread by rats from ships, covered more than 100 ports in many countries of the world

1918-1919 - influenza pandemic in Europe killed more than 21 million people - 1921 - 33 thousand people died from typhus in Russia, and 3 thousand people from relapsing fever - 1967 - about 10 million people fell ill with smallpox in the world , 2 million of which died. The World Health Organization is launching a large-scale campaign to vaccinate the population. - 1981 - discovery of the disease AIDS - 1991 - about 500 thousand people with AIDS were found in the world. - In 1996, the incidence of AIDS in Russia, in comparison with 1995, doubled. Every day, 6,500 adults and 1,000 children in the world are infected with the AIDS virus. By the year 2000, 30-40 million people are expected to be infected with this terrible disease - Tick-borne encephalitis showed unexpected activity in 1996 on the territory of Russia. The incidence of them increased by 62%, 9436 people fell ill in 35 subjects of the Russian Federation.

In the event of a focus of infectious infection in the affected area, quarantine or observation is introduced. Permanent quarantine measures are also carried out by customs at the state borders. Quarantine is a system of anti-epidemic and regime measures aimed at the complete isolation of the source of infection from the surrounding population and the elimination of infectious diseases in it. Armed guards are installed around the hearth, entry and exit, as well as the export of property, are prohibited. The supply is made through special points under strict medical control.

Observation is a system of isolation and restrictive measures aimed at restricting the entry, exit and communication of people in a territory declared dangerous, strengthening medical supervision, preventing the spread and elimination of infectious diseases. Observation is introduced when infectious agents that do not belong to the group of especially dangerous ones are identified, as well as in areas directly adjacent to the border of the quarantine zone.

pathogen average incubation period, (days) Danger of the patient to others Observation period, (days) Quarantine period and conditions for its establishment plague 1-3 very dangerous - 6 days cholera 1-3 Very dangerous - 6 days anthrax little dangerous 8 can set for 8 days in case of mass incidence and presence of contact spread typhus 10-14 dangerous in the presence of pediculosis 23 can be set for 23 days in case of mass incidence and presence of pediculosis smallpox 13-14 very dangerous - 17 days

To prevent epidemics, it is necessary to improve the cleaning of the territory, water supply and sewerage, improve the sanitary culture of the population, observe the rules of personal hygiene, properly process and store food, limit the social activity of bacillus carriers, their communication with healthy people.

MBOU - gymnasium No. 16 of the city of Orel Epidemics

G Eagle 2012

Lecturer-organizer

Fursov Yury Vladimirovich

Orel 2012

To form in students a complete understanding of infectious diseases and the ways of spreading infections, to acquaint them with the concepts of "epidemic", "pandemic", as well as anti-epidemic measures to protect the population.

Tasks under study:

1 Infectious diseases and ways of their distribution.

2 Epidemics and pandemics

3 Preventive and anti-epidemic measures and protection of the population

Control homework 1

1) Work at the board:
a) 1 student fills in the table "Causes of fires"
b) 2 student fills in the table

"Rules of conduct in case of a forest fire"

situations

fire

actions

small fire

strong fire

2) Frontal survey (control questions):
A) Name the main places and seasonal time of occurrence of forest and peat fires.
B) What fire safety measures should be taken when being in the forest and making a fire?
c) What fire fighting measures do you remember?

New topic: Epidemics

infectious diseases

infectious diseases- a group of diseases that are caused by various pathogens

causative agents of infectious diseases

bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Toxins (poisons)

Groups of infectious diseases

human infectious diseases

Subdivided according to the mode of transmission

Respiratory infections:

influenza, measles, scarlet fever

Intestinal infections:

typhoid, dysentery, cholera

Blood infections:

tick-borne encephalitis, typhus, plague

Infections of the outer integument:

HIV infection, syphilis, anthrax

Ways of transmission of infections

1. Through household items -

(anthrax, syphilis,

dysentery)

2. Air -

(influenza, tuberculosis,

scarlet fever)

3. Through water, food -

(cholera, botulism,

typhoid fever)

4. Insects -

(tick-borne encephalitis,

sleeping sickness)

Periods of infectious diseases

Incubation period
initial stage
The main manifestations of the disease
The extinction of the disease (recovery)

Epidemic

Epidemic- this is a wide spread of any infectious disease and covers a large number of people (plague, smallpox, typhoid, cholera, diphtheria, scarlet fever, measles, influenza, etc.).

epidemic outbreak

Epidemic outbreak - the occurrence of an infectious disease in one team, in a small area of a city district, etc.

Pandemic

Pandemic- characterized by the spread of an infectious disease throughout the country, the territory of neighboring states, and sometimes many countries of the world (for example, cholera, influenza).

Historical digression during the period of epidemics in times middle ages

Flu - as the most frequent infection

The causative agent is influenza virus

(often mutating that

leads to difficulty

his treatment)

1900-1903 H3N8 Moderate epidemic

1889-1890 H2N8 Severe epidemic

1918-1919 H1N1 Severe pandemic (Spanish flu)

1933-1935 H1N1 Medium epidemic

1946-1947 H1N1 Medium epidemic

1957-1958 H2N2 Severe pandemic (Asian flu)

1968-1969 H3N2 Moderate pandemic (Hong Kong influenza)

1977-1978 H1N1 Medium pandemic

1995-1996 H1N1 Severe [source not specified 55 days]

and H3N2 pandemic (Avian influenza)

2009-2010 H1N1 Moderate pandemic (Swine flu)

years subtype type of distribution

Flu - as the most frequent infection

The most frequent and most numerous infectious disease leading to epidemic situations.

Worldwide, 500 million people fall ill every year. (2m die) Influenza epidemics affect up to 15% of the population each year .

In Russia, 25-42 million people are infected.

And what is the situation in the city of Orel and in particular in gymnasium No. 16? (speech by a medical worker).

Anti-epidemic measures

epidemic process is the process of the emergence and spread of infectious diseases among people in the presence of three factors

Factors

1. Pathogens 2 Mechanism 3 Susceptible

disease transmission people to disease

………… infections …………………

Flu - as the most frequent infection

Anti-epidemic measures

Measures are different and depend on the type of infectious disease.

The main thing -

All measures are carried out by specialists of sanitary, epidemic surveillance, doctors of infectious diseases rooms of polyclinics.
Sick people are isolated from healthy people.
The focus of epidemics is isolated and destroyed
Immunity of the population to infections increases: vaccination, communication increase in immunity protection

Fixing the topic

1. What measures should we take on a daily basis to reduce the risk of disease

infectious diseases?

2. Fulfillment of tasks No. 1,3,5 in workbook page 45

3. Group work: characterization of an infectious disease and its prevention

p. 47, in the textbook p. No. 137-140

workbook for obzh for grade 7 Repin

4. Summing up

5. Grading

Introduction An epidemic (Greek ἐπιδημία - epidemic disease) is a widespread infectious disease (plague, smallpox, typhoid, cholera, diphtheria, scarlet fever, measles, influenza). Infectious diseases are widespread throughout the world, caused by various microorganisms. "Contagious" diseases have been known since ancient times, information about them can be found in ancient monuments writing: in the Indian Vedas, the works of Ancient China and Ancient Egypt.

Despite all the protection measures, since the beginning of the 21st century, every country in the world has had at least one epidemic. The largest for recent times- influenza H 1 N 1 (which was originally called swine, then renamed because of the groundlessness and unpleasant consequences for Agriculture). In fact, it was a pandemic: the disease swept across the planet from Brazil to Iceland and claimed about 284,000 lives.

A mysterious story that took place in Philadelphia (USA, Pennsylvania) in the summer of 1976 became widely known. Then 182 participants in the congress of the American Legion organization were struck by an unknown disease. 29 of them died. In this regard, newspapers wrote about secret tests of biological weapons, about bacteriological sabotage by the special services of Eastern European countries, and there were suggestions and hints. Later, it was possible to establish a reliable cause of "legionnaires' disease". It turned out to be a natural bacterium, which received the Latin name Legionella, which acquired the ability to multiply in ordinary household air conditioners. Sporadic cases and dozens of epidemiological outbreaks continue to be detected annually in various regions. One recent example is a major epidemic among visitors to a flower auction in Holland (1999), during which 188 people fell ill, of whom 16 died. And there were no air conditioners.

AIDS was transmitted to humans from chimpanzees. It is believed that this also happened while hunting and working with an infected body - the simian immunodeficiency virus ended up in the human body and mutated into the form that is now called HIV. Today on our planet about 15-17 thousand people are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus every day, that is, 1 person every 67 seconds. Moreover, what is very important, about half of them are young people aged 15 to 24 years. The HIV pandemic has captured all countries and continents, it has not bypassed Russia either. 20 years after its appearance, more than 60 million people on the planet are carriers of HIV infection (the first stage of fatal AIDS).

The newest contagion on the list of 21st century epidemic candidates, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, was discovered along with the first case in Saudi Arabia in 2012. The first outbreak of the then new disease showed a mortality rate of 50%. By October 2013, there were already 145 cases of MERS in the world with a mortality rate of up to 40%. The virus is in full force in South Korea. The first case of MERS in the new outbreak was reported on May 20, 2015. On the this moment the epidemic in the country is practically suppressed, but single infections do not allow the Seoul authorities to consider the incident settled. According to the authorities South Korea, MERS infected 183 people and caused 33 deaths, quarantined more than 2,000 people.

Instead of a conclusion, I would like to quote a memo World Organization health care related to the prevention of swine flu. Among other instructions, it recommends “washing hands thoroughly and often with soap and healthy lifestyle life, including adequate sleep, healthy eating and physical activity. Also, the memo urges to refrain from contact with people who show signs of illness (fever, cough). At the first manifestation of symptoms, you should consult a doctor, avoid contact with loved ones and refrain from visiting work or public places. These tips remain useful regardless of whether this or that most dangerous disease is raging somewhere nearby or on the other side of the world. Compliance with the rules of elementary hygiene and following common sense in most cases, enough to maintain their health. Even Michel de Nostrdam in the middle of the 16th century “treated” people from bubonic plague with useless lavender tablets, prescribing ordinary hygiene procedures before taking them. People began to take baths, wash their hands before eating, and make fresh beds every day. From the settlements and towns where Nostradamus led his medical practice the plague receded. The secret, as you know, is not in pills.

Presentation on life safety on the topic "Epidemic" (Grade 7). Epidemic Danger of epidemics and mass poisoning presentation

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